The Little Data Book on Africa 2008-09:

From Africa Development Indicators
The Little
Data Book
on Africa
08/09 Basic indicators
National accounts
Human development
Agriculture, rural development, and environment
Millennium Development Goals Labor, migration, and population
Paris Declaration indicators HIV/AIDS
Private sector development Malaria
Trade Capable states and partnership
Infrastructure Household welfare

2008 THE LITTLE DATA
2009 BOOK ON AFRICA
Copyright ©2009 by the International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development/THE WORLD BANK
1818 H Street NW
Washington DC 20433
U.S.A.
All rights reserved

Manufactured in the United States of America
First printing December 2008
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ISBN: 978–0–8213–7788–8
e-ISBN: 978–0–8213–7814–4
DOI: 10.1596/978–0–8213–7788–8
SKU: 17788
The Little Data Book on Africa 2008/09

is a product of the Africa Region.
Editing, design, and layout by Word Express, Inc,

Washington, D.C.
Cover design by Peter Grundy Art & Design, London, UK.
1 2 3 4 12 11 10 09
Contents
Acknowledgments ................................................................................ iv
Introduction .......................................................................................... v
User Guide ........................................................................................... vi
Country tables (in alphabetical order) ....................................................1
Algeria..........................................................................................2
Angola ..........................................................................................4
Benin............................................................................................6
Botswana .....................................................................................8
Burkina Faso ..............................................................................10
Burundi ......................................................................................12
Cameroon ...................................................................................14
Cape Verde .................................................................................16
Central African Republic..............................................................18
Chad ..........................................................................................20
Comoros .....................................................................................22
Congo, Rep. ................................................................................24
Congo, Dem. Rep. .......................................................................26
Côte d’Ivoire ...............................................................................28
Djibouti.......................................................................................30
Egypt, Arab Rep. .........................................................................32
Eritrea ........................................................................................34
Ethiopia ......................................................................................36
Equatorial Guinea........................................................................38
Gabon.........................................................................................40
Gambia, The ...............................................................................42
Ghana.........................................................................................44
Guinea ........................................................................................46
Guinea-Bissau .............................................................................48
Kenya .........................................................................................50
Lesotho ......................................................................................52
Liberia ........................................................................................54
Libya ..........................................................................................56
Madagascar................................................................................58
Malawi .......................................................................................60
Mali............................................................................................62
Mauritania ..................................................................................64
Mauritius ....................................................................................66
Morocco .....................................................................................68
Mozambique ...............................................................................70
Namibia ......................................................................................72
Niger ..........................................................................................74
Nigeria .......................................................................................76
Rwanda ......................................................................................78
São Tomé and Principe ................................................................80
Senegal ......................................................................................82
Seychelles ..................................................................................84
Sierra Leone ...............................................................................86
Somalia ......................................................................................88
South Africa................................................................................90
Sudan .........................................................................................92
Swaziland ...................................................................................94
Tanzania .....................................................................................96
Togo ...........................................................................................98
Tunisia......................................................................................100
Uganda .....................................................................................102
Zambia .....................................................................................104
Zimbabwe.................................................................................106
Glossary............................................................................................110
The Little Data Book on Africa 2008/09 iii

Acknowledgments
The Little Data Book on Africa 2008/09 is a product of the Africa Region.
Jorge Saba Arbache was the manager of this book and its companions.
Rose Mungai led the work on data gathering, consistency checks and com-
pilation. The core team included Mehdi Akhlaghi, Mpho Chinyolo, Francoise
Genouille, Jane Njuguna, and Christophe Rockmore.
Shantayanan Devarajan, chief economist for the Africa Region, provided

overall guidance and supervision.
Word Express, Inc, provided design, editing, and layout.
Dohatec New Media prepared the navigation structure and interface de-
sign of the Africa Development Indicators 2008/09 CD-ROM.
iv 2008/09 The Little Data Book on Africa

Introduction
The Little Data Book on Africa 2008/09 is a pocket edition of Africa De-
velopment Indicators 2008/09. It contains some 115 key indicators on
economics, human development, governance, and partnership and is in-
tended as a quick reference for users of the Africa Development Indicators
2008/09 book and African Development Indicators Online. The country
tables present the latest available data for World Bank member countries
in Africa.
The Little Data Book on Africa 2008/09 v

User Guide
Countries are listed alphabetically.
Statistics
Data are shown for economies as they were constituted in 2006, and his-
torical data are revised to reflect current political arrangements. Excep-
tions are noted throughout the tables. Data will, however, be provided for
doing business, investment climate, Governance and anticorruption indica-
tors, and Country Policy and Institutional Assessment ratings (CPIA) for
later years (2007–08).
Data in the table are for 2006, 2007 or 2008, except where otherwise
noted.
Data in italics are the most recent values for the period 2000–2005.
Growth rates are proportional changes from the previous year.
.. means that data are not available or that aggregates cannot be

calculated because of missing data in the years shown
$ means U.S. dollars
0 or 0.0 means zero or small enough that the number would round to zero
at the displayed number of decimal places.
Dash or hyphen in dates, as in 2004–06, means that the period of time

straddles between those years.
A blank means not applicable or, for an aggregate, not analytically mean-
ingful.
Data consistency, reliability and comparability

Considerable effort has been made to harmonize the data, but full compara-
bility cannot be assured, and care must be taken in interpreting indicators.
Many factors affect data availability, comparability, and reliability. Data
coverage may not be complete because of special circumstances affect-
ing the collection and reporting of data, such as conflicts. Except where
otherwise stated, growth rates are in real terms.
vi 2008/09 The Little Data Book on Africa

