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{ Á {ﻮﺧ ﺖﻴﻋÁﺮــﺸﻣ ﺐــﺴﻛ ÕYﺮﺑ ﺮﻫﺎﻇ { ﻰﻣﻼــﺳY ﺖﻣﻮﻜﺣ¹ÁﺪﻧYﺮﻓ ﻚﻳ ﻰﺋﺎﭘﺮﺑ ﺪﺼﻗ ÕYﻪﺘــﺴﻫ cYﺮﻛYﺬﻣ Y Yﺮﻓ ÕYﺮﺑ ﻊﻗYÁﻰﻤﺗﺎﺧﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﻪﻛ ¹ÁﺪﻧYﺮﻓ ﻦــﻳY Y ¥ﺪﻫ .Ã{ﺮﻛ ﺐﻳﺮﻓﻪﻟﺎــﺳﻮﮔ 22 cﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧY ½{ﺮــﻛ ﻞــﻃﺎﺑ ،Ã{Y{ YﺮــﻧM ÕYﺰــﮔﺮﺑ {ﺎﻬﻨــﺸﻴﭘ¹ÁﺪﻧYﺮﻓ ﻦﻳY { .ﺖﺳY Õﻮــﺳﻮﻣ ﻦﻴــﺴﺣﺮﻴﻣ ﻊﻔﻧ ﻪﺑ Ãﺎﻣ{Y{ﺮﺧÃﺪﻣM ﺶﻴﭘ ﺖﻴﻌﺿÁ ﺎــﻳM» ،ﺪﻴــﺳﺮﭘ ﺪﻨﻫYﻮﺧ ¹{ﺮﻣ Y ﺪﻨــﺴﭘﻪﻠﺑYﻰﻤﺗﺎﺧ ﺔﺘﺳ{ÁY{ ،{ﻮﺑ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ¹{ﺮﻣ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﺮﮔY «؟ﺖﺳY [ﻮﻠﻄﻣ½ﺎﺑﺎﺑY Á ½Yﺪﻨﺧﺪﻴــﺳ .ﺖﻓﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺪﻨﻫYﻮﺧ Y cﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧY ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻢﻫﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﺮﮔY ﺪﻨﻳﻮﮔﻰﻤﻧ ﻪﻛ Yﺮﭼ .ﺪﻧY{ ﻒﻳﺮﺸﺗ ﻼﺑ Á ﮓﻧ ﻰﻠﻴﺧ؟ﺖﺨﻳ ﺪﻨﻫYﻮﺧ ½ﺎﺷﺮﺳ ﺮﺑ Õﺮﮕﻳ{ -ﺎﺧ ﻪﭼ {ﻮﺑ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ¹{ﺮﻣ
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ﻰـﻬﻟY ¹Áﺪ
ﻰـﻬﻟY ¹Áﺪ 
ـﻧYﺮـﻓ
 
 ـﻧYﺮـﻓ
2009
2009
ﻪــﻴ
ﻪــﻴ 
ﺋÁژ
 
 ﺋÁژ
1
1
9
9
 
¹ﺎﻤﺗ ½ﺎﺑﺎﺑY Á ½ﺎﻛ{Y {ﺎﻴــﺷ .Yﺰــﻔﻠﻋ ﺎﻤﻧ Y ﻰﻤﺗﺎﺧ ﺖــﺒﻴﻏ ﻞﻴﻟ{ {ﻮﺑ ﻦــﻳYﺎﺗ ﺪﻧﺪﻧYﺬﮔ «ﺮﻜﻔﺗ» ﻪﺑ ÕYﻪﻧﺎﺒﻳﺮﻔﻣYﻮﻋ ﺶــﺳﺮﭘ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ sﺮﻃ ÕYﺮﺑ Y ﻪﻌﻤﺟ Áﺮﺑ ﻪﻴﻜﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻢﻫ ،ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮕﺑ «¹{ﺮﻣ» Y Y ÃYﻮﺨﻟ{ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻢﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺳﺮﭙﺑ ﻪﭼ ﺪﻨﻨﻴﺒﺑﺪﻴﻔﺳ wﺎﻛ ﺖــﺳYﻮﺧ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻫ{ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ Õﻮﻃ Y cﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧY ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ [ﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺦــﺳﺎﭘﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ 1358 µﺎﺳ Ãﺎﻣﻦﻳ{Áﺮﻓ 12 ¹ÁﺪﻧYﺮﻓ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻞﺜﻣ ﺖﺳ{ .