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Gio trnh

NHP MN QUN TR H THNG LINUX


Trn Huy Thng
(tranhuythang@gmail.com)

Do iu kin thi gian, cun sch cn mt phn cha c vit.


--> Rt mong bn c c th tham gia vit tip hon thin cun sch.
Ti liu ny c th download ti: www.fita.hua.edu.vn/thangtran

Bn c th trch ng li (mt phn hay ton b) ni dung cun sch vi ch thch v ni


download cun sch v thng bo tm ngi vit tip ny. Nu c nh thng mi xin nhn
trc vi tc gi.

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L ca sch c t ch mirror margin bn c th in 2 mt.

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Li ni u
Cun Nhp mn Qun tr H thng Linux c vit vi mc ch lm gio trnh cho mt lp Linux
3 hoc 6 tn ch (45 hoc 90 gi) hc thc hnh trn phn mm my o VMware Workstation. Ni
dung cun sch gm 3 phn:
Phn 1 (phn ph): Gii thiu v lut bn quyn, phn mm t do/ngun m (FOSS), cc h iu
hnh *nix. Phn ny tuy khng lin quan n cc thao tc k thut v cc sch v qun tr h thng
cng khng cp nhiu nhng chng ti ngh rt nn a vo. c bit trong cc trng i hc
Vit Nam, (theo s quan st c nhn) vn bn quyn, ngun m cha c dy mt cch ng
mc do chng ti cho rng c hi tt nht b sung phn thiu st ny l lng n vo trong cc
lp/gio trnh v Linux.
(Phn ny ch nn ni trong bui u tin gii thiu mn hc.)
Phn 2 v 3 (phn chnh): Cc cu lnh qun tr Linux trn my n v trong mi trng mng. Cun
sch ch ni v cc cu lnh m khng cp n cc cng c c giao din ha bi: th nht, ngi
mi hc (vn ang dng Windows) nn tp lm quen vi vic g lnh; th hai, ci v giao din ha
nhiu khi khng khai thc ht c cc lnh m n gi n. Cc cu lnh trong sch c thc thi trn
Redhat/Fedora nhng hon ton c th chy bnh thng trn Debian, Ubuntu, OpenSuse (tr phn ci
t gi phn mm.)
Ti liu ny c dy trn VMware Workstation (nn cng c mt bi hng dn nh v mng o ca
phn mm ny.)
(Chng ti cng cho rng phn Shell script t ng ha cc thao tc qun tr l phn nng cao ch
dnh cho nhng ngi quen vi Linux nn khng cp n trong cun sch nhp mn ny.)
Do iu kin thi gian, chng ti cha vit c phn 3 cng nh cn thiu mt s im phn
1 v phn 2 nn rt mong bn c c th tham gia vit tip lp ghp thnh mt cun sch
hon chnh.
Trn Huy Thng (tranhuythang@gmail.com)
Bn c th trch ng li (mt phn hay ton b) ni dung cun sch vi ch thch v ni
download cun sch v thng bo tm ngi vit tip ny. Nu c nh thng mi xin nhn
trc vi tc gi.
Mc lc s lc
Bi 1. Khi nim FOSS v *nix..............................................................................................................9
Bi 2. B tc kin thc v HDD. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD (cha xong)............................................33
Bi 3. Lm quen vi Linux command..................................................................................................39
Bi 4. Devices - Filesystems Mounting..............................................................................................64
Bi 5. Install softwares..........................................................................................................................81
Bi 6. Qun tr user. File permission...................................................................................................92
Bi 7. Advanced partitioning: RAID & LVM.....................................................................................111
Bi 8. Qun l process, daemon..........................................................................................................126
Bi 9. Qu trnh khi ng (grub, kernel, init) v tt my ca Linux..............................................144
Bi 10. To mng o bng VMware Workstation..............................................................................161
Bi 11. B tc kin thc v TCP/IP....................................................................................................176
Bi 12. Configure card mng (cha xong)........................................................................................186
Ti liu tham kho...............................................................................................................................193

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Mc lc
Bi 1. Khi nim FOSS v *nix..............................................................................................................9
I. FOSS..........................................................................................................................................................14
1. S hu tr tu..............................................................................................................................................................14
S hu tr tu (intelectual property)..........................................................................................................................14
S hu cng (public domain)....................................................................................................................................14
i ngc vi s hu tr tu l s hu cng........................................................................................................14
Khi s hu tr tu tr thnh s hu cng..............................................................................................................14
Copyright (bn quyn) ..........................................................................................................................................15
Thng hiu (trademark)..........................................................................................................................................16
2. Phn loi phn mm theo quyn ca ngi s dng..................................................................................................16
EULA v cc quyn ca ngi s dng....................................................................................................................16
Proprietary softwares hay FOSS...............................................................................................................................17
Disclaimer of warranty (chi b bo m)................................................................................................................18
3. Free/Open source softwares (FOSS)..........................................................................................................................18
a. nh ngha Free/Open source softwares................................................................................................................18
Free software........................................................................................................................................................18
Open source software...........................................................................................................................................19
Free softwares vs Open source.............................................................................................................................20
b. FOSS v chuyn min ph.................................................................................................................................21
FOSS th min ph ?.............................................................................................................................................21
FOSS thng mi ?..............................................................................................................................................22
c. Cc mu giy php FOSS......................................................................................................................................22
4. Cc giy php FOSS kiu public domain: BSD, MIT, Apache.................................................................................24
BSD (copycenter)......................................................................................................................................................24
MIT licence...............................................................................................................................................................25
Apache.......................................................................................................................................................................26
5. Cc giy php FOSS kiu weak copyleft: LGPL v Perl (cha vit)........................................................................26
6. Giy php (strong) copyleft: GPL (cha xong).........................................................................................................26
tng ca giy php GPL:.....................................................................................................................................26
ngha ca giy php GPL: ....................................................................................................................................26
p dng cc iu khon ca GPL.............................................................................................................................27
7. M hnh pht trin phn mm FOSS (cha vit).......................................................................................................27
8. M hnh kinh doanh phn mm FOSS (cha vit)....................................................................................................27
9. Nhng quan nim sai lm thng thy v FOSS (cha vit)....................................................................................27

II. *nix...........................................................................................................................................................27
1. Gii thiu UNIX, BSD...............................................................................................................................................27
UNIX.........................................................................................................................................................................28
BSD...........................................................................................................................................................................28
2. UNIX v UNIX-like (*nix)........................................................................................................................................29
3. Chun POSIX (SUS)..................................................................................................................................................29
4. Nhn Linux v D n GNU.......................................................................................................................................30
5. Linux distribution.......................................................................................................................................................30

Bi 2. B tc kin thc v HDD. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD (cha xong)............................................33


1. Hiu v HDD.............................................................................................................................................37
1.a. Cu trc vt l ca HDD.........................................................................................................................................37
1.b. Cu trc logic ca HDD..........................................................................................................................................38
1.c. Qu trnh khi ng OS ca my tnh.....................................................................................................................38

2. Cng c my o hc thc hnh Linux. Mt s ch v Vmware Workstation.............................38


3. Cc cch c c mt bn Linux distro v trng hp ca Redhat. .............................................38
4. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD..........................................................................................................................38
4.a. Ci t Linux...........................................................................................................................................................38
4.b. Ci t FreeBSD.....................................................................................................................................................38
4.c. T ng ha qu trnh ci t..................................................................................................................................38

5. Vn multi OS.......................................................................................................................................38

Bi 3. Lm quen vi Linux command..................................................................................................39


1. ng nhp v tt my..............................................................................................................................43
2. Kernel, Shell.............................................................................................................................................44

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3. Virtual Console v Terminal...................................................................................................................45


4. Lnh trong Linux.....................................................................................................................................45
a. Cch vit lnh.............................................................................................................................................................45
b. Thc thi executable file..............................................................................................................................................46
c. Dng mt lnh............................................................................................................................................................46
c. Shell script..................................................................................................................................................................46
d. Metacharacters...........................................................................................................................................................47
e. Help............................................................................................................................................................................47
f. History........................................................................................................................................................................48

5. su...............................................................................................................................................................48
6. Lm vic vi file v th mc trn *nix...................................................................................................48
a. Cu trc file v th mc ca Linux khc vi ca Windows......................................................................................48
b. ng dn th mc ca Linux k hiu /, thi quen TAB, th mc . ~...................................................................49
Hy cn thn vi du /...............................................................................................................................................49
Th mc home, th mc hin hnh, th mc ~ . .. ................................................................................................50
Mun nhanh th bm TAB hoc TAB TAB..............................................................................................................50
Khi tn file, th mc cha k t c bit...................................................................................................................50
c. Lnh ls l, xem thng tin v file, th mc.................................................................................................................51
d. Cc lnh xem, to mi, xa, di chuyn, i tn file v th mc................................................................................52
Hin th ni dung file................................................................................................................................................52
To th mc mi.......................................................................................................................................................52
To file mi...............................................................................................................................................................52
i tn/di chuyn file v th mc.............................................................................................................................52
Copy file v th mc.................................................................................................................................................52
Xa file hoc th mc...............................................................................................................................................53
e. Midnight Commander (mc)........................................................................................................................................53
f. Link.............................................................................................................................................................................53
g. Archive v Compress file...........................................................................................................................................53
h. Tm kim file v th mc...........................................................................................................................................54

7. Filesystem Hierarchy standard...............................................................................................................55


8. Trong *nix, mi th u l file. ..............................................................................................................57
9. Redirection v xargs................................................................................................................................58
a. Redirect stdin, stdout, stderr to file............................................................................................................................58
b. Pipe v kt hp vi grep, wc, sort, less......................................................................................................................60
c. xargs...........................................................................................................................................................................61

10. VIM editor..............................................................................................................................................61


11. Regular expression.................................................................................................................................62

Bi 4. Devices - Filesystems Mounting..............................................................................................64


1. Device........................................................................................................................................................68
a. Peripheral device v Driver........................................................................................................................................68
Peripheral device.......................................................................................................................................................68
Phn loi device: block, character, virtual................................................................................................................68
Driver........................................................................................................................................................................69
b. Device file (special file).............................................................................................................................................69
c. S dng storage device...............................................................................................................................................71

2. Filesystem.................................................................................................................................................71
a. Filesystem ca block device.......................................................................................................................................71
b. Format........................................................................................................................................................................71
i) fdisk edit partition table......................................................................................................................................71
ii) mkfs (make filesystem).........................................................................................................................................72

3. Mounting..................................................................................................................................................73
a. Lnh mount................................................................................................................................................................73
b. file cu hnh /etc/fstab................................................................................................................................................74
c. file cu hnh /etc/mtab................................................................................................................................................75

4. Hai partition c bit ca Linux.............................................................................................................75


5. dd v loop device......................................................................................................................................76
a. Lnh dd.......................................................................................................................................................................76

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b. loop device.................................................................................................................................................................77

6. Mt s thao tc khc vi storage device.................................................................................................78


7. Thc hnh vi Vmware...........................................................................................................................78

Bi 5. Install softwares..........................................................................................................................81
I. RPM..........................................................................................................................................................85
I.1 Tn file package v tn software..............................................................................................................................85
I.2 RPM database v rpm tool........................................................................................................................................86
I.3 Install........................................................................................................................................................................86
I.4 Query........................................................................................................................................................................87
I.5 Upgrade.....................................................................................................................................................................88
I.6 Erase.........................................................................................................................................................................88
I.7 Verify........................................................................................................................................................................88

II. DEB (cha vit).......................................................................................................................................89


III. Ci t phn mm t source code........................................................................................................89

Bi 6. Qun tr user. File permission...................................................................................................92


1. Qun tr user............................................................................................................................................96
1.1 Users.........................................................................................................................................................................96
1.2 Group.......................................................................................................................................................................98
1.3 Reset password ca root...........................................................................................................................................99

2. File permission.......................................................................................................................................100
Ch s hu, nhm ch s hu mc nh......................................................................................................................101
Thay i ch s hu, nhm ch s hu bng lnh chown, chgrp................................................................................101
Thay i quyn truy cp r, w, x vi cc i tng u, g, o...........................................................................................101
SUID, SGID, sticky bit................................................................................................................................................103
Set UID v Set GID cho file kh thi........................................................................................................................103
Set GID cho th mc...............................................................................................................................................104
Sticky bit.................................................................................................................................................................105
K hiu SUID, SGID, Sticky bit bng ch s .........................................................................................................105

3. Quota.......................................................................................................................................................106
1-Ci t phn mm quota......................................................................................................................................106
2-Mount partition vi thuc tnh usrquota..............................................................................................................107
3-Khi to quota database trn partition bng lnh quotacheck.............................................................................107
4-enable (disable) quota bng quotaon (quotaoff)..................................................................................................108
5-t limit, grace cho user bng lnh edquota........................................................................................................108
6-Xem li thng tin v quota...................................................................................................................................109
7-Th nghim quota................................................................................................................................................109

Bi 7. Advanced partitioning: RAID & LVM.....................................................................................111


I. Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks................................................................................................115
1. Khi nim RAID......................................................................................................................................................115
2. Thit lp v s dng RAID......................................................................................................................................117
3. Xem thng tin v array.............................................................................................................................................118
4. Qun l disk trong array...........................................................................................................................................119
5. Hy RAID array.......................................................................................................................................................119
6. File /etc/mdadm.con.................................................................................................................................................120
7. Stripe hay Linear......................................................................................................................................................120

II. Logical Volume Management..............................................................................................................120


1. Thit lp LVM.........................................................................................................................................................120
Thit lp v s dng LV..........................................................................................................................................120
Enable LVM............................................................................................................................................................122
LVM on RAID (cha xong)....................................................................................................................................122
2. Xem thng tin v volume.........................................................................................................................................123
Khi nim PE, LE....................................................................................................................................................123
Xem thng tin bng pvdisplay, vgdisplay, lvdisplay .............................................................................................123
3. Qun l cc volume..................................................................................................................................................124
Disable/Remove volume.........................................................................................................................................124
Thm vo/Rt ra/Hon chuyn PV.........................................................................................................................124
Resize LV................................................................................................................................................................124
4. Cc mc linh tinh khc:...........................................................................................................................................125

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Bi 8. Qun l process, daemon..........................................................................................................126


I. Tin trnh................................................................................................................................................130
I.1 Tin trnh l chng trnh khi n ang c thc thi.............................................................................................130
Tin trnh cha, tin trnh con. S ID ca tin trnh..................................................................................................131
Phn b CPU v u tin (s nice) ca tin trnh................................................................................................131
Trng thi ca tin trnh..........................................................................................................................................131
Ch s hu ca tin trnh........................................................................................................................................132
Cc signal m tin trnh bt.....................................................................................................................................132
I.2 Cc thao tc vi tin trnh.......................................................................................................................................132
In ra trng thi cc tin trnh bng lnh ps..............................................................................................................132
Theo di cc tin trnh bng lnh top (hoc prstat, topas)......................................................................................133
Tm kim mt tin trnh..........................................................................................................................................135
iu chnh s nice ca tin trnh.............................................................................................................................135
I.3 Signal v lnh kill, killall, pkill...............................................................................................................................135
Lnh kill..................................................................................................................................................................135
Lnh killall v pkill.................................................................................................................................................136
I.4 Cc tin trnh c tng tc. Ch background, foreground.................................................................................136

II. Qun l daemon....................................................................................................................................138


Cc daemon nm u ?.............................................................................................................................................138
Trc tip bt/tt daemon..............................................................................................................................................138
/etc/rc.d/rc[0-6].d tp daemon cho mi run level......................................................................................................139
Cc cng c qun l daemon.......................................................................................................................................140

III. Lp lch (scheduling)...........................................................................................................................142


cron...............................................................................................................................................................................142
System cron jobs..........................................................................................................................................................142
User cron jobs..............................................................................................................................................................143
at...................................................................................................................................................................................143

Bi 9. Qu trnh khi ng (grub, kernel, init) v tt my ca Linux..............................................144


I. GRUB......................................................................................................................................................148
1. Chc nng ca GRUB..............................................................................................................................................148
2. Qu trnh ti GRUB.................................................................................................................................................149
3. Ci li GRUB...........................................................................................................................................................150
4. File grub.conf (menu.lst)..........................................................................................................................................151

II. Np h iu hnh t GRUB.................................................................................................................152


Truy xut device...........................................................................................................................................................153
Qui c k hiu device ca GRUB..........................................................................................................................153
Truy xut file ca GRUB........................................................................................................................................153
Ti nhn Linux.............................................................................................................................................................154
Ba lnh ti nhn Linux: kernel, root, initrd........................................................................................................154
Ti nhn Linux th cng ........................................................................................................................................155
Ti nhn FreeBSD ..................................................................................................................................................156
Np bootloader ca cc h iu hnh khc..................................................................................................................156

III. init.........................................................................................................................................................157
1./sbin/init chy v c file /etc/initab.........................................................................................................................157
2./etc/inittab..................................................................................................................................................................157
3.Thc thi cc script khi to h thng trong th mc /etc/rc.d..................................................................................158

IV. Tt my.................................................................................................................................................159

Bi 10. To mng o bng VMware Workstation..............................................................................161


1. Ni my tht/ my o vo cc switch o...............................................................................................165
1.1 Ni my tht vi cc switch o:.............................................................................................................................165
a. Ni NIC tht vo switch o:................................................................................................................................166
b. Ni NIC o trn my tht vo switch o:............................................................................................................166
1.2 Ni my o vi switch o: ....................................................................................................................................168

2. VMnet0 (Bridged mode) v Virtual Bridge..........................................................................................168


3. VMnet1 (Host only mode) v Virtual DHCP server............................................................................169
4. VMnet8 (NAT mode) v Virtual NAT device......................................................................................172
5. VM team v LAN segment....................................................................................................................175

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6. T to mng WAN bng VMware Workstation..................................................................................175

Bi 11. B tc kin thc v TCP/IP....................................................................................................176


I. Khi nim mng my tnh. Phn cng mng v Giao thc mng (cha vit)...................................180
II. Mng LAN v WAN (cha vit)..........................................................................................................180
III. TCP/IP (cha vit)...............................................................................................................................180
IV. a ch IP..............................................................................................................................................180
a ch IP theo cch phn lp A, B, C (c)..................................................................................................................181
Subnet...........................................................................................................................................................................182
Tnh nhm vi a ch IP.........................................................................................................................................183
a ch loopback......................................................................................................................................................184
IP trn Internet, IP tnh, IP ng v ICANN...........................................................................................................184
a ch IP ring (private IP)....................................................................................................................................185

Bi 12. Configure card mng (cha xong)........................................................................................186


Ci t driver cho card mng.......................................................................................................................................190
Lnh ifconfig................................................................................................................................................................191
Hin th trng thi ca card mng...........................................................................................................................191
Gn a ch IP cho card mng.................................................................................................................................191
Gn a ch IP alias cho card mng.........................................................................................................................192
Bt tt card mng.....................................................................................................................................................192
B cng c ip...............................................................................................................................................................192

Ti liu tham kho...............................................................................................................................193

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y l mt bi ca bn tho Gio trnh Nhp mn Qun tr H thng Linux ang vit d. Trn Huy Thng tranhuythang@gmail.com,
Rt mong bn c c th tham gia vit nt phn cn li ca cun sch. Bn c c th ng li mt phn hay ton b tp bn tho ny nhng cn ghi
r ngun v thng bo tm ngi vit tip ny. Nu ng li vi nh thng mi th xin nhn trc cho tc gi.