Country tables
The Little Data Book on Africa 2008/09 1

Algeria North
Country Africa
Population (millions) 33.4 154.2
Population growth (%) 1.5 1.6
GNI per capita ($) 3,110 2,333
Economic density (current $/sq km) 48,897 64,481
GDP ($ millions) 116,459 370,017
GDP growth (%) 1.8 5.5
GDP per capita (2000 $) 2,123 2,060
GDP per capita growth (%) 0.3 3.9
GDP deflator, index (2000=100; US$ series) 164 117
CPI (% change) 2.5
Value added, agriculture (% of GDP) 7.9 10.3
Value added, industry (% of GDP) 57.4 41.9
Value added, services and etc (% of GDP) 28.1 40.9
Current account balance (% of GDP) .. 10.3
Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) 13.6 0.0
Central government revenue (% of GDP) 46.2 36.2
Total external debt (% of GDP) 4.8 19.4
Drivers of growth
Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 54.1 37.0
Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 30.0 23.5
Private sector capital formation (% of GDP) 14.1 14.8
Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 110.5 106.1
Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 83.2 77.2
Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 21.8 26.6
Public current education expenditure, primary (% of total current .. ..
education expenditure)
Starting a business, procedures (number) 14 9
Starting a business, time (days) 24 14
Starting a business, cost (% of income per capita) 13.2 15.4
Registering property, time (days) 51 83
Enforcing contracts, time (days) 630 705
Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0=less disclosure to 6 5
10=more disclosure)
Paying taxes, time (hours) 451 447
Paying taxes, total tax rate (% profit) 74 57
Average time to clear direct exports through customs (days) 9 3
Average time to clear imports from customs (days) 17 10
Rigidity of employment index (0 least rigid to 100 most rigid) 48 47
Delay in obtaining an electrical connection (days) 49 34
Electric power outages in a typical month (number) 5 4
Access to electricity (% of total population) .. ..
Ratio of paved to total roads (%) 70 68
Road density (road km/1,000 km2 of land area) 45 ..
Real interest rate (%) –3
Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 12 38
Corruption (% of firms identifying this as a major constraint) 64
Believing the court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupted ..
(% of firms this as a major contraint)
Crime, theft and disorder (% of firms identifying this as major constraint) 21
Tax rates (% of firms identifying this as major constraint) 47
Access to finance (% of firms identifying this as a major constraint) 50
Electricity (% of firms identifying this as a major constraint) 48
Labor regulations (% of firms identifying this as a major constraint) 14
Labor skill level (% of firms identifying this as a major constraint) 37
Irrigated land (% of cropland) 6.9 ..
Fertilizer consumption (100 grams per hectare of arable land) 144 1,265
Agricultural machinery tractors per 100 hectares of arable land 134 139
Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 1,503 2,906
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 48 39
2 2008/09 The Little Data Book on Africa

North
Country Africa
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 23 31
Terms of trade index (2000=100) 133 ..
Real effective exchange rate (2000=100) 83 85
Export diversification index (%) 2 ..
Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) .. 17,080
Workers remittances received ($ millions) 0 12,300
Participating in growth
Rural population (% of total population) 36 47
Age dependency ratio (dependents to working-age population) 1 1
Population 0–24 (% of total population) 51 ..
Life expectancy at birth (years) 72 71
Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. ..
Gini index .. ..
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 33 30
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 38 35
Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) 95 71
Maternal mortality ratio, modeled estimate (per 100,000 live births) 180 159
Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) 22 24
Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12–23 months) 91 96
Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. ..
HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15–49) 0.10 ..
Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS 1,000 ..
Physicians per 1,000 people 0 0
Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 85 ..
Student-teacher ratio, primary school 24 25
Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15–24) 90 ..
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 99 ..
Labor force participation rate, total (% of ages 15 and over) 62 54
Labor force participation rate, male (% of ages 15 and over) 84 80
Labor force participation rate, female (% of ages 15 and over) 39 28
Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 87 96
Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 81 87
Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 87 60
Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 98 90
Access to electricity (% of urban population) .. ..
Access to electricity (% of rural population) .. ..
Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 71 53
Households with own telephone (% of urban households) .. ..
Households with own telephone (% of rural households) .. ..
Internet users (per 100 people) 7 10
Rural residents within 2 km of an all-season road (%) .. ..
Capable states
CPIA overall rating (IDA resource allocation index, 1 low to 6 high) ..
Country has publicly endorsed the EITI principles ..
Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 corrupt to 10 clean) ..
Control of corruption (–2.5 worse to 2.5 better) –0.5
Voice and accountability (–2.5 worse to 2.5 better) –1.0
Political stability (–2.5 worse to 2.5 better) –1.2
Government effectiveness (–2.5 worse to 2.5 better) –0.5
Regulatory law (–2.5 worse to 2.5 better) –0.7
Rule of law (–2.5 worse to 2.5 better) –0.7
Combined polity score 2.0
Partnership
Net aid ($ millions) 209 2,596
Net aid (% of GDP) 0.2 0.7
Net aid per capita from all donors ($) 6 17
Net aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 205 1,628
Net aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 7 165
Net aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) –4 803
Net aid (% of central government expenditure) 0.0 0.0
Debt relief committed under HIPC Initiative ($ millions) .. ..
Country with an operational national development strategy (A-F) .. ..
Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. ..

Angola Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GNI per capita ($) 1,970 861
GDP ($ millions) 45,163 744,731
GDP growth (%) 18.6 5.8
GDP per capita (2000 $) 1,069 580
CPI (% change) 11.7
Current account balance (% of GDP) 23.7 2.0
Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. ..
Drivers of growth
Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 93.2
Enforcing contracts, time (days) 1,011 673
10=more disclosure)
Real interest rate (%) 4
Believing the court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupted 32
Irrigated land (% of cropland) 2.2 3.5
Fertilizer consumption (100 grams per hectare of arable land) 23 106
Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 485 1,262

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Terms of trade index (2000=100) .. ..
Real effective exchange rate (2000=100) .. 112
Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) –228 7,671
Gini index .. ..
Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) 45 ..
Maternal mortality ratio, modeled estimate (per 100,000 live births) 1,400 902
Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) 51 ..
HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15–49) 2.10 5.00
Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS 11,000 1,500,000
Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 60
Student-teacher ratio, primary school .. 47
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school .. 87
Capable states
CPIA overall rating (IDA resource allocation index, 1 low to 6 high) 2.7
Country has publicly endorsed the EITI principles No
Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 corrupt to 10 clean) 2
Combined polity score –2.0
Partnership
Net aid from DAC donors ($ millions) –55 27,476
Net aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 124 10,187
Net aid (% of central government expenditure) .. 0.0
Debt relief committed under HIPC Initiative ($ millions) .. 52,315

Benin Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GNI per capita ($) 530 861
GDP ($ millions) 4,623 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 323 580
CPI (% change) 3.8
Current account balance (% of GDP) –5.3 2.0
Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) 0.3 ..
Drivers of growth
Public current education expenditure, primary (% of total current 82 ..
10=more disclosure)
Electric power outages in a typical month (number) .. 7
Access to electricity (% of total population) 22 ..
Real interest rate (%) ..

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 53 7,671
Gini index 36 ..
Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) 7 ..
Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 64 60
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 73 87
Access to electricity (% of urban population) 51 ..
Access to electricity (% of rural population) 6 ..
Households with own telephone (% of urban households) 10 ..
Households with own telephone (% of rural households) 1 ..
Rural residents within 2 km of an all-season road (%) 32.0 ..
Capable states
Voice and accountability (–2.5 worse to 2.5 better) 0.3
Political stability (–2.5 worse to 2.5 better) 0.4
Partnership
Debt relief committed under HIPC Initiative ($ millions) 460 52,315
Country with an operational national development strategy (A-F) 3 ..
Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) 2 ..

