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Pneumonia Bronchiolitis
Dr. Dwi Wastoro, SpAK
Distribution of 12.2 million deaths among children less than 5 years old in all developing countries, 1993
Other (33.1%)
Malnutrition (29%)
Lack of immunization
Young age
Vitamin A deficiency
Low birth weight
Pneumonia
Classifications
Anatomical classification
Etiological classification
Etiology of Pneumonia
Bacterial etiology
Streptococcus pneumoniae Hemophilus influenzae Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus group A B Klebsiella pneumoniae Pseudomonas aeruginosa Chlamydia spp Mycoplasma pneumoniae
BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM LUNG ASPIRATES IN 370 UNTREATED CHILDREN WITH PNEUMONIA
%
50
40
30
20
10
S Pneumoniae
H Influenzae
S Aureus
Characteristic features
S pneumoniae
mucosal inflammation lesion alveolar exudates frequently lobar pneumonia) invasion and destruction of mucous membrane destruction of tissues multiple abscesses
Staphylococcus, Klebsiella
Chest Indrawing
(subcostal retraction)
Bronchopneumonia Early stages of acute bronchopneumonia. Abundant inflammatory cells fill the alveolar spaces. The alveolar capillaries are distended and engorged.
Bronchopneumonia Acute bronchopneumonia. The alveolar spaces contain abundant PMNs and an inflammatory infiltrate rich in fibrin.
Acute Bronchopneumonia Acute bronchopneumonia; the alveolar spaces are full and distended with PMNs and a proteinaceous exudate. Only the alveolar septa allow identification of the tissue as lung.
Radiographic patterns
1. Diffuse alveolar and interstitial pneumonia (perivascular and interalveolar changes) 2. Bronchopneumonia (inflammation of airways and parenchyma) 3. Lobar pneumonia (consolidation in a whole lobe) 4. Nodular, cavity or abscess lesions (esp.in immunocompromised patients)
Blood Gas Analysis & Acid Base Balance Hypoxemia (PaO2 < 80 mm Hg)
Ventilatory insufficiency
Ventilatory failure
Metabolic Acidosis
Management
Severe Pneumonia Hospitalization Antibiotic administration
Complications
Pleural effusion (empyema) Piopneumothorax
Pneumothorax
Pneumomediastinum
Bronchiolitis
Bronchioles inflammation
Clinical syndromes: fast breathing, retractions, wheezing Predominantly < 2 years of age (2 6 months)
Bronchiolitis
Etiology Predominantly RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus), adenovirus etc. Diagnosis Etiological diagnosis
Microbiologic examination
Clinical diagnosis
Bronchiolitis
Clinical Manifestations cough, cold, fever,fast breathing, retraction, wheezing, irritable, vomitus, poor intake Physical Examinations tachypnea, tachycardia, retraction, expiration >, wheezing, fever,pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, otitis media.
Bronchiolitis
Radiologic examination
diffuse hyperinflation
Bronchiolitis
Management
Supportive Severe disease hospitalization intra venous fluid drip oxygen (antibiotics) Bronchodilator: controversial Corticosteroid: controversial
Bronchiolitis
Bronchiolitis