Bi 1. Khi nim FOSS v *nix


Bi 1. Khi nim FOSS v *nix..............................................................................................................9
I. FOSS..........................................................................................................................................................14
1. S hu tr tu..............................................................................................................................................................14
S hu tr tu (intelectual property)..........................................................................................................................14
S hu cng (public domain)....................................................................................................................................14
i ngc vi s hu tr tu l s hu cng........................................................................................................14
Khi s hu tr tu tr thnh s hu cng..............................................................................................................14
Copyright (bn quyn) ..........................................................................................................................................15
Thng hiu (trademark)..........................................................................................................................................16
2. Phn loi phn mm theo quyn ca ngi s dng..................................................................................................16
EULA v cc quyn ca ngi s dng....................................................................................................................16
Proprietary softwares hay FOSS...............................................................................................................................17
Disclaimer of warranty (chi b bo m)................................................................................................................18
3. Free/Open source softwares (FOSS)..........................................................................................................................18
a. nh ngha Free/Open source softwares................................................................................................................18
Free software........................................................................................................................................................18
Open source software...........................................................................................................................................19
Free softwares vs Open source.............................................................................................................................20
b. FOSS v chuyn min ph.................................................................................................................................21
FOSS th min ph ?.............................................................................................................................................21
FOSS thng mi ?..............................................................................................................................................22
c. Cc mu giy php FOSS......................................................................................................................................22
4. Cc giy php FOSS kiu public domain: BSD, MIT, Apache.................................................................................24
BSD (copycenter)......................................................................................................................................................24
MIT licence...............................................................................................................................................................25
Apache.......................................................................................................................................................................26
5. Cc giy php FOSS kiu weak copyleft: LGPL v Perl (cha vit)........................................................................26
6. Giy php (strong) copyleft: GPL (cha xong).........................................................................................................26
tng ca giy php GPL:.....................................................................................................................................26
ngha ca giy php GPL: ....................................................................................................................................26
p dng cc iu khon ca GPL.............................................................................................................................27
7. M hnh pht trin phn mm FOSS (cha vit).......................................................................................................27
8. M hnh kinh doanh phn mm FOSS (cha vit)....................................................................................................27
9. Nhng quan nim sai lm thng thy v FOSS (cha vit)....................................................................................27

II. *nix...........................................................................................................................................................27
1. Gii thiu UNIX, BSD...............................................................................................................................................27
UNIX.........................................................................................................................................................................28
BSD...........................................................................................................................................................................28
2. UNIX v UNIX-like (*nix)........................................................................................................................................29
3. Chun POSIX (SUS)..................................................................................................................................................29
4. Nhn Linux v D n GNU.......................................................................................................................................30
5. Linux distribution.......................................................................................................................................................30

Bi 2. B tc kin thc v HDD. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD (cha xong)............................................33


1. Hiu v HDD.............................................................................................................................................37
1.a. Cu trc vt l ca HDD.........................................................................................................................................37
1.b. Cu trc logic ca HDD..........................................................................................................................................38
1.c. Qu trnh khi ng OS ca my tnh.....................................................................................................................38

2. Cng c my o hc thc hnh Linux. Mt s ch v Vmware Workstation.............................38


3. Cc cch c c mt bn Linux distro v trng hp ca Redhat. .............................................38
4. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD..........................................................................................................................38
4.a. Ci t Linux...........................................................................................................................................................38
4.b. Ci t FreeBSD.....................................................................................................................................................38
4.c. T ng ha qu trnh ci t..................................................................................................................................38

5. Vn multi OS.......................................................................................................................................38

Bi 3. Lm quen vi Linux command..................................................................................................39


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1. ng nhp v tt my..............................................................................................................................43
2. Kernel, Shell.............................................................................................................................................44
3. Virtual Console v Terminal...................................................................................................................45
4. Lnh trong Linux.....................................................................................................................................45
a. Cch vit lnh.............................................................................................................................................................45
b. Thc thi executable file..............................................................................................................................................46
c. Dng mt lnh............................................................................................................................................................46
c. Shell script..................................................................................................................................................................46
d. Metacharacters...........................................................................................................................................................47
e. Help............................................................................................................................................................................47
f. History........................................................................................................................................................................48

5. su...............................................................................................................................................................48
6. Lm vic vi file v th mc trn *nix...................................................................................................48
a. Cu trc file v th mc ca Linux khc vi ca Windows......................................................................................48
b. ng dn th mc ca Linux k hiu /, thi quen TAB, th mc . ~...................................................................49
Hy cn thn vi du /...............................................................................................................................................49
Th mc home, th mc hin hnh, th mc ~ . .. ................................................................................................50
Mun nhanh th bm TAB hoc TAB TAB..............................................................................................................50
Khi tn file, th mc cha k t c bit...................................................................................................................50
c. Lnh ls l, xem thng tin v file, th mc.................................................................................................................51
d. Cc lnh xem, to mi, xa, di chuyn, i tn file v th mc................................................................................52
Hin th ni dung file................................................................................................................................................52
To th mc mi.......................................................................................................................................................52
To file mi...............................................................................................................................................................52
i tn/di chuyn file v th mc.............................................................................................................................52
Copy file v th mc.................................................................................................................................................52
Xa file hoc th mc...............................................................................................................................................53
e. Midnight Commander (mc)........................................................................................................................................53
f. Link.............................................................................................................................................................................53
g. Archive v Compress file...........................................................................................................................................53
h. Tm kim file v th mc...........................................................................................................................................54

7. Filesystem Hierarchy standard...............................................................................................................55


8. Trong *nix, mi th u l file. ..............................................................................................................57
9. Redirection v xargs................................................................................................................................58
a. Redirect stdin, stdout, stderr to file............................................................................................................................58
b. Pipe v kt hp vi grep, wc, sort, less......................................................................................................................60
c. xargs...........................................................................................................................................................................61

10. VIM editor..............................................................................................................................................61


11. Regular expression.................................................................................................................................62

Bi 4. Devices - Filesystems Mounting..............................................................................................64


1. Device........................................................................................................................................................68
a. Peripheral device v Driver........................................................................................................................................68
Peripheral device.......................................................................................................................................................68
Phn loi device: block, character, virtual................................................................................................................68
Driver........................................................................................................................................................................69
b. Device file (special file).............................................................................................................................................69
c. S dng storage device...............................................................................................................................................71

2. Filesystem.................................................................................................................................................71
a. Filesystem ca block device.......................................................................................................................................71
b. Format........................................................................................................................................................................71
i) fdisk edit partition table......................................................................................................................................71
ii) mkfs (make filesystem).........................................................................................................................................72

3. Mounting..................................................................................................................................................73
a. Lnh mount................................................................................................................................................................73
b. file cu hnh /etc/fstab................................................................................................................................................74
c. file cu hnh /etc/mtab................................................................................................................................................75

4. Hai partition c bit ca Linux.............................................................................................................75

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5. dd v loop device......................................................................................................................................76
a. Lnh dd.......................................................................................................................................................................76
b. loop device.................................................................................................................................................................77

6. Mt s thao tc khc vi storage device.................................................................................................78


7. Thc hnh vi Vmware...........................................................................................................................78

Bi 5. Install softwares..........................................................................................................................81
I. RPM..........................................................................................................................................................85
I.1 Tn file package v tn software..............................................................................................................................85
I.2 RPM database v rpm tool........................................................................................................................................86
I.3 Install........................................................................................................................................................................86
I.4 Query........................................................................................................................................................................87
I.5 Upgrade.....................................................................................................................................................................88
I.6 Erase.........................................................................................................................................................................88
I.7 Verify........................................................................................................................................................................88

II. DEB (cha vit).......................................................................................................................................89


III. Ci t phn mm t source code........................................................................................................89

Bi 6. Qun tr user. File permission...................................................................................................92


1. Qun tr user............................................................................................................................................96
1.1 Users.........................................................................................................................................................................96
1.2 Group.......................................................................................................................................................................98
1.3 Reset password ca root...........................................................................................................................................99

2. File permission.......................................................................................................................................100
Ch s hu, nhm ch s hu mc nh......................................................................................................................101
Thay i ch s hu, nhm ch s hu bng lnh chown, chgrp................................................................................101
Thay i quyn truy cp r, w, x vi cc i tng u, g, o...........................................................................................101
SUID, SGID, sticky bit................................................................................................................................................103
Set UID v Set GID cho file kh thi........................................................................................................................103
Set GID cho th mc...............................................................................................................................................104
Sticky bit.................................................................................................................................................................105
K hiu SUID, SGID, Sticky bit bng ch s .........................................................................................................105

3. Quota.......................................................................................................................................................106
1-Ci t phn mm quota......................................................................................................................................106
2-Mount partition vi thuc tnh usrquota..............................................................................................................107
3-Khi to quota database trn partition bng lnh quotacheck.............................................................................107
4-enable (disable) quota bng quotaon (quotaoff)..................................................................................................108
5-t limit, grace cho user bng lnh edquota........................................................................................................108
6-Xem li thng tin v quota...................................................................................................................................109
7-Th nghim quota................................................................................................................................................109

Bi 7. Advanced partitioning: RAID & LVM.....................................................................................111


I. Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks................................................................................................115
1. Khi nim RAID......................................................................................................................................................115
2. Thit lp v s dng RAID......................................................................................................................................117
3. Xem thng tin v array.............................................................................................................................................118
4. Qun l disk trong array...........................................................................................................................................119
5. Hy RAID array.......................................................................................................................................................119
6. File /etc/mdadm.con.................................................................................................................................................120
7. Stripe hay Linear......................................................................................................................................................120

II. Logical Volume Management..............................................................................................................120


1. Thit lp LVM.........................................................................................................................................................120
Thit lp v s dng LV..........................................................................................................................................120
Enable LVM............................................................................................................................................................122
LVM on RAID (cha xong)....................................................................................................................................122
2. Xem thng tin v volume.........................................................................................................................................123
Khi nim PE, LE....................................................................................................................................................123
Xem thng tin bng pvdisplay, vgdisplay, lvdisplay .............................................................................................123
3. Qun l cc volume..................................................................................................................................................124
Disable/Remove volume.........................................................................................................................................124
Thm vo/Rt ra/Hon chuyn PV.........................................................................................................................124

11/193

Resize LV................................................................................................................................................................124
4. Cc mc linh tinh khc:...........................................................................................................................................125

Bi 8. Qun l process, daemon..........................................................................................................126


I. Tin trnh................................................................................................................................................130
I.1 Tin trnh l chng trnh khi n ang c thc thi.............................................................................................130
Tin trnh cha, tin trnh con. S ID ca tin trnh..................................................................................................131
Phn b CPU v u tin (s nice) ca tin trnh................................................................................................131
Trng thi ca tin trnh..........................................................................................................................................131
Ch s hu ca tin trnh........................................................................................................................................132
Cc signal m tin trnh bt.....................................................................................................................................132
I.2 Cc thao tc vi tin trnh.......................................................................................................................................132
In ra trng thi cc tin trnh bng lnh ps..............................................................................................................132
Theo di cc tin trnh bng lnh top (hoc prstat, topas)......................................................................................133
Tm kim mt tin trnh..........................................................................................................................................135
iu chnh s nice ca tin trnh.............................................................................................................................135
I.3 Signal v lnh kill, killall, pkill...............................................................................................................................135
Lnh kill..................................................................................................................................................................135
Lnh killall v pkill.................................................................................................................................................136
I.4 Cc tin trnh c tng tc. Ch background, foreground.................................................................................136

II. Qun l daemon....................................................................................................................................138


Cc daemon nm u ?.............................................................................................................................................138
Trc tip bt/tt daemon..............................................................................................................................................138
/etc/rc.d/rc[0-6].d tp daemon cho mi run level......................................................................................................139
Cc cng c qun l daemon.......................................................................................................................................140

III. Lp lch (scheduling)...........................................................................................................................142


cron...............................................................................................................................................................................142
System cron jobs..........................................................................................................................................................142
User cron jobs..............................................................................................................................................................143
at...................................................................................................................................................................................143

Bi 9. Qu trnh khi ng (grub, kernel, init) v tt my ca Linux..............................................144


I. GRUB......................................................................................................................................................148
1. Chc nng ca GRUB..............................................................................................................................................148
2. Qu trnh ti GRUB.................................................................................................................................................149
3. Ci li GRUB...........................................................................................................................................................150
4. File grub.conf (menu.lst)..........................................................................................................................................151

II. Np h iu hnh t GRUB.................................................................................................................152


Truy xut device...........................................................................................................................................................153
Qui c k hiu device ca GRUB..........................................................................................................................153
Truy xut file ca GRUB........................................................................................................................................153
Ti nhn Linux.............................................................................................................................................................154
Ba lnh ti nhn Linux: kernel, root, initrd........................................................................................................154
Ti nhn Linux th cng ........................................................................................................................................155
Ti nhn FreeBSD ..................................................................................................................................................156
Np bootloader ca cc h iu hnh khc..................................................................................................................156

III. init.........................................................................................................................................................157
1./sbin/init chy v c file /etc/initab.........................................................................................................................157
2./etc/inittab..................................................................................................................................................................157
3.Thc thi cc script khi to h thng trong th mc /etc/rc.d..................................................................................158

IV. Tt my.................................................................................................................................................159

Bi 10. To mng o bng VMware Workstation..............................................................................161


1. Ni my tht/ my o vo cc switch o...............................................................................................165
1.1 Ni my tht vi cc switch o:.............................................................................................................................165
a. Ni NIC tht vo switch o:................................................................................................................................166
b. Ni NIC o trn my tht vo switch o:............................................................................................................166
1.2 Ni my o vi switch o: ....................................................................................................................................168

2. VMnet0 (Bridged mode) v Virtual Bridge..........................................................................................168


3. VMnet1 (Host only mode) v Virtual DHCP server............................................................................169

12/193

4. VMnet8 (NAT mode) v Virtual NAT device......................................................................................172


5. VM team v LAN segment....................................................................................................................175
6. T to mng WAN bng VMware Workstation..................................................................................175

Bi 11. B tc kin thc v TCP/IP....................................................................................................176


I. Khi nim mng my tnh. Phn cng mng v Giao thc mng (cha vit)...................................180
II. Mng LAN v WAN (cha vit)..........................................................................................................180
III. TCP/IP (cha vit)...............................................................................................................................180
IV. a ch IP..............................................................................................................................................180
a ch IP theo cch phn lp A, B, C (c)..................................................................................................................181
Subnet...........................................................................................................................................................................182
Tnh nhm vi a ch IP.........................................................................................................................................183
a ch loopback......................................................................................................................................................184
IP trn Internet, IP tnh, IP ng v ICANN...........................................................................................................184
a ch IP ring (private IP)....................................................................................................................................185

Bi 12. Configure card mng (cha xong)........................................................................................186


Ci t driver cho card mng.......................................................................................................................................190
Lnh ifconfig................................................................................................................................................................191
Hin th trng thi ca card mng...........................................................................................................................191
Gn a ch IP cho card mng.................................................................................................................................191
Gn a ch IP alias cho card mng.........................................................................................................................192
Bt tt card mng.....................................................................................................................................................192
B cng c ip...............................................................................................................................................................192

Ti liu tham kho...............................................................................................................................193


Linux, UNIX th c lin quan g n chuyn bn quyn, ngun m vi min ph ?
Hng ngy chng ta nghe thy phng tin truyn thng ni nhiu v Linux, bn quyn, ngun
m, min ph thy nhng th ny rt m h, ri rm. Cha kha g ri m bng bong ny
l khi nim bn quyn.
(Di y l my dng ngu hng gip bn c i chiu nhanh hiu bit ca mnh v vn .)

