Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DISCOURSE
TIMES,
HIPPOCRATES.
head
b::
ore the trustees, faculty and medical CLASS OK THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS
BY ELISKA BAKTLETT,
M.L.,
NEW-YORK:
H.
BAIL LI ERE,
219
No.
AND
90
BROADWAY.
LONDON.
REGENT
ST R
1852.
E E T,
Angell, Engfx,
&
Hewitt,
Printers, No.
Spruce Street
WASHINGTON,
D.C
DISCOURSE
OS
SUH
HIPPOCRATES.
BEAD BJvFORETTTE TRUSTEES, FACULTY AND M2DICAL CLASS OF THE COLLEGE OF rKTSJOIAS
NEW-YORK:
H.
BAIL Ll&aS,
2!
9
No.
AM)
90
BROADWAY
TIMES, CHAKACTEB,
AND WEITINGS
HIPPOCRATES
TO
ALEXANDER
My Dear
I
H. STEVENS, M.D.,
L.L.D.,
Sir:
whom
a Discourse on the Times, Character and
than yourself. I
I
am proud
and
am happy
my high
my grateful sense
be,
Very
sincerely,
Your
Friend,
ELISHA BARTLETT
College of Physicians
and Surgeons,
Oct.
16,
1852.
Prof.
Bartlett
Sir,
Dear
At
Surgeons, held at the College, October 12th, the undersigned were appointed a
Committee
to request of
you
for publication
Times, Character, and "Works of Hippocrates, delivered before the Facility and
We
sider
to think that
you
when we
con-
how
sion to
your most elaborate and elegant production. you will cheerfully comply with the wish universally expressed to read your essay entire, and assuring you of our highest respect and
Trusting, therefore, that
esteem,
We
remain, Dear
Sir,
Wm.
II.
Draper, Chairman.
Joseph H. Vedder, E. S. IIoffmax, Cms. Cooper, > Committee. D. C. Henriques, Henry B. Sands, J
|
Gentlemen
1
do not
know
that there
is
wishes of the Class, which you have in so kind a manner conveyed to me.
The
were
itself,
to
me
pub
to
members
of the Class,
al
little
cost of time
and labor,
become better acquainted than they would otherwise have been, with the character and position of the historical father of our science, I shall be doubly paid for the pains I have bestowed upon if.
I
to be,
Very
sincerely,
Your
Friend,
ELISHA BARTLETr.
To
Committee of
the Class.
15th, 1852.
Mr. President, Gentlemen of the Board op Trustees, and op the Medical Class
:
have prepared
for this
it
is
among
and
members of medical
am
honored
to-night, is not
most
ear-
Indeed, unless
professor,
it
glorious
and longing
to
show
in the
all
may
behold
whose
its
or adequate channels
all
it-
with
except in some
such cases,
carefully,
it is
my own
case,
why
this
an irksome and
others, but for
an undesirable one.
my
own
self I
topics that
make up
2
10
I
DISCOTJBSE.
earlier,
life,
more imaginative,
and
and
the dignity of
our profession
class, to print
had added
my
little
bundle of rays
which
wisdom and
professional pa-
had poured upon the subjects of meand medical reform gealmost blinded with excess of light.
nerally, until
we were
throwing
of
j
my
My
them
of the genmy
sex,
had
all
been cracked.
My
in-coming
member
had
re-
solved beforehand to
make
by a study of the writings of Hippocrates, with the intention of making them the subject of an Introductory Lecture.
If I
as to the pro-
would have been dissipated by the noble and eloquent tribute which you, Mr. President,
paid to the great Greek physician, in the excellent address, so full of the highest
wisdom and
truth, with
which
months ago.
DISCOURSE.
11
The task
Character of Hippocrates.
I wish to
tation.
For anything
ing of
my
subject, I
have thought
it
necessary to sketch,
lived.
more
art.
or less of
Greek
history, litera-
and
Now I
the fair
name
damaged by the
supposition that
me
and
wish here
to state, in
am
lar.
French translation of M.
Littre.*
The
collateral information
and
I have
George Grote, the tenth volume of which has just been published. This, with a few of the lives of Plutarch, a rereading of some portions of Homer, and a single volume of
travels in Greece, constitute the
modern
of
sum and
substance
my
and
Though
aside from
my
to
Mr. Grote,
for the
manner
in
which he
* E. Littre.
texte en regard collationne sur les manuscrits et toutes les editions; accompagnee d'une Introduction, &c. Vols. 1 a 6, 8vo. Paris, 1839-49.
Paris and
New-York
J.
B. Bailliere.
12
spirit
liis
DISCOUESE.
it,
and especially
for
The great
principles of
and
historian,
first
George Grote.
The
portion of
my
ings of Hippocrates.
Sfr
there
was sadness
ter
young masillness
:
A
was
that
just previous
to the
still
this constellation
rains, with
and up
to
were
cold,
strong,
violent storms.
but constantly.
Suinmer-
From
DISCOUKSE.
to the time of the equinox, there
13
paralysis.
At
itself,
and con-
During the
but after the
off a great
was mild
autumn
rains,
its
it
became more
*
"
:: '
many
of
subjects.
;
happened
and
to Myllus.
* * * *
;
*
this
Many had
difficult labors,
who
died on the
the causus
When
as in the cases of
of Antagonas.
who
and
Scymmus, the
fuller.
young
;
pa-
Abdera.
he has
had
the
a restless
mind
the
symptoms
and
oc-
his family
The
on
winners
14
at the Isthmian or the
DISCOURSE.
Olympian games
hum
women
and
unwonted
stillness
upon the uncarpeted floors, and an reigns throughout the numerous apartThere
is
no savory steam of roasting wild-boar from the kitchen, and the fragrant Thracian
table,
women,
By
the
cir-
and upon
it
there
a statuette of Hercules, a
sits,
on a low
tures,
stool,
a young Greek
woman,
Homer.
There
is
a picturesque
age and
Her
ment
feet
the
with
A
large
sleeves
reaching only a
ed, in their
girdle fastens
Medician
Yenus, innocent of the deformities of buckram and whalebone. The light auburn hair is simply parted and carried
in a knot
on the crown of
by a
DISCOURSE.
15
At
He
make
his
feet
morning
visit.
off,
and his
washed by a slave
He
Romans,
and
His hair
is
long,
both this and his beard are kept and arranged with scrupulous neatness and care.