{ﻮــﺷ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ¹{ﺮﻣ ¥ﺮﻃ Y [ﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﻛ {ﻮﺑ Ãﺪﺷ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ½ﺎﻨﭼ ¹{ﺮﻣ cﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣY ﺮﺑ ﻪﻴﻜﺗﺖﺳY ﻢﻠﺴﻣ .ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ {ﻮﻨﺸﺧ Á ﻰﺿY ﺎﻴﺳ ½ﺎﻣﺎﺳ ﻢﻫ Á Yﺪﺧ ﻢﻫ Á .{ﻮﺷ ﻪﺋYYﻰﻤﺗﺎﺧ ¹ÁﺪﻧYﺮﻓ ﺔــﻧYÁﺰﻣ ﺶــﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﺑ ¹{ﺮﻣ ©ﺎﻔﺗY ﻪﺑ ﺐﻳﺮﻗ ﺖﻳﺮﺜﻛY ﺦــﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﻛ ﺎﺑ «ﻰﻣ{ﺮﻣ» ﺔﻧYﻮﺘــﺸﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻴﻜﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻰﻤﺗﺎﺧ ÃÁﺮﮔ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ { .{ﻮﺑ ﺪــﻫYﻮﺧ ﻰــﻔﻨﻣYﺮﻓ ÕYﺮﺑ ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ .ﻮﻧ Y ÕÁ ﻮﻧ Y Á Á {ﺮﻛ ﺪﻨﻫYﻮﺧ ﺖﻔﻟﺎﺨﻣ cﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧY ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ½ﺎﻣµ{ ﻰﻠﻴﺧ ﺎﻣ .ﺪﻧÁMﻰﻣ ﻢــﻫYﺮﻓ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ½ﺎﺑﺎﺑY ÕYﺮﺑ ÕYﻪﺘــﺴﻫ cYﺮﻛYﺬﻣ Yﺪﻳﺎﺑﻰﻣ cﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧY ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ Y Yﺖﻳﺎﺿ ÕYﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺴﻴﻛ ﻰﻤﺗﺎﺧ ﻢﻴﻧYﺪﺑ ﺪﻫYﻮﺧﻰﻣﻪﺑ ﻪﻤﻫ ﻪﻛ {Yﺪﻧ {ﻮﺟÁ ﺖﻜﻠﻤﻣ ﻦﻳY { «½ﻮﻧﺎﻗ» ﺮﮕﻣ ؟{ﻮــﺷ Yﺰﮔﺮﺑ ¹ÁﺪﻧYﺮﻓ؟ﺪﻧYÃﺪﻴﺒﺴﭼ «¹{ﺮﻣ»Á ﺪﻧﻮﺧM ،«ÕYÃ{ﻮــﺗ» ﻢﻫ ﺪﺤﺘﻣ cﻻﺎﻳY ﺔــﺟﺎﺧﻮﻣY cYÁ Õﻮﮕﻨﺨــﺳ ﻰﺘﺣﺎﻨﺷﺎﻧ ﻞﺗ Y «½ﻮﻧﺎﻗ» ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ Ãﺪﻳ{ﺎﻧ ﺎﺑ ½ﺎﺸﻳY !ﺪﻣM { [M Y «ﺖﺳﺮﭘ¹{ﺮﻣ» ًﺎﺤﻳﻮﻠﺗ ﺮﮕﻳ{ cﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ .ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺖﻴﻋÁﺮﺸﻣ ﺐﺴﻛ ﺖﻟÁ{ ÕYﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﺘﺳYﻮﺧ «¹{ﺮﻣ».ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ Y ¹ﺎــﻤﺗ ﻪﻤﻴﻧ Õﺎﺗ{ﻮﻛ Á ﺪﻧﺰﻳﺮﺑ ﺎــﻫ½ﺎﺑﺎﻴﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﺘــﺳYﻮﺧ ¹{ﺮﻣ Y½Yﺮﮕﻧ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓﻼﺑ ﻰــﻧﺎﺑﺎﻴﺧ ÕﺎﻫÕﺮﻴﮔ{ ﻪﺑ ÃﺎــﺷY ﻦﻤﺿ ،{ÁÁ cﺮﺑY cﺮــﻀﺣﻪﺑ !