Linux l mt phn mm t do (free software) (free l t do ch khng phi min ph) v do


ngi dng c th s dng min ph nhng c c mt bn phn phi Linux (Linux distro) c th
vn phi mt ph.
Phn mm ngun m (open source softwares) theo cch hiu thng thng ch l phn mm c m
ngun c cng b. Nhng y mi ch l phn ni, phn chm ca tng bng chnh l nhng rng
buc v m ngun ny. T chc OSI a ra nh ngha v phn mm ngun m vi 10 tiu ch cht
ch (m cng gn tng ng vi phn mm t do). Khi bn lun v phn mm ngun m ngi ta
c hng n nhng tiu ch ny hn l cch hiu gin n thng thy.
Khi nim phn mm t do hay ngun m (free/open source softwares) u c xy dng trn lut
bn quyn. C th bn tng nghe thy c ngi ni dng Linux trnh tnh trng s dng
Windows khng c bn quyn nhng xin tha Linux hay Windows hay phn ln cc phn mm (tr
public domain s ni sau) d ngun m, ngun ng, min ph hay tr ph u l phn mm c bn
quyn ! Ti tng thy c mt cch hiu sai nh sau: Linux v nhng th nh phn mm ngun m
th khng c bn quyn do c dng min ph cn Windows l phn mm c bn quyn nn
khng c sao chp lu cho nhau m phi mua (cch hiu sai) !!!.
Linux khng l UNIX. UNIX l mt thng hiu m Linux hay BSD tuy tng thch vi UNIX nhng
khng th c gi l UNIX.
Bn quyn hay thng hiu l 2 nhnh con ca lut s hu tr tu, do hiu cc kha cnh php l
ca Linux v UNIX chng ta s bt u bng khi nim s hu tr tu ri n phn mm t do/ngun
m v cui cng mi l ch *nix.

13/193

I. FOSS
1. S hu tr tu

S hu tr tu (intelectual property)
Trong i sng hng ngy ta quen vi khi nim s hu: nu ti c mt chic xe (hay ti l ch
s hu ca chic xe) th lut php qui nh ti c ton quyn vi chic xe: ti c th s dng, sa
cha, cho mn hoc nhng li v ngi khc khng c quyn g vi chic xe ca ti. Chic xe l ti
sn hu hnh, quyn s hu chic xe c lut php bo h; tng t nh vy vi nhng ti sn
khng hu hnh khc nh ca khc, phn mm, tiu thuyt th quyn s hu chng cng cn c lut
php bo h. Nhng ti sn khng hu hnh ny c 2 c im:
-

Chng c to ra bi tr tu con ngi nn c gi l ti sn tr tu (intellectual property).


Gi tr ca chng nm ni dung tru tng ch khng nm phng tin th hin vt l. V
d: mt ca khc c th c lu tr bng mt bn chp tay nt nhc hay mt file MP3 trong
my tnh hay th hin trong ging ht ca ca s.

Chng rt d b nhn bn (sao chp). V d: mt cun tiu thuyt rt d b photocopy ra thnh


nhiu bn. iu ny khc vi ti sn hu hnh, bn khng th nhn bn chic xe ca anh hng
xm dng.

Chnh v c tnh d b nhn bn nn quyn s hu ti sn tr tu rt d b xm phm. Ti mt cng


lm ra mt phn mm, phn mm l ti sn ca ti bn khng c ng vo nhng c khi ch vi
vi thao tc bn sao chp c n v pht tn ln Internet cho ngn ngi dng gy thit hi cho ti
l khng bn c phn mm cho ngn ngi kia.
bo v quyn s hu i vi ti sn tr tu, t th k XX lut s hu tr tu ra i. Ngy nay quc
gia no (trong c Vit Nam) cng c lut s hu tr tu trong h thng lut php ca mnh.
Trong lut s hu tr tu, ti sn tr tu thng c phn thnh 5 loi: bn quyn (copyright), sng
ch (patent), thng hiu (trademark), kiu dng cng nghip (industrial design), b mt kinh doanh
(trade secret). Ti liu ny ch cp n bn quyn, thng hiu.

S hu cng (public domain)


i ngc vi s hu tr tu l s hu cng
trn khi ta ni v ti sn (hu hnh - chic xe hay tr tu - ca khc, phn mm) th mun nhn mnh
n thuc quyn s hu ca mt c nhn c th no nhng c nhng ti sn li khng thuc v mt
c nhn c th no m thuc v tt c mi ngi (hay nm na l ca chung) v c gi l s hu
cng cng (public domain).
Ci g khng l s hu c nhn (ca ring) th l s hu cng (ca chung) v ngc li. Mt khi l ti
sn s hu cng th ai cng c quyn s dng, sa i, hng li bng cch kinh doanh trn n.
V d: ting Anh, nh lut c hc Newton l s hu cng. Ai cng c th s dng v pht trin ting
Anh cng nh kinh doanh sch vit v nh lut c hc Newton. Nhng vi mt cun tiu thuyt va
vit xong ca anh X th ch mnh anh X c quyn xut bn.

Khi s hu tr tu tr thnh s hu cng


Anh X l ch s hu ti sn tr tu A nhng liu A vnh vin thuc v X ? iu ny l khng cn thit
v anh X cng ch sng c hu hn mt s nm. Quan trng hn ti sn tr tu A c th l ti sn rt
hu ch cho cng ng nu anh X gi quyn s hu v ngi khc khng c quyn ng ti X th iu
ny li tr thnh nhn t cn tr s pht trin ca cng ng. V 2 l do ny lut s hu tr tu qui nh
ti sn tr tu ch thuc v ch s hu trong mt thi gian hu hn. V d vi 3 loi ti sn tr tu:
-

Sng ch, chu u, c bo h trong 20 nm k t khi ng k

Kiu dng cng nghip, Canda, c bo h trong 10 nm k t khi ng k

14/193

Bn quyn, hu ht cc nc, c bo h trong thi gian ch s hu sng cho n khong


70 nm sau khi cht.

Ht thi gian bo h, ti sn tr tu khng cn ch s hu na, n tr thnh s hu cng. Ti sn tr


tu cng tr thnh s hu cng nu nh ch s hu t thn t b quyn s hu ca mnh.
V d: kch ca Shakespears ban u l Shakespear gi bn quyn nhng n ngy nay rt lu sau
khi Shakespears mt nn kch Shakespear ht hiu lc bo h bn quyn v tr thnh s hu cng. Ai
cng c th in sch kch Shakespears m khng cn hi xin ai.

Copyright (bn quyn)

Bn quyn l 1 ti sn tr tu (trong 5 loi ti sn tr tu) c lut s hu tr tu bo


h.
Bn quyn l cc quyn nh quyn sao chp, quyn phn phi li, quyn sa i vi mt tc
phm; cc quyn ny l c nht ca tc gi, nhng ngi khc khng th c c hoc mun c
phi hi xin tc gi. Tc phm y c th l mt cun sch, mt b phim, mt phn mm, hay
bt c mt sng to no. Do phm vi ca ti liu ny l v phn mm nn t y tr i ta s dng
t phn mm thay v tc phm m khng mt tnh tng qut.
Khi mt ngi va sng to ra mt tc phm th t ng bn quyn tc phm thuc v (duy nht)
ngi sng to. Ngi sng to thm ch khng cn ng k bn quyn vi mt t chc no. Tuy
khng phi ng k nhng mt s quc gia c lut bn quyn yu cu tc gii phi ghi dng ch
thch bn quyn vo tc phm ca mnh. Nu bn m Help/About ca mt phn mm th s gp
ch thch bn quyn ca n:

Copyright <nm>, <tn ngi gi bn quyn>

All rights resevered

K hiu l k hiu ca bn quyn (ch c trong vng trn l vit tt ca copyright).


Bi tt c cc quyn u b tc gi gi, ngi no mun c quyn g phi hi xin tc gi nn mi
c cu All right reserved - Tt c cc quyn c gi li. Nhc li rng d khng ghi ch
thch bn quyn th bn quyn vn thuc v tc gi.
Lut php s bo h bn quyn tc l lut php cm vic sao chp, sa i phn mm khi cha c
s ng ca ngi gi bn quyn. Thi gian bn quyn c hiu lc: k t khi phn mm c
cng b + 70 nm sau khi tc gi qua i hoc 90 nm cho cng ty. Ht hn trn t ng phn
mm tr thnh public domain, khng c ai gi bn quyn.
Bn quyn c th c chuyn nhng t ngi ny sang ngi khc; ngi gi bn quyn phn
mm c th khng l ngi lm ra phn mm. Ngi gi bn quyn c quyn cp php cho nhng
ngi khc quyn s dng, sao chp, sa i tc phm ca ca mnh. Nu anh A ang gi bn
quyn phn mm ca mnh lm ra m nhng li bn quyn cho anh B th lc anh A mun s
dng phn mm do mnh lm ra cng phi hi xin anh B cp php. (Ch phn bit bn quyn
phn mm v cc quyn vi phn mm).

Tc quyn. Thut ng bn quyn (copyright) thng c cc quc gia theo h thng lut n l
kiu Anh-M dng, trong khi cc nc chu u tham gia cng c Berne li dng thut ng
tc quyn (hay quyn tc gi) (authors right). Tc quyn tp trung vo quyn li ca tc gi
(ngi sng tc ra tc phm) trong khi bn quyn tp trung vo quyn li kinh t ca ngi gi
bn quyn (c th khng phi l tc gi). S khc nhau gia 2 khi nim ny cn quyn nhn
thn (moral rights) nhng ti liu ny khng cp n.

Cng c Berne hay y hn l Cng c Berne v bo h cc tc phm vn hc v ngh


thut l cng c v tc quyn (ch tc quyn ch khng phi bn quyn) gia cc quc
gia. Trc y cc quc gia thng t chi tc quyn ca cc tc phm ngoi quc, cng c
Berne ra i m bo cc quc gia tham gia cng c Berne phi cng nhn tc quyn ny. Cng
c Berne ch yu c cc nc chu u tham gia v Vit Nam cng tham gia cng c ny

15/193

t nm 2004. Cng c Berne ch bo h tc phm vn hc v ngh thut, khng bo h phn


mm. Gii lm phn mm khng c vic g vi cng c Berne !
Mt pht biu tha thng thy: Ti dng windows c bn quyn hay vn nn s dng
phn mm khng c bn quyn
Cc phn mm m mi ngi quen thuc nh Windows hay Linux, Office hay OpenOffice,
Bitdefender hay Bkav bn basic (min ph), hin nhin u l nhng phn mm c bn quyn,
khng phi l public domain. D ngi dng xi phn mm crack hay khng th nhng phn mm
ny lun c bn quyn; ch c iu nu dng crack th g l vi phm bn quyn, nu mua th l
s dng phn mm ng lut bn quyn.
Khng nn ni Ti ang dng windows c bn quyn v phn mm no m ch c bn quyn
(tr pulic domain). Thay vo hy ni Ti ang dng windows c mua quyn s dng. C
ngi ni Ti ang dng windows c mua bn quyn, cch ni ny tuy ngn gn hn nhng
cng khng chnh xc v theo cu ch (ch khng theo nh ca ngi ni) th Micosoft
nhng li bn quyn Windows cho ti ?!
Cng khng nn ni vn nn s dng phn mm khng c bn quyn. Phn mm m khng c
bn quyn th l phn mm public domain, ai cng c quyn dng, sa i, bn li, do chng
c vn g c. ca ngi ni l vn nn s dng phn mm vi phm bn quyn.

Thng hiu (trademark)


Thng hiu l mt ti sn tr tu c lut s hu tr tu bo h.
Thng hiu l mt du hiu c bit nh tn, biu tng nhn bit sn phm, dch v ca mt c
nhn hay t chc. Nm na th thng hiu l ci tn c gn cho mt sn phm hoc mt nh sn
xut. Thut ng ting anh cho thng hiu l trademark hoc cng c khi l brand name, logo.
trnh trng lp thng hiu th mi quc gia thng c C quan Bo h Thng hiu lm nhim
v qun l thng hiu. Mt c nhn hay t chc mun thng hiu ca mnh khng b ngi khc
dng li th nn ng k thng hiu (c tr ph duy tr thng hiu) vi C quan Bo h Thng
hiu. C th khng ng k thng hiu nhng khi xy ra tranh chp thng hiu s rt kh phn x.
Nu mun ch r trng thi ng k ca mt thng hiu (iu ny c th khng cn thit) th thm k
hiu:
-

vo sau tn thng hiu c ng k (ch R vit tt ca registered)

TM

hoc SM vo sau tn thng hiu ca hng ha hoc dch v c dng trong thc t
nhng cha ng k. (vit tt: TM cho trademark, SM cho service mark)

Vic ng k thng hiu cho mt sn phm ch m bo thng hiu khng b dng li ch khng
m bo c nhn/t chc khc sn xut sn phm tng t nhng vi thng hiu khc i.
V d: hng AT&T c lm ra mt h iu hnh v ng k thng hiu cho n l UNIX. C nhng t
chc hoc c nhn khc lm ra nhng h iu hnh c chc nng tng t nh UNIX nhng v thng
hiu UNIX c ng k nn khng th dng tn UNIX c na. Tuy nhin ngi ta vn mun
dng mt ci tn th hin s tng t vi UNIX nn dng tn UNIX-like hoc cn thn hn na
dng tn *nix ch nhng h iu hnh c chc nng tng t UNIX nhng khng phi do AT&T
lm.

2. Phn loi phn mm theo quyn ca ngi s dng

EULA v cc quyn ca ngi s dng


Nhc li rng theo lut s hu tr tu, vi mt phn mm (d nhin khng xt phn mm public
domain) th ngi ch s hu (c th l tc gi hoc cng ty m tc gi nhng li quyn s hu)
gi bn quyn tc l nm gi tt c cc quyn nh l quyn s dng, quyn sao chp, quyn sa i
v.v ; mi ngi khc khng c nhng quyn ny. Ngi gi bn quyn thng:

16/193

Hoc kinh doanh cc quyn ny, ch hn nh bn quyn s dng thng qua vic t CD key
ln phn mm, ai mun s dng phn mm th phi mua CD key t ch s hu. Vic bn/mua
phn mm l bn/mua quyn s dng phn mm ch khng phi bn/mua cng sc lm
phn mm.

Hoc cho khng cc quyn ny cho ngi s dng do ch s hu mun mun chia s nim
am m lm phn mm vi ngi khc, mun phc v cng ng, mun ni ting, v.v

Danh sch cc quyn c cp v cc rng buc km theo c ghi trong hp ng gia ngi gi
bn quyn v ngi s dng, cn gi l giy php s dng, thut ng ting Anh l Licence
Agreement. Giy php ny c th dng giy hoc c hin th khi ngi dng bt u ci t phn
mm - dng ny c gi l End user Licence Agreement (EULA). Ngi dng phi bm accept
chp thun cc quyn v rng buc th mi tip tc ci c phn mm, iu ny tng ng vi
vic k vo bn hp ng giy.

Proprietary softwares hay FOSS


Da vo phm vi quyn ca ngi s dng c ch s hu cp (ghi trong EULA), c th chia phn
mm thnh 2 loi:
Proprietary softwares (phn mm c quyn): ngi gi bn quyn ng cho ngi dng mt s
rt t quyn v thu li t vic cp cc quyn ny. Thng thng ngi s dng ch c cp mi
quyn s dng v phi mua quyn ny thng qua mua CD key/serial ci. hn ch vic nghin
cu, sa i phn mm ca ngi s dng th m ngun ca phn mm c quyn khng c cng
b.

EULA ca phn mm c quyn thng mi (ngi dng phi tr tin) thng ghi:

Ngi dng khng c dch ngc, sa cha phn mm.

Ngi dng khng c sao chp phn mm thnh nhiu bn ci trn nhiu my. Nu
ngi dng mua phn mm vi s lng n my th ch ti a n my c ci t
v chy phn mm. (V d: nu ngi dng mua phn mm vi s lng 1 my
m ci c trn my tnh vn phng ln my tnh nh th ti mt thi im ch
c th chy phn mm hoc trn my nh hoc trn my vn phng m khng
ng thi c hai c). Ngi dng c th sao chp li phn mm thnh mt bn
d phng ci t li khi phn mm b hng.