He
is
His
features,
through
many
centuries,
is
we
cannot clearly
we
dignified, thoughtful
and serene
and
his
His examination of
careful.
his patient
was
long,
anxious and
He saw
at
had increased since his last visit. He inquired very minutely into the manner in which the night had been passed and was told by the watchers that the patient had had
disease
;
no
he had talked constantly, had sung and laughHe found the hyed, and had been agitated and restless.
sleep, that
much
hardness.
The
stools had been blackish and watery, and the urine turbid He noticed the temperature and feel of and dark colored.
the skin, and he studied for a long time and with great
citude the general
soli-
the decubitus,
physiognomy
in the examination
16
DISCOURSE.
modern witness of
to feel the pulse.
the rational
symptoms
more
tho-
Having
he retired
satisfied
to
now have honey and water the favorite hydromel that the bed should be made softer the windows of the room still farther darkened, and that a warm flax-seed poultice,
oil,
to the
weeping
by the
slave
who waited
in the vestibule,
and pro-
visits
among
*
the houses of
-*
*
sterile
#
island
*
let
And
of Thasos,
us
follow the
young physician
life,
still
to
to a
scene of domestic
mote and wonderful period, with which we are concerned. The time is a year or two later it is the house of Pe-
ricles that
we
enter,
Arch on.
Every thing
in
the spacious of
ob-
pervading presence
not
or
of
showy and
ostentatious wealth,
DISCOURSE.
17
Philosophy,
letters,
;
and
atmosphere of the
room
its
and the
furnishing
statue of
and
its
In one
corner
;
stands
and
Polygnotus,
illustrating
the legendary
and
historic
glories of Greece.
Amazons
lectest
half
willing, perhaps, to
Here,
and
Apollo,
winds
his
various
and
adventurous
inci-
is
weaving
into
her "golden
web"
the
chaste
Penelope, by
of the day
Ulysses,
surveys once more, with boyish pride and delight, the dear
old bow, which no
arm but
on
to unroll
The
central figure
have endeavored
statesman.
renity,
before you,
is
upon
last
head of Olympian
grandeur, which
may
fitting
say
it
without presumption
after
for
now
finds,
time,
its
representative
and
likeness
as
the character and career of the great Athenian find their counterparts also
in that
illustrious orator
and statesman,
in solitary majesty
amongst us
the
pride,
18
DISCOURSE.
Republic the
is
Pericles of
our Athens
whose
Acropolis
the
Constitution of his
country
Added
afflicted
with that
which has
been
left to
us by Thucydides
the
result
of an
life
is
about to
close.
if
He had
first
never the
by
common
the
the
and
the upholder
Political rivals,
disappointed
fessional libellers
had been
fair
to
blacken his
faith
fame
his
his
and
pacific
policy
his
and supporters, in
some clouds
fail
to be read
from the time when they were spoken, the great Senator and minister had
closed his earthly career, crowning his long and brilliant
vice with the serene
life
of public ser-
the simple wreath intended for the brows of the living statesman has fallen
pon
his
tomb.
DISCOURSE.
19
of public disfavor
the
return
the
Many
al-
Both
his sons
had
young
Pericles
the
child of Aspasia
had died a
demic.
little
and
to
pay
to
him
kindly
offices of life.
met together
whom we
Alcibiades
just
in
the
first
bloom of
more
first
time in his
life,
and probably
for the
guardian
his old
to reverence, tenderness,
and
;
truth.
Sophocles,
in his
companion
in arms,
is
there
may have
stood a
grandson of Aristides,
of his great ancestor.
still
Conspicuous amidst
this
group of generals,
admirals,
20
statesmen, orators,
DISCOURSE.
artists, poets,
and philosophers,
in
sits
rank
and
ture,
and refinement,
their
the
Already had
city,
his
rising
fame
homes by the armies of Sparta, was smitten with the pestilence, he was summoned from his island home in the JEgean, to stay, if he
inhabitants of Attica, driven from their
could, the
angel,
and
*
to succor with
its
who had
*
fallen
-x-
wings *
On
the small island of Cos, lying in the .zEgean sea, a few stadia
* Mr. Landor in his Pericles and Aspasia
historical
fiction
so
that most exquisite work of imbued with antique elegance and beauty, makes
" AVisest, loveliest, latest friend,"
;
for
my
life, it
we met
within
it;
have lived the greater part of those who, since the origin of the
my
"
his
human race. Damon called me from way to exile and my father pressed
:
was leading me
;
my
ear,
Walk
'
glance cautiously
it is
there Miltiades
is in
prison."
In
my
;
rites
Empe-
not long afterwards I embraced the neck of Eschylus about to abandon his country. With Sophocles I have argued on eloquence, with
docles
Herodotus
carry
and Democritus, with Anaxagoras and Meton. From have listened to the most instructive history, conveyed in a
collected suffrages of universal Greece a
away the
to
to
throw open the temples of Egypt, and to celebrate the exploits of Cyrus. And from Thucydides, who alone can succeed to him, how recently did my
me the energetic praises of his just supremacy 'As if the festival of life were incomplete, and wanted one great ornament to crown it, Phidias placed before us, in ivory and gold, the tutelary
Aspasia hear with
!
DISCOURSE.
21
columns, and
its
ornamented
friezes of
Pen-
and
we watch
oaks,
make
the
and
his daughters,
side
of the entrance are marble fonts of lustral water, for the pre-
Near a column of
him,
picturesque
Gathered about
little
groups, there
is
company
of
Greek
youths.
and
intelligent faces,
and
and bearing,
all
show
plainly
students,
seve-
skill
and expe-
have commemorated, were I forgetful of the latest. formed as it was, under the portico of Death.
. .
My friendship with
the
most sagacious, the most scientific, the most beneficent of philosophers, Acron and Hippocrates. If mortal could war against Pestilence and DesI leave them in the field; unfortunate he tiny, they had been victorious.
who
finds
fallen.'
* The most delightfully situated and salubrious localities were selected and the favorite sites were the islands and promontories of the iEgean, in the neighborhood of the sea. Mr. Aubrey " Its de Vere, a recent traveller in Greece, thus speaks of Epidaurus mind fit to store the of a sufscenes, quiet and if remains serene beauty
for the temples of iEsculapius
;
:
ferer with
images of peace,
if
cold groves,
if
pastures,
and gales as refreshing as ever descended from the fields of sleep, to fan a fevered brow, be auspicious to health, the region of ^Ssculapius is still potent to remove some real maladies, and many an imaginary disease."
