M.

Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

August 2012 3-1
P
r
i
n
t
e
d

f
r
o
m
:

h
t
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
m
e
.
m
t
u
.
e
d
u
/
~
m
a
v
a
b
l
e
/
M
o
M
2
n
d
.
h
t
m
Mechanical Properties of Materials
Learning objectives
Understand the qualitative and quantitative description of mechanical
properties of materials.
Learn the logic of relating deformation to external forces.
Material models
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
August 2012 3-2
P
r
i
n
t
e
d

f
r
o
m
:

h
t
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
m
e
.
m
t
u
.
e
d
u
/
~
m
a
v
a
b
l
e
/
M
o
M
2
n
d
.
h
t
m
Tension Test
d
o
L
o
+
P
P
L
o

L
o
----- =

P
A
o
------
P
d
o
2
4
---------------- = =

L
o
------ =
P
A
o
------
P
d
o
2
4
---------------- = =
Ultimate Stress

u
Rupture

f
Fracture Stress

p
R
e
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
U
n
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
Plastic Strain
Normal Strain
N
o
r
m
a
l

S
t
r
e
s
s

A
B
C
D
E
F O
Proportional
G
Offset strain
H
I
Elastic Strain
Total Strain

y
Off-set Yield Stress
L
o
a
d
i
n
g
Limit
ure 3.1 Stressstrain curve.
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
August 2012 3-3
P
r
i
n
t
e
d

f
r
o
m
:

h
t
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
m
e
.
m
t
u
.
e
d
u
/
~
m
a
v
a
b
l
e
/
M
o
M
2
n
d
.
h
t
m
Definitions
The point up to which the stress and strain are linearly related is called
the proportional limit.
The largest stress in the stress strain curve is called the ultimate stress.
The stress at the point of rupture is called the fracture or rupture stress.
The region of the stress-strain curve in which the material returns to
the undeformed state when applied forces are removed is called the
elastic region.
The region in which the material deforms permanently is called the
plastic region.
The point demarcating the elastic from the plastic region is called the
yield point. The stress at yield point is called the yield stress.
The permanent strain when stresses are zero is called the plastic strain.
The off-set yield stress is a stress that would produce a plastic strain
corresponding to the specified off-set strain.
A material that can undergo large plastic deformation before fracture
is called a ductile material.
A material that exhibits little or no plastic deformation at failure is
called a brittle material.
Hardness is the resistance to indentation.
The raising of the yield point with increasing strain is called strain
hardening.
The sudden decrease in the area of cross-section after ultimate stress is
called necking.
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
August 2012 3-4
P
r
i
n
t
e
d

f
r
o
m
:

h
t
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
m
e
.
m
t
u
.
e
d
u
/
~
m
a
v
a
b
l
e
/
M
o
M
2
n
d
.
h
t
m
Material Constants
-----------------Hookes Law
E Youngs Modulus or Modulus of Elasticity
Poissons ratio:

G is called the Shear Modulus of Elasticity or the Modulus of Rigidity
Normal Strain
N
o
r
m
a
l

S
t
r
e
s
s

O
S
l
o
p
e
=
E
s
S
l
o
p
e
=
Et
A
E = Modulus of Elasticity
E
s
= Secant Modulus at B
E
t
= Tangent Modulus at B

S
l
o
p
e
=
E
B
E =
Longitudinal elongation
Lateral contraction
P
P
Longitudinal contraction
Lateral elongation
P
P

lateral

longitudnal
------------------------------



=
G =
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
August 2012 3-5
P
r
i
n
t
e
d

f
r
o
m
:

h
t
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
m
e
.
m
t
u
.
e
d
u
/
~
m
a
v
a
b
l
e
/
M
o
M
2
n
d
.
h
t
m
C3.1 An aluminum rectangular bar has a cross-section of
25 mm x 50 mm and a length of 500 mm. The Modulus of Elasticity of
E = 70 GPa and a Poissons ratio of = 0.25. Determine the percentage
change in the volume of the bar when an axial force of 300 kN is applied
to the bar.
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
August 2012 3-6
P
r
i
n
t
e
d

f
r
o
m
:

h
t
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
m
e
.
m
t
u
.
e
d
u
/
~
m
a
v
a
b
l
e
/
M
o
M
2
n
d
.
h
t
m
C3.2 A rigid bar AB of negligible weight is supported by cable of
diameter 5 mm, as shown. The cable is made from a material that has a
stress- strain curve shown. (a) Determine the extension of the cable when
P = 10 kN. (b) What is the permanent deformation in BC when the load P
is removed?
A
C
2 m
50
o
B
P
0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20
240
120
360
480
Strain mm/mm
S
t
r
e
s
s