Ngi dng c th nhng li phn mm cho ngi khc vi iu kin ngi c


nhng li chp thun cc iu khon ca EULA v ch c php c 1 bn copy
c dng (tc l nu nhng li th ngi dng ban u khng c dng na.)

C 2 loi phn mm c quyn hay gp l:

Freeware (phn mm min ph): ngi dng khng phi tr tin mua quyn s
dng, quyn s dng c cho khng tuy nhin thng km theo gii hn for
individual /educational use (ch c c nhn (ch khng phi t chc) dng
hoc dng vi mc ch gio dc) hoc non-commercial/non-profit use (ch
dng vi mc ch khng sinh li).

Shareware (phn mm chia s): ngi dng c dng th min ph phn mm


trong thi gian ch hn 30 ngy. Ht thi gian dng th phn mm b kha li
mun dng tip phi mua quyn s dng qua vic mua s serial m kha cho
phn mm chy. Cng c khi ngi dng c quyn pht tn li phn mm
shareware cho ngi khc dng th.

Free/Open source software (FOSS) (phn mm T do/Ngun m): Ngi gi bn quyn cho php
ngi dng cc quyn ca mnh nh quyn s dng, sao chp, nghin cu, sa i phn mm.
m bo ngi s dng c th nghin cu, sa i phn mm th m ngun ca cc phn mm loi
ny phi c cng b. Ngi ta a ra khong 30 mu EULA cho phn mm loi ny trong ph
bin nht l GPL, BSD (s ni phn sau).

17/193

Disclaimer of warranty (chi b bo m)


D phn mm c quyn hay t do/ngun m th trong EULA, ngi gi bn quyn lun tuyn b l
s khng chu trch nhim v cc thit hi do phn mm gy ra v ngi s dng phi chu mi ri ro
ca phn mm. V d EULA ca mt phn mm WinRAR ghi:
WinRAR archiver is distributed "as is". No warranty of any kind is expressed or implied.
You use at your own risk. Neither the author nor the agents of the author will be liable for data
loss, damages, loss of profits or any other kind of loss while using or misusing this software.
(as is nh nhng g hin c)

3. Free/Open source softwares (FOSS)

a. nh ngha Free/Open source softwares


Bn cnh phn mm c quyn hn ch quyn ca ngi dng, cn c loi phn mm cho ngi s
dng cc quyn ca tc gi (d nhin tc gi vn gi bn quyn). Vi nhng phn mm ny, ngi s
dng khng phi tr mt tin mua quyn m vn c quyn s dng, phn phi li, nghin cu, sa i
v phn phi li phn mm phi sinh (phn mm sa i). Cc phn mm ny khi pht hnh lun km
m ngun hoc ch dn n ni c th download m ngun m bo ngi dng c th nghin cu,
sa i. C 2 tn gi v tiu ch c s dng rng ri cho loi phn mm ny l: free softwares v
open source softwares.

Free software
Richard Stallman a ra thut ng free software (phn
mm t do) vi tiu ch: mt phn mm l phn mm t do
nu ngi dng c 4 quyn t do c bn:
o T do chy chng trnh (0)
o T do nghin cu v sa i chng trnh (1)
o T do phn phi li bn sao ca chng trnh (2)
o T do ci tin v phn phi li ci tin ca chng
trnh (3)
T do (1), (3) i hi m ngun ca chng trnh
phi c cng b.
Trit l ca Richard Stallman y l t do (ch khng
phi min ph): ngi dng c thoi mi s dng, nghin
cu m ngun, sa i, phn phi li phn mm gc v phn
mm sa i m khng b rng buc phi hi xin hoc tr
tin mua nhng quyn ny t tc gi. ngi dng c 4
quyn t do trn th trong bn EULA ca phn mm, ngi
gi bn quyn phi tuyn b cho ngi dng nhng quyn
ny.

Richard Stallman (bit danh RSM) l


ngi khi xng phong tro phn
mm t do. ng :
- a ra trit l t do cho phn mm
- pht ng d n GNU, thnh lp t
chc FSF
- vit ra phn mm Emacs v GCC
- a ra giy php GPL
(nh ly t
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman)

Ch free trong free softwares c ngha l t do (khng b rng buc) nh trong t do ngn lun
(free speech) ch khng c ngha min ph (gi tin bng 0) nh trong bia min ph (free beer).
Trn thc t mt ngi bt k (d ngi ni ting Anh bn x hay ngi nc ngoi) khi ln u gp
t free softwares th lun lun ngh rng free l min ph do v tnh nh ng free
software vi freeware (phn mm min ph). Cn hiu rng freeware (phn mm min ph) l mt
thut ng ch mt loi phn mm c th khc hon ton vi free software.

Freeware l phn mm c quyn, ch cho ngi dng mi quyn s dng v ngi


dng khng phi mua quyn ny (do mi ni l min ph), cc quyn khc l sa
i, phn phi li thng khng c cp trong khi Free softwares th cho ngi
dng ht cc quyn trn.

18/193

M ngun freeware thng khng c cng b trong khi m ngun ca free software
lun c cng b.

thc hnh trit l t do cho phn mm, nm 1983, Richard Stallman pht ng phong tro lm
phn mm t do (free software movement) bng cch ku gi mi ngi tham gia d n lm mt h
iu hnh GNU c chc nng tng t nh UNIX nhng vi iu khon t do thay th cho h
iu hnh UNIX c quyn by gi. ng cng thnh lp t chc Free Software Foundation qun l
d n v tuyn truyn trit l t do. D n sn sinh ra rt nhiu phn mm t do cho cng ng,
trong chnh Richard Stallman vit ra phn mm x l vn bn Emacs, v c bit trnh bin dch
GCC m tt c cc lp trnh vin phn mm t do sau ny dng. D n khng hon thnh nhng cc
phn mm vit cho GNU c th kt hp vi nhn Linux thnh mt h iu hnh hon chnh m sau
ny pht trin hn thnh ngnh cng nghip Linux. Nm 1990, Richard Stallman cng lm ra giy
php phn mm t do GPL m hu ht cc phn mm GNU, bn thn nhn Linux, cng nh v vn
phn mm sau ny dng.

Open source software


n nm 1998, phong tro phn mm t do bt u b chia tch, tt c cng ch ti ci tn free
softwares. Th nht, ch free trong tn gi d gy hiu nhm l min ph hn l t do. Th
hai, theo trit l t do ca mnh, Richard Stallman ch trch cay nghit cc cng ty lm phn mm
c quyn l tc ot quyn t do ca ngi dng, iu ny gy ra s cng thng gia phong tro
phn mm t do v cc cng ty phn mm. Vi nim tin rng
cn thit phi li ko cc cng ty vo vic pht trin phn
mm t do hn l i lp vi h, Eric S. Raymond, Bruce
Perens, Linus Torvald v mt s ngi khc hp bn
chn mt ci tn khc thay th cho tn free softwares v ci
tn open source softwares c chn. Theo Eric S.
Raymond, ci tn ny c ngha tip th cho phn mm t do,
vn ch c bit n v s dng bi mt thiu s nhng
hacker/nhng ngi say m lp trnh, n vi th trng phn
mm. Bruce Perens cng khng dng trit l t do c na m
vit ra nh ngha mi cho open source software, gi l Open
Source Definition (OSD) gm 10 tiu ch nh di y. Eric Eric S. Raymond (bit danh ESR),
S. Raymond v Bruce Perens cng thnh lp t chc Open ngi vit cun The Cathedral
and the Bazaar c nh hng
Source Initiatives ng h cho xu hng mi ny.
ln n phong tro Open source
Nm 1997 Eric S. Raymond xut bn cun sch The softwares v cng l ng sng
OSI.
Cathedral and the Bazaar (nh th v ca hng tp ha) trong lp
nh ly t:
ch ra m hnh pht trin phn mm Open source mi hiu http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond
qu. Chu nh hng t cun sch ny cng ty Netscape
cng b m ngun phn mm trnh duyt web Netscape ca mnh vi hi vng m hnh pht trin mi
s gip Netscape ginh thm c th phn trong chin vi IE ca Microsoft. S kin ny nh du
thi i mi ca phn mm ngun m khi cc cng ty bt u tham gia. Eric S. Raymond tr thnh
pht ngn vin ca phong tro ngun m.
Ni dung ca Open Source Definition (OSD): mt phn mm l open source softwares nu nh giy
php s dng (EULA) ca n tha mn 10 tiu ch - xem nguyn vn ti http://www.opensource.org,
di y l tm tt:
1. Free Redistribution (t do phn phi li): Giy php phi cho php ngi dng phn phi li
phn mm d vic phn phi ny thu ph hay min ph.
2. Source Code (m ngun): Phn mm ( dng binary form) phi km theo m ngun hoc m
ngun phi c cng b sao cho ngi dng c th d dng ly v v sa i c.
3. Derived Works (phn mm phi sinh): Giy php phi cho ngi dng quyn sa i phn mm
v phn phi li phn mm phi sinh.
4. Integrity of The Author's Source Code (tnh ton vn ca m ngun ca tc gi phn mm): Ngi
dng c php sa i m ngun v cng b li m ngun phi sinh nhng cn ch r ra y
19/193

khng phi l m ngun ca phn mm ban u khng nh hng ti danh ting ca tc gi


phng trng hp m ngun phi sinh c cht lng ti. phn bit th c th dng tn hoc
phin bn khc i so vi phn mm ban u.
5. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups (khng phn bit i tng s dng): Giy php
khng c rng buc ngi s dng ch l c nhn hay ch l t chc hoc bt c mt nhm
ngi c th no.
6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor (khng phn bit lnh vc s dng): Giy php
khng c rng buc phn mm ch c dng trong lnh vc kinh doanh hoc ch c dng
trong nghin cu/gio dc hoc bt c mt lnh vc c th no.
7. Distribution of License (s phn phi giy php): Khi c nhn/t chc A nhn c phn mm t
tay c nhn/t chc X th tt c cc quyn trong giy php c t ng cp cho A; A khng cn
phi k thm mt giy php g vi X nu ch c cc quyn ny.
8. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product (giy php khng c nh hng vic s dng ti
mt ng cnh no c bit): Giy php ny khng c gii hn phn mm ch c s dng khi
n i km vi mt phn mm c th no.
9. License Must Not Restrict Other Software (giy php khng c t rng buc ln cc phn mm
khc): Giy php khng c t rng buc ln cc phn mm khc c phn phi cng vi
phn mm chng hn nh khng c yu cu cc phn mm i cng cng phi l phn mm
ngun m
10. License Must Be Technology-Neutral (giy php phi trung lp v mt cng ngh): giy php phi
cho phn mm c phn phi di bt k phng tin g nh CD, FTP
V vic d gy hiu nhm th ci tn open source cng chng kh
hn ci tn free software, tuy n trnh c v da l ch
free (min ph/t do ?) nhng n li gp v da l trc khi
OSI ra i, ngi ta quen dng ci tn open source ri. Khi
mt ngi dn nghe thy phng tin truyn thng nhc n open
source softwares (phn mm ngun m), h ch n gin ngh ngay
rng: open source softwares l phn mm c m ngun c
cng b (ai cng c th xem c m ngun) ch khng h bit
n nh ngha 10 iu khon ca t chc OSI. Cch suy ngh gin
n ny khng xt n vic khi cng b m ngun th ngi dng
m ngun c quyn g, ch hn liu c th ci tin m ngun
ri cng b li ci tin c khng ? Chnh v vic ci tn Open
source softwares vn l thut ng ring ca OSI b trng vo danh
t chung ca mi ngi nn cu u tin trong bn nh ngha 10 Bruce Peren, ngi vit ra
Source Definition (OSD)
tiu ch, OSI phi ni ngay l Open source doesn't just mean Open
nh ly t trang web c nhn ca Bruce
access to the source code. Tm li nh ngha Open source Peren: http://perens.com
softwares l khng tng ng vi phn mm c m ngun c
cng b. Khi ngi ta bn v phn mm ngun m l mun nhc n nh ngha 10 tiu ch kia ch
khng phi cch hiu thiu cht ch thng ngy.

Free softwares vs Open source


Nhn li lch s, cng ng phn mm t do c hnh thnh bt u t nm 1983 qua d n xy dng
h iu hnh GNU, n nm 1998 khi thut ng open source softwares ra i th cng ng ny b
tch thnh 2 xu hng: free softwares v open source softwares
-

Free softwares: nhng ngi ca


phong tro ny, ng u l t chc
Free
Softwares Foundation, tip tc cao Biu tng ca Free Software Foundation t
trit
l t do, n lc vn ng chc ng h free software
quyn ca ngi s dng (t do
chy, sao chp) v ca lp trnh vin (t do sa i v phn phi li sa i) khi b phn
20/193

mm v cc cng ty phn mm c quyn tc ot. C rt nhiu EULA phn mm tha mn


trit l t do, trong s , nhng ngi ny ng h nht l giy php GPL do chnh FSF a ra.
y l giy php phn mm t do yu cu mi phn mm phi sinh t n cng phi l phn
mm t do. Nhn chung cc cng ty rt s giy php GPL v c cm vi ci tn free
softwares, cn gii truyn thng th vn hay nhm free softwares thnh freeware.
Open source softwares: phong tro ny c tch ra t free
softwares vi mc ch pht trin free softwares thnh thnh mt
xu hng trong nn cng nghip phn mm ch khng ch b hp
l ca ring nhng ngi say m lp trnh/hackers. T chc OSI
ng ng sau phong tro ny, mc ch ca n l thu ht c
nhiu cng ty tham gia phong tro. Khi mt cng ty no mun
cng b m ngun nhng khng mun t di giy php GPL, n Biu tng ca
Open Source
c th t a ra giy php ca mnh v n OSI chng nhn tha Initiative t chc
mn iu kin Open source. Ngy nay cc cng ty phn mm c ng h Open source
quyn khng l u tham gia pht trin phn mm open source. software
V d Microsoft c hn trung tm Open Source, n cng a ra
giy php ring ca mnh l Microsoft Public License v c OSI chng nhn l phn
mm ngun m. M hnh pht trin phn mm ca phong tro c phn tch trong cun The
cathedral and Bazaar ca Eric S. Raymond.

Nhn chung ngi ta thng v free softwares l mc tiu cn open source l phng tin. Tuy
trit l 2 xu hng khc nhau nhng iu khon ca 2 nh ngha free softwares v open source
softwares l gn tng ng nhau; c OSI v Richard Stallman u cng nhn iu ny. Hu nh
mt EULA no c t chc Free Softwares Foundation chng nhn l tha mn free softwares th
cng c OSI xc nhn l tha mn Open Source Definition v ngc li th nn trong thc t vic
phn bit 2 nh ngha ny khng cn quan trng na. trnh mt s thin v no ngi ta a ra
ci tn Free and Open Source (FOSS hoc F/OSS) hoc Open Source and Free Softwares (OSS/FS)
thm ch Free/Libre/Open Source (FLOSS) ch nhng phn mm ca c 2 phong tro ny. Ci tn
Free and Open Source Softwares c dng rt ph bin hin nay.
Thut ng i ngc vi FOSS l proprietary softwares hoc closed source softwares.

b. FOSS v chuyn min ph


FOSS th min ph ?
Nu bn ngh FOSS th min ph, iu ny ng nhng cn lu thm my im tinh t sau:
Cch m FOSS min ph khc vi cch m mt phn mm c quyn min ph. Mc ch ca
FOSS l cp quyn cho ngi dng khc vi mc ch ca phn mm c quyn l gi tin.
Chng ta quen thuc vi vic cng ty bn v chng ta mua phn mm c quyn; vic bn hay mua
y thc cht l bn hay mua quyn s dng phn mm. Khi chng ta gp loi phn mm c quyn
c gi tin bng khng m thut ng cho n l freeware phn mm min ph th tc l cc cng ty
tng khng quyn s dng cho ngi dng. Tuy nhin cc quyn khc nh quyn sao chp, nghin
cu v sa i m ngun th thng ngi dng khng c cp v cng khng th mua c. Vi
FOSS th ngi dng c cp quyn s dng, sao chp, nghin cu v sa i m ngun, phn phi
li phn mm sa i m khng phi tr khon ph no.
Nu bn l s rng: Ti khng phi l lp trnh vin, ti khng quan tm n m ngun, ti ch mun
dng phn mm m khng phi tr tin. u c s dng min ph nn ti thy freeware hay FOSS
u nh nhau c. Khng hn, c nhng phn mm freeware t gii hn bn ch c dng phn
mm cho mc ch c nhn v khng c phn phi li. Khi nu bn l gim c ca mt cng ty
bn ch c th ci t phn mm cho laptop ca bn m khng th sao chp ra cho tt c cc my tnh
ca cng ty nhn vin dng. Phn mm FOSS th ngc li, bn c th sao chp ra bao nhiu ty
, c s dng thoi mi m khng b hn hp ch dng cho c nhn hay ch c dng trong trng
hc.
21/193