22
DISCOUKSE.
lis-
we met him
at the bed-
The lapse of
this generation
has
silver.
would be gratifying
we
could
know something
little is
of his
We
know but
little,
dim and
shadowy.
of activity
and
usefulness,
and
of growing reputation,
is
visited various
What he himself had witwell enough. He had know nessed, and must have felt, we seen, for this whole period, his country torn and distracted by
portions of Greece,
certain.
civil
war
state arrayed
;
he
all
the
murky darkness
of
instead
of the benignant
sun of Pericles
the
ignominy and
blood.
powers of
didactic
One
agencies in
intellect,
vancement of Greek
For many
bards and
altars
lips of
of
patriotism
and
religion,
and
medium
of
immortal strains
of the Iliad and the Odyssey rang through the land, and
were made
to
literally familiar as
household words.
Even up
DISCOUESE.
23
was but
little
practiced
and
it
and
upon
their disciples
Then,
and conclusive,
was learned in
all
as
men
in the expla-
philosophy.
to
It is
no
practical physi-
eloquence of Pericles
collo-
been himself,
tive
also,
by no forced
or illegiti-
that
we
to sketch.
theme of
the
first
Introductory Lecture
or
conspired to
make him
would probably take such an occasion as that of which speaking, to lay down and to vindicate the great principles
of his system
;
He I am
and he would be
an ex-
24
DISCOUESE.
and
I
practice,
most
do not suppose that our illustrious historical father was wholly exempt from and it is very possible the infirmities of our common nature
important and most generally prevalent.
;
his
Cnidian
more spicy
than Attic
and he may have indulged, perhaps, in some allowable self-congratulation, that the class at Cos was so
salt
;
much
he
would, in a graceful and dignified exordium, give his greeting and welcome to the members of the class
express his gratification
;
he would
blage from so
many
from distant
and even
he
from Egypt.
After
this,
or
some
gic faith.
He
who had
spirit,
it all
about him
the
gradual
dawn
a simple
As he
sketched
hardly
fail to
linger for a
and simple
faith,
upon
that gorgeous
DISCOURSE.
25
marked
its
He
would speak
no cynical or bigoted tone, but with philosophical toleration, and with something even of loving sympathy and admiration.
He
would say
it
period of
its
pled with
its
its
beautiful
women and
heroic men, to
tal
and
all his
He
was
in a great
soil,
and nurart,
that
and
Homeric
age.
most
know them
dis-
They
affect superior
dainfully
ture.
upon the physician, and the patient observer of nato think that the
They seem
economy of the
universe,
including the
human
call
which they
is
in reality only
He
and de-
he would have compared them with the humbler phifects losophy of observation and experience, and he would have
3
26
DISCOURSE.
that they
shown
in the
As he gazed upon that most impressive spectacle before him, so many of his young countrymen, gathered at the peaceful summons of science and humanity from all portions
of the Grecian territory, filled with hope, with ardor, with
promise,
before
its
life's full
far
and
fan-
them, a cloud
fail to
throw
shadow over
his features, as
be found in the
whom
the
he addressed
his
young
friends
and
disciples
were
;
common and
;
equal
that they
Homer
forget,
member with
than
a
all,
more
common
common destiny awaited them. One essential element and condition of any adequate knowledge of any subject whatever of human inquiry, consists
in a
knowledge of
its relations.
The
by understanding
and peoples
to
which
all
So
is
with
art
;
religions
it is,
governments
philosophies
literatures
To know
so
DISCOURSE.
27
them,
we must know
they lived
the
influences
surrounded
them upon
which they
acted,
of the times,
Something of
this I
historical sketches, in
to
And
known
it
first let
me
state to
you the
little
that
is
positively
be
to us, if
we
could follow
him from
city to city,
and
from house
Greece
wanderings through
to witness his examinations of his patients, and his his opinions hear his methods of treatment colloquies with the philosophers his controversies with the his pupils and look Cnidian physicians his lectures
to listen to to to to
in
upon
all
shadows of
common routine of his daily life many centuries have settled down upon
the
but the
all
these
us forever.
M.
many
of
them
him
is
"Tell me,
interlocutor,
28
DISCOURSE.
was asked
it
to
To
As M.
shows that
of the
family of the
that
that
he was a cotemporary
of Socrates
and
that
found
its
way to Athens.
Hippocrates
is
also cited
by Plato,
as a writer.
Another testimony
to the estimation in
which Hippocrates
was
held,
is
furnished by Aristotle.
This philosopher
the
familiar, not
name was held. Aristotle says, incidentally, in his polities, " "When we speak of the great Hippocrates, it is understood that we mean, not the man, but the physician."
The period of
history,
his birth,
and a few
facts of his
family
first
seem
to
be well
settled.
He
He
He
was
had two
sons
Thessalus,
son and a
and Dracon,
1.
;
Thessalus
and two of
Ms
descendants
a
is
grandson
were
physicians to
His death
saly, at
an advanced age.
his
He
and which
DISCOURSE.
29
time the
home
of a
swarm
in the life of
to limit, the
Hippocrates includes,
most
brilliant
epoch of
Greek
civilization
and
I suppose
in
it is
no exaggeration or
many
subtle
achievement
speculative
in aesthetic
activity,
philosophy in
polity
parallel..
in
in poetry
in oratory
in art
in
and
ethical culture
and
since
had
As
first
parents
"
Adam the
The
goodliest
man
of
fairest of
her daughters
Eve."
The
The
battle of
Marathon
that
first,
fiery
He had
Plataea,
He
had been
told, as
he
when
upon the
and
fate of Greece,
and
to partition
amongst themselves
During the period between the defeat of the great army of Xerxes, and the birth of Hippocrates, the Persian power
had been
utterly
swept from
the
Grecian territory
;
the
^Egean sea had become wholly Athenian its islands were the allies or the tributaries of Athens, and the cities even
of the Asiatic coast were restored to their old Hellenic rela.
30
tions.
tion,
DISCOUESE.
freedom of Greece from foreign dominaand from any present danger of disturbance from
The
entire
and
is
sufficient to
say of
manner more
phy,
striking
and
satisfactory,
than by a simple
and
art,
of that period.
life
For
this purpose,
we
may
The
the
first
first
generation of the
death of Pericles.
priately given his
This great
man
Pericles
other.
and the
this period
it
So
far
as
art
is
concerned,
it
is
sufficient
to say,
that
which are
still,
in their ruin,
as
wonder and admiration of the world, as they were and glory of Athens, on the day when they were finished glittering in the morning sun, with no spot upon
the
the pride the resplendent whiteness of their Pentelican marbles,
much
and
DISCOURSE.
31
no
fingers of Time.
by Phidias,
of Minerva
olive,
was
dedicated
it is
in
when HipSophocles,
his successors,
first,
thirty-seven,
younger than
Hippocrates.