Botswana Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 11,006 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 4,511 580
CPI (% change) 11.6
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index .. ..
Capable states
Control of corruption (–2.5 worse to 2.5 better) 0.9
Government effectiveness (–2.5 worse to 2.5 better) 0.7
Regulatory law (–2.5 worse to 2.5 better) 0.5
Rule of law (–2.5 worse to 2.5 better) 0.7
Partnership
Net aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) –2 312

Burkina Faso Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 5,771 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 258 580
CPI (% change) 2.3
Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) –6.1 ..
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) 46 ..
Gini index 40 ..
Capable states
Partnership

Burundi Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 903 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 102 580
CPI (% change) 2.8
Drivers of growth
Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) –20.2 29.0
10=more disclosure)
Average time to clear direct exports through customs (days) .. 8

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index .. ..
Capable states
Partnership
Debt relief committed under HIPC Initiative ($ millions) 1,472 52,315

Cameroon Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 17,953 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 686 580
CPI (% change) 5.1
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)
Paying taxes, time (hours) 1,400 320

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index 45 ..
Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15–24) .. ..
Capable states
Country has publicly endorsed the EITI principles Yes
Partnership
Net aid ($ millions) 1,684 37,975
Net aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 1,505 27,476

Cape Verde Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 1,182 744,731
GDP growth (%) 10.7 5.8
GDP per capita (2000 $) 1,383 580
CPI (% change) 5.4
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index 51 ..
Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. ..
Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. ..
HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15–49) .. 5.00
Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS .. 1,500,000
Capable states
Combined polity score ..
Partnership

Central African Republic Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 1,477 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 223 580
CPI (% change) 2.9
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)
Average time to clear imports from customs (days) .. 8
Delay in obtaining an electrical connection (days) .. 44
Ratio of paved to total roads (%) .. 12
Corruption (% of firms identifying this as a major constraint) ..
Crime, theft and disorder (% of firms identifying this as major constraint) ..
Tax rates (% of firms identifying this as major constraint) ..
Access to finance (% of firms identifying this as a major constraint) ..
Electricity (% of firms identifying this as a major constraint) ..
Labor regulations (% of firms identifying this as a major constraint) ..
Labor skill level (% of firms identifying this as a major constraint) ..

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index .. ..
Capable states
Partnership

Chad Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 6,300 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 266 580
GDP per capita growth (%) –2.9 3.2
CPI (% change) 8.0
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index .. ..
Capable states
Partnership

Comoros Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 403 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 382 580
CPI (% change) ..
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)
Irrigated land (% of cropland) .. 3.5

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index .. ..
Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS 100 1,500,000
Capable states
Partnership

Congo, Rep. Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 7,731 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 1,145 580
CPI (% change) 3.4
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index .. ..
Capable states
Partnership

Congo, Dem. Rep. Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 8,545 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 91 580
CPI (% change) 21.3
Drivers of growth
Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 6.1
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index .. ..
Capable states
Partnership

Côte d’Ivoire Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 17,268 744,731
GDP growth (%) –0.3 5.8
GDP per capita (2000 $) 549 580
CPI (% change) 2.5
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index 45 ..
Capable states
Partnership

Djibouti Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 769 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 817 580
CPI (% change) ..
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)
Fertilizer consumption (100 grams per hectare of arable land) .. 106

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index .. ..
Capable states
Partnership

Egypt, Arab Rep. North
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 107,484 370,017
GDP per capita (2000 $) 1,724 2,060
CPI (% change) 7.6
Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) –5.8 0.0
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)
Fertilizer consumption (100 grams per hectare of arable land) 7,331 1,265

Notrth
Country Africa
Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 9,894 17,080
Workers remittances received ($ millions) 5,330 12,300
Gini index 34 ..
Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS 500 ..
Capable states
Partnership
Net aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 287 803

Eritrea Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 1,085 744,731
GDP growth (%) –1.0 5.8
GDP per capita (2000 $) 160 580
CPI (% change) ..
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index .. ..
Capable states
Partnership

Ethiopia Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 15,166 744,731
GDP growth (%) 10.9 5.8
GDP per capita (2000 $) 161 580
CPI (% change) 12.3
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index .. ..
Capable states
Partnership

Equatorial Guinea Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 8,565 744,731
GDP growth (%) –5.6 5.8
GDP per capita (2000 $) 7,470 580
CPI (% change) 4.2
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)
Ratio of paved to total roads (%) .. 12
Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) .. 1,262

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index .. ..
Capable states
Partnership

Gabon Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 9,546 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 4,263 580
CPI (% change) –1.4
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index .. ..
Capable states
Partnership
Net aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) –1 10,187

Gambia, The Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 511 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 326 580
CPI (% change) 3.2
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index 47 ..
Capable states
Partnership

Ghana Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 12,715 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 294 580
CPI (% change) 10.9
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index .. ..
Capable states
Partnership

Guinea Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 3,204 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 406 580
CPI (% change) ..
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index 39 ..
Capable states
Partnership

Guinea-Bissau Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 308 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 130 580
CPI (% change) 2.0
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index .. ..
Capable states
Partnership

Kenya Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 22,779 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 439 580
CPI (% change) 14.5
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index .. ..
Capable states
Partnership

Lesotho Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 1,494 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 528 580
CPI (% change) 6.0
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index .. ..
Capable states
Partnership

Liberia Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 614 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 134 580
CPI (% change) ..
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index .. ..
Capable states
Partnership

Libya North
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 49,711 370,017
GDP per capita (2000 $) 7,040 2,060
CPI (% change) 3.4
Value added, agriculture (% of GDP) .. 10.3
Value added, industry (% of GDP) .. 41.9
Value added, services and etc (% of GDP) .. 40.9
Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. 0.0
Central government revenue (% of GDP) .. 36.2
Total external debt (% of GDP) .. 19.4
Drivers of growth
Private sector capital formation (% of GDP) .. 14.8
Starting a business, procedures (number) .. 9
Starting a business, time (days) .. 14
Starting a business, cost (% of income per capita) .. 15.4
Registering property, time (days) .. 83
Enforcing contracts, time (days) .. 705
Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0=less disclosure to .. 5
10=more disclosure)
Paying taxes, time (hours) .. 447
Paying taxes, total tax rate (% profit) .. 57
Rigidity of employment index (0 least rigid to 100 most rigid) .. 47

North
Country Africa
Gini index .. ..
Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 71
Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. 24
HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15–49) .. ..
Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS .. ..
Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. ..
Capable states
Partnership

Madagascar Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 5,499 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 238 580
CPI (% change) 10.8
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index 47 ..
Capable states
Partnership

Malawi Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 3,164 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 145 580
CPI (% change) 14.0
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index 39 ..
Capable states
Partnership

Mali Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 5,866 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 290 580
CPI (% change) 1.5
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index 40 ..
Capable states
Partnership