M
P
a
0.00 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010
Lower Scale
Upper Scale
O
EF
E
F
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
August 2012 3-7
P
r
i
n
t
e
d

f
r
o
m
:

h
t
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
m
e
.
m
t
u
.
e
d
u
/
~
m
a
v
a
b
l
e
/
M
o
M
2
n
d
.
h
t
m
Logic in structural analysis
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
August 2012 3-8
P
r
i
n
t
e
d

f
r
o
m
:

h
t
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
m
e
.
m
t
u
.
e
d
u
/
~
m
a
v
a
b
l
e
/
M
o
M
2
n
d
.
h
t
m
C3.3 A roller slides in a slot by the amount
P
= 0.25 mm in the
direction of the force F. Both bars have an area of cross-section of
A = 100 mm
2
and a Modulus of Elasticity E = 200 GPa. Bar AP and BP
have lengths of L
AP
= 200 mm and L
BP
= 250 mm respectively. Deter-
mine the applied force F.
Fig. C3.3
P
F
75
o
30
o
A
B
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
August 2012 3-9
P
r
i
n
t
e
d

f
r
o
m
:

h
t
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
m
e
.
m
t
u
.
e
d
u
/
~
m
a
v
a
b
l
e
/
M
o
M
2
n
d
.
h
t
m
C3.4 A gap of 0.004 in. exists between a rigid bar and bar A before
a force F is applied (Figure P3.4). The rigid bar is hinged at point C. Due
to force F the strain in bar A was found to be 500 in/in. The lengths of
bars A and B are 30 in. and 50 in., respectively. Both bars have cross-sec-
tional areas A = 1 in.
2
and a modulus of elasticity E = 30,000 ksi. Deter-
mine the applied force F.
Fig. C3.4
B
A
C
F
24 in
36 in 60 in
75
Fig. C3.4
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
August 2012 3-10
P
r
i
n
t
e
d

f
r
o
m
:

h
t
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
m
e
.
m
t
u
.
e
d
u
/
~
m
a
v
a
b
l
e
/
M
o
M
2
n
d
.
h
t
m
Isotropy and Homogeneity
Linear relationship between stress and strain components:
An isotropic material has a stress-strain relationships that are indepen-
dent of the orientation of the coordinate system at a point.
A material is said to be homogenous if the material properties are the
same at all points in the body. Alternatively, if the material constants
C
ij
are functions of the coordinates x, y, or z, then the material is called
non-homogenous.
For Isotropic Materials:

xx
C
11

xx
C
12

yy
C
13

zz
C
14

yz
C
15

zx
C
16

xy
+ + + + + =

yy
C
21

xx
C
22

yy
C
23

zz
C
24

yz
C
25

zx
C
26

xy
+ + + + + =

zz
C
31

xx
C
32

yy
C
33

zz
C
34

yz
C
35

zx
C
36

xy
+ + + + + =

yz
C
41

xx
C
42

yy
C
43

zz
C
44

yz
C
45

zx
C
46

xy
+ + + + + =

zx
C
51

xx
C
52

yy
C
53

zz
C
54

yz
C
55

zx
C
56

xy
+ + + + + =

xy
C
61

xx
C
62

yy
C
63

zz
C
64

yz
C
65

zx
C
66

xy
+ + + + + =
G
E
2 1 + ( )
-------------------- =
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
August 2012 3-11
P
r
i
n
t
e
d

f
r
o
m
:

h
t
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
m
e
.
m
t
u
.
e
d
u
/
~
m
a
v
a
b
l
e
/
M
o
M
2
n
d
.
h
t
m
Generalized Hookes Law for Isotropic
Materials
The relationship between stresses and strains in three-dimensions is
called the Generalized Hookes Law.