Mt lu na l tuy FOSS th min ph nhng khng c nh ng FOSS l freewares (phn


mm min ph). Freewares l mt loi phn mm c quyn hon ton i ngha vi FOSS.
C th bn vn phi tr ph c c phn mm FOSS hoc c th bn s thy vi cng mt
phn mm FOSS, ch th ngi ta cho khng, ch th ngi ta rao bn vi gi t. FOSS khng
c rng buc g v vic phn phi li bn sao.
Vic phn phi li phn mm bng cch in ra CD, cung cp ng truyn Internet download,
nhn chung l tn km. Mt lp trnh vin c th ho phng cho bn quyn s dng, sao chp, sa i
phn mm ca anh ta nhng bc u tin anh ta phi lm l phn phi phn mm n tay bn
ri th sau bn mi s dng, sa i m vic phn phi ny th tn km. Do khng c g l mu
thun vi tinh thn ho hip ca ngi lp trnh vin khi anh ta thu ph cho vic phn phi phn mm.
Cn hiu y anh ta tnh ph a CD, ng truyn Internet download phn mm ch khng
phi l bn quyn s dng phn mm. nh ngha Open source ca Bruce Peren cng ghi r trong tiu
ch 1 l giy php ca phn mm Open source th khng c rng buc vic phn phi li phn mm
l phi tnh ph hay khng tnh ph. nh ngha free softwares ca Richar Stallman cng khng h c
rng buc g v gi tin ca vic phn phi phn mm.
n y bn c th l s rng: Anh bn cho ti mt CD phn mm FOSS v bo s tin ti phi b ra
l tin ca a CD ch khng phi tin mua quyn s dng phn mm. Nhng ti thy c khc g u
v ng no ti cng phi mt tin mua. M mua xong a CD ti cng ch c bit chy phn mm
ch ti u quan tm n vic c v sa m ngun phn mm, nn vi cch s dng ca ti th FOSS
cng bng c quyn, vn mt ph. Mt phn mm FOSS vi ph phn phi cao l khc vi mt phn
mm c quyn gi cao. Vn y l khi ai c c phn mm FOSS trong tay th ngi y c
th sao chp cho ngi khc ty vi thu ph hay khng thu ph. iu ny c ngha l bn c th tm
c cch khng mt ph m vn c phn mm FOSS. Ch hn nu ngi hng xm ca bn phi
mt tin c c a CD phn mm FOSS, bn hon ton c quyn sao chp li CD v dng.
Tuy nhin vi phn mm c quyn th y l hnh vi phm php, nu bn b tin ra mua 1 bn sao
ca phn mm th phn mm ch c php ci trn ng 1 my m khng th sao ra ci trn 2
my.
H qu quan trng ca vic t do phn phi li FOSS l ngi lp trnh phn mm FOSS khi ln u
tin phn phi phn mm FOSS nu c tnh ph phn phi rt cao th cng khng cn tr vic nhiu
ngi dng phn mm . L do l ch cn c ngi c c 1 bn sao ca phn mm th ngay lp
tc c th phn phi li phn mm m khng i hi ph. C th bn s gp tnh hung: cng mt
phn mm FOSS ch th bn a CD rt t, ch th tng khng.

FOSS thng mi ?
Nhng g c tnh thng mi (commercial) l nhng g c th kim li c t n. Commercial
softwares (phn mm thng mi) l phn mm m ngi ta c th ht bc nh n, v d nh
Windows, Photoshop, Norton Antivirus,
Cng ch ti hiu gin n FOSS th min ph m nhiu ngi cho rng khng th thng mi ha
FOSS c hoc cho rng FOSS l loi phn mm i ngc vi phn mm thng mi. Thc s
phn ln cc phn mm FOSS l phn mm thng mi ! Vng, phn ln ch khng phi mt vi.
V d cho vic kinh doanh FOSS chnh l vic phn phi li phn mm FOSS bng cch bn a CD
hoc cung cp ng truyn Internet download nh ni trn. y ch l mt hnh thc kinh
doanh n gin nht ca FOSS, cc hnh thc cao cp khc c th xem mc M hnh kinh doanh
vi FOSS.
Nhc li rng t tri ngha vi FOSS l proprietary softwares (phn mm c quyn), ch khng
phi l commercial softwares. C phn mm c quyn ln FOSS u c th l phn mm thng mi.

c. Cc mu giy php FOSS


Cho n nay ngi ta a ra rt nhiu mu EULA cho phn mm FOSS trong ch c khong 30
mu l ph bin. Ngi ta thng khuyn: khi mt ngi lm phn mm FOSS th nn la chn 1
trong hng t mu EULA c sn kia lm EULA cho phn mm ca mnh hn l t son ra mt bn
22/193

EULA ca ring mnh. L do: cc mu EULA c sn tri qua mt qu trnh pht trin c cng
ng kim nh v hiu k lng, cn khi ai to ra mt bn EULA ca ring mnh th c th n
khng cht ch, kh hiu thm ch t mu thun vi nh ngha FOSS.
Cc mu EULA, m t y ta gi l giy php s dng, ph bin nht hin nay (theo th t gim dn
ca th phn s dng nm 2010):

(63%) GPL licence (copyleft) gm strong GPL v Lesser GPL ca Free Sosftware Foundation

(9%) Artistic licence (Perl) ca Larry Wall

(6%) BSD licence (copycenter) ca i hc Berkeley

(5%) MIT (X) licence ca i hc MIT

(4%) Apache Software licence ca Apache Software Foundation

Thng k chi tit xem bng xp hng ca Black Duck Open Source Resource Center nm 2010
Rank
1

License
GNU General Public License (GPL)

%
63.07%

+ GNU General Public License (GPL) 2.0

47.22%

+ GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) 2.1

8.98%

+ GNU General Public License (GPL) 3.0

6.39%

+ GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) 3.0

0.48%

2.

Artistic License (Perl)

8.96%

3.

BSD License 2.0

6.23%

4.

MIT License

5.15%

5.

Apache License 2.0

4.36%

6.

Code Project Open 1.02 License

2.87%

7.

Microsoft Public License (Ms-PL)

1.66%

8.

Mozilla Public License (MPL)

1.46%

+ Mozilla Public License (MPL) 1.0

0.25%

+ Mozilla Public License (MPL) 1.1

1.21%

9.

Common Public License (CPL)

0.52%

10.

Eclipse Public License (EPL)

0.51%

11.

zlib/libpng License

0.41%

12.

Academic Free License

0.39%

13.

Common Development and Distribution


License (CDDL)

0.33%

14.

Open Software License (OSL)

0.29%

15.

Ruby License

0.23%

16.

PHP License Version 3.0

0.23%

Bng xp hng th phn s dng cc EULA nm 2010 ca Black Duck Open Source Resource Center

Do Free software v Open source software l gn tng ng nhau nn cc giy php nu tha
mn nh ngha ny thng tha mn c nh ngha kia.

Cc giy php FOSS thng lun c cc cc iu khon sau:


i.

Copyright <nm> <ngi gi bn quyn> //Xc nh r ngi gi bn quyn phn


mm.
23/193

ii.

Cho php ngi dng: s dng, phn phi li bn sao, c m ngun, sa m


ngun, phn phi li phn mm phi sinh (phn mm sa i t phn mm gc) m
khng phi tr khon ph no cho ngi gi bn quyn

iii.

Rng buc ngi dng khi phn phi li phn mm:


o nu phn phi li phn mm (m khng c sa i) th phi km theo giy
php ny.
o nu phn phi li phn mm phi sinh th trong giy php ca phn mm
phi sinh phi ghi r: ngi gi bn quyn phn mm gc, disclaimer of
warranties (mc iv), v rng buc ny (*)

iv.

Disclaimer of warranties (chi b trch nhim v cc thit hi do phn mm gy ra)

(*): yu cu ghi li rng buc ny trong giy php mt cch quy bt cc phn mm phi
sinh tip theo cng phi nu li ch thch bn quyn, disclaimer of warranties. Nu khng c yu
cu ny th xy ra tnh hung: phn mm gc A yu cu ghi ch thch bn quyn trong phn mm
phi sinh, phn mm phi sinh A1 ca A tun theo nn ghi ch thch bn quyn phn mm gc A
nhng khng bt phn mm phi sinh tip theo A2 ghi ch thch bn quyn. Lc phn mm
phi sinh A2 khng cn phi ghi ch thch bn quyn phn mm gc A na.

Trong nh ngha FOSS khng c qui nh cht ch v phn mm phi sinh. Cc giy php FOSS
khc nhau ch yu rng buc vi phn mm phi sinh (ngoi im chung l bt phi ghi ch
ngi gi bn quyn phn mm gc, disclaimer of warranties). C th chia lm cc giy php
FOSS lm 3 loi:

Kiu gn vi public domain: BSD, MIT, Apache rng buc vi phn mm phi
sinh l rt lng lo.

Copyleft: GPL - phmm phi sinh phi t di cng giy php phn mm gc,
khng c lin kt vi phn mm c quyn.

Weak copyleft: LGPL, Artistics Licence (Perl) - phmm phi sinh phi t di
cng giy php phn mm gc, c php lin kt vi phn mm c quyn.

4. Cc giy php FOSS kiu public domain: BSD, MIT, Apache


Cc giy php nh BSD, MIT X11, Apache ngoi rng buc chi b bo m v yu cu ghi ch
thch ngi gi bn quyn phn mm gc khi pht hnh li, th trao ht cc quyn ca tc gi cho
ngi s dng. Ngi s dng c cc quyn nh vi phn mm public domain (th nn gi l giy
php kiu public domain), trong c th bn li phn mm, kt hp phn mm vi phn mm khc
to thnh phn mm c quyn. iu khon cc giy php ny rt d di nn cc giy php ny cn
c gi l permissive free software licence (tnh t permissive ngha l: c xu hng cho php,
d di thoi mi)

BSD (copycenter)
Giy php ny do i hc Berkeley ln u a ra km theo h iu hnh BSD (Berkeley Software
Distribution). Ban u n gm 4 iu khon (v th cn gi l 4-clause BSD) trong c iu khon
v qung co vn gy ra s bt tin trong thc t nn b b i v ngy nay ngi ta thng dng
giy php BSD 3 iu khon (cn gi l BSD 2.0 hay 3 clause BSD) nh di y
Copyright (c) <year>, <copyright holder>
All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this
list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other
materials provided with the distribution.

24/193

3. Neither the name of the <organization> nor the names of its contributors may be
used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific
prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY <COPYRIGHT HOLDER> ''AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL <COPYRIGHT HOLDER> BE
LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING
IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

Giy php BSD ch vi 2 iu khon (1), (2) c gi l giy php FreeBSD (hoc 2 clause BSD) n
c dng cho h iu hnh FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Darwin.
Hai iu khon (1), (2) ni r ngi dng c php s dng v phn phi li phn mm dng
source code v binary d cha hay sa i vi iu kin phi km theo: ghi ch bn quyn phn
mm, iu khon ny v chi b m bo (phn ch in hoa). Rng buc ghi li iu khon ny
nhm mt cch quy bt cc phn mm phi sinh sau ny lun ghi ch bn quyn phn mm gc v
chi b bo m.
iu khon (3), <organization> y l organization ca <copyright holder>, c th
coi <organization> = <copyright holder>. iu khon (3) yu cu khng c dng tn
ca tc gi phn mm gc qung co/xc nhn cht lng cho phn mm phi sinh khi tc gi phn
mm gc cha cho php. iu ny m bo danh ting ca tc gi phn mm gc khng b bi nh
khi phn mm phi sinh c cht lng ti.
Ngoi 3 iu khon trn, giy php BSD khng c rng buc g thm vi phn mm phi sinh nn
ngi s dng c th bin phn mm phi sinh thnh phn mm c quyn v bn li cho ngi khc
hoc s dng phn mm BSD nh mt thnh phn trong phn mm c quyn khc (min l c ghi
ch bn quyn phn mm BSD ban u). V d in hnh l mt s on m v networking ca h
iu hnh BSD (giy php BSD) c s dng trong mt s sn phm c quyn ca Microsoft, hoc
rt nhiu thnh phn ca h iu hnh FreeBSD c s dng trong h iu hnh MAC OS X.
Ngi dng khng b bt buc phi cng b li m ngun ca phn mm phi sinh.
Cc cng ty lm phn mm c quyn thng thch giy php ny.
Giy php BSD cn c gi l copycenter chi ch vi copyright, copyleft (GPL). T copycenter
ng bn c th em phn mm n mt trung tm sao chp to ra bao nhiu bn copy ty tuy
nhin hu nh mi phn giy php FOSS u c mc ch ny.

MIT licence
Giy php ny do i hc MIT ln u a ra km theo phn mm X Windows System, n cng cn
c gi l MIT X11. iu khon ca n tng ng vi giy php BSD 2 iu khon (1), (2)
Copyright (c) <year> <copyright holders>
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the
Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the
Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
subject to the following conditions:
-

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE

25/193

OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

(ch : the Software = software + associcated documentation files)


Giy php lit k c th cc quyn ca ngi s dng: use, copy, modify, merge v publish,
distribute, sublicense, and/or sell vi 2 iu kin (ch gch u dng): ghi li ch thch bn quyn,
iu khon ny v chi b bo m. Giy php ny c ni tng minh rng ngi dng c th
sell bn li v sublicense - t phn mm phi sinh di cc giy php khc, V khng c rng
buc g nn ngi dng c th t phn mm phi sinh di giy php c quyn.
Cc phn mm ni ting dng giy php ny l PuTTy, Expat, Rails, Lua.

Apache
Giy php ny do t chc Apache Software Foundation (ASF) a ra, cc phn mm ca ASF u
dng giy php ny, trong ng ch nht l phn mm web server Apache. Ngoi ra c n 25%
ca 100.000 d n t trn Google Code l ang s dng giy php Apache (theo mt blog ca
Google).
Giy php Apache ver 2.0 ang c dng hin nay rt di, ti 4 trang vi 1400 t trong khi BSD ch
c khong hn 200 t. Giy php Apache quy nh rt t m cc quyn c cp v khng c cp
nhng tu trung li n tng ng vi giy php BSD cng thm vi iu kin cho trng hp phn
mm c bng sng ch.

5. Cc giy php FOSS kiu weak copyleft: LGPL v Perl (cha vit)
6. Giy php (strong) copyleft: GPL (cha xong)
Khi c mt sng to th ch th sng to gi bn quyn ca sng to ; sa i mt phn mm to
ra phn mm phi sinh l mt sng to nn ngi to ra phn mm phi sinh s t ng gi bn quyn
ca phn mm phi sinh. Cc giy php kiu public domain (hay permissive free software license) nh
BSD, MIT X11, Apache, khng c rng buc cht ch vi phn mm phi sinh nn phn mm phi
sinh thng b bin thnh phn mm c quyn, tc gi phn mm phi sinh ngn khng cho ngi
dng tip tc nghin cu, pht trin phn mm phi sinh v thng bt ngi dng mua quyn s
dng. Richarch Stallman gp phi mt tnh hung tr tru: ng lm ra phn mm A v cho quyn
ngi khc pht trin tip thnh phn mm A1, mt ngy kia ng mun t mnh pht trin tip A1
thnh A2 nhng tc gi A1, vi t cch l ngi gi bn quyn A1, ngn khng cho ng quyn lm
iu ny. Chnh iu ny thi thc Richard Stallman lm ra giy php GPL m bo tc gi
phn mm phi sinh phi tip tc cp cho ngi dng cc quyn s dng, nghin cu, ci tin phn
mm phi sinh.

tng ca giy php GPL:


-

Phn mm t di GPL phi l phn mm T do (theo nh ngha ca Stallman) tc l ngi


dng c 4 quyn t do: s dng, phn phi li, nghin cu, sa i v phn phi li sa i.

Phn mm phi sinh t phn mm GPL cng phi t di giy php GPL tc l phn mm
phi sinh cng l phn mm T do v nh vy ngi dng li tip tc c quyn s dng, phn
phi lai, nghin cu, sa i phn mm phi sinh. Ngoi ra phn mm phi sinh:
o Phi c ghi ch r rng:
ngi gi bn quyn phn mm gc ban u
nhng sa i so vi phn mm gc v ngy thng sa i, ngi sa i
o C th lin kt vi cc th vin hay chng trnh khc nhng nhng th lin kt
ny phi c t di cc giy php tng thch giy php GPL. (Cc giy php
nh BSD, MIT, Apache, Perl u l nhng giy php tng thch vi GPL).

ngha ca giy php GPL:


Giy php GPL m bo cc quyn ca ngi vit ra phmm c trao cho ngi s dng v iu ny
vn c duy tr khi phmm ci tin
26/193

Giy php GPL cn c gi l copyleft chi ch vi copyright. Copyright ngn quyn ca


ngi dng, copyleft trao quyn cho ngi dng; tinh thn ca copyleft cng i ngc vi
copyright.

p dng cc iu khon ca GPL

p dng cc iu khon GPL vo chng trnh th thm dng ch thch sau vo chng trnh:
//ch r bn quyn thuc v ai
Copyright (C) yyyy name of author
//ch r cc iu kin c cho trong giy php GPL
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of
the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation;
// chi b trch nhim v cc thit hi do phn mm gy ra
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
WARRANTY;

GPL l giy php ca ngi gi bn quyn cp php quyn cho ngi dng nn GPL c bo h
bi lut bn quyn. Nhng ngi khng c khi nim lut bn quyn c th ngh GPL c bo h
bi Free Software Foundation t chc a ra GPL. K thc t chc ny ch a ra mt ci mu
giy php khi ai cn th dng lun giy php ny.