ﺪﻧ{ﺎﺘﻓY «ﺮــﺸﺑ ©ﻮﻘﺣ» {ﺎــﻳ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺗﺎﻛﻰﻤﻴﺟ ﺪــﻨﻧﺎﻣ ،Ãﺪــﺷ ½YﺮﻳY ¹{ﺮــﻣcYÁ Õﻮﮕﻨﺨﺳ ،{ÁÁ cﺮﺑY ،Õﺎﺠﻟﺎﺳ Ãﺎﻣﺮﻴﺗ 26 wﻮﻣ ،ﻰــﺳﻰﺑﻰﺑ Yﺰﮔ :ﺪﻧ{ﻮﻣﺮﻓ ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣM ﺔﺟﺎﺧﻮﻣYﻪﻧ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻦــﻴﻴﻌﺗ Y ½YﺮﻳY ﺖﻟÁ{ ½{ﻮــﺑ Áﺮــﺸﻣ ﺪﻨﻧYﻮﺗﻰﻣ ½YﺮﻳY ¹{ﺮﻣ ﻂــﻘﻓ»¥ﺎﻜــﺷ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ ½Yﺮﻬﺗ ÁﺮﻣY ﻪﻌﻤﺟ ﺎﻤﻧ Y ﺪﻌﺑ g{Yﻮﺣ ...] ﻰﺟﺎﺧ ÕﺎــﻫﺖﻟÁ{ﻰﺿY Õﺎﺟ ﺖــﻴﻌﺿÁ Y ½YﺮﻳY ¹{ﺮﻣ Y Õﺎﻴــﺴﺑ ...] ﺖــﺳY ½YﺮﻳY { Õﺪــﺟ«...]ﺖﺳY ½Yﺮﮕﻧ ﻮﺸﻛ ﻦﻳY ﺎﺿÁY Çﺎﺑ { ½ﺎﻬﺟ ...] ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻴﻧ½ﺎﺷﻮﺸﻛ ﺖﻴﻌﺿÁ Y ½YﺮﻳY ¹{ﺮﻣ .ﺪﻳﻮﮔﻰﻣ ﺖــﺳ{ Õﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ {ÁÁ cﺮﺑY ﻪﺘﺒﻟY،Ãﺪﺷ ﺎﻏM ﺶﻴﭘ µﺎﺳ ﻰﺳ Y ﻰﺘﻳﺎﺿﺎﻧ ﻦﻳY ﻰﻟÁ ،ﺪﻧYﺪﻧ ﺖﻳﺎﺿ ½Yﻮﻨﻋ ﭻﻴﻫ ﻪﺑﻦﻴﻨﭼ {ﺎﺠﻳY { «½ﺎــﻳﺎﻤﻧﻒﻟﺎﺨﻣ» ﻦﻴﻤﻫ Y Õﺎﻴــﺴﺑ Á ﻰﻧﺎﻣﺮﻬﺑ Á Õﻮــﺳﻮﻣ Á.ﺪﻧYÃ{ﺮﻛ ﺎﻔﻳY ﻰﺳﺎﺳY ﺶﻘﻧ ﻰﺘﻴﻌﺿÁ{ﺎﺠﻳY Á ﻰﻨﻜﺷ½ﻮﻧﺎﻗ ÕYﺮﺑ ﺎﺑÁY Á ½Yﺪﻨﺑﺎﺘﺳ{ Y ½ﺎﺘــﺴﻠﮕﻧY ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ«ﻰﺘﻴﺳ» ﻮﺨﻟÁﺰﻧ Õﺎﻫﻦﻤﻠﺘﻨﺟ .ﺖﺳY ÕYÃﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ Çﺪﻳﺪﭘ ½YﺮﻳY { [ﻮﺷM .ﺪﻧYﺪﻧY ÃY ﻪﺑ µﺎﺟ{ﺮﺧ ½YﺮﻳY ¹{ﺮﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺐﻠﺟ ÕYﺮــﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧY{ ﻰﺒﻴﺠﻋ ﺔــﻗﻼﻋﺔﻧﺎﺨﺗﺎﻔﺳ Á ﺖﻓﺎﻳ «ﺪﻘﺗ» ﻪﻛ ÕÁﺎﮔ ،«¹ﺎﻘﻣ گﺰﺑ» ﻮﻬﻇ ﺖــﺳY ﻪﻠﻤﺠﻧM Y½ﺎﻫYﻮﺧ Yﺬﻛ Áﺎﮔ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ Y Á {ﺮﻛ µﺎﺳY ÕYÃﺪﻧY ÕﺎﻳYﺪﻫ YÕYﺮﺑ ﻢﻫ Yﺬﻛ cﺎﺣﺎﻀﺘﻓY ﻦﻳY !ﺪــﺷ ﺖﻟÁ{ ﻪﺑ cﺎﻴﻟﺎﻣ ﺖﺧY{ﺮﭘ Y ﺰﻳﺮﺒﺗ ¹{ﺮﻣ ﺖــﻴﻓﺎﻌﻣ½YÁ{ { ﻰﻟÁ .{{ﺮــﮔﻰﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺎﺟﺎﻗ ½YÁ{ ﻪــﺑ Á {Y{ ﻰﺨﻳﺎﺗ ﺖــﻴﻌﻗYÁÁ ،{ﺎﺘﻓY ÃY ﻪﺑ ﻰﻨﻴﻤﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻞــﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺎﺑÁ{ µﺎﺟ{ﺮﺧ ﺔﻠﻓﺎﻗ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ Õﻮﻠﻬﭘﺮﻬﻣ ﻞﻴﻟ{ .{ﻮــﺑ ﺶﺨﺒﺘﻳﺎﺿ ﺎﻴــﺴﺑ ﺎﻫ½ﻮــﺴﻛﺎﺳﻮﻠﮕﻧM ÕYﺮﺑ ﻢﻫ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧﻦﻴﻤﻫ «¹{ﺮﻣ» ¹ﺎﻧ ﻪــﺑ ﻰﻣﻮﻫﻮﻣ ﻞﺗ ﻪﺑ ½ﺎــﺷ½ﺎﺑﺎﺑY Á ﺎﻫﻦﻴﻠﻌﻧ ﺖﺒﺤﻣ Áﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ ½ﺎﺷ[ﻮﻛﺮﺳ YﺰﺑY ﻪﺑ Y ½YﺮﻳY ¹{ﺮﻣ ﻰﺘﻳﺎﺿﺎﻧ ½ﺎﻨﻳY .