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Thispublicationcontainspolicy,guidanceandrequirementsapplicable
to
NAMAStestinglaboratories
NIS81
EDITION1•MAY1994
TheTreatment
of
Uncertainty
in
EMC
Measurements
Contents
Section
Page
1
Introduction
22
Concept
of
uncertainty
23
Stepsin
establishing
an
uncertaintybudget
34
Compliance
with
specification85
References
10Appendix
I
Summaryofequations
used
11
Appendix
II
Examplesof
uncertaintybudgets
12
1
Radiatedemissions12
2
Conducted
emissions14
3
Radiated
immunity
15
Appendix
III
Calculation
of
hp
17
Appendix
IV
Calculation
ofuncertaintyin
logarithmic
orlinearquantities
18
©
CrownCopyright1994
NAMAS
Executive,National
PhysicalLaboratory,Teddlngton,
Middlesex;
TW11OLW
j
England
Tel:
081';;9437140
Fax:
081-9437134
Telex:
262344
N ~ L
G
EDITION
1•
MAY
1994PAGE
1
OF
18
 
NIS
81•
TREATMENT
OF
UNCERTAINTY
IN
EMC
MEASUREMENTS
1
Introduction
1.
1
The
general
requirements
for
the
estimation
and
reporting
of
uncertainty
are
given
in
the
NAMAS
AccreditationStandard,
M10.
General
gUidance
onthe
estimation
and
reportingof
uncertaintiesintestingis
given
in
NAMAS
publication,
NISBO.
Thispublication
provides
specificgUidance
on
the
application
of
the
principles
setout
in
NISBO
for
laboratoriesseeking
or
holding
NAMAS
accreditation
forEMC
testing.
1.
2
It
is
recommended
that
laboratories
follow
the
methods
for
estimatinguncertainty
described
in
NISBO
and
in
this
publicationexcept
where
the
methodis
defined
in
thetest
specification.
1.3
It
should
benoted
that
the
small
differences
in
uncertaintyestimatesobtainedusing
the
methods
given
in
other,
similar,
documents
[3],[4],
[5]
and
[6]
are
not
consideredtobe
significant.
lA
Thispublication
does
not
attempt
to
define
what
theuncertaintycontributions
are,
orwhat
theyshould
be,
sincethese
are
dependent
on
the
equipment
used
and
the
method
of
test.
However,
examples
ofuncertainty
budgetsare
given
in
Appendix
11
for
some
common
EMC
measurements
and
have
beenmade
as
realistic
as
possible.
2
Concept
of
uncertainty
2.1
When
a
measurement
is
made
the
result
will
be
different
from
thetrueor
theoreticallycorrect
value.
This
difference
is
theresult
of
an
error
inthemeasured
value
and
it
should
be
the
aimof
the
measurementprocess
tominimise
this
error.
Inpractice
the
extentto
which
thiscan
be
achieved
maybe
limited
and
a
statement
ofuncertaintyis
used
to
reflect
the
quality
/
accuracy
ofthe
measuredresult
as
compared
with
the
true
value.
A
statementof
uncertainty
is
incomplete
without
an
accompanying
statement
of
the
confidence
that
can
be
placed
in
the
value
ofthe
uncertainty.2.2
Uncertainties
arise
from
random
effects
and
fromimperfectcorrection
for
systematic
effects.
The
recommendations
ofthe
InteITlational
Committee
for
Weights
and
Measures
(CIPM)[l],
which
will
be
followed
by
NAMAS,
are
that
uncertaintycomponentsbe
grouped
intotwocategories,
based
ontheir
methodof
evaluation.These
categories
are
referredto
as
Type
A
and
Type
B.
2.3
Type
A
evaluation
is
bycalculation
froma
series
of
repeatedobservations
and
therefore
includesrandom
effects.
Thestatistically-estimated
standard
deviation
is
sometimes
called
aTypeA
standard
uncertainty
for
convenience.
Type
B
evaluationisby
means
other
than
Type
A.
For
example,
by
judgement
basedon
data
in
calibrationcertificates,previous
measurement
data,
experiencewith
the
behaviourof
theinstruments,manufacturers'
specifications
and
all
other
relevantinformation.
This
category
includesuncertainties
arising
from
systematic
effects.
The
components
evaluatedby
PAGE
2
OF
18
EDITION
1•MAY
1994
 
NIS
81•
TREATMENT
OF
UNCERTAINTY
IN
EMC
MEASUREMENTS
Type
A
and
Type
B
methodsare
combined
together
to
produce
an
overall
value
of
uncertainty.
2.4
NIS8l.
in
line
with
other
gUidance
documentson
uncertainty,recommends
that
the
reported
uncertainty
is
calculated
from
the
root
sum
of
squares
of
thestandard
deviations
ofthe
individual
components
multiplied
by
a
coverage
factor,
k,
of
2,
whichapproximates
to
alevel
of
confidence
of
95%.
If
a
higher
level
of
confidence
isrequired
then
k
=
3(CL
of
99.7%)
can
be
used.
3
Stepsin
establishingan
uncertainty
budget
3.1
Decide
on
the
range
of
measurement
to
which
the
budget
will
apply.
An
uncertainty
budgetis
a
list
of
the
probable
sourcesoferror
with
an
estimation
of
their
uncertainty
limits
and
probability
distribution.
It
is
likely
that
someuncertainty
contributions
will
not
be
the
same
for
the
complete
rangeof
themeasurement
and
a
decision
has
to
be
made
about
thebreakdown
that
will
be
most
appropriate.
A
single
budget
covering
the
complete
rangemay
mean
that
a
larger
uncertainty
is
assigned
than
is
strictly
necessary.
However,
thismaybe
preferable
in
some
cases
where
it
is
not
necessary
to
overcomplicate
the
calculation
and
reporting
process.
Priority
should
be
given
tocalculating
the
uncertainty
in
the
region
of
the
test
specification
limit,
or
limits.
3.2Type
A
evaluation
of
uncertainty
components.
3.2.1
Random
effects
result
in
errors
that
varyin
an
unpredictableway
while
themeasurement
is
being
madeoris
repeated
underthesame
conditions.
The
uncertainty
associatedwith
these
contributions
can
be
evaluatedbystatisticaltechniques
from
repeatedmeasurements.
An
estimate
of
the
standard
deviation,
s(qJ,
of
a
series
of
n
readings,
qk'
is
obtained
from:
1
~
-2
-(
1)
Lt
(qk-q)
n
k-)
where
q
is
the
mean
valueof
n
measurements.
(1)
3.2.2Therandom
component
ofuncertainty
can
bereducedby
making
repeat
measurements
in
the
process
of
testing
the
equipment
undertest
(EUT).
This
yields
thestandard
deviation
of
the
mean,
s(
ij).
given
by:
EDITION
1•
MAY
1994
s(q)
(2)
PAGE
3
OF
18
of 00

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cachaleau

Malcolm S. Loveday, 342200234Room Temperature Tensile Testing

reply02 / 19 / 2010
cachaleau

Malcolm S. Loveday, 342200234Room Temperature Tensile Testing

reply02 / 05 / 2010
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