Bn thn GPL l mt sng to ca Richarch Stallman nn n c bn quyn (Richarch Stallman


khng ghi bn quyn l tn mnh m l Free Software Foundation - t chc do ng sng lp). Vi
giy php GPL mi ngi c th s dng nhng khng th da vo ch ra mt giy php
khc. Dng ch thch bn quyn GPL ghi r:

Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but
changing it is not allowed.

7. M hnh pht trin phn mm FOSS (cha vit)


8. M hnh kinh doanh phn mm FOSS (cha vit)
9. Nhng quan nim sai lm thng thy v FOSS (cha vit)

II. *nix
1. Gii thiu UNIX, BSD
Bc tranh ton cnh v UNIX-like OS ni ln 3 nhm chnh: BSD, UNIX, Linux

27/193

S ly t wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system

UNIX

1970-1973, AT&T Bell labs: K. Thompson, D.


Ritchie vit h iu hnh UNIX u tin.

1979, m ngun UNIX c AT&T pht hnh


min ph da vo m ngun UNIX, Bill Joy
(sau ny l co-founder ca Sun) ti Berkeley univ
pht trin thnh h iu hnh BSD

Sau 1980: AT&T pht trin UNIX thnh cc h


iu hnh thng mi cho server: System III, IV.
UNIX tr thnh h iu hnh c quyn.

Cc OS trn y v cc OS sau ny u c thit


k da trn UNIX ban u v n rt ging UNIX
nn c gi l: UNIX-like OS.

Dennis Richie v Ken Thompson vit ra


h iu hnh UNIX u tin ti Bell lab
(AT&T)
nh ly t:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson

BSD

Sau khi UNIX c AT&T thng mi ha, m BSD buc phi c vit li cho khc vi m
ngun UNIX ban u (trnh vn bn quyn UNIX)

BSD sau c pht trin thnh FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD theo hng ngun m, t
di giy php BSD. FreeBSD ngy nay c dng rt rng ri do tnh n nh ca n; Yahoo
v hotmail ci FreeBSD trn server ca mnh.

BSD c rt nhiu ng gp k thut quan trng:


28/193

TCP/IP socket, long file name, symbolic link, csh, termcap, curses, vi,

M BSD c nh hng ln n SunOS v MacOS sau ny.

2. UNIX v UNIX-like (*nix)


Nm 1969, Dennis Richie v Ken Thompson vit h iu hnh
UNIX ti Bell lab (AT&T). Tri qua mt thi gian di pht trin,
UNIX bin i rt nhiu v cng xut hin rt nhiu h iu hnh
i da trn thit k ca UNIX. Khi ni v nhng h iu hnh
lin quan n UNIX, c th chia thnh 2 loi:
UNIX: nhng h iu hnh c gi l UNIX khi n c
chng nhn bi Open Group. Thng hiu UNIX lc u l ca
AT&T tri qua nhiu ln chuyn nhng, cui cng thuc v
Open Group. Open Group a ra chun SUS (m rng ca
POSIX) mt h iu hnh nu tha mn chun v cng ty gi
bn quyn tr mt khon l ph (rt t) th h iu hnh c
mang thng hiu l UNIX. Nhng h iu hnh thuc kiu ny
l: AIX (IBM), HP-UX (HP), IRIX (Silicon Graphics),
UnixWare (SCO). Nhng h iu hnh ny u c m ngun dn
xut t m ngun ca UNIX, c th hn l dn xut t System
III, V (Nhng nm 1980, AT&T pht trin UNIX ln cho cc
my server ly tn l System III, V).

ra
c

Bill Joy, ngi (sau ny l


cofounder ca Sun) c
nhiu ng gp quan trng
cho BSD
nh ly t:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Joy

UNIX-like (hoc UNIX-based, hoc Un*x, hoc *nix): nhng h iu hnh ny hot ng gn
ging UNIX do n c pht trin da trn thit k ca UNIX (chun SUS (POSIX), ni di y)
tuy nhin m ngun ca n c vit c lp vi m ngun ca UNIX. Nhng h iu hnh in hnh
cho loi ny l: BSDs (FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD v Darwin), Minix, Linux v Cygwin. BSD,
Linux cng tha mn hoc gn tha mn chun SUS nhng ngi ta khng a n ra Open Group
chng nhn v ph chng nhn qu t, hn na nhng h iu hnh ny pht trin rt nhanh nn vic
duy tr chng ch li cng tn km.
Ch v UNIX l mt thng hiu nn khng nn ni Linux l UNIX. Ngay c ci tn Unix-like,
Un*x, Open Group cng khng tn thnh.

3. Chun POSIX (SUS)


Trc khi n vi SUS (POSIX) ngi c cn nm mt s khi nim s ng sau:

Kin trc phn tng Application Compiler OS hardware: khi lp trnh vin vit m Application thng gi
ti cc hm ca ngn ng lp trnh. Khi bin dch, cc hm ca ngn ng lp trnh c dch ra thnh cc lnh
(cc hm) ca h iu hnh; cui cng hardware s thao tc thc hin lnh ca h iu hnh.

API (application programming interface): tp cc hm ca h iu hnh m mt chng trnh chy trn h iu


hnh c th gi ti. V d API ca Windows c tn gi l Win32.

Portability (tnh kh chuyn ca phn mm): mt chng trnh khi vit cho h iu hnh ny nu c th chy trn
h iu hnh khc th gi l portable (kh chuyn). Nu c chng trnh X chy c trn h iu hnh A th X
cng chy c trn h iu hnh B c th dng cc cch sau theo th t tnh kh chuyn gim dn:

Ci li X trn B: iu ny lm c khi A v B c nhn ging nhau (do API ging nhau). V d: mt


chng trnh chy c trn Windows XP th thng ta c th ci n trn Windows 2003 vi 2 h iu
hnh ny c nhn cng kin trc NT. Mt chng nu chy c trn bn Linux distro ny th cng chy
c trn bn Linux distro khc v cc bn Linux distro chung nhau nhn Linux.

Bin dch li X trn B: Khi A v B c API khc nhau th buc phi bin dch li chng trnh. V d: gi
s X ch l chng trnh hello world vit bng C dng hm printf(). Khi bin dch trn Windows,
Compiler s bin dch hm printf() thnh hm in ra mn hnh c trong API ca Windows. Bi hm in
ra mn hnh ca Linux khc vi ca Windows nn nu em binary form ca X t Windows sang Linux
th s khng chy c, bo li khng tm thy hm in ra mn hnh ca Windows trn Linux.

Khng chuyn c (b tay): Khi A v B c API khc nhau v trong m ngun ca X li gi n API
ca A th khng th em bin dch li X trn B c, s bo li khng tm thy cc hm cn gi.

29/193

Bi c rt nhiu h iu hnh UNIX-like nn tnh portable (kh chuyn)


ca phn mm trn UNIX-like OS tr thnh sng cn. Chun SUS
(POSIX) ra i gii quyt vn trn. Ban u, IEEE a ra chun API
cho UNIX gi l POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface for Unix)
sau thng hiu UNIX c nhng li cho Open Group, nhm Austin
Group trong Open Group pht trin POSIX thnh SUS (Single UNIX
Specification).

SUS (POSIX) l tp cc c t (vit bng C) gm:

Base Definitions tp cc nh ngha v qui c c s


dng trong c t v mt danh sch cc file header

Shell and Utilities tp cc tin ch v m t v shell

System Interfaces tp cc system call ca h iu hnh

Rationale tng ng sau cc c t

Hin nay, phn ln cc UNIX-like OS u hon ton hoc gn nh


tun theo POSIX iu ny m bo cc phn mm c tnh kh chuyn
cao vi mt s lng ln cc Unix-like OS.

Linus Torvald vit nhn h iu


hnh Linux khi l sinh vin 21
tui ti i hc Helsinki, Phn
Lan.
nh ly t:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds

4. Nhn Linux v D n GNU

1990, Linus Torvald vit ra mt nhn h iu hnh Unix-like gi l


Linux ri public m ngun cho mi ngi cng phtrin

Linus (ch s ch khng phi x) ch vit nhn h iu hnh


ch khng vit cc thnh phn khc ca h iu hnh. Linus ly
cm hng t Minix cng l mt Unix-like OS vit Linux cho
PC Intel 386 ca mnh.
Trang http://freshmeat.net/projects/linux/ bnh lun: Linux ch l
bn clone ca Unix kernel, v n hng ti POSIX v SUS.

Biu tng gnu (linh dng


u b) ca d n GNU
(Gnu is Not Unix)

Trc kh lu, Richarch Stallman khi xng d n xy dng mt h iu hnh Unix-like theo
trit l t do ca ng vi tn gi GNU. D n xy dng c cc tin ch ca OS nhng vn cn
thiu nhn OS
Bi Linux l Unix-like v cc phn mm GNU vit cho Unixlike nn c th kt hp:
nhn Linux + tin ch GNU = OS hon chnh

Nhn Linux sau c t di giy php GPL giy php do


Richard Stallman a ra v hu ht cc phn mm trong d n
GNU s dng.

Vic kt hp nhn Linux vi cc phn mm khc c mt lot


cc cng ty, c nhn thc hin to thnh cc Linux distribution
nh Redhat; Suse; Ubuntu; Debian; Slackware

Chim cnh ct Tux l mascot (linh


vt) ca Linux kernel

(Cn nhn mnh thm rng: Linux c vit li ton b nh con s (ch Linux kernel ch khng phi mt h
khng, tc l khng s dng mt dng lnh no ca Unix, trnh iu hnh Linux no)
vn bn quyn ca Linux, tuy nhin hot ng ca Linux hon ton
da trn nguyn tc ca h iu hnh Unix. V vy mt ngi nm
c Linux th s nm c Unix. Nn ch rng gia cc Unix s khc nhau cng khng km g
Unix v Linux. Ngun: )

5. Linux distribution
Ban u h iu hnh Linux ch l s kt hp gia nhn Linux v mt s t cc cng c t d n GNU.
c c h iu hnh tin li hn ngi ta add thm nhiu phn mm cng c vo. Bi phn mm
30/193

FOSS rt nhiu nn mi mt c nhn, t chc c mt kiu la chn phn


mm kt hp vi nhn Linux ring. Mi cch kt hp ring ny khi c
pht hnh th gi l Linux distribution hay Linux distro. Mt Linux
Distro gm:
- nhn Linux (t di giy php GPL)
- cc phn mm t d n GNU (hu ht t di giy php GPL)
- cc phn mm khc (thng l cc FOSS)
Bi mt Linux distro khng ch gm mi nhn Linux m cn cc thnh
phn t d n GNU nn Richarch Stallman ngh gi tn l
GNU/Linux, nhiu hng pht hnh cng dng tn gi ny nhng
nhiu ngi vn ch gi l h iu hnh Linux, khng nhc n GNU c
th v ni GNU Linux l kh di dng. Nh vy ci tn Linux va
ch nhn h iu hnh va ch mt Linux distro.
Ban u nhn Linux c vit cho kin trc Intel 386 bi mt mnh
Linus nhng ngy nay c hng ngn lp trnh vin tham gia ph trin
D n iPhoneLinux nhm
Linux kernel (nm 2006, Linus ch vit khong 2% code ca nhn
to ra mt h iu hnh
Linux). Cc cng ty phn cng my tnh thng phi tr tin cho cc lp
t do Linux cho iPhone
thay th cho h iu
trnh vin ca mnh tham gia pht trin nhn Linux nhn Linux c th
hnh iOS ca Apple.
chy trn cc kin trc ca cng ty . Hin nay, nhn Linux c th chy
nh ly t wiki
trn tt c cc phn cng t my Ipod, Iphone cho n supercomputer.
Cc kin trc phn cng m Linux c th chy c: Intel compatible, Sparc, PPC, Alpha, PPC,
Intanium, Mainframe.
Theo thng k ca Corbert ti Linux.conf.au 2010
in Wellington, th 75% s dng code ca nhn
Linux l do cc lp trnh vin c tr tin
vit. Chi tit xem ti
http://apcmag.com/linux-now-75-corporate.htm
Vic ng gi cc distro c thc hin bi:
- cc cng ty (mc ch thng mi):
Redhat, Fedora (Red Hat), openSUSE
(Novell), Ubuntu (Canonical Ltd.),
Mandriva Linux (Mandriva)
- cng ng (t nguyn): Gentoo, Debian
- c nhn: Slackware (Patrick Volkerding)
Hin nay c khong hn 600 Linux distro (ai cng
c th t to mt Linux distro) nhng ch c
khong mt na l c duy tr.

Supercomputer Jaguar nhanh nht nm


2009 s dng Cray Linux Environment da
trn Suse Linux lm h iu hnh
nh ly t: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux

distrowatch.com xp hng mc ph bin ca cc Linux distro qua page views (s lt ngi truy
cp homepage), kt qu nm 2010:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Ubuntu
openSUSE
Mint
Fedora
PCLinuxOS
Debian
Mandriva
Dreamlinux

2325
1740
1458
1376
1147
1038
988
670

9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
31/193

Sabayon
Damn Small
CentOS
Slackware
Puppy

650
618
585
531
530

1
4
1
5
1
6
1

MEPIS
FreeBSD (*)
Kubuntu
Arch

7
1
8
1
9
2
0

518
515
500
465

Gentoo
Zenwalk
KNOPPIX

443
389
369

Bng xp hng theo s ngi truy cp trang ch ca distro Linux trong mt ngy trong nm 2010 ca distrowatch.com

(*) Ch : FreeBSD khng phi l mt Linux distro, n dng nhn BSD, khng dng nhn Linux.
Trong bng xp hng ny, Redhat ng th 33 do n b phn tn bi Fedora v CentOS - hai Linux
distro ging vi Redhat.

32/193

y l mt bi ca bn tho Gio trnh Nhp mn Qun tr H thng Linux ang vit d. Trn Huy Thng tranhuythang@gmail.com,
Rt mong bn c c th tham gia vit nt phn cn li ca cun sch. Bn c c th ng li mt phn hay ton b tp bn tho ny nhng cn ghi
r ngun v thng bo tm ngi vit tip ny. Nu ng li vi nh thng mi th xin nhn trc cho tc gi.

(Bi ny ti nh sau cng mi vit nn mi ch vit c mt to ri li dng.)