Mauritania Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 2,663 744,731
GDP growth (%) 11.7 5.8
GDP per capita (2000 $) 483 580
CPI (% change) 6.2
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index 39 ..
Capable states
Partnership

Mauritius Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Economic density (current $/sq km) 3,126,441 31,518
GDP ($ millions) 6,347 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 4,522 580
CPI (% change) 8.9
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)
Fertilizer consumption (100 grams per hectare of arable land) 2,575 106

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index .. ..
Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS 100 1,500,000
Capable states
Partnership

Morocco North
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 65,401 370,017
GDP per capita (2000 $) 1,667 2,060
CPI (% change) 3.3
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

North
Country Africa
Gini index .. ..
Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS 1,000 ..
Capable states
Partnership

Mozambique Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 6,833 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 330 580
CPI (% change) 13.2
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index 47 ..
Capable states
Partnership

Namibia Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 6,566 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 2,166 580
CPI (% change) 5.1
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index .. ..
Capable states
Partnership

Niger Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 3,597 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 169 580
CPI (% change) 0.0
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index .. ..
Capable states
Partnership

Nigeria Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 146,867 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 454 580
CPI (% change) 8.2
Drivers of growth
Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) .. 29.0
Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. 18.9
10=more disclosure)
Paying taxes, time (hours) 1,120 320

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index 44 ..
Capable states
Partnership

Rwanda Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 2,869 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 263 580
CPI (% change) 8.9
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index 47 ..
Capable states
Partnership

São Tomé and Principe Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 123 744,731
GDP growth (%) .. 5.8
GDP per capita (2000 $) .. 580
GDP per capita growth (%) .. 3.2
GDP deflator, index (2000=100; US$ series) .. 164
CPI (% change) ..
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. 37

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. 35
Gini index .. ..
Maternal mortality ratio, modeled estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. 902
Capable states
Partnership

Senegal Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 9,269 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 499 580
CPI (% change) 2.1
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index 41 ..
Capable states
Partnership

Seychelles Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Economic density (current $/sq km) 1,684,323 31,518
GDP ($ millions) 775 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 7,005 580
CPI (% change) –0.3
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa

Age dependency ratio (dependents to working-age population) .. 1
Population 0–24 (% of total population) .. ..
Gini index .. ..
Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. ..
Maternal mortality ratio, modeled estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. 902
Labor force participation rate, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. 74
Labor force participation rate, male (% of ages 15 and over) .. 86
Labor force participation rate, female (% of ages 15 and over) .. 63
Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) .. 42
Capable states
Partnership

Sierra Leone Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 1,420 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 225 580
CPI (% change) 9.5
Drivers of growth
Starting a business, cost (% of income per capita) 1,075.2 160.3
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index 37 ..
Capable states
Partnership

Somalia Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GNI per capita ($) .. 861
Economic density (current $/sq km) .. 31,518
GDP ($ millions) .. 744,731
GDP growth (%) .. 5.8
GDP per capita (2000 $) .. 580
GDP per capita growth (%) .. 3.2
GDP deflator, index (2000=100; US$ series) .. 164
CPI (% change) ..
Value added, agriculture (% of GDP) .. 14.5
Value added, industry (% of GDP) .. 34.0
Value added, services and etc (% of GDP) .. 42.6
Central government revenue (% of GDP) .. 23.9
Drivers of growth
Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 93.2
Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 28.6
Starting a business, procedures (number) .. 11
Starting a business, time (days) .. 56
Starting a business, cost (% of income per capita) .. 160.3
Registering property, time (days) .. 103
Enforcing contracts, time (days) .. 673
Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0=less disclosure to .. 5
10=more disclosure)
Paying taxes, time (hours) .. 320
Paying taxes, total tax rate (% profit) .. 67
Rigidity of employment index (0 least rigid to 100 most rigid) .. 42
Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) .. 65
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. 37

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. 35
Gini index .. ..
Capable states
Partnership
Net aid (% of GDP) .. 5.1

South Africa Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 254,993 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 3,562 580
CPI (% change) 4.6
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) –6,719 7,671
Gini index 58 ..
Capable states
Partnership

Sudan Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 36,402 744,731
GDP growth (%) 11.3 5.8
GDP per capita (2000 $) 489 580
CPI (% change) 7.2
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index .. ..
Capable states
Partnership

Swaziland Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 2,784 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 1,297 580
CPI (% change) 5.3
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index 50 ..
Capable states
Partnership

Tanzania Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 14,178 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 339 580
CPI (% change) 6.4
Drivers of growth
Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 28.6
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index 35 ..
Capable states
Partnership

Togo Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 2,218 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 240 580
CPI (% change) 2.2
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index .. ..
Capable states
Partnership

Tunisia North
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 30,962 370,017
GDP per capita (2000 $) 2,518 2,060
CPI (% change) 4.5
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

North
Country Africa
Gini index 40 ..
Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. 24
Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS 200 ..
Capable states
Partnership

Uganda Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 9,495 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 274 580
CPI (% change) 6.8
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index 41 ..
Capable states
Partnership

Zambia Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 10,886 744,731
GDP per capita (2000 $) 371 580
CPI (% change) 9.0
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index 51 ..
Capable states
Partnership

Zimbabwe Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
GDP ($ millions) 3,418 744,731
GDP growth (%) –5.3 5.8
GDP per capita (2000 $) 428 580
CPI (% change) 1,096.7
Drivers of growth
10=more disclosure)

Sub-Saharan
Country Africa
Gini index .. ..
Capable states
Partnership

Glossary
Access to electricity is the percentage of the population living in house-
holds with access to electricity. (Household survey data, supplemented by
World Bank Project Appraisal Documents)
Age dependency ratio is the ratio of (dependents to working-age popula-

tion) is those ages 15–64. For example, 0.7 means there are 7 dependents
for every 10 working-age people. World Bank staff estimates from various
sources including census reports, the United Nations Population Division’s
World Population Prospects, national statistical offices, household surveys
conducted by national agencies, and Macro International. (World Develop-
ment Indicators)
Agricultural machinery refers to the number of wheel and crawler tractors (ex-
cluding garden tractors) in use in agriculture at the end of the calendar year
specified or during the first quarter of the following year. Arable land includes
land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas
are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under
market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a
result of shifting cultivation is excluded. (Food Agricultural Organization)
Agriculture value added corresponds to ISIC divisions 1–5 and includes for-
estry, hunting, and fishing, as well as cultivation of crops and livestock pro-
duction. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs
and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deduc-
tions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of
natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the Internation-
al Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3. Note: For VAB coun-
tries, gross value added at factor cost is used as the denominator. (World
Bank national accounts data and OECD National Accounts data files).
Average time to clear direct exports through customs is the number of days
to clear direct exports through customs. (World Bank Enterprise Surveys
(http://rru.worldbank.org/EnterpriseSurveys/).
Average time to clear imports through customs (days) is the average