ﺲﺑ Á ﺖﺳYÁﺮﻣY Á ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ÕﺮﺗÃ{ﺮﺘــﺴﮔ {ﺎﻌﺑY ½ﺎﻣ Áﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻮﻬﻣ Õﺎﺑ ﻦﻳY .ﺪﻧYÃ{ﺮﻛ .Ãﺪﻴﺳ ½YﺮﻳY ﻮﺸﻛ { «½ﻮﻧﺎﻗ» ﺎﻜﺷM ﻰﻔﻧ ﻪﺑًﻼﻤﻋ ﺎﻛ ÕYﺮﺟY ﻪﺑ Õﺎﻴﻧ ﭻﻴﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻨﻛﻰﻣ ءﺎﻘﻟY ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺎﻫ½YﺮﭼÁﺎﮔ ﺮﮕﻳ{ cﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑY ﺖﻟÁ{ ½{ﻮــﺑ ﻰﻣ{ﺮﻣ .ﺪــﺷﺎﺑ «ﻰﻣ{ﺮﻣ» ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺖﻟÁ{ ،ﺖــﺴﻴﻧ ½ﻮــﻧﺎﻗ،1357 µﺎــﺳ { ﻪﻜﻧﺎﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﻨﻛﻰﻣ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣM cYﺮﻜﻣ{ [ﺰﺣ ﻢﻫﺎﻌﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻞﺳﻮﺗ Á ½YﺮﻳY ¹{ﺮﻣ ﻰﺘﻳﺎﺿﺎﻧ Y Ã{ﺎﻔﺘﺳY ﺎﺑ ،ﻮﻔﻨﻣ [ﺰﺣ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ«¹{ﺮﻣ» ﻢﻫ ½ﺎﻣﺰﻧM .{Y{ ½ﺎﻣﺎﺳ Y ﻦﻤﻬﺑ 22 Õﺎﺗ{ﻮﻛ «ﺮﺸﺑ ©ﻮﻘﺣ» چﻮﭘ.ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ ½YﺮﻳY ﺖﻠﻣ cﺎﺒﻟﺎﻄﻣ [ﻮﻛﺮﺳ YﺰﺑY ﻪﺑﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ YﺰﺑY ﻪــﺑ ½ﺎﻣ½ﺎﻨﻬﻴﻣﻢﻫ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻴﻨﻴﺑﻰﻤﻧ ﻰــﻠﻴﻟ{ ﭻﻴﻫ ﺎﻣ ÁﺮﻣY ﻰــﻟÁ؟ﺪﻧYﻰﺿYﺎﻧ ½YﺮﻳY ﺖﻣﻮﻜﺣ Y ¹{ﺮﻣ .ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ ﺎﻫ½ﻮﺴﻛﺎﺳﻮﻠﮕﻧM ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣﻪﺑ ءﺎﻛﺮــﺷ Á Õﻮــﺳﻮﻣ ﻦﻴــﺴﺣﺮﻴﻣ ،ﻰﻧﺎﻣﺮﻬﺑﺮﺒﻛY ﻰﻟÁ .ﺪﻧY{ ﻖﺣًﻼﻣﺎﻛ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ½YﺮﻳY ﻰﺿYﺎﻧ ¹{ﺮﻣ .ﺪﻨﺘــﺴﻴﻧ ﺖﻣﻮﻜﺣ ﻦﻳY «ﻮﻴﺗﺎﻧﺮﺘﻟM» ½Yﻮﻨﻋ ﭻﻴﻫﻪﻧ ﻰﻣﺎﻈﺘﻧY ÕﺎــﻫÁﺮﻴﻧ ﺎﺑ {ﻮﺧÁ{ Á ½ﺎــﺑﺎﻴﺧ { ﻊﻤﺠﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪــﻛ ﺪــﻧﻮﻣﺎﻴﺑﺶﻴﭘ .ﺪﻨﺑﺎﺘﺷﻰﻣ ﻪﻌﺟﺎﻓ Õﻮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫYﻮﺨﻧ ﻞﺣ ½ﺎــﺷﻞﻜﺸﻣ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ«ﻒﻟﻮﭘﻮﺗ» ÕﺎﻤﻴﭘYﻮﻫ ﻮﻘــﺳ {ﻮﻣ { Õﺮﺼﺘﺨﻣ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗ ﺐﻠﻄﻣ ﺔﻣY{Y Y.ﻢﻴﻫ{ ﻪﺋYY ﻦﻴﭙﺳﺎﻛ ﻮﻄﺧ½YﺮﻳY { Õﺮﺑﺮﻓﺎﺴﻣ ÕﺎﻫﺎﻤﻴﭘYﻮﻫ ½ﺎﻨﻴﺸﻧﺮﺳ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﺘــﺴﺨﻧ ﻦﻳYﻮﻄﺧ ﺎﺑﺮﻳY .