Herodotus
was twenty-four,
and Xenophon,
his seniors;
triumvirate,
was
fifteen
of the
life
of Hippocrates, as I have
to the
of the
fifth
century B.C., or a
very
little
that
sorrowful
This period
Her
and
fair,
her wide
and
at last,
to
had been
the earth
astrous
with
its
presence.
But through
all
these dis-
vicissitudes through
poverty through
famine
through defeat
agement,
at
home and
maintained, unbroken
activity
and supremacy.
32
DISCOURSE.
active lives of
The
I
many
of the great
extended through
second
illustrious
were added
to them.
The
comedy of
death of Aristophanes was exhibited two years after the old. Pericles, when Hippocrates was thirty-three years
the third period, extending from the close of the Peloponessian war, or from the death of Socrates to that of
Of
Hippocrates,
say, that
it
it is
special
for
it,
to
was
illustrated
its
sun of Aristotle.
father of
The
to
Athens he may
whose
was afterwards
call of the
is
trumpet to
If he lived
be 87, which
not at
all
Epaminondas.
I have omitted from
this
who
or
illustrated
and
virtue,
darkened
by
their
Another
intellectual
in our estimate of
In no period of the
more powerful
influence.
That
foster-
DISCOUKSE.
nurses,
33
From
their
breasts she
drew that
life-giving
their lips
communion with
the
gods, and
And
of Hippocrates, as
ages.
it
Homeric
and nominal
belief,
overshadowing
reality, interfusing
life.
and interpenetrating
all
The
belief of the
Greek
century
B.C., in
trolling
fairs,
human
af-
He-
brew
God.
Not only
street,
all their
temples, but
its
and
its
altars for
for formal
rites
of the
church
would hardly
excite in the
mind
of a devout Catholic a
more
mind
of a
And No great
lic
this faith
uneducated masses.
enterprise
of
visible in-
34
terpositions of the gods.
DISCOURSE.
The
fatal expedition of
Athens
against Sicily
in
consequence
secret
and general
Hermse
in the streets of
Thucydides in closing his history of the same exone pedition, and of the death, by his own hand, of Nicias,
Athens.*
of
its
man, so
and
cala-
Xenophon, before he joined the ten thousand mities.f his Greeks in their expedition into Asia, had doubts as to
duty, and the rightfulness of the undertaking
:
his friend
Socrates advised
him
to
which he
intellect
and
civilization still
position, character
and
be found in the cotemporary Greek philosophy. I can touch upon this subject only so far as it directly concerns the
position of Hippocrates,
and the
state of
Greek medicine.
The Greek philosophers, from Thales to Aristotle, were a very remarkable body of men. It is enough to say of them, in relation to my present purpose, that they speculated upon
almost every subject of
inquiry.
They
de-
two
classes,
which principally
One
class
devoted themselves
;
to
man and
latter
em-
480.
DISCOURSE.
35
in-
and of course
all
the sciences,
astronomy,
physics,
the
Each
liar to
own cosmogony,
is
or system
of nature.
obvious enough.
Min-
to external
physical subjects.
this speculative inquisition into
it
economy of
nature,
which
is
important to notice.
mean
mythology which
stead, of a simple
its
monotheism
all
of a
single
Supreme
Intelli-
gence
acting throughout
hosts
new
Homeric
radiant, shadowy,
;
;
heZeus,
;
Po-
and Aphrodite, and Demeter, on one side; and on the other, one single force only, marching upon the adverse armies, like the silent but irresistible coining of the ruddy
dawn
It
the
still,
was
in the
midst of
this transition
interests.
36
is
DISCOURSE.
coa capital element that he was in advance of his great temporaries. The two most illustrious of these were Socrates
their philosophy
faith.
was only
partially emanci-
pheno-
mena had been reserved by the gods, for themselves and their own unconditional agency, wherein there was no invariable or ascertainable sequence,
result could
tronomy,
in his opinion,
belonged
nomena,
impious.
in
and
be gods, animated
each with
special soul
blasphemy
The
and events.
The
Although led by
their prevailing
in their
as
it in regard
still
of the
his
chariot in the
morning in the
east,
when
DISCOURSE.
37
into a sun
and
moon
by
this religion
and philosophy,
to the
all
progress of
all
upon the
clearness
and acute-
is
necessary to keep in
mind
the state of
It is a great
mistake to
He may
be called the
or inventor.
al-
ready more or
less
formed
to his
hands
generally practiced,
and philosophers.
Two
editions
The antiquity
were then
held.
Greek medicine
is
attested in the
its
Ho-
which
practitioners
Machaon
is
constantly called
by Homer,
A
Is
Eurypylus says
"Of two famed
surgeons, Podalirius stands
;
This hour surrounded by the Trojan bands And great Machaon, wounded in his tent,
Now
oft
he lent."
viii, p.
597.
38
DISCOURSE.
M.
practice,
was
imporof these, and the most Asthe experience, traditional and recorded, of the
The
Ms-
These temples, it is well known, were numerous, culapius. and had existed for a long time. The most celebrated were
those of Epidaurus, Tricca, Cnidus, and Cos.
lightful
The most
de-
by sacred
statues of iEsculapius,
cea.
his daughters,
The
sick
who
After these
preliminaries, a night was passed in the temples, and the patients subjected to the
and
their cure.
full
Strabo
"The temple
tablets
at Cos,
of Epidaurus
is
always
is
of the sick,
;
and of
the
inscribed
and
it is
same
and
at Tricca."*
in the time of
men
animals, and
human
Amongst
the
most celebrated of these were the Pythagoreans of the mediLittres Hip., vol.
i,
p. 9.
DISCOURSE.
cal school of Crotona, in Italy.
39
uni-
versal of
The
third
HipThese,
insti-
tutions of Greece
ele-
ments of Greek
civilization.
means
befitting
soil, for
and
Praxitiles.
What
a pity
it
is,
that
we
habits that reared up, instead of the pale and sickly effemi-
nacies
of our degenerate
days,
those
Mercury
manhood, embodied
and Hebes
the Mihervas
de-
and religion
Gymnasia
from the
to the
discipline,
more
The
effect of this
of the
and
bodily exercise
the various
exposure
dietetic
the
ablutions
the
discipline
all
and indul-
carried on in public,
the
in this
health,
and
could
not
to
fail to
be noticed
and
way
come
be established a body
Greek gym-
40
nasia.
DISCOUESE.
They came
the
methodical
and
formal
i.
treatment of diseases.