number of days to clear imports through customs. For survey data col-
lected in 2006 and 2007, this indicator is computed for the manufacturing
module only. (World Bank Enterprise Surveys (http://rru.worldbank.org/
EnterpriseSurveys/).
Births attended by skilled health staff are the percentage of deliveries at-
tended by personnel trained to give the necessary supervision, care, and
advice to women during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period; to
conduct deliveries on their own; and to care for newborns. (World Bank’s
World Development Indicators)
Central government revenue is cash receipts from taxes, social contribu-

tions, and other revenue such as fines, fees, rent, and other income from
property sales as a proportion of total gross domestic product (GDP).
Grants, although also considered as revenue, are excluded here. (World
Bank’s World Development Indicators)
Cereals (exports and imports) quantities and include wheat, rice, maize,
barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, and mixed grains. (FAO da-
tabase)
Child immunization, measles, is the percentage of children ages 12–23

months who received vaccinations before 12 months or at any time before
the survey for four diseases—measles and diphtheria, pertussis (whooping

cough), and tetanus (DPT). A child is considered adequately immunized
against measles after receiving one dose of vaccine and against DPT after
receiving three doses. (World Bank’s World Development Indicators)
Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% of children under

age 5) is the percentage of the children under 5 with access to an insecti-
cide-treated bednets to prevent malaria. (World Bank’s World Development
Indicators)
Consumer price index is a change in the cost to the average consumer of

acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at
specified intervals, such as yearly. (World Bank national accounts data,
and OECD National Accounts data files).
Control of corruption measures the extent of corruption, conventionally de-

fined as the exercise of public power for private gain. It is based on scores
of variables from surveys and polls of experts. These scores are divided
into five groups based on percentile rank and lie between point estimates
of –2.5 and 2.5, with higher scores corresponding to better outcomes.
(Kaufmann, D., A. Kraay, and M. Mastruzzi, 2005, Governance Matters IV:
Governance Indicators for 1996–2004)
Corruption is the percentage of firms identifying corruption as a major

constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the rating of the
obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the estab-
lishment. (World Bank Enterprise Surveys, http://rru.worldbank.org/
EnterpriseSurveys/)
Corruption Perceptions Index score is a country’s score on Transparency

International’s annual Corruption Perceptions Index, which ranks more
than 150 countries on perceived levels of corruption, as determined by
expert assessments and opinion surveys of businesspeople and country
analysts. (www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi)
Cost to start a business is normalized by presenting it as a percent-

age of gross national income (GNI) per capita. (http://rru.worldbank/
DoingBusiness/)
Country endorsed the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI)

principles indicates whether a country has implemented or endorsed the
EITI, a multistakeholder approach to increasing governance and transpar-
ency in extractive industries. It includes civil society, the private sector, and
government and requires a work plan with timeline and budget to ensure
sustainability, independent audit of payments and disclosure of revenues,
publication of results in a publicly accessible manner, and an approach that
covers all companies and government agencies. EITI supports improved
governance in resource-rich countries through the verification and full pub-
lication of company payments and government revenues from oil, gas, and
mining. EITI is a global initiative and the EITI Secretariat has developed an
EITI Source Book that provides guidance for countries and companies wish-
ing to implement the initiative (www.eitransparency.org/)
Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) overall rating (IDA re-
source allocation index) assesses the quality of a country’s current policy
and institutional framework. “Quality” means how conducive that frame-
work is to fostering sustainable, poverty-reducing growth and the effective
use of development assistance. The CPIA is conducted annually for all Inter-
national Bank for Reconstruction and Development and International Devel-
opment Association borrowers. Ratings are based on 16 criteria, grouped in

Glossary
four clusters: economic management, structural policies, policies for social
inclusion and equity, and public sector management and institutions. The
criteria reflect a balance between ensuring that all key factors that foster
pro-poor growth and poverty alleviation are captured without overly burden-
ing the evaluation process. Country scores reflect a variety of indicators
and judgments that are based on country knowledge, analytic work, policy
dialogue, or work done by partners as well as relevant publicly available
indicators. The rating scale for each criterion varies from 1 (low) to 6 (high).
Countries may also receive intermediate scores of 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, and
5.5. The ratings are the main determinant of prospects for current aid ef-
fectiveness. Improvements in policies and institutions during the course of
the year are reflected in the subsequent year’s performance ratings. (World
Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments)
Court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupted, is the percentage of firms

believing the court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupted as a major con-
straint. The computation of the indicator is based on the rating of the obstacle
as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment. (World
Bank’s Doing Business project (http://rru.worldbank.org/DoingBusiness).
Crime, theft and disorder is the percentage of firms who ranked crime,
theft, and disorder as a major constraint. The computation of the indica-
tor is based on the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the
current operations of the establishment. (World Bank Enterprise Surveys,
http://rru.worldbank.org/EnterpriseSurveys/)
Current account balance is the sum of net exports of goods, services, net
income, and net current transfers. (International Monetary Fund’s Balance
of Payments Statistics Yearbook and data files; World Bank and Organisa-
tion for Economic Co-operation and Development estimates of gross do-
mestic product)
Deaths due to HIV/AIDS is the estimated number of adults and children

that have died in a specific year based on the modeling of HIV surveil-
lance data using standard and appropriate tools. (Joint United Nations Pro-
gramme on HIV/AIDS’ 2004 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic)
Debt service relief committed under HIPC is the amount of debt service re-
lief, calculated at the decision point, that will allow the country to achieve
debt sustainability at the completion point. (World Bank)
Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection is the average actual de-
lay in days that firms experience when obtaining an electrical connection,
measured from the day the establishment applied to the day it received the
service or approval. (World Bank Investment Climate Assessments)
Domestic credit to private sector is financial resources provided to the

private sector, such as through loans, purchases of nonequity securities,
and trade credits and other accounts receivable, that establish a claim
for repayment. For some countries these claims include credit to public
enterprises. (International Monetary Fund’s International Financial Statis-
tics and data files; World Bank and Organization for Economic Co-operation
and Development gross domestic product estimates; World Bank’s World
Development Indicators)
Economic density is gross domestic product (GDP) at market prices in cur-

rent U.S. dollars divided by the total land area in square kilometers. “Land
area” refers to the land surface area of a country, excluding inland waters.
GDP at market prices in current U.S. dollars is based on the GDP at market

prices in local currency units, which is converted to dollars at the official
exchange rate. If the official exchange rate is significantly different from
the prevailing market rate or shows extreme volatility, the local currency
is converted into U.S. dollars using an alternative conversion factor. (World
Electricity is the percentage of firms who ranked electricity as a major

