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History 102-03FINAL EXAM This is the preparation only. The exam was written, on paper provided, during class.Note cards were allowed; they are attached at the end.ByMelinda S. WrocklageUniversity of LouisvilleMay 5, 2004
 
 The two main European alliances, the
Triple Alliance 
 —between Germany,Austro-Hungary (created by the union between Austria and Hungary in1867), and Italy—and
Triple Entente 
 —between England, France, andRussia—competed for colonial strength, which resulted in a cold warbetween them. Russia, Austro-Hungary, and Italy held an interest in theBalkan Peninsula; when the revolutionary Balkan nations won theirindependence from Turkey with the
First Balkan War 
, their leaders werecalled to the
Treaty of London 
by the European powers of both alliancesand their newly-won independence was stolen from them. Serbia’sseaport was also taken in order to weaken their economic strength; inretaliation, the Serbs allied with Greece, defeated the Bulgarians with the
Second Balkan War 
, and regained their seaport with the
Treaty of Bucharest 
. This would turn out to be a temporary resolution; whiletraveling through Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina,Austro-Hungarian Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the grandnephew of Emperor Franz Joseph, was assassinated by the Serbian terrorist GavriloPrincip; when Serbia refused to accept the responding humiliating
10 Principles 
, Austro-Hungary declared war. Russia prepared for anintervention war; Germany had been preparing for an imperial war;France had also been preparing for war for a chance to regain Alsace andLorraine from Germany;
World War I 
resultantly broke out between thealliances. This war included the newly-developed
trench warfare 
 —in which front-lines of hand-dug trenches were used to press forward, whilemachine guns and the newly-created poisonous gases, like the MustardGas which had damaged the German Corporal Adolf Hitler’s lungs, wereused in an effort to halt their progress.Germany had built a railroad from Berlin to Baghdad to be an internalsupply route during the war; the railroad was sabotaged by its ChristianArmenians builders, trying to impair the Muslim Turk’s economy.Germany put into effect the
Schlieffen Plan 
, utilizing their newly-inventedmotorized troop carriers to quickly mobilize their troops through Belgiuminto France; the
Plan 
ultimately failed because French intelligence hadfound out, so the military had gathered all available public and privateautomobiles to rapidly mobilize their troops into defensive positionsalong this
Western Front 
holding back German progress. Germanyturned her attention to the
Eastern Front 
in Russia. Here, twodevastating battles—the
Battle of Tannenberg 
and the
Battle of Masurian Lakes 
 —would produce the largest death toll of the war, with 500,000Russian fatalities; this would result in Russia essentially dropping out of the war. Italy negotiated with the
Entente 
for control over the Balkannations and then lackadaisically joined the war against her previous
Alliance 
partners, Germany and Austria. At the
Bulgarian Front 
,Australian, New Zealand, Irish, French and English forces were unable totake the hill held by the Turkish forces in the
Battle of Gallipoli 
. Back on
 
the
Western Front 
, Germany pushed towards Paris, launching shells intothe city with their newly developed
Big Bertha 
cannon; England answered with Churchill’s commissioned land-ship, the modern
tank 
.  The U.S., who had not planned to enter the war until it became known thatGerman Ambassador Zimmerman had negotiated with Mexico to openhostilities if the U.S. fought against Germany and Austria, arrived withmillions of solders to strengthen the French line of defense in the
Emperor’s Battle 
. With this addition of tanks and American troops,Germany was defeated and, after unconditionally surrendering, forced tonegotiate for peace. The
Paris Peace Conference 
was held and treaties were formed betweenthe
Big Four 
 —Woodrow Wilson for the U.S., David Lloyd-George forBritain, Georges Clemenceau for France, and Vittorio Orlando for Italy— and the
Central Powers 
 —Franz Joseph for Austro-Hungary and William IIfor Germany; specifically, the
Treaty of Versailles 
dealt with Germany andthe
Treaty of St. Germaine 
dealt with Austro-Hungary. Providing thesoldiers that overturned the war, Woodrow Wilson found himself in aleadership position which enabled him to enforce his ideas of the
14 Points 
and the
League of Nations 
. His
14 Points 
changed the map of Europe by redistributing large areas of the losing countries—90 %Austro-Hungary and 13 % of Germany—into smaller countries forseparate native language groups. His
League of Nations 
, a forefather of the
United Nations 
, established a world court, with delegates from eachnation-member, to sit above individual national interests and to ensureinternational well-being. The strain of the war on Italy’s precarious economy, along with thefrustration of not being given the promised Balkan lands, caused agrowing discontent throughout the country that the series of unsuccessful governments could not satisfy. Italy wanted to become astrong imperial nation, having recently unified in the 1850’s; butindividual Italian city-states, who had previously enjoyed their autonomyup until this unification, still tended to act independently, outside of national interest. Throughout their history, private armies were raisedfor different reasons; Machiavellian thinking, along with military strengthand violence, was remained a significant way of life. Gabriel d’Annunzio —an Italian poet, novelist, and dramatist—raised one such private armyand militarily took over Fiume in the Balkans; the other members of the
Big Four 
negotiated a few smaller islands to regain control of Fiume.Benito Mussolini was born in Predappio, Romanga, where he learned theradical rejection of any established order. His father, AlessandroMussolini—who even named Benito after a bandit terrorist who protestedthe U.S. taking Texas from Mexico—was a prominent Marxist in his area,
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