ﺪﻧYÃﺪﺷ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ ﺎﻫ½ﻮﺴﻛﺎﺳﻮﻠﮕﻧM ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ µﺎﻤﻋY YﺰﺑY ﻪﺑ½ﻮﭼ ،ﺖﻓﺮﮔ Yﺮﻗ ﻚﺷﻮﻣ ¥ﺪﻫ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺎﻓ ﺞﻴﻠﺧ Yﺮﻓ ﺮﺑ ﻰﻠﻣ ﻰﺋﺎﻤﻴﭘYﻮﻫ«ﻒﻗﻮﺗ» {ﻮﻣ { ﻚــﻴﺘﻧﻼﺗM Õﻮــﺳ Á{ { Áﺮﻓ ﮓﻨﻔﺗ ﻞﻔﺤﻣ Á{ ﻦــﻴﺑÃﺪﻣM ﺶﻴﭘ Õﺮﺼﺘﺨﻣ ﺮــﻈﻧ ¥ﻼﺘﺧY ©Yﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ½YﺮــﻳY ﮓﻨﺟ «¹ÁYﺪﺗ» ﺎــﻳ Á.ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﻪﻠﺼﻴﻓ ﺎﺑﺮﻳY ﻦﻴﺸﻧﺮﺳ ﺪﺼﻴــﺳ Y ﺶﻴﺑ ﻞﺘﻗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻰﻓﻼﺘﺧY !{ﻮﺑ½ﺎﺘﺴﻠﮕﻧY ﻪﻛ ÕYﻪﺘﺴﻫ sﻼــﺳ ﻪﺑ ½YﺮﻳY ﺖﻣﻮﻜﺣ ﺰﻴﻬﺠﺗ Y kﺎﺧ ﻢﻫ ÁﺮﻣYﻒﻗﻮﺗ Á ﻰﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ Õﺎﻫﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻴﺋYﺮﺳY ﺖﺸﮔﺎﺑ ﺮﺳ ﺮﺑ Yﻮﻋ{ ،Ãﺪﺷ ½M ﻊﻓYﺪﻣ.ﺖﺳY ﻰﻟﺎﻐﺷY Õﺎﻫﻦﻴﻣﺮﺳ { Õﺎﺳ-ﺮﻬﺷ
 
Á ،{Yﺬﮕﺑ ﺎﻨﻛ Y ÕﺮﮕﻟﺎﻐــﺷY Á ÕÁﺮﻓY ﮓﻨﺟ ﻰﺘﻨﺳ ﺖــﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻞﻴﺋYﺮــﺳYﺎﻫ½ﻮﺴﻛﺎﺳﻮﻠﮕﻧM ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﻦﻳY .ﺪﺳﺎﻨﺸﺑ ﺖﻴﻤﺳ ﻪﺑ Y ﻦﻴﻄــﺴﻠﻓ ﺖﻟÁ{½ﺎﻨﻳY ﺮﻈﻧ Y ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ { ﺢﻠﺻ YﺮﻘﺘﺳY .ﺪﻨﻛﻰﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻬﺗ ½ﺎﺘﺴﻠﮕﻧY { ÃﮋﻳÁ ﻪﺑ Y½ﺎﺷﺖﺤﻠﺼﻣ ﺺﻴﺨــﺸﺗ ﻊﻤﺠﻣ ﺮﺒﻫ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ { .ﺖــﺴﻴﻧ «ﺖﺤﻠﺼﻣ» ﻪﺑ ﭻﻴﻫ¹{ﺮﻣ cﺎﺒﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺖﻗﺮــﺳ ﺎﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻧ{ﺮﻛ ½Yﺪﻴﻣ ﺔــﻧYÁ ﻪﻧﺎﻬﻠﺑY Õﺎــﻫﻪﺒﻄﺧ ½M ﺎــﺑ Yﺮﮕﻳ{ Õﻮﺳ Y Á ،ﺪﻧY{ ﻮﻔﺤﻣ ½YﺮﻳY { Y ﺎﺘــﺳ{ Á ﻦﻴﻠﻌﻧ Ãﺎﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﻮــﺴﻜﻳ Yµﺎﺠﻨﺟ Ç{ﺮﭘ ﺲﭘ { Y «{YﺪــﺴﻧY ﺖــﺳﺎﻴﺳ» ﻦﺘﺨﻳÁﺮﻓ ﺐﻴﻬﻣ ÕYﺪﺻ ﺪﻨﻧYﻮﺘﺑ{ ½ﺎﺷ½ﺎﺑﺎﺑY Á ﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳY ½YYﻮﺧ Ãﺮﻴﺟ ﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﻳY ﻪﺑ .ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ½ﺎﻬﻨﭘ ﺎﻫﻞﮕﻨﻤﺑM ،ÕYﺪﻤﺘﻌﻳﺮﺷ Yﺪﺳﺎﭘ Y ÃÁﺮﮔ ﻦﻳY .ﺪﻧYÃ{Y{ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ «½ﺎﻳYﺮــﺳﻢﻫ» ÃÁﺮﮔ [ﺮﻏﺪﻴﻔﺳ wﺎﻛ Õﻮﮕﻨﺨﺳ ،{ÁÁ cﺮﺑY Á ﻰﻤﺗﺎﺧ ﺎﺗ ﻰﻧﺎﻣﺮﻬﺑ ﺮﺒﻛY ،Õ{ﺎﺒﻋ ﻦﻳﺮﻴــﺷ.{ﻮﺷﻰﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ Y[ﺮﻏ ﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳY Õﺎﻫﻮﭙﻴﺷ ﺎﺑ ÕYﺪﻤﺘﻌﻳﺮﺷ Yﺪﺳﺎﭘ ﻰﺋﻮﺳﻢﻫ Á ﻰﺋYﺪﺻﻢﻫ ﺖﺒﻗﺎﻋ{ﺎﻘﺘﻧY Yﺪﺻ ﻚﻳ ﻪﻤﻫ ... Á ﺪﻧﻮﻣﻮﻟ ،Y{ﺮﻓ ﻮﻳ{Y ،ﻰــﺳﻰﺑﻰﺑ ،½ﺎﻬﻴﻛ .ﺪــﺷ ﻼﻣﺮﺑﺖــﺸﮔﺎﺑ ½ﻮﭼ ؟Yﺮﭼ ،ﺪﻧ{ﺮﻛ ﺮــﺸﺘﻨﻣ Y ﻰﺋﺎــﺸﻣﻢﻴﺣ [ﺎﺼﺘﻧY Y ½ﺎــﻬﻴﻛ { ﺢﻠﺻ YﺮﻘﺘــﺳY Á ﻦﻴﻄﺴﻠﻓ ﻮــﺸﻛ {ﺎﺠﻳY ،ﻰﻠﻠﻤﻟYﻦﻴﺑ Õﺎﻫﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻴﺋYﺮــﺳY،ﺎﺘــﺳY ﻦﻴﻤﻫ { .ﺪﻨﻛﻰﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻬﺗ Y ½ﺎــﺷÁﺮﻓY ﮓﻨﺟ ½ﺎﺑﺎﺑY ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻪــﻘﻄﻨﻣcYﺮﻛYﺬﻣ ﺎﺗ {ﺮﻛ ﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ «ﻪﻌﻤﺟ ﺎﻤﻧ» ﻚﻳ ﻢﻫ ﺪﻴﻔﺳ wﺎﻛ ،Ãﺎﻣﺮﻴﺗ 27 ﻪﻌﻤﺟ Áﻰﻟﺎﻤﺘــﺳﺎﻣ «{ﺎﻤﺘﻋY ¹ﺪﻋ ½Yﺮﺤﺑ» ﺔﻧﺎﻬﺑ ﻪﺑ ½Yﺮﻜﻤﺟ { Y ½Yﺮﻛﻮﻧ ﺎﺑ ÕYﻪﺘــﺴﻫ{ ﻪﻌﻤﺟ ÕﺎﻫﻪﻴﻗﻮﻗÁ ،ﻢــﻴﺘﻔﮔ «µﺎﻴﺧﻮﺧ ﺔﺒﻄﺧ» { ﻪــﻜﻧﺎﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪــﻨﻛ Yﺬﻛ cﺎﺒﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﺒﻨﻳY Á ،{ﻮﺷﻰﻣ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ½YﺮﻳY ﺖﻠﻣ Y ﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳY cﺎﺒﻟﺎﻄﻣ ÕﺎﺘﺳYﻮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻴﻔﺳ wﺎﻛ Õﻮﮕﻨﺨﺳ ،«{ÁÁ cﺮﺑY» Á ﻰﻧﺎﻣﺮﻬﺑ ﺮﺒﻛY ½ﺎﺑ Y ½ﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ½YﺮﻳY { ،ﺪﻴﻔﺳ wﺎﻛ { Y½ﺎﺑﺎﺑY Á ﻰﻧﺎﺠﻨﺴﻓcﺎﻫﺮﺗ ¥ﻼﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﺘﺒﻟY .ﺪﻴﺳ.½M Y ﻰﺸﺨﺑ ﻪﻧ ،Ãﺪﺷ ÁﺮﺑÁ «ﺖﻴﻋÁﺮﺸﻣ ½Yﺮﺤﺑ» ﺎﺑ ﺖﻴﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﻞﻛ  ﻦﻳY «!{Áﺮﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ÕYﻪﻨﻣﺎﺧ» ﺎﻌــﺷ Á ½YﺮﻳY ﻰﻠﺧY{ ﻞﺋﺎــﺴﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻢﻳ{ﺮﮔﺎﺑ µﺎﺣcﺎﻣﺎﻘﻣ ﻞﻛ Á ÕYﻪﻨﻣﺎﺧ ﻢــﻳﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﺎﻣ .ﺖــﺳY ﻰﺋﺎﻤﻧ ½ﻮﮔژYÁ ﻰﻋﻮﻧ ﻢﻫ ﺎﻌــﺷÁ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻰﻤﺗﺎﺧ Á Õﻮــﺳﻮﻣ ،ﻰﻧﺎﻣﺮﻬﺑ ﺮﺒﻛY ﻪﻠﻤﺟ Y -ﺎﻔــﺳ ﺖﻣﻮﻜﺣ ﻦﻳYµﺎﻐﺷY ﺎﻜﺘﻳﺎﻨﺟ ﻞﻣYﻮﻋ ﻢﻴﻫYﻮﺧﻰﻣ ﻪﻜﻧﺎﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ {ﻮﺧ cﺎﻳﺎﻨﺟ ÕﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘﻦﻳY ﻞﻴﻟ{ ﻪﺑ ½YﺮﻳY ﺖﻠﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻰﺗYﺎﺴﺧ Õﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ ½YﺮﻳY { ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣM cﺎﻔﺳﻪﻟﺎﺳ 8 ﮓﻨﺟ ﺲﭙﺳ Á Õ{ﺎﺼﺘﻗY ﻢﻳﺮﺤﺗ .