The
Asclej^iacles, it seems,
e.,
day
were, to
dis-
confining
wounds and
injuries,
and of acute
eases
results of this
How
vitality
the
!
old truths,
with
life
their inherent
and indestructible
The nervous
votary of fashionable-
Athens
the
victim of ennui,
impelled
diploma
by a
restless
who held
his
fled
to
as her
modern
flies for
Such was
ante,
and cotemporary
Hippocratic medicine.
treated
by the Asclepiades
in
number of
served
animals were
dissected at Crotona
and Agrigentum,
endeavored
to coordinate, to interpret,
buck again.
DISCOURSE.
It is true, then, that
41
Plippocrates entered
upon a
field
and more or
less
means small
there
or unimportant,
authentic observation
his past
was a medical
The Persian
kings,
The
singular history of
Democides
is
He
was the
first,
many
who were
up
to Susa,
and harem.
its scientific
important to notice
how
is
little
of
no
evi-
Tigris
and the
We
are told
by Herodotus,
Babylon, the sick were brought to the market places, and ex-
for
such rude
assist-
By
it is
true,
formally cultivated.
crates,
But
Greece
that
for
two hundred
of the Greek
years,
well
known
many
historians,
civilization,
and studied
its
does
any con-
42
DISCOURSE.
If
Greece received any thing from Egypt, it was like the wheat taken from her dark old sepulchres, where it had lain dormant for ages, and
siderable degree to that of Egypt.
its
full-headed
and
Egyptian
sive,
rious observation.
On
am
natural and
Greek
mind.
was free.
Grote
calls the
Greek
Iliad
"flexible, many-sided,
and self-organizing."
"The
In
this
respect
also,
may
to
remark,
the
the
history
of
history
of the other
religion
elements
of Greek
civilization
her
her
poli-
poetry
ty.
her
eloquence
her
arther
institutions
and
civilization
self-originated
and self-developed
The
Homer was no
first,
echo of ante-Homeric
it
was the
fresh utterance,
spontaneous and
Greece
the in
past
als
;
the temples of Paestum were no copies of old originthe gods of Ida and
sea.
DISCOURSE.
43
seems necessary
to give a brief
and general history of them, as an aggregate. "What is meant then by the writings, or the works of Hippocrates ?
What
What What is
is
amount
summary manner
made up by an
miscellaneous character.
works of Hippocrates,
Hippo-
crates.*
published
to us.
in the authentic
It is the
most elaborate
by a
number
;
pocrates
by some from
by
left his
own
writings
some of them
sys-
tematic treatises
some
some
son
memoranda merely,
to his
and
till
successor,
the family
all this
became
Durlit-
ing
tle
period,
and
for
some time
later,
there can be
copies
immediate
About 300
DISCOURSE.
4:4:
M.
of probable that on the supposed extinction who the family, the writings fell into the hands of persons and were not aware of their value ; that they were then sold
finally
tory that
known
to
M.
up the Hippocratic
ries, to
wit
1. 2.
3.
The
4.
be referred to Hippocrates,
still
collections
extracts.
but which
once
11.
made
Apocryphal
The value and importance which have always been attached to the works of Hippocrates are sufficiently attested by
the labors that have been bestowed upon
them by
critics
and
commentators.
The
last
DISCOTJESE.
all
45
are those of
M.
Littre,
worked,
It is
still
unexhausted.
of these commentators.
One of
earliest
was Heraclides
He
and those
who wrote
treatises
on these subjects,
who
The most
He
was a worthy
dis-
ries
his means of access to the great possession of of Pergamus, Alexandria and Rome the manuscripts of his author boundless love and adclear sagacity his miration of him vast learning sound philosophy, and, crowning broad common sense
tion
and
his qualities
libra-
his
his
his
his
his
all
its
his
deep and
fine old
pagan
work which he
per-
formed so
It is
well.
pocratic collection,
make but
lite-
By
a fortunate destiny
but
many
others, like
Our
may
46
DISCOURSE.
com-
But notwithstanding
and although
more
and
copies,
it
recognized
first
appears there was one text that was generally and copied and that it was from this that the
;
There are two copies in the Royal Library of Paris, which there date back to the 10th century I do not know whether
;
the 12th century, one of the 13th, twenty of the 14th, one
The
first
Eome, by Fa-
text.
Four other
editions
were published in
Two
editions
were published
in the 17th,
two in the
18th, and four have been published during the present century.
The
M.
Littrd,
by
far the
The following are the titles of the several works now regarded as veritably and authentically from the pen of Hippocrates
1.
2. 3.
:
Ancient Medicine.
Prognosis.
Aphorisms.
Epidemics, 1st and 3d Books.
4.
5.
6.
Eegimen
in
Acute Diseases.
Airs, Waters,
*
and Places.
Two
DISCOUKSE.
7.
8.
47
Articulations.
Fractures.
9.
Instruments of Reduction.
The Oath.
The Law.
The
by M.
first
work of Hippocrates,
in the
arrangement adopted
Littre, is
cient Medicine.
cal,
an elegant
little treatise
sound,
logiIts
and comprehensive
and foun-
dation of medicine, and to controvert the false doctrines of the speculative philosophers, especially of Empedocles, and
others of the Eleatic school.
science,
The
in this Essay.
And
this is the
very question
that
is
;
unsettled to-day, as
was
when
side
this
Em-
heat,
cold, dryness,
laid
all
down
this principle, as
he would
he inferred that
he said these
qualities, as such,
were pure
to end,
fic-
was
the
vicious,
On
48
DISCOURSE.
rest
The Essay
that
it is
constitutes so connected
logical a whole,
extracts.
by
I will
" All those who, by the living voice, or by writing, have essayed own minds, as the basis of their
may
and attribute diseases and death to one or two of these agents, as to a first and a uniform cause, evidently deceive themplify things,
selves in
many
sustain
so
much
the
more
But
he,
dis
daining
all
because this
is
It will
be shown by
method."f
this,
be discovered, except by
the true
says
In regard to
literary merits,
M.
Littre
judgment,
thought,
is
style
its
manner
is
worthy of
its
matter.
Its periods,
members
as sa-
manner
mind
and clearness,
so that
is
dignified,
we
p. 571.
f Ibid, p. 573.
DISCOURSE.
49
limits
certainly a beautiful
Greek literature, a finished model of scientific general and elevated points of medicine." *
The
fifty
treatise
pages of Greek
fluence
upon
health,
disease, of the
various exposures of
winds
and and
to differences of soil
and of
political institutions.
all
In relation to
and un-
qualified terms.
in
He
manner
evi-
which
his observations
It is clear
many
Cities,
kind of remark will show the cha" Let us suppose," he says, " a
warm
In such a
locality, the
waters will be
warm
in
sum-
The
and there
p. 565.
