3
Contents
Energy and environment report 2008
Contents
Acknowledgements
....................................................................................................5Executive summary ....................................................................................................6Introduction .............................................................................................................111 What is the impact of energy production and use on the environment? ...............14
1.1 Greenhouse gas emissions ................................................................................171.2 Air pollution ....................................................................................................191.3 Other energy-related environmental pressures .....................................................261.4 Climate change impacts on energy production and consumption .............................291.5 Life cycle analysis (LCA) of energy systems .........................................................301.6 Scenarios .......................................................................................................34
2 What are the trends concerning the energy mix in Europe and what
are its related environmental consequences? ......................................................36
2.1 Energy security ...............................................................................................372.2 Has there been a switch in the energy fuel mix?...................................................412.3 Scenarios .......................................................................................................43
3 How rapidly are renewable technologies being implemented?
.............................44
3.1 Renewable energy deployment ..........................................................................443.2 Scenarios .......................................................................................................50
4 Is the European energy production system becoming more efficient? .................51
4.1 Efficiency of energy production ..........................................................................51
5 Are environmental costs reflected adequately in the energy price? .....................58
5.1 Estimating external costs of energy production ...................................................585.2 The EU ETS .....................................................................................................595.3 Estimated external costs ...................................................................................605.4 Environmental taxes.........................................................................................625.5 End-use energy prices ......................................................................................63
Leave a Comment