EnterpriseSurveys/)
Electric power outages in a typical month is the average number of days per
year that establishments experienced power outages or surges from the
public grid. (World Bank Investment Climate Assessments)
Export diversification index measures the extent to which exports are di-
versified. It is constructed as the inverse of a Herfindahl index, using disag-
gregated exports at four digits (following the Standard International Trade
Classification Revision 3). A higher index indicates more export diversifica-
tion. (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development)
Exports of goods and services are merchandise exports divided by gross

domestic product (GDP) in current U.S. dollars. (World Bank’s World De-
velopment Indicators)
Fertilizer consumption is the aggregate of nitrogenous, phosphate, and pot-

ash fertilizers. (Food and Agriculture Organization’s Fertilizer Yearbook)
Finance is the percentage of firms who ranked access to finance or

cost of finance as a major constraint. The computation of the indicator
is based on the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the
current operations of the establishment. (http://rru.worldbank.org/
EnterpriseSurveys
Fiscal balance is revenue (including grants) minus expense, minus net

acquisition of nonfinancial assets. In the International Monetary Fund’s
Government Finance Statistics Manual 1986 nonfinancial assets were in-
cluded under revenue and expenditure in gross terms. This cash surplus or
deficit is closest to the earlier overall budget balance (still missing is lend-
ing minus repayments, which is now a financing item under net acquisition
of financial assets). (World Bank’s World Development Indicators)
Foreign direct investment, net inflows, is the net inflows of investment

to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting
stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the in-
vestor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-
term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments.
(World Bank’s World Development Indicators)
Gini index is the most commonly used measure of inequality. The coefficient
ranges from 0, which reflects complete equality, to 1, which indicates com-
plete inequality (one person has all the income or consumption, all others
have none). Graphically, the Gini coefficient can be easily represented by
the area between the Lorenz curve and the line of equality. (World Bank’s
Government effectiveness measures the quality of public services, the

quality and degree of independence from political pressures of the civil

Glossary
service, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the cred-
ibility of the government’s commitment to such policies. (Kaufmann, D.,
A. Kraay, and M. Mastruzzi, 2005, Governance Matters IV: Governance
Indicators for 1996–2004)
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total output of goods and services for
final use produced by residents and nonresidents, regardless of the alloca-
tion to domestic and foreign claims. It is calculated without deducting for
depreciation of “manmade” assets or depletion and degradation of natural
resources. GDP data are at market prices (also known as purchaser values)
and have been converted to U.S. dollars using constant (2000) exchange
rates. For a few countries where the official exchange rate does not effec-
tively reflect the rate applied to actual foreign exchange transactions, an
alternative currency conversion factor has been used. (World Bank’s World
Gross domestic product (GDP) growth is the average annual growth rate
calculated from GDP at constant 2000 prices. (World Bank’s World Devel-
opment Indicators)
Gross domestic product (GDP) implicit price deflator is the one-year rate
of price change in the economy as a whole (World Bank’s World Develop-
ment Indicators)
Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita is calculated by dividing GDP by

the corresponding midyear population. (World Bank’s World Development
Indicators)
Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita growth is the average annual growth
rate of real GDP per capita. (World Bank’s World Development Indicators)
Gross domestic savings is calculated by deducting total consumption

from nominal gross domestic product (World Bank’s World Development
Indicators)
Gross fixed capital formation includes land improvements (fences, ditches,

drains, and so on); plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and the
construction of roads, railways, and the like, including schools, offices,
hospitals, private residential dwellings, and commercial and industrial
buildings. According to the 1993 System of National Accounts, net acqui-
sitions of valuables are also considered capital formation. (World Bank’s
Gross national income (GNI) per capita is calculated using the World Bank
Atlas method. It is similar in concept to GNI per capita in current prices,
except that the use of three-year averages of exchange rates smoothes
out sharp fluctuations from year to year. (World Bank’s World Development
Indicators)
Gross primary school enrollment, total, is the ratio of total enrollment, re-
gardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds
to the primary level of education. Primary education provides children with
basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary un-
derstanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social
science, art, and music. (World Bank’s World Development Indicators)
Gross secondary school enrollment, total, is the ratio of total enrollment,

regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially cor-
responds to the secondary level of education. Secondary education com-

pletes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and
aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development,
by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more special-
ized teachers. (World Bank’s World Development Indicators)
Gross tertiary school enrollment, total, is the ratio of total enrollment,

regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially cor-
responds to the tertiary level of education. Tertiary education, whether or
not to an advanced research qualification, normally requires, as a minimum
condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the sec-
ondary level. (World Bank’s World Development Indicators)
Households with own telephone are the percentage of urban or rural house-
holds possessing a telephone as a proportion of the total number of urban
or rural households, respectively. (Demographic and Health Surveys)
Imports of goods and services are merchandise imports divided by gross

domestic product (GDP) in current U.S. dollars. (World Bank’s World De-
velopment Indicators)
Improved sanitation is the percentage of the population with at least ad-

equate access to excreta disposal facilities that can effectively prevent hu-
man, animal, and insect contact with excreta. Improved facilities range from
simple but protected pit latrines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection.
The excreta disposal system is considered adequate if it is private or shared
(but not public) and if it hygienically separates human excreta from human
contact. To be effective, facilities must be correctly constructed and prop-
erly maintained. (World Bank’s World Development Indicators)
Improved water source is the percentage of population with reasonable ac-

cess to an adequate amount of water from an improved source, such as a
household connection, public standpipe, borehole, protected well or spring,
or rainwater collection. Unimproved sources include vendors, tanker trucks,
and unprotected wells and springs. Reasonable access is defined as the
availability of at least 20 liters a person a day from a source within 1 kilome-
ter of the user’s dwelling. (World Bank’s World Development Indicators)
Industry value added corresponds to ISIC divisions 10–45 and includes manu-
facturing (ISIC divisions 15–37). It comprises value added in mining, manu-
facturing (also reported as a separate subgroup), construction, electricity,
water, and gas. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all
outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making
deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation
of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the Inter-
national Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3. Note: For VAB
countries, gross value added at factor cost is used as the denominator. (World
Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.)
Infant mortality rate is the number of infants dying before reaching one year
of age, per 1,000 live births in a given year. (World Bank’s World Develop-
ment Indicators)
Internet users are the number of people with access to the worldwide net-
work, per 100 people. (World Bank’s World Development Indicators)
Irrigated land is areas equipped to provide water to crops. These include

areas equipped for full and partial control irrigation, spate irrigation, and
equipped wetland or inland valley bottoms. (Food and Agriculture Organiza-
tion’s Production Yearbook and data files)