50
will
DISCOURSE.
intoxication
to
incommodes
diseases, in
it
does others.
are
;
As
endemic
place,
women
more disposed
then, also,
ill
to disease,
and
are
more subject
sterile,
to discharges
many of them
:
not
by
health
quent.
of children,
i. e.,
epilepsy.
Men
As
to pleurisies,
common,
and of
The
the constellations,
of
because
is
it is
deter-
mined
a
and
all
makes an
explicit
gods
this
malady comes
is
from the
that
no one
all
more
divine, or
but that
are alike,
and
all
cause,
produced."*
p. 79.
DISCOURSE.
51
A little
worst
their
same
point,
he says,
those who
And
still,
;
by
more
most
to the
ought
to attack all
and are unable to offer sacrifices if it is true, that the gods are pleased with the homage of men, and recompense
them with
their favors.
to
immolate
numerous
how
far in
advance of his
how
and
avowed
when we remember
book on
airs,
the religious
Although
it is
waters,
and
places, has
a striking
now little or no positive scientific value, it is still monument of ancient observation. It was the
mind
of Hippocrates,
JSTo
country in
than Greece.
widely diverse
the
nature of the
cities
water
winds
these
upon
and
would na-
and observing
mind.
And
the
same remark
is
p. 81,
52
differences
DISCOURSE.
races,
and
their political
and
social
institutions,
which so
strongly
is
As
indicates,
it is
prin-
and symptoms
made up
of the
same
many
to
conclusions.
It
" The
me
be he who knows
how to know
advance
;"
" Foreseeing," he
says, " and predicting those cases that will end in recovery,
will
be
fatal,
make
first,
he
physiognomy
if it
and especially
is
preserves
its
own
Then
natural expression.
This
this,
its
most
more
it
departs from
the greater
the danger."
name
when
fades Hippocratica.
degree of alteration,
sunken, the temples hollow, the ears cold and contracted, the
lobes separated, the skin of the forehead dry, tense,
and arid and the skin of the whole face yellow, or black, or livid, or
leaden."
Illustrative of the general character of this
work, of
its ex-
; :
DISCOURSE.
cellences
53
and
defects, I will
make
movements of
and
the face, seeking in the void, gathering the straw of the bed
into pellets, picking at the coverings, detaching objects from
many
A good respiration should be regarded as having a very great influence upon the recovery of
mination."
the patient, in
forty days."
all
acute
fevers
may be
fol-
lowed by
loose
and
from acute
most
them have
and the
an
lumbar region
and so
on.
"
When
or
by
the pus
is
"The most
and which
fatal anginas,
These suffocate the patient, even on the first day, or the se" He who wishes to * * * cond, or third, or fourth."
learn to predict wisely what patients will recover, and what
patients will succumb, in what cases the disease will be pro-
it
will
be
short,
ought to judge
all
by the study of
signs,
their
He
may
be the tendency
of epidemic diseases,
and the
spirit
54
DISCOURSE.
The
conclusions,
the details,
stated posiqualifica-
No
point
is
argued or
and
it is
very rarely
that
made.
The author
and autocratic
master, expounding to his disciples the principles of an established and authoritative doctrine.
It
treats
and
is
but
little
is
made up
tone.
author.
rial
This
magiste-
and dogmatic
Amongst
mary
of Epidemics.
The
is
locality of
first
three years,
the island of
Abdera.
USTo
place
is
year.
not known.
The meteorological
and
the Pleiades.
diseases.
This
is
terms
but by the
hand of
appear-
a great master.
DISCOUESE.
55
cases that are reported, and the allusions to individual patients, that
In the
says
rangement of the bowels, or by an abundant hemorrhage, as was seen in the case of Heraclides, who lodged in the house of
Aristocides."
were attacked
finally
by
dysenteric troubles
this is
what
happened
the
and
to Myllus."
Amongst
many
first
book, I must
make room
we derive diagnostic signs from the following consifrom the general human constitution, and from each individual complexion from the disease, the patient, the medical prescriptions from the physician who prescribes, for that may suggest from the general constitution of the atmoeither hopes or fears sphere, and the peculiarities of the weather of each country from the
derations
:
" In diseases
mode
the
expectoration
vomitings
promote a fahic-
vorable result
sweats;
;
coldnesses; chills;
;
cough; sneezings;
or not
;
cups
respiration
;
eructations
It is
flatulence, noisy
hemorthese
rhages
signs,
hemorrhoids.
necessary to
know how to
study
all
and
to understand
There are
forty-
two of these
ending
fatally,
and
seventeen in recovery.
interesting
They
are the
56
earliest
DISCOUESE.
its
treatment.
They
life
of
we open the door and go into the stand the bed-side of the patient we by we sick chamber; know his name and occupation the house and the street in which he lives we know that Hippocrates is his physician we witness his examinations we follow the changes in the
;
; ;
to another,
till
M.
books upon
and third
point
It is possible, at the
where we now
form
to ourselves
an adequate notion
The
first
know
diseases
this inis
con-
The young
practitioner, already
familiar
in-
day,
pre-
pared by
next step
clinical study to
is
make
a correct diagnosis.
The
to
the treatment.
first,
him
in his
indications,
treatise
fulfil
by
;
the
to
was taught
If
DISCOURSE.
57
we
see
what the
knowledge was, of a physician of the school of Cos, and how it was acquired. But it must not be forgotten, judging from
the works that remain to us of the Hippocratic collection,
that these physicians had received a profound philosophical
education
generalization.
we
recognize
their contemporary
we
recognize those
men accustomed
it
to
meditation
did,
;
and
knew how
of
those physicians,
who
and cultivated
intel-
whom
men
Plato places on a level with the other distinof the brilliant Athens."*
guished
The
Treatise on
is
one of the
most interesting of the works of Hippocrates. Apart from its value as the first formal exposition of a most important
doctrine of practical medicine,
it
curious
The
and
this criticism,
is left
with
to us
a few commentaries
of this oldest
medical polemic
and
all
Cnidian Sentences. Cnidus and Cos were the seats of the rival schools, and as has sometimes happened, since the days
* Littre's Hippocrates, vol.
ii,
p.
591.
58
DISCOUESE.
diseases
the patient.
He
own
age, Hippocrates
was
and
his rivals
were
in the
wrong.