Bi 2. B tc kin thc v HDD. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD (cha


xong).
Bi 1. Khi nim FOSS v *nix..............................................................................................................9
I. FOSS..........................................................................................................................................................14
1. S hu tr tu..............................................................................................................................................................14
S hu tr tu (intelectual property)..........................................................................................................................14
S hu cng (public domain)....................................................................................................................................14
i ngc vi s hu tr tu l s hu cng........................................................................................................14
Khi s hu tr tu tr thnh s hu cng..............................................................................................................14
Copyright (bn quyn) ..........................................................................................................................................15
Thng hiu (trademark)..........................................................................................................................................16
2. Phn loi phn mm theo quyn ca ngi s dng..................................................................................................16
EULA v cc quyn ca ngi s dng....................................................................................................................16
Proprietary softwares hay FOSS...............................................................................................................................17
Disclaimer of warranty (chi b bo m)................................................................................................................18
3. Free/Open source softwares (FOSS)..........................................................................................................................18
a. nh ngha Free/Open source softwares................................................................................................................18
Free software........................................................................................................................................................18
Open source software...........................................................................................................................................19
Free softwares vs Open source.............................................................................................................................20
b. FOSS v chuyn min ph.................................................................................................................................21
FOSS th min ph ?.............................................................................................................................................21
FOSS thng mi ?..............................................................................................................................................22
c. Cc mu giy php FOSS......................................................................................................................................22
4. Cc giy php FOSS kiu public domain: BSD, MIT, Apache.................................................................................24
BSD (copycenter)......................................................................................................................................................24
MIT licence...............................................................................................................................................................25
Apache.......................................................................................................................................................................26
5. Cc giy php FOSS kiu weak copyleft: LGPL v Perl (cha vit)........................................................................26
6. Giy php (strong) copyleft: GPL (cha xong).........................................................................................................26
tng ca giy php GPL:.....................................................................................................................................26
ngha ca giy php GPL: ....................................................................................................................................26
p dng cc iu khon ca GPL.............................................................................................................................27
7. M hnh pht trin phn mm FOSS (cha vit).......................................................................................................27
8. M hnh kinh doanh phn mm FOSS (cha vit)....................................................................................................27
9. Nhng quan nim sai lm thng thy v FOSS (cha vit)....................................................................................27

II. *nix...........................................................................................................................................................27
1. Gii thiu UNIX, BSD...............................................................................................................................................27
UNIX.........................................................................................................................................................................28
BSD...........................................................................................................................................................................28
2. UNIX v UNIX-like (*nix)........................................................................................................................................29
3. Chun POSIX (SUS)..................................................................................................................................................29
4. Nhn Linux v D n GNU.......................................................................................................................................30
5. Linux distribution.......................................................................................................................................................30

Bi 2. B tc kin thc v HDD. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD (cha xong)............................................33


1. Hiu v HDD.............................................................................................................................................37
1.a. Cu trc vt l ca HDD.........................................................................................................................................37
1.b. Cu trc logic ca HDD..........................................................................................................................................38
1.c. Qu trnh khi ng OS ca my tnh.....................................................................................................................38

2. Cng c my o hc thc hnh Linux. Mt s ch v Vmware Workstation.............................38


3. Cc cch c c mt bn Linux distro v trng hp ca Redhat. .............................................38
4. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD..........................................................................................................................38
4.a. Ci t Linux...........................................................................................................................................................38
4.b. Ci t FreeBSD.....................................................................................................................................................38
4.c. T ng ha qu trnh ci t..................................................................................................................................38

33/193

5. Vn multi OS.......................................................................................................................................38

Bi 3. Lm quen vi Linux command..................................................................................................39


1. ng nhp v tt my..............................................................................................................................43
2. Kernel, Shell.............................................................................................................................................44
3. Virtual Console v Terminal...................................................................................................................45
4. Lnh trong Linux.....................................................................................................................................45
a. Cch vit lnh.............................................................................................................................................................45
b. Thc thi executable file..............................................................................................................................................46
c. Dng mt lnh............................................................................................................................................................46
c. Shell script..................................................................................................................................................................46
d. Metacharacters...........................................................................................................................................................47
e. Help............................................................................................................................................................................47
f. History........................................................................................................................................................................48

5. su...............................................................................................................................................................48
6. Lm vic vi file v th mc trn *nix...................................................................................................48
a. Cu trc file v th mc ca Linux khc vi ca Windows......................................................................................48
b. ng dn th mc ca Linux k hiu /, thi quen TAB, th mc . ~...................................................................49
Hy cn thn vi du /...............................................................................................................................................49
Th mc home, th mc hin hnh, th mc ~ . .. ................................................................................................50
Mun nhanh th bm TAB hoc TAB TAB..............................................................................................................50
Khi tn file, th mc cha k t c bit...................................................................................................................50
c. Lnh ls l, xem thng tin v file, th mc.................................................................................................................51
d. Cc lnh xem, to mi, xa, di chuyn, i tn file v th mc................................................................................52
Hin th ni dung file................................................................................................................................................52
To th mc mi.......................................................................................................................................................52
To file mi...............................................................................................................................................................52
i tn/di chuyn file v th mc.............................................................................................................................52
Copy file v th mc.................................................................................................................................................52
Xa file hoc th mc...............................................................................................................................................53
e. Midnight Commander (mc)........................................................................................................................................53
f. Link.............................................................................................................................................................................53
g. Archive v Compress file...........................................................................................................................................53
h. Tm kim file v th mc...........................................................................................................................................54

7. Filesystem Hierarchy standard...............................................................................................................55


8. Trong *nix, mi th u l file. ..............................................................................................................57
9. Redirection v xargs................................................................................................................................58
a. Redirect stdin, stdout, stderr to file............................................................................................................................58
b. Pipe v kt hp vi grep, wc, sort, less......................................................................................................................60
c. xargs...........................................................................................................................................................................61

10. VIM editor..............................................................................................................................................61


11. Regular expression.................................................................................................................................62

Bi 4. Devices - Filesystems Mounting..............................................................................................64


1. Device........................................................................................................................................................68
a. Peripheral device v Driver........................................................................................................................................68
Peripheral device.......................................................................................................................................................68
Phn loi device: block, character, virtual................................................................................................................68
Driver........................................................................................................................................................................69
b. Device file (special file).............................................................................................................................................69
c. S dng storage device...............................................................................................................................................71

2. Filesystem.................................................................................................................................................71
a. Filesystem ca block device.......................................................................................................................................71
b. Format........................................................................................................................................................................71
i) fdisk edit partition table......................................................................................................................................71
ii) mkfs (make filesystem).........................................................................................................................................72

3. Mounting..................................................................................................................................................73
a. Lnh mount................................................................................................................................................................73

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b. file cu hnh /etc/fstab................................................................................................................................................74


c. file cu hnh /etc/mtab................................................................................................................................................75

4. Hai partition c bit ca Linux.............................................................................................................75


5. dd v loop device......................................................................................................................................76
a. Lnh dd.......................................................................................................................................................................76
b. loop device.................................................................................................................................................................77

6. Mt s thao tc khc vi storage device.................................................................................................78


7. Thc hnh vi Vmware...........................................................................................................................78

Bi 5. Install softwares..........................................................................................................................81
I. RPM..........................................................................................................................................................85
I.1 Tn file package v tn software..............................................................................................................................85
I.2 RPM database v rpm tool........................................................................................................................................86
I.3 Install........................................................................................................................................................................86
I.4 Query........................................................................................................................................................................87
I.5 Upgrade.....................................................................................................................................................................88
I.6 Erase.........................................................................................................................................................................88
I.7 Verify........................................................................................................................................................................88

II. DEB (cha vit).......................................................................................................................................89


III. Ci t phn mm t source code........................................................................................................89

Bi 6. Qun tr user. File permission...................................................................................................92


1. Qun tr user............................................................................................................................................96
1.1 Users.........................................................................................................................................................................96
1.2 Group.......................................................................................................................................................................98
1.3 Reset password ca root...........................................................................................................................................99

2. File permission.......................................................................................................................................100
Ch s hu, nhm ch s hu mc nh......................................................................................................................101
Thay i ch s hu, nhm ch s hu bng lnh chown, chgrp................................................................................101
Thay i quyn truy cp r, w, x vi cc i tng u, g, o...........................................................................................101
SUID, SGID, sticky bit................................................................................................................................................103
Set UID v Set GID cho file kh thi........................................................................................................................103
Set GID cho th mc...............................................................................................................................................104
Sticky bit.................................................................................................................................................................105
K hiu SUID, SGID, Sticky bit bng ch s .........................................................................................................105

3. Quota.......................................................................................................................................................106
1-Ci t phn mm quota......................................................................................................................................106
2-Mount partition vi thuc tnh usrquota..............................................................................................................107
3-Khi to quota database trn partition bng lnh quotacheck.............................................................................107
4-enable (disable) quota bng quotaon (quotaoff)..................................................................................................108
5-t limit, grace cho user bng lnh edquota........................................................................................................108
6-Xem li thng tin v quota...................................................................................................................................109
7-Th nghim quota................................................................................................................................................109

Bi 7. Advanced partitioning: RAID & LVM.....................................................................................111


I. Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks................................................................................................115
1. Khi nim RAID......................................................................................................................................................115
2. Thit lp v s dng RAID......................................................................................................................................117
3. Xem thng tin v array.............................................................................................................................................118
4. Qun l disk trong array...........................................................................................................................................119
5. Hy RAID array.......................................................................................................................................................119
6. File /etc/mdadm.con.................................................................................................................................................120
7. Stripe hay Linear......................................................................................................................................................120

II. Logical Volume Management..............................................................................................................120


1. Thit lp LVM.........................................................................................................................................................120
Thit lp v s dng LV..........................................................................................................................................120
Enable LVM............................................................................................................................................................122
LVM on RAID (cha xong)....................................................................................................................................122
2. Xem thng tin v volume.........................................................................................................................................123
Khi nim PE, LE....................................................................................................................................................123

35/193

Xem thng tin bng pvdisplay, vgdisplay, lvdisplay .............................................................................................123


3. Qun l cc volume..................................................................................................................................................124
Disable/Remove volume.........................................................................................................................................124
Thm vo/Rt ra/Hon chuyn PV.........................................................................................................................124
Resize LV................................................................................................................................................................124
4. Cc mc linh tinh khc:...........................................................................................................................................125

Bi 8. Qun l process, daemon..........................................................................................................126


I. Tin trnh................................................................................................................................................130
I.1 Tin trnh l chng trnh khi n ang c thc thi.............................................................................................130
Tin trnh cha, tin trnh con. S ID ca tin trnh..................................................................................................131
Phn b CPU v u tin (s nice) ca tin trnh................................................................................................131
Trng thi ca tin trnh..........................................................................................................................................131
Ch s hu ca tin trnh........................................................................................................................................132
Cc signal m tin trnh bt.....................................................................................................................................132
I.2 Cc thao tc vi tin trnh.......................................................................................................................................132
In ra trng thi cc tin trnh bng lnh ps..............................................................................................................132
Theo di cc tin trnh bng lnh top (hoc prstat, topas)......................................................................................133
Tm kim mt tin trnh..........................................................................................................................................135
iu chnh s nice ca tin trnh.............................................................................................................................135
I.3 Signal v lnh kill, killall, pkill...............................................................................................................................135
Lnh kill..................................................................................................................................................................135
Lnh killall v pkill.................................................................................................................................................136
I.4 Cc tin trnh c tng tc. Ch background, foreground.................................................................................136

II. Qun l daemon....................................................................................................................................138


Cc daemon nm u ?.............................................................................................................................................138
Trc tip bt/tt daemon..............................................................................................................................................138
/etc/rc.d/rc[0-6].d tp daemon cho mi run level......................................................................................................139
Cc cng c qun l daemon.......................................................................................................................................140

III. Lp lch (scheduling)...........................................................................................................................142


cron...............................................................................................................................................................................142
System cron jobs..........................................................................................................................................................142
User cron jobs..............................................................................................................................................................143
at...................................................................................................................................................................................143

Bi 9. Qu trnh khi ng (grub, kernel, init) v tt my ca Linux..............................................144


I. GRUB......................................................................................................................................................148
1. Chc nng ca GRUB..............................................................................................................................................148
2. Qu trnh ti GRUB.................................................................................................................................................149
3. Ci li GRUB...........................................................................................................................................................150
4. File grub.conf (menu.lst)..........................................................................................................................................151

II. Np h iu hnh t GRUB.................................................................................................................152


Truy xut device...........................................................................................................................................................153
Qui c k hiu device ca GRUB..........................................................................................................................153
Truy xut file ca GRUB........................................................................................................................................153
Ti nhn Linux.............................................................................................................................................................154
Ba lnh ti nhn Linux: kernel, root, initrd........................................................................................................154
Ti nhn Linux th cng ........................................................................................................................................155
Ti nhn FreeBSD ..................................................................................................................................................156
Np bootloader ca cc h iu hnh khc..................................................................................................................156

III. init.........................................................................................................................................................157
1./sbin/init chy v c file /etc/initab.........................................................................................................................157
2./etc/inittab..................................................................................................................................................................157
3.Thc thi cc script khi to h thng trong th mc /etc/rc.d..................................................................................158

IV. Tt my.................................................................................................................................................159

Bi 10. To mng o bng VMware Workstation..............................................................................161


1. Ni my tht/ my o vo cc switch o...............................................................................................165
1.1 Ni my tht vi cc switch o:.............................................................................................................................165
a. Ni NIC tht vo switch o:................................................................................................................................166
b. Ni NIC o trn my tht vo switch o:............................................................................................................166
1.2 Ni my o vi switch o: ....................................................................................................................................168

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2. VMnet0 (Bridged mode) v Virtual Bridge..........................................................................................168


3. VMnet1 (Host only mode) v Virtual DHCP server............................................................................169
4. VMnet8 (NAT mode) v Virtual NAT device......................................................................................172
5. VM team v LAN segment....................................................................................................................175
6. T to mng WAN bng VMware Workstation..................................................................................175

Bi 11. B tc kin thc v TCP/IP....................................................................................................176


I. Khi nim mng my tnh. Phn cng mng v Giao thc mng (cha vit)...................................180
II. Mng LAN v WAN (cha vit)..........................................................................................................180
III. TCP/IP (cha vit)...............................................................................................................................180
IV. a ch IP..............................................................................................................................................180
a ch IP theo cch phn lp A, B, C (c)..................................................................................................................181
Subnet...........................................................................................................................................................................182
Tnh nhm vi a ch IP.........................................................................................................................................183
a ch loopback......................................................................................................................................................184
IP trn Internet, IP tnh, IP ng v ICANN...........................................................................................................184
a ch IP ring (private IP)....................................................................................................................................185

Bi 12. Configure card mng (cha xong)........................................................................................186


Ci t driver cho card mng.......................................................................................................................................190
Lnh ifconfig................................................................................................................................................................191
Hin th trng thi ca card mng...........................................................................................................................191
Gn a ch IP cho card mng.................................................................................................................................191
Gn a ch IP alias cho card mng.........................................................................................................................192
Bt tt card mng.....................................................................................................................................................192
B cng c ip...............................................................................................................................................................192

Ti liu tham kho...............................................................................................................................193

1. Hiu v HDD
1.a. Cu trc vt l ca HDD
a cng (hard disk drive) l mt ci hp st nh cha:
- cc platter (a) c tnh cht vt l in t, d liu c lu trn c 2 mt cc platter
- head (u c) thc hin vic c/ghi d liu trn mi mt platter
- mch iu khin u c hot ng
Mi mt platter li c chia thnh cc track (rnh) cc ng trn ng tm. Cc track xp chng
ln nhau thnh cylinder (hnh tr). Mi mt platter cng c th c chia thnh cc sector (hnh d
qut) bng nhau.
Mi track c chia thnh cc cung nh gi l block (nhng trn thc t vn thng c gi l
sector) c s o gc chn tm bng nhau. Nh vy block l giao ca cylinder v sector.
Trn hnh v cc cung block gn tm th nh hn cc cung block xa tm nhng do tnh cht vt l
m sc cha d liu ca cc block l nh nhau, cng l 512 byte.
Mi ln head c/ghi d liu n c ghi theo tng block 512 byte ch khng phi l theo tng bit !.
Nh vy block va l n v hnh hc nh nht m mt platter c th c chia ra, va l n v d
liu nh nht m HDD c th c/ghi mi ln.
Nh trn ni block l giao ca cylinder v sector nhng bi mt HDD cha nhiu platter mi
platter li gm 2 mt nn cn thm mt tham s na l head xc nh c chnh xc v tr ca mt
block. Nh vy v tr ca block c xc nh qua b 3 tham s (Cylinder, Head, Sector) c gi tt
l CHS.
Mt iu ng lu rng ngi ta thng dng t sector ch block v dng t block ch
mt cm sector, cch gi ny d gy nhm ln gia sector theo ngha block vi sector trong CHS
nhng n vn c s dng rng ri. Cc *nix OS vn s dng thut ng sector.
Mi tham s trong b CHS ca mt block c lu trn mt register trong BIOS. Kch thc ca
thanh ghi ny c hn nn cc tham s CHS cng c gii hn do s block v dung lng ca HDD
37/193

cng c hn. Trong nhng ngy u pht trin my tnh, ngi ta thit k cho BIOS c kh nng
nh a ch cho cc block ca HDD vi gii hn: 1024 cylinder/1 platter, 16 head/1 HDD, 63 sector/1
track Dung lng ca HDD b gii hn: 1024*16*63*512=132120576 byte = 504 MB !
Theo thi gian khi dung lng HDD pht trin ngi ta khc phc hn ch trn bng cch ci tin
cch nh a ch CHS thnh ECHS (enhanced CHS), LBA (logical block address). LBA l c ch
tru tng nh a ch block mt cch tuyn tnh tc l block u tin c LBA=0, block th hai c
LBA=1,

1.b. Cu trc logic ca HDD


Khi lm vic mc thp ngi ta mi phi quan tm n geometry address (CHS) ca sector (t by
gi tr i ta khng dng thut ng block na m dng sector), khi lm vic mc cao ch cn
quan nim HDD l mt di cc sector c nh a ch tuyn tnh 0, 1, 2, l .
Vic c/ghi d t ngi dng hay t cc application c thc hin qua h iu hnh. H iu hnh
qun l di cc sector ny theo tng partition.
Cu trc mt HDD nh hnh v

1.c. Qu trnh khi ng OS ca my tnh

2. Cng c my o hc thc hnh Linux. Mt s ch v Vmware


Workstation.
3. Cc cch c c mt bn Linux distro v trng hp ca Redhat.
4. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD
4.a. Ci t Linux
4.b. Ci t FreeBSD
4.c. T ng ha qu trnh ci t

5. Vn multi OS

38/193

y l mt bi ca bn tho Gio trnh Nhp mn Qun tr H thng Linux ang vit d. Trn Huy Thng tranhuythang@gmail.com,
Rt mong bn c c th tham gia vit nt phn cn li ca cun sch. Bn c c th ng li mt phn hay ton b tp bn tho ny nhng cn ghi
r ngun v thng bo tm ngi vit tip ny. Nu ng li vi nh thng mi th xin nhn trc cho tc gi.