Glossary
Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the total, male, or female
population ages 15 and over that is economically active as a proportion of
the total population or the total male or female population respectively who
supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified
period. (World Bank’s World Development Indicators)
Labor regulations are the percentage of firms who ranked labor regulations
as a major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the
rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of
the establishment. (World Bank Enterprise Surveys, http://rru.worldbank.
org/EnterpriseSurveys/)
Labor skills are the percentage of firms who ranked skills of available work-
ers as a major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the
rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of
the establishment. (World Bank Enterprise Surveys, http://rru.worldbank.
org/EnterpriseSurveys/)
Life expectancy at birth is the number of years a newborn infant would live
if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to remain the
same throughout its life. (World Bank’s World Development Indicators)
Malnutrition prevalence height for age (% of children under age 5) is the

percentage of children under age 5 whose height for age is more than two
standard deviations below the median for the international reference popu-
lation ages 6–59 months. The reference population, adopted by the World
Health Organization in 1983, is based on children from the United States,
who are assumed to be well nourished (World Health Organization, Global
Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition).
Maternal mortality ratio, modeled estimate is the number of women who

die from pregnancy-related causes during pregnancy and childbirth, per
100,000 live births. The data are estimated with a regression model us-
ing information on fertility, birth attendants, and HIV prevalence. (World
Net ODA aid from all donors is net aid from the Organization for Economic
Co-operation and Development’s (OECD), Development Assistance Commit-
tee (DAC), non-DAC bilateral (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
[OPEC], the former Council for Mutual Economic Assistance [CMEA] coun-
tries, and China [OECD data]), and multilateral donors. OPEC countries are
Algeria, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab
Emirates, and Venezuela. The former CMEA countries are Bulgaria, Czechoslo-
vakia, the former German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania,
and the former Soviet Union). (World Bank’s World Development Indicators)
Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) is nominal total net aid
divided by central government expenditure. (World Bank’s World Develop-
ment Indicators)
Net ODA aid as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) is calculated by

dividing the nominal total net aid from all donors by nominal GDP. For a given
level of aid flows, devaluation of a recipient’s currency may inflate the ratios
shown in the table. Thus, trends for a given country and comparisons across
countries that have implemented different exchange rate policies should be
interpreted carefully. (World Bank’s World Development Indicators)
Net aid from DAC donors is net aid from OECD’s DAC donors, which include
Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,

Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand,
Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and
the United States. (World Bank’s World Development Indicators)
Net ODA aid from multilateral donors is net aid from multilateral sources,
such as the African Development Fund, the European Development Fund
for the Commission of the European Communities, the International Devel-
opment Association, the International Fund for Agricultural Development,
Arab and Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)–fi-
nanced multilateral agencies, and UN programs and agencies. Aid flows
from the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) Trust Fund and Structural Ad-
justment Facility are also included. UN programs and agencies include the
United Nations Technical Assistance Programme, the United Nations Devel-
opment Programme, the UN Refugee Agency, the United Nations Children’s
Fund, and the World Food Programme. Arab and OPEC-financed multilateral
agencies include the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa, the
Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, the Islamic Development
Bank, the OPEC Fund for International Development, the Arab Authority
for Agricultural Investment and Development, the Arab Fund for Technical
Assistance to African and Arab Countries, and the Islamic Solidarity Fund.
Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors is net aid from OECD’s non-
DAC donors, which include Czech Republic, Hungary, Iceland, Israel, Korea
Republic, Kuwait, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Slovak Republic, Taiwan China,
Thailand, Turkey and United Arab Emirates and other donors (World Bank’s
Net ODA aid per capita is calculated by dividing the nominal total net aid
(net disbursements of loans and grants from all official sources on conces-
sional financial terms) by midyear population. These ratios offer some indi-
cation of the importance of aid flows in sustaining per capita income and
consumption levels, although exchange rate fluctuations, the actual rise
of aid flows, and other factors vary across countries and over time. (World
Number of Startup procedures for new business are the number of proce-
dures required to start a business, including interactions to obtain neces-
sary permits and licenses and to complete all inscriptions, verifications,
and notifications to start operations. (World Bank’s Doing Business proj-
ect, http://rru.worldbank.org/DoingBusiness/)
PDI-1 Operational national development strategies are the degree to the

extent to which a country has an operational development strategy to
guide the aid coordination effort and the country’s overall development.
The score is based on the World Bank’s 2005 Comprehensive Development
Framework Progress Report. An operational strategy calls for a coherent
long-term strategy derived from it; specific targets serving a holistic, bal-
anced and well sequenced development strategy; and capacity and re-
sources for its implementation. (Overview of the Results 2007 Survey on
Monitoring the Paris Declaration and World Bank data.)
PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability indicates whether there is

a mechanism for mutual review of progress on aid effectiveness commit-
ments. This is an important innovation of the Paris Declaration because it
develops the idea that aid is more effective when both donors and partner
governments are accountable to their constituents for the use of resources
to achieve development results and when they are accountable to each
other. The specific focus is mutual accountability for the implementation

Glossary
of the partnership commitments included in the Paris Declaration and any
local agreements on enhancing aid effectiveness. (Overview of the Results
2007 Survey on Monitoring the Paris Declaration and World Bank data).
Physicians per 1,000 people are the number of physicians, including gener-
alists and specialists, per 1,000 people. (World Bank’s World Development
Indicators)
Polity score is computed by subtracting the Institutionalized autocracy

score from the Institutionalized democracy score; the resulting unified
polity scale ranges from +10 (strongly democratic) to –10 (strongly auto-
cratic). (Polity IV Project Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions,
1800–2006, Center for Systemic Peace www.systemicpeace.org/polity).
Population is total population is based on the de facto definition of popula-

tion, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship—
except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who
are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin.
The values shown are midyear estimates. (World Bank’s World Development
Indicators)
Population growth is the one-year rate of growth in total population. (World

Population ages 0–24 (% of total population) is the percentage of the

total population that is in the age group 0 to 24. World Bank staff es-
timates from various sources including census reports, (United Nations
Population Division’s World Population Prospects, national statistical
offices, household surveys conducted by national agencies, and Macro
International)
Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line is the percentage of the

population living below the national poverty line. National estimates are
based on population-weighted subgroup estimates from household surveys.
Prevalence of HIV is the percentage of people ages 15–49 infected by HIV.