Essential to all
is,
the
;
means
anatomy
spe-
entirely
distinctions
made by
for the
most
part,
The point
what
and
is
day,
knowledge
and
small a
number
of remedies
The leading
that
it
two
first,
is
acme
of diseases, since
;
second,
that the
DISCOURSE.
59
therefore
it
should be
made from
The leading
amongst
"
The
to
decoction of barley,"
me
chosen
cilage
able,
I praise
it
;
mu-
which
contains
limpid
it
allays thirst,
it
it
not astringent,
it
occa-
sions
no serious disturbance of
digestion,
the stomach."
Minute
The
follow-
ing directions are given for the removal of pain in the side
"
At
first, it
will be well to
is
make
use of fomentations.
The
or bladder,
be interposed, so that
is
its
con-
be inhaled by the
of some
also take
is
which
it
is
sometimes the
case.
barley, put
pro-
to the side
coarse bran
may
is salt
or a weight
in the arm, or
is
the diaphragm,
much deeper
and red
it
takes a deeper
60
color,
DISCOURSE.
for
may
happen."
Amongst
the
many
how
lowing
" I do not
know-
kinds of debility,
one from the other, according as they depend upon emptiness of the vessels, or
some
debilitating irritation, or
some
and
tions
still,
may
it
result in in a case
Without doubt,
would be
freely,
more
and aliment
on
but
it is
know when
a patient
dition
is
feeble
by a low
diet.
but
is
much more
is
The remaining
articles,
Most of
;
marked by
as indeed
be,
many
of
them
still are,
The
spirit
and Waters.
qualified
The former
abounds in
is
much more
;
it
is
more by M.
cfec,
more
it
illustrations,
and analogies.
the trea-
on Airs, Waters,
as formal
trines
;
form.
of
The
treatise
for the
purpose
practices in
DISCOUKSE.
61
at
any
"The
ancients,"
regimen of patients
treatise
and
this is a
grave omission."
This
and
illustrative
There
is
by M.
Littre, as
an Appendix
to the treatise
on regimen.
If
They
more
"Peripain in
pneumonic and
be examined in the
if
following manner.
If the fever
chest,
;
is
acute
;
there
is
or in both
;
if
if
he coughs
if
and
sputa,
it is
arm of the
and the
color,
if
is
acute, the
then an injec-
Amongst
warm
oily embrocations.
number
diseases.
"
The two following may be taken as specimens In the dry cholera, the abdomen is distended with flatus,
and there are borborygmi, and pain in the sides and back. The bowels are costive. It is necessary to be careful, while
DISCOUESE.
The
warm
;
oily
enema, with
the most
abundant
tub,
oily embrocations
and warm
he should be placed in a bathing water should be slowly poured over him. If,
is
cured.
It is
good for him, also, to sleep, and to drink dry old wine, without water
tions.
;
give
him
oil to
quiet him,
and
:
to
He
but
if
not
relieved, give
him
till
opened.
If
there
diarrhea,
with
bilious
colicky pains,
of suffocation and
for drink,
oxymel
and
to
prevent vomiting." *
"For an empyema, take slices of squill, and boil them in water when they are well boiled, pour off the water, add more, and boil again till they begin to be soft then wash
;
them
well,
cyminum,
almonds
;
L.) white
and fresh
rub
all
make them
you
He
will
take with
it
light
wine.
it
For
diet,
pound a lekiskeon of
take
white poppy
moisten
washed
boil,
it
warm
They
differ
from another.
extensive
Many
and
are
observations,
to-day as
ii,
f Ibid, vol.
ii,
p.
579.
DISCOURSE.
entirely
their absoluteness,
and want of
qualification.
It is impossible to give
and
them
the
;
" Life
is
art is
;
long
opportunity
is difficult."
fugitive
experience
is
deceptive
"
judgment
is
When
the disease
most severe
diet should
be rigorously enforced."
" Drinks and diets not quite so good, but agreeable, should be preferred to those that are more disagreeable."
" Those who are subject to frequent and grave syncopes, without any manifest cause, will die suddenly." " All diseases originate in every season
;
ori-
ginate
more
more
severe, in
in others."
"Being without fever, with anorexy, heartburn, cloudy vertigo, and bitterness of the mouth, indicates the necessity of an emetic."
" If during the course of a fever, a sudden suffocation occurs,
fatal."
:
Those who are attacked with tetanus go beyond this period, they recover."
" In those
"
if
they
who
The Aphorisms
most
part, fanciful
relating to pregnant
women,
:
and absurd
for instance
woman
with twins,
;
if
one of the
if it is the right
male
if
the
left,
of a female."
up with the
essays on
M. Wounds of the
Head;
Artiadations.
physician
cially the
is
The
bandage.
titles
of the
64
DISCOURSE.
The
The
directions the application of apparatus of bandages and so on of extenadhesive compresses detailed, parsion and counter-extension are hardly
splints
straps,
less
ticular,
of
a modern work on
surgery.
In fracture of the femur, the capital point, says Hippocrates, is that the extension shall be sufficient
;
for
it is
very
injurious
shortened
and
if
the patient
is
to
be unskillfully treated,
it
would be
better,
Great
stress
skill
was
terms
laid
manual
as
and dexterity
it,
and
gymnastics,"
M.
Littre
having
ity."
prevent pain,
ease,
to
and elegance.
is
Promptness
is
;
in the
to
manipulations
ease
is
spare pain
have
be
to
is to
may
be acquired."
to
"
Ap-
and
in place, a
bandage ought
DISCOUKSE.
6~
aspect
;
this will
be the case,
if
if
this regularity
smooth and uniform surfaces the bandage is smooth and uniform and when, for roughness and irregular
for
;
when
parts,
it is
also
M.
tions
Littre thus
surgical opera-
performed in the time of Hippocrates " They reduced fractures and luxations they applied the apparatus necessary
;
jecting bones in
compound fractures they trepanned the bones of the cranium, and the ribs even, to evacuate fluids accumulated in the chest they opened abscesses of the kidneys
;
and the
liver
abdomen
;
prevent the disposition to recur of certain scapulo-humoral luxations they adjusted club feet they sounded the blad;
der
dead
foetus
One
crates
Articulations,
that of a
warm
and several of
known by some
historical frag-
all,
the dislocated
Hegetor accused
him
It
office
the
Iatrum
of the
old
Greek
" These,"
says Galen, " were large houses, with large doors, admitting
* Littre's Hippocrates, vol.
iv, p.
617.