xx

xx

yy

zz
+ ( ) [ ] E =

yy

yy

zz

xx
+ ( ) [ ] E =

zz

zz

xx

yy
+ ( ) [ ] E =

xy

xy
G =

yz

yz
G =

zx

zx
G =
G
E
2 1 + ( )
-------------------- =

xx

yy

zz







1
E
------
1
1
1

xx

yy

zz







=
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
August 2012 3-12
P
r
i
n
t
e
d

f
r
o
m
:

h
t
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
m
e
.
m
t
u
.
e
d
u
/
~
m
a
v
a
b
l
e
/
M
o
M
2
n
d
.
h
t
m
Plane Stress and Plane Strain
Plane Stress
Plane Strain
Generalized
Hookes Law
Generalized
Hookes Law

xx

xy
0

yx

yy
0
0 0 0

xx

xy
0

yx

yy
0
0 0
zz

E
---
xx

yy
+ ( ) =

xx

xy
0

yx

yy
0
0 0 0

xx

xy
0

yx

yy
0
0 0
zz

xx

yy
+ ( ) =
Plane Stress
Plane Strain
Reaction force (
zz
0)
Rigid surface (
zz
0)
(
zz
0) Free surface (
zz
0)
Free surface (
zz
0)

(a) (b)
Rigid surface (
zz
0)

zz
0)
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
August 2012 3-13
P
r
i
n
t
e
d

f
r
o
m
:

h
t
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
m
e
.
m
t
u
.
e
d
u
/
~
m
a
v
a
b
l
e
/
M
o
M
2
n
d
.
h
t
m
C3.5 A 2in x 2 in square with a circle inscribed is stressed as
shown Fig. C3.5. The plate material has a Modulus of Elasticity of
E = 10,000 ksi and a Poissons ratio = 0.25. Determine the major and
minor axis of the ellipse formed due to deformation assuming (a) plane
stress. (b) plane strain.
Fig. C3.5
Class Problem 1
The stress components at a point are as given.
Determine
xx
assuming (a) Plane stress (b) Plane strain

10 ksi
20 ksi

xx
100 MPa T ( ) =

yy
200 MPa C ( ) =

xy
125 MPa =
E 200 GPa =
0.25 =
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
August 2012 3-14
P
r
i
n
t
e
d

f
r
o
m
:

h
t
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
m
e
.
m
t
u
.
e
d
u
/
~
m
a
v
a
b
l
e
/
M
o
M
2
n
d
.
h
t
m
Failure and factor of safety
Failure implies that a component or a structure does not perform the
function it was designed for.
3.1 K
safety
Failure producing value
Computed allowable ( )value
------------------------------------------------------------------------- =
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
August 2012 3-15
P
r
i
n
t
e
d

f
r
o
m
:

h
t
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
m
e
.
m
t
u
.
e
d
u
/
~
m
a
v
a
b
l
e
/
M
o
M
2
n
d
.
h
t
m
C3.6 An adhesively bonded joint in wood is fabricated as shown.
For a factor of safety of 1.25, determine the minimum overlap length L
and dimension h to the nearest 1/8th inch. The shear strength of adhesive
is 400 psi and the wood strength is 6 ksi in tension.
Fig. C3.6
L
8 in
h
h
h
10 kips
10 kips
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
August 2012 3-16
P
r
i
n
t
e
d

f
r
o
m
:

h
t
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
m
e
.
m
t
u
.
e
d
u
/
~
m
a
v
a
b
l
e
/
M
o
M
2
n
d
.
h
t
m
Common Limitations to Theories in
Chapters 4-7
The length of the member is significantly greater (approximately 10
times) then the greatest dimension in the cross-section.
We are away from regions of stress concentration, where displace-
ments and stresses can be three-dimensional.
The variation of external loads or changes in the cross-sectional area is
gradual except in regions of stress concentration.
The external loads are such that the axial, torsion and bending prob-
lems can be studied individually.