Primary school completion rate, total, is the percentage of students com-

pleting the last year of primary school. It is calculated as the total number
of students in the last grade of primary school, minus the number of repeat-
ers in that grade, divided by the total number of children of official gradua-
tion age. (World Bank’s World Development Indicators)
Private sector capital formation is gross fixed capital formation for the
private sector. Gross fixed capital formation consists of gross domestic
fixed capital formation plus net changes in the level of inventories, divided
by gross domestic product (GDP), which is obtained by converting national
currency GDP series in current prices to U.S. dollars at official annual ex-
change rates. (World Bank’s World Development Indicators)
Protecting investors disclosure index measures the degree to which in-

vestors are protected through disclosure of ownership and financial infor-
mation. (World Bank’s Doing Business project, http://rru.worldbank.org/
DoingBusiness/)
Public current education expenditure, primary is the share of public cur-

rent expenditure on education that is devoted to primary education. (Unit-

ed Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for
Statistics)
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school is the ratio of female to
male gross enrollment rates in primary and secondary school. (United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics)
Ratio of paved to total roads is the length of paved roads, which are sur-
faced with crushed stone (macadam) and hydrocarbon binder or bituminized
agents, with concrete, or with cobblestones, as a percentage of the length
of all the country’s roads. (World Bank’s World Development Indicators)
Real effective exchange rate is the nominal effective exchange rate (a

measure of the value of a currency against a weighted average of several
foreign currencies) divided by a price deflator or index of costs. (Interna-
tional Monetary Fund’s International Financial Statistics).
Real interest rate is the lending interest rate adjusted for inflation as mea-
sured by the gross domestic product (GDP) deflator. (International Mon-
etary Fund’s International Financial Statistics and data files, using World
Bank data on the GDP deflator)
Regulatory quality measures the ability of the government to formulate and

implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private
sector development (Kaufmann, D., A. Kraay, and M. Mastruzzi, 2005, Gov-
ernance Matters IV: Governance Indicators for 1996–2004)
Rigidity of employment index measures the regulation of employment, spe-

cifically the hiring and firing of workers and the rigidity of working hours.
This index is the average of three subindexes: a difficulty of hiring index, a
rigidity of hours index, and a difficulty of firing index. (World Bank’s Doing
Business project, http://rru.worldbank.org/DoingBusiness/)
Road density is the total length of national road network per 1,000 square
kilometers of total land area. (World Bank’s World Development Indicators)
Rule of law measures the extent to which agents have confidence in and
abide by the rules of society, in particular the quality of contract enforce-
ment, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and
violence. (Kaufmann, D., A. Kraay, and M. Mastruzzi, 2005, Governance
Matters IV: Governance Indicators for 1996–2004)
Rural population (% of total population) is calculated as the difference be-

tween the total population and the urban population. The data on urban
population shares used to estimate rural population come from the United
Nations, World Urbanization Prospects. Total population figures are World
Bank estimates. (World Bank’s World Development Indicators)
Services plus discrepancy value added correspond to ISIC divisions 50–99

and they include value added in wholesale and retail trade (including hotels
and restaurants), transport, and government, financial, professional, and
personal services such as education, health care, and real estate services.
Also included are imputed bank service charges, import duties, and any
statistical discrepancies noted by national compilers as well as discrepan-
cies arising from rescaling. Value added is the net output of a sector after
adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated
without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or deple-
tion and degradation of natural resources. The industrial origin of value
added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification

Glossary
(ISIC), revision 3. Note: For VAB countries, gross value added at factor cost
is used as the denominator. (World Bank national accounts data, and OECD
National Accounts data files.)
Student-teacher ratio, primary school, is the number of pupils enrolled in

primary school divided by the number of primary school teachers (regard-
less of their teaching assignment). (World Bank’s World Development
Indicators)
Tax rates are the percentage of firms who ranked tax rates as a major
EnterpriseSurveys/)
Telephone subscribers are subscribers to a main telephone line service,

which connects a customer’s equipment to the public switched telephone
network, or to a cellular telephone service, which uses cellular technology.
Terms of trade index measures the relative movement of export and import
prices. It is calculated as the ratio of a country’s export unit values or
prices to its import unit values or prices relative to a base year (2000).
Time to enforce a contract is the number of calendar days from the filing of
the lawsuit in court until the final determination and, in appropriate cases,
payment. (World Bank’s Doing Business project (http://rru.worldbank.
org/DoingBusiness/).
Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes is the number of hours it takes to pre-
pare, file, and pay (or withhold) three major types of taxes: the corporate
income tax, the value added or sales tax, and labor taxes, including payroll
taxes and social security contributions. (World Bank, Doing Business proj-
ect (http://www.doingbusiness.org/).
Time to register a property is the number of calendar days needed for busi-
nesses to secure rights to property. (World Bank’s Doing Business project,
http://rru.worldbank.org/DoingBusiness/)
Time to start a business is the number of calendar days needed to com-

plete the procedures to legally operate a business. If a procedure can be
speeded up at additional cost, the fastest procedure, independent of cost,
is chosen. (World Bank’s Doing Business project, http://rru.worldbank.
org/DoingBusiness/)
Total external debt is the ratio of total debt (sum of long-term debts in
the form of official concessional, official nonconcessional, and private debt
plus International Monetary Fund credit and estimates of total short-term
debt and interest in arrears on public and publicly guaranteed long-term
loans) to gross domestic product (GDP). (World Bank’s World Development
Indicators)
Total tax rate (%profit) are taxes on income, profits, and capital gains are
levied on the actual or presumptive net income of individuals, on the prof-
its of corporations and enterprises, and on capital gains, whether realized
or not, on land, securities, and other assets. Intragovernmental payments
are eliminated in consolidation. (International Monetary Fund, Government
Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files).

Under-five mortality rate is the probability that a newborn baby will die
before reaching age five, if subject to current age-specific mortality rates.
Voice and accountability measures the extent to which a country’s citizens

are able to participate in selecting their government and to enjoy freedom
of expression, freedom of association, and a free media. (Kaufmann, D., A.
Kraay, and M. Mastruzzi, 2005, Governance Matters IV: Governance Indica-
tors for 1996–2004)
Workers remittances received comprise current transfers by migrant work-

ers and wages and salaries by nonresident workers. (World Bank’s World
Youth literacy rate, total, is the percentage of people ages 15–24 who can,
with understanding, both read and write a short, simple statement about
their everyday life. (World Bank’s World Development Indicators)

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From Africa Development Indicators

08/09 Basic indicators

Agriculture, rural development, and environment

Millennium Development Goals Labor, migration, and population

Paris Declaration indicators HIV/AIDS

Private sector development Malaria

Trade Capable states and partnership

Infrastructure Household welfare

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The Little Data Book on Africa 2008/09 iii

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iv 2008/09 The Little Data Book on Africa

The Little Data Book on Africa 2008/09 v

Growth rates are proportional changes from the previous year.

.. means that data are not available or that aggregates cannot be

$ means U.S. dollars

Dash or hyphen in dates, as in 2004–06, means that the period of time

Data consistency, reliability and comparability

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