{ﻮﺷﻰﻣ Á Ãﺪﺷ ﻞﻤﺤﺘﻣ ﺎﻜﺷM ﺖﻧﺎﻴﺧﻪﻠﻤﺟ Y ﻪﺌﻃﻮﺗ ﻦﻳY ﻞﻣYﻮﻋ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻴﻨﻴﺑﻰﻣ ﻰﻟÁ {ﻮﺑ ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣM cﺎﻔﺳ µﺎﻐــﺷY ﺪﻣﺎﻴﭘﺖﻟÁ{ ½ﻮﻴــﺴﻳﻮﭘÁY ﻪﺑ ...Á Õﺪﺒﻋ ،Õ{ﺎﻣY{ﺮﻴﻣ ،Ã{YﺮﻐﺻY ،ﻰﻤﺗﺎﺧ ﺎﺿﺪﻤﺤﻣﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺷ !ﺪﻨﻨﻛﻰﻣ ﻢﻫ «{ﺎﻘﺘﻧY» ﺎﻫﻢﻳﺮﺤﺗ Y Á ،ﺪﻧYÃﺪﺷ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ ÃYﻮﺨﻳ{YM ÁﻰﻠﺻY ½ﻼﻣﺎﻋ {ﻮﺷ ﻦﺷÁ ﺎﺗ ﺪﺷ ﺎﻫﻢﻳﺮﺤﺗ ﻦﻳY ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ÃÁﺮﮔ ¹Yﺪﻛ ﻢﻴﻨﻴﺒﺑ ﺖــﺳY!ﻪﻠﺑ !ﺪﻧYÃﺪﺷ «¹{ﺮﻣ ©ﻮﻘﺣ ﻊﻓYﺪﻣ» ½ﻮﻨﻛY ½YﺮﻳY ﺖﻠﻣ ﺮﺑ ﮓﻨﺟ Á ﻢﻳﺮﺤﺗ µﺎﻤﻋY½ ½M ،ﺪﻳﻮﮔﻰﻣ ﺎﻤــﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ Y .{Y{ ½YÁYﺮﻓ cYﺰﺠﻌﻣ ﻰﺋﺎﻤﻧ ½ﻮﮔژYÁ ﻦﻳYﺖﻟÁ{ ﻢﻫ ÁY ﻞﺘﻗ µﻮﺌﺴﻣ Á ﺪﻴــﺳ ﻞﺘﻗ ﻪﺑ «[ﺎﺠﺣ» ﻦﺘــﺷY{ ﻞﻴﻟ{ ﻪﺑ Õﺮﺼﻣﻪﭼﺎﭘ ﻪﻜﺗ ½ﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻞﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻜﺘﻳﺎﻨﺟ Õ{Áﺮﻫﺎﺷ ﺪﻧﻮﺧM ﻢﻫ ﺪﻌﺑ !Ã{ﻮﺑ ½ﺎﻤﻟM ﻪﺑ ﻢﻳ{ﺮﮔﺎﺑ !{ﻮﺷﻰﻣ ½ﺎﻤﻟM { ﺮﺸﺑ ©ﻮﻘﺣ ﻊﻓYﺪﻣ Á ﺪﻨﻛﻰﻣ {ﺎﺻ ﻪﻴﻧﺎﻴﺑ.ﻰﺋﺎﻤﻧ½ﻮﮔژYÁ Á ÕYﻪﻨﻣﺎﺧ ﻦﺘﻓ،«ÕYﻪﻨﻣﺎﺧ ﻦﺘﻓ» .ﻢﻴﺘﺴﻴﻧ ÕYﻪﻨﻣﺎﺧ «ﻦﺘﻓ» ½ﺎﻫYﻮﺧ ½Yﻮﻨﻋ ﭻﻴﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻣﺎﻤﻧ { ﻰﻧﺎﻣﺮﻬﺑ ﺮﺒﻛY ½ﺎﺑ Yًﻼﻤﻋ ﻪﻛ ﺖــﺳﺎﻫ½ﻮﺴﻛﺎﺳﻮﻠﮕﻧM cﺎﺒﻟﺎﻄﻣ YÕﺎﻫﻪﺒﻄﺧ ،ﻢﻳYﻪﺘﻔﮔ گﻼﺑÁ ﻦﻳY { ﺎﻫﺎﺑ ﻪﻜﻧﺎﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﺷ sﺮﻄﻣ YﺰﻔﻠﻋﻪﻧYﺮﻓ ﺮﺒﻫ ﺮﮔY Á .ﺖــﺳY ½YﺮﻳY ﺖﻠﻣ Y ﺎﻤﻌﺘــﺳY cﺎﺒﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺖﻋﺎﻤﺟ ﺎﻤﻧ،ﺪﻧﺪﺷ «Yﺪﻣ½ﻮﻧﺎﻗ» Õﺎﺠﻟﺎﺳ Ãﺎﻣ{Y{ﺮﺧ 29 ﺦﻳﺎﺗ { ﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﺘﺴﺨﻧ ÕYﺮﺑﻪﺑ Õﻮﺳﻮﻣ Y ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ÕYﺮﺑ «ﻰﻧﻮﻴﻠﻴﻣ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ» ﻪﻛ {ﻮﺑ ﻞﻴﻟ{ ﻦﻳY ﻪﺑ ﻂﻘﻓ.ﺪﻧﻮﺷ «Áﺮﻴﭘ» ½ﺎﺑﺎﺑY Á ﻰﻧﺎﻣﺮﻬﺑ ﺮﺒﻛY ﻰﻨﻌﻳ ،«ﺎﻣ» ﺎﺗ ﺪﻣﺎﻴﻧ ½ﺎﺑﺎﻴﺧﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ {Y{ ½ﺎﻬﻨﭘ {ﻮــﺧ { ﻪﻛ ﻰﻣﺎﻬﺑY ﻞﻴﻟ{ ﻪﺑ «¹{ﺮﻣ» ﻰــﺋÁ{ﺎﺟ ÇژYÁﻪﻛ [ﺮﻏ ÕﺎﻫﺖﻟÁ{ ﺔﻤﻫ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ { .ﺖﺳY ﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳY ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ ÕYﺮﺑ ﺶﺷﻮﭘµYﻮﻣY Á ﺪﻧYﻪﺘﺴﺸﻧ ﻰﻣﻼﺳY ﺖﻣﻮﻜﺣ cﺎﻳﺎﻨﺟ Õﺎﺷﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺖــﺳY µﺎﺳ ﻰﺳﻊﻓYﺪﻣ ﻞﻴﻛÁ ½ﺎﻬﮔﺎﻧ ،ﺪﻨﻨﻛﻰﻣ kYﺎﺗ ﻰﻣﺮﺧ Á ﻰــﺷﻮﺧ ﺎﺑ ﻢﻫ Y ﺖﻠﻣ ﺎﻣﷲY ½{Y{ﺮﺳ Yﺬﻛ «¹{ﺮﻣ» cﺎﺒﻟﺎﻄﻣ ½ﻮﭼ ؟Yﺮﭼ .ﺪﻧYÃﺪﺷ ½YﺮﻳY { «¹{ﺮﻣ»ﻪﻜﻧﺎﻨﭽﻤﻫ !Ãﺪﺷ {Yﮋﻧ ÕﺪﻤﺣY Õﺎﺠﺑ Õﻮﺳﻮﻣ ﻦﺘﺴﺸﻧ Á ÕYﻮﮔﻮﺳ ،ﺮﺒﻛYY ﺲﭘ {ﻮﺒﻧ ﻢﻬﻣ .{ﻮﺑ «Ãﺎﺷ ﻦﺘﻓ» ﻂﻘﻓ 1357 µﺎﺳ { ¹{ﺮﻣ cﺎﺒﻟﺎﻄﻣﺪﻧ{ﻮﺑ Ã{ﺎﺘﻓY ÃY ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻰﺷﺎﺑÁY Á ،ﺪﻳMﻰﻣ ﺖﻠﻣ ﻦﻳY ﺮــﺳ ﺮﺑ ﻪﭼ Ãﺎــﺷ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮕﻳ{ ÃÁﺮﮔ ﻚﻳ ،{Áﺮﺑ ÃÁﺮﮔ ﻚﻳ ﻪﻛ {ﻮﺑ ﻦﻳY ﻢﻬﻣ .ﺪﻨﺘــﺷY{ ﻰﻓYﺪﻫY ﻪﭼÕﺎﻫY{©ﺎﻤﭼ ﻪﻜﻧM Y ﺲﭘ 1357 ½ﺎــﺑM 13 Á ﻞﻴﻟ{ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ !ﺪــﻳﺎﻴﺑﻰﺘﻟÁ{ cYY{Y ½{ ﺶﺗM ﻪﺑ Á Ã{ﺮﺑ ﻪﻠﻤﺣ ﺎﻫﻚﻧﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ { -YÁﺎﺳ!ﺪﺷ Ãﺪﻴﻨﺷ ﺎﺑ{ { YﺪﺘﺑY «[ﻼﻘﻧY ÕYﺪﺻ» ،ﺪﻨﺘﺧY{ﺮﭘ½YﺮﻳY Ãﺎﺷ ﻪﻛ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻦﻳY ﻪﺑ .ﺪــﺷ ﻮﺟÁﺖﻔﺟ ﻊﻳﺮﺳ ﻰﻠﻴﺧ ﻞﺋﺎــﺴﻣ ﺔﻴﻘﺑﺖﻣﻮﻜﺣ ﻚﻳ YﺪﺘﺑY .{ﺮــﺑ {ﺎﻳ Y ½YﺮﻳY ﺖﻠﻣ ﺮــﺑYﺮﺑ { Y {ﻮﺧ ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌــﺴﻣﺎــﺴﺑ ﺎﻫﻪﻣﺎﻧÁ ﻰﻠﻴﻄﻌﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺎﺗ {Y{ ﻞﻴﻜــﺸﺗ ÕﺎﻫY ﺖــﺳﺎﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻰﻣﺎﻈﻧﻰﻤﻴﺟ ﻢﻫ ﺪﻌﺑ .{ﻮﺷ ¡Y{ Á ¹ﺮﮔ «ﻰﺳﻰﺑﻰﺑ» ﻮﻳ{Y ½ﺎﻛ{ Á ﻰﻨﻛYﺮﭘﻪﻌﻳﺎﺷÁ {Y{ ﺺﻴﺨﺸﺗ Ãﺪﻳﺎﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻴﻔﻣ Y Ãﺎــﺷ ﻦﺘﻓ پﻮﻟY{Yﻮﮔ ﺖــﺴﺸﻧ { ﺮﺗﺎﻛ ½Yﺮﺤﺑ ﻦﻳY Y ﺶﻴﭘ µﺎﺳ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺖﺴﻳﺎﺑﻰﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺎﻴﺘﺨﺑ ﻮﭘﺎﺷ ﻪﻛ {ﻮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﻨﻳYÁ {Áﺮﺑ Ãﺎﺷ ﺎﺗ ﺪــﺷ [ﻮﺼﻨﻣ ÕﺮﻳÁ ﺖــﺴﺨﻧ ﻪﺑ ،{Y{ﻰﻣ ﻞﻴﻜــﺸﺗ ﺖﻟÁ{ﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳY ﺎﻫﮓﺳ ﻰﺘﺸﻣ ﺖﺳ{ ﻪﺑ -YÁﺎﺳ Á ﺶﺗY ﻦﺋﺎﺧ ½Yﺮﺳ Y ﺖﻜﻠﻤﻣ
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