66
freely the light."*
It
DISCOURSE.
surgical instruments
tion of dislocations,
and
and
it
is
copy
it
entire
Panacea
"I swear by Apollo, physician; by Esculapius, by Hygiea and by all the gods, and all the goddesses, taking them to that I will fulfill with my strength and my capacity, this witness,
;
will place
my
;
master
I
in
medicine
in the
the authors of
I
my
life
him
I
my
will
in necessity
;
wants
will regard
and
teach
it
to
will
communicate
my precepts, my
oral lessons,
other instruction, to
my
my
an oath, according to
rect the regimen of
who
my
ability
and
I
my patients, my judgment I
;
will abstain
injustice.
ther will
to
make
a suggestion of it to
I
from all wrong, and all any one who solicits it, neiany one neither will I furnish
;
any
woman
an abortive.
will pass
I
my
life,
and
will exercise
my
it.
art, in
will not
to those
enter, it shall
all
good of
my
pa-
tients,
free,
or slaves.
"Whatever
see or hear in society, in the exercise, and even not in the exercise
of
it,
my
profession,
will
keep
secret, if it is
all
r
such cases.
to
may
it
be gK en
me
lot."
and
my
profession,
men
if I violate
it,
and
my
It is a
find
265.
f Ibid, vol.
i,
p. 25.
DISCOURSE.
this
sion.
67
summary
infant art,
when
it
forehead, and
was
"We
ac-
must have
Through the long lapse of many centuries, in every land and age of civilization and of learning, in all lanall religions, it
guide and
its
of
fire.
amidst
trial
their peril-
how many
a time has the tried and the tempted fled for strength and for
succor to
vow
hands anew
in the innocency of
its
lustral water,
and nerved
seemed
me
There
is
danger, I
and
we
may undervalue
sanctions
of these appeals
The study
can be
ennobling
influences
this
that
And
as
and becoming,
its
preservative in
divine,
it
influences.
If
not strictly
there
is
it
something sacerdotal in
offices
would
of
its
young physician
68
like the consecration
DISCOURSE.
with the
that holy and significant ceremonial put upon " be should for glory and for beauty," garments, him, the ephod, and the robe, and the breast-plate, that
pomp
of solemn
oil,
and amid
with
of
sweet
spices
of
and
censers
burning
and
onychia,
ministry to humanity.
Law.
is,
I give of
it,
also, entire.
most noble and yet, it, and of those who judge it superficially, it is now degraded to the lowest rank. So false a judgment seems to me to depend principally upon this
1.
Medicine
all professions,
the
who
practice
that,
is
in the cities,
is
subjected
by
it.
These people
;
much
who
figure in tragedies
just as
these characters have the appearance, the costume, and the masques
so,
among
physicians,
many
are so,
by
their titles,
so, in fact.
"2.
cine,
Whoever
a good
all
natural
teaching;
a favorable
;
situation;
instruction
from childhood
things, he
love
of
labor
long
application.
Above
disposition.
It is all in
vain to
attempt to force nature, but when she herself leads in the right path,
then commences the teaching of the
appropriate to himself by reflection
art,
;
from
It is
child-
neces-
may
as
is
"3. Such, in
medicine.
effect,
Our
natural disposition
;
masters
is
the seed
in
begun from childhood, is the proper season the place where instruction is
instruction,
;
DISCOURSE.
given
is
;
69
find their nourishfinally,
the surrounding
is
air,
ment
diligent study
workman;
time
strengthens, and brings all to maturity. " 4. Such, then, are the conditions essential to the learning of
if
such is the profound knowledge, necessary to be acquired, one wishes, in going from city to city, to be reputed not only a physician by name, but also a physician in reality. Ignorance is a poor possession, a poor capital for those who carry it along with
;
medicine
a stranger to confidence, and contentment, it ; nourishes timidity and temerity; timidity, which shows power-
temerity, which shows inexperience. There two know and think you know science think ignorance. you know,
things,
to
are, in effect,
;
to
to
that
to
know,
is
that
is
"
is
5.
to the sacred
it
*
re-
M.
Littre's fifth
HippocraUo
What
Some
cially,
of
them
This
is
will
is
make
There
who
when
cine.
it is
by
fortune,
There
is
Man,
the ob-
j ects of
which are
human
The
sense.
book on Maladies
tion to disease,
It contains
is
made up
and most of
it is
70
DISCOURSE.
"
It is unskillful,'
it is
an
it
if it is
;
grave, to say
it is
light
if it is light, to
say
grave
empyema; when
to
a serious disit
;
when
there
know
it
not to pro-
is
at fault
in the follow-
ing,
the hand
;
to
wound
or a tumor
not to succeed,
;
when sounding
a patient, in pene;
empyema
in not
in practicing
too deep
diseases
;
all
that
is
unskillful
;
but this
is skillful
to
know
in-
whence they
originate
whether
;
to bring' to
a favorable
whatever
;
is
possible
to distinguish
to
Affections,
is
very good
treatise,
remarkable
The
first
of these doctrines
;
is,
that
it is
no more supernatural in
* Littre's Hip.,
DISCOURSE.
its
71
The second
is,
" It
sures and joys, laughings and sports, on the one side, and chagrins, sufferings, discontents, and complaints, on the other,
come
stand
to us only
It is
by
we
that
we know
;
the ugly from the beautiful ; the bad the agreeable from the disagreeable. * * *
idiots,
crazy,
that we are
and so
on.
as their
The study of a
evening,
is,
this
to
a mind at
am
page of
my
Essay.
the last
already run out, and I have no time to dwell upon these suggestions.
I will ask
my
Discourse
is,
may be
closed.
The
science of medicine
historically,
twenty-two centu-
ries old.
Since
its
been
During
all this
kindred sciences of observation, has obeyed its own inherent and vital law of development. Subject always sometimes seduced to its various and complicated relations
cine, like its
;
or driven from
its
true path
;
dered
in its
march
has
still
72
DISCOUESE.
it.
It
it
drances
ences,
it
and chemistry
and the
it
common
and them.
It is natural
enough,
when we
art,
that we
should have
some misgivings
science and art.
as to
stability of this
The les-
made
The
to contradict
is
first
time, to-day.
science
and
and as long
as nature
it is
remains what
it
The
it
and
and amongst
all civilized
people
it is
so to-day,
it
will
be so to-morrow.
"What has
been
The
ning, will
still
and
it
will continue
upon
all
who
its
are to
come
after us.
Spots
may
Clouds and
it
mists
may
beams
it
but
is
only
for a season
still
and the
it
Hand
that
hung
maintain
and beneficent
light.
.BIN
13
1946
nlii
DiDomflfi