Bi 3. Lm quen vi Linux command


Bi 1. Khi nim FOSS v *nix..............................................................................................................9
I. FOSS..........................................................................................................................................................14
1. S hu tr tu..............................................................................................................................................................14
S hu tr tu (intelectual property)..........................................................................................................................14
S hu cng (public domain)....................................................................................................................................14
i ngc vi s hu tr tu l s hu cng........................................................................................................14
Khi s hu tr tu tr thnh s hu cng..............................................................................................................14
Copyright (bn quyn) ..........................................................................................................................................15
Thng hiu (trademark)..........................................................................................................................................16
2. Phn loi phn mm theo quyn ca ngi s dng..................................................................................................16
EULA v cc quyn ca ngi s dng....................................................................................................................16
Proprietary softwares hay FOSS...............................................................................................................................17
Disclaimer of warranty (chi b bo m)................................................................................................................18
3. Free/Open source softwares (FOSS)..........................................................................................................................18
a. nh ngha Free/Open source softwares................................................................................................................18
Free software........................................................................................................................................................18
Open source software...........................................................................................................................................19
Free softwares vs Open source.............................................................................................................................20
b. FOSS v chuyn min ph.................................................................................................................................21
FOSS th min ph ?.............................................................................................................................................21
FOSS thng mi ?..............................................................................................................................................22
c. Cc mu giy php FOSS......................................................................................................................................22
4. Cc giy php FOSS kiu public domain: BSD, MIT, Apache.................................................................................24
BSD (copycenter)......................................................................................................................................................24
MIT licence...............................................................................................................................................................25
Apache.......................................................................................................................................................................26
5. Cc giy php FOSS kiu weak copyleft: LGPL v Perl (cha vit)........................................................................26
6. Giy php (strong) copyleft: GPL (cha xong).........................................................................................................26
tng ca giy php GPL:.....................................................................................................................................26
ngha ca giy php GPL: ....................................................................................................................................26
p dng cc iu khon ca GPL.............................................................................................................................27
7. M hnh pht trin phn mm FOSS (cha vit).......................................................................................................27
8. M hnh kinh doanh phn mm FOSS (cha vit)....................................................................................................27
9. Nhng quan nim sai lm thng thy v FOSS (cha vit)....................................................................................27

II. *nix...........................................................................................................................................................27
1. Gii thiu UNIX, BSD...............................................................................................................................................27
UNIX.........................................................................................................................................................................28
BSD...........................................................................................................................................................................28
2. UNIX v UNIX-like (*nix)........................................................................................................................................29
3. Chun POSIX (SUS)..................................................................................................................................................29
4. Nhn Linux v D n GNU.......................................................................................................................................30
5. Linux distribution.......................................................................................................................................................30

Bi 2. B tc kin thc v HDD. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD (cha xong)............................................33


1. Hiu v HDD.............................................................................................................................................37
1.a. Cu trc vt l ca HDD.........................................................................................................................................37
1.b. Cu trc logic ca HDD..........................................................................................................................................38
1.c. Qu trnh khi ng OS ca my tnh.....................................................................................................................38

2. Cng c my o hc thc hnh Linux. Mt s ch v Vmware Workstation.............................38


3. Cc cch c c mt bn Linux distro v trng hp ca Redhat. .............................................38
4. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD..........................................................................................................................38
4.a. Ci t Linux...........................................................................................................................................................38
4.b. Ci t FreeBSD.....................................................................................................................................................38
4.c. T ng ha qu trnh ci t..................................................................................................................................38

5. Vn multi OS.......................................................................................................................................38

Bi 3. Lm quen vi Linux command..................................................................................................39


39/193

1. ng nhp v tt my..............................................................................................................................43
2. Kernel, Shell.............................................................................................................................................44
3. Virtual Console v Terminal...................................................................................................................45
4. Lnh trong Linux.....................................................................................................................................45
a. Cch vit lnh.............................................................................................................................................................45
b. Thc thi executable file..............................................................................................................................................46
c. Dng mt lnh............................................................................................................................................................46
c. Shell script..................................................................................................................................................................46
d. Metacharacters...........................................................................................................................................................47
e. Help............................................................................................................................................................................47
f. History........................................................................................................................................................................48

5. su...............................................................................................................................................................48
6. Lm vic vi file v th mc trn *nix...................................................................................................48
a. Cu trc file v th mc ca Linux khc vi ca Windows......................................................................................48
b. ng dn th mc ca Linux k hiu /, thi quen TAB, th mc . ~...................................................................49
Hy cn thn vi du /...............................................................................................................................................49
Th mc home, th mc hin hnh, th mc ~ . .. ................................................................................................50
Mun nhanh th bm TAB hoc TAB TAB..............................................................................................................50
Khi tn file, th mc cha k t c bit...................................................................................................................50
c. Lnh ls l, xem thng tin v file, th mc.................................................................................................................51
d. Cc lnh xem, to mi, xa, di chuyn, i tn file v th mc................................................................................52
Hin th ni dung file................................................................................................................................................52
To th mc mi.......................................................................................................................................................52
To file mi...............................................................................................................................................................52
i tn/di chuyn file v th mc.............................................................................................................................52
Copy file v th mc.................................................................................................................................................52
Xa file hoc th mc...............................................................................................................................................53
e. Midnight Commander (mc)........................................................................................................................................53
f. Link.............................................................................................................................................................................53
g. Archive v Compress file...........................................................................................................................................53
h. Tm kim file v th mc...........................................................................................................................................54

7. Filesystem Hierarchy standard...............................................................................................................55


8. Trong *nix, mi th u l file. ..............................................................................................................57
9. Redirection v xargs................................................................................................................................58
a. Redirect stdin, stdout, stderr to file............................................................................................................................58
b. Pipe v kt hp vi grep, wc, sort, less......................................................................................................................60
c. xargs...........................................................................................................................................................................61

10. VIM editor..............................................................................................................................................61


11. Regular expression.................................................................................................................................62

Bi 4. Devices - Filesystems Mounting..............................................................................................64


1. Device........................................................................................................................................................68
a. Peripheral device v Driver........................................................................................................................................68
Peripheral device.......................................................................................................................................................68
Phn loi device: block, character, virtual................................................................................................................68
Driver........................................................................................................................................................................69
b. Device file (special file).............................................................................................................................................69
c. S dng storage device...............................................................................................................................................71

2. Filesystem.................................................................................................................................................71
a. Filesystem ca block device.......................................................................................................................................71
b. Format........................................................................................................................................................................71
i) fdisk edit partition table......................................................................................................................................71
ii) mkfs (make filesystem).........................................................................................................................................72

3. Mounting..................................................................................................................................................73
a. Lnh mount................................................................................................................................................................73
b. file cu hnh /etc/fstab................................................................................................................................................74
c. file cu hnh /etc/mtab................................................................................................................................................75

4. Hai partition c bit ca Linux.............................................................................................................75

40/193

5. dd v loop device......................................................................................................................................76
a. Lnh dd.......................................................................................................................................................................76
b. loop device.................................................................................................................................................................77

6. Mt s thao tc khc vi storage device.................................................................................................78


7. Thc hnh vi Vmware...........................................................................................................................78

Bi 5. Install softwares..........................................................................................................................81
I. RPM..........................................................................................................................................................85
I.1 Tn file package v tn software..............................................................................................................................85
I.2 RPM database v rpm tool........................................................................................................................................86
I.3 Install........................................................................................................................................................................86
I.4 Query........................................................................................................................................................................87
I.5 Upgrade.....................................................................................................................................................................88
I.6 Erase.........................................................................................................................................................................88
I.7 Verify........................................................................................................................................................................88

II. DEB (cha vit).......................................................................................................................................89


III. Ci t phn mm t source code........................................................................................................89

Bi 6. Qun tr user. File permission...................................................................................................92


1. Qun tr user............................................................................................................................................96
1.1 Users.........................................................................................................................................................................96
1.2 Group.......................................................................................................................................................................98
1.3 Reset password ca root...........................................................................................................................................99

2. File permission.......................................................................................................................................100
Ch s hu, nhm ch s hu mc nh......................................................................................................................101
Thay i ch s hu, nhm ch s hu bng lnh chown, chgrp................................................................................101
Thay i quyn truy cp r, w, x vi cc i tng u, g, o...........................................................................................101
SUID, SGID, sticky bit................................................................................................................................................103
Set UID v Set GID cho file kh thi........................................................................................................................103
Set GID cho th mc...............................................................................................................................................104
Sticky bit.................................................................................................................................................................105
K hiu SUID, SGID, Sticky bit bng ch s .........................................................................................................105

3. Quota.......................................................................................................................................................106
1-Ci t phn mm quota......................................................................................................................................106
2-Mount partition vi thuc tnh usrquota..............................................................................................................107
3-Khi to quota database trn partition bng lnh quotacheck.............................................................................107
4-enable (disable) quota bng quotaon (quotaoff)..................................................................................................108
5-t limit, grace cho user bng lnh edquota........................................................................................................108
6-Xem li thng tin v quota...................................................................................................................................109
7-Th nghim quota................................................................................................................................................109

Bi 7. Advanced partitioning: RAID & LVM.....................................................................................111


I. Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks................................................................................................115
1. Khi nim RAID......................................................................................................................................................115
2. Thit lp v s dng RAID......................................................................................................................................117
3. Xem thng tin v array.............................................................................................................................................118
4. Qun l disk trong array...........................................................................................................................................119
5. Hy RAID array.......................................................................................................................................................119
6. File /etc/mdadm.con.................................................................................................................................................120
7. Stripe hay Linear......................................................................................................................................................120

II. Logical Volume Management..............................................................................................................120


1. Thit lp LVM.........................................................................................................................................................120
Thit lp v s dng LV..........................................................................................................................................120
Enable LVM............................................................................................................................................................122
LVM on RAID (cha xong)....................................................................................................................................122
2. Xem thng tin v volume.........................................................................................................................................123
Khi nim PE, LE....................................................................................................................................................123
Xem thng tin bng pvdisplay, vgdisplay, lvdisplay .............................................................................................123
3. Qun l cc volume..................................................................................................................................................124
Disable/Remove volume.........................................................................................................................................124
Thm vo/Rt ra/Hon chuyn PV.........................................................................................................................124

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Resize LV................................................................................................................................................................124
4. Cc mc linh tinh khc:...........................................................................................................................................125

Bi 8. Qun l process, daemon..........................................................................................................126


I. Tin trnh................................................................................................................................................130
I.1 Tin trnh l chng trnh khi n ang c thc thi.............................................................................................130
Tin trnh cha, tin trnh con. S ID ca tin trnh..................................................................................................131
Phn b CPU v u tin (s nice) ca tin trnh................................................................................................131
Trng thi ca tin trnh..........................................................................................................................................131
Ch s hu ca tin trnh........................................................................................................................................132
Cc signal m tin trnh bt.....................................................................................................................................132
I.2 Cc thao tc vi tin trnh.......................................................................................................................................132
In ra trng thi cc tin trnh bng lnh ps..............................................................................................................132
Theo di cc tin trnh bng lnh top (hoc prstat, topas)......................................................................................133
Tm kim mt tin trnh..........................................................................................................................................135
iu chnh s nice ca tin trnh.............................................................................................................................135
I.3 Signal v lnh kill, killall, pkill...............................................................................................................................135
Lnh kill..................................................................................................................................................................135
Lnh killall v pkill.................................................................................................................................................136
I.4 Cc tin trnh c tng tc. Ch background, foreground.................................................................................136

II. Qun l daemon....................................................................................................................................138


Cc daemon nm u ?.............................................................................................................................................138
Trc tip bt/tt daemon..............................................................................................................................................138
/etc/rc.d/rc[0-6].d tp daemon cho mi run level......................................................................................................139
Cc cng c qun l daemon.......................................................................................................................................140

III. Lp lch (scheduling)...........................................................................................................................142


cron...............................................................................................................................................................................142
System cron jobs..........................................................................................................................................................142
User cron jobs..............................................................................................................................................................143
at...................................................................................................................................................................................143

Bi 9. Qu trnh khi ng (grub, kernel, init) v tt my ca Linux..............................................144


I. GRUB......................................................................................................................................................148
1. Chc nng ca GRUB..............................................................................................................................................148
2. Qu trnh ti GRUB.................................................................................................................................................149
3. Ci li GRUB...........................................................................................................................................................150
4. File grub.conf (menu.lst)..........................................................................................................................................151

II. Np h iu hnh t GRUB.................................................................................................................152


Truy xut device...........................................................................................................................................................153
Qui c k hiu device ca GRUB..........................................................................................................................153
Truy xut file ca GRUB........................................................................................................................................153
Ti nhn Linux.............................................................................................................................................................154
Ba lnh ti nhn Linux: kernel, root, initrd........................................................................................................154
Ti nhn Linux th cng ........................................................................................................................................155
Ti nhn FreeBSD ..................................................................................................................................................156
Np bootloader ca cc h iu hnh khc..................................................................................................................156

III. init.........................................................................................................................................................157
1./sbin/init chy v c file /etc/initab.........................................................................................................................157
2./etc/inittab..................................................................................................................................................................157
3.Thc thi cc script khi to h thng trong th mc /etc/rc.d..................................................................................158

IV. Tt my.................................................................................................................................................159

Bi 10. To mng o bng VMware Workstation..............................................................................161


1. Ni my tht/ my o vo cc switch o...............................................................................................165
1.1 Ni my tht vi cc switch o:.............................................................................................................................165
a. Ni NIC tht vo switch o:................................................................................................................................166
b. Ni NIC o trn my tht vo switch o:............................................................................................................166
1.2 Ni my o vi switch o: ....................................................................................................................................168

2. VMnet0 (Bridged mode) v Virtual Bridge..........................................................................................168


3. VMnet1 (Host only mode) v Virtual DHCP server............................................................................169

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4. VMnet8 (NAT mode) v Virtual NAT device......................................................................................172


5. VM team v LAN segment....................................................................................................................175
6. T to mng WAN bng VMware Workstation..................................................................................175

Bi 11. B tc kin thc v TCP/IP....................................................................................................176


I. Khi nim mng my tnh. Phn cng mng v Giao thc mng (cha vit)...................................180
II. Mng LAN v WAN (cha vit)..........................................................................................................180
III. TCP/IP (cha vit)...............................................................................................................................180
IV. a ch IP..............................................................................................................................................180
a ch IP theo cch phn lp A, B, C (c)..................................................................................................................181
Subnet...........................................................................................................................................................................182
Tnh nhm vi a ch IP.........................................................................................................................................183
a ch loopback......................................................................................................................................................184
IP trn Internet, IP tnh, IP ng v ICANN...........................................................................................................184
a ch IP ring (private IP)....................................................................................................................................185

Bi 12. Configure card mng (cha xong)........................................................................................186


Ci t driver cho card mng.......................................................................................................................................190
Lnh ifconfig................................................................................................................................................................191
Hin th trng thi ca card mng...........................................................................................................................191
Gn a ch IP cho card mng.................................................................................................................................191
Gn a ch IP alias cho card mng.........................................................................................................................192
Bt tt card mng.....................................................................................................................................................192
B cng c ip...............................................................................................................................................................192

Ti liu tham kho...............................................................................................................................193

1. ng nhp v tt my
Linux l h thng a ngi s dng nn khi khi ng bn phi cho bit nh danh ca mnh trn h
thng qua mn ng nhp.
- C th c 3 mn hnh ng nhp nh di y:

Giao din ha: Nu Linux c ci KDE, GNOME th bn c giao din ng nhp ha.
Mi distro s c mt mn ng nhp ring, ch hn nh hnh v di y ca Fedora:

Giao din dng lnh: Trn cc server, giao din ha thng khng c ci (hoc ci nhng
disable) tn ti nguyn (CPU, RAM), lc bn phi lm vic vi giao din dng lnh
virtual console.

ng nhp t xa: Ngi qun tr mng khng phi lc no cng phi n trc tip Linux server
iu khin m c th ng nhp t mt my (ch hn ci Windows) thng qua cng c (ch
hn nh) Putty.

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- C 2 loi ngi s dng: root (cn gi l super user) v normal user (ngi s dng thng). Mt
h thng ch c ng mt ti khon root, ti khon ny c tt c cc quyn thao tc vi h thng, n
ch dnh cho ngi qun tr h thng. Vi ngi s dng thng, ngoi cc quyn thao tc vi chnh
ti liu ca h to ra th c rt t quyn vi h thng. ot root lun l mc ch ca cc Linux
hackers.
- Tt my l chuyn rt hn ch ca ngi qun tr server (th tng tng mt web server m tt i
th c bao nhiu ngi thy tht vng khi nh vo trang web ca server). Nu bn ch l ngi dng
Linux thng thng ch ci Linux trn laptop, hin nhin thng phi restart hoc shutdown; ch
dng lnh dng lnh sau:
-

Turn off: shutdow h now

Restart: shutdown r now hoc reboot

Nu mun hn gi shutdown th thay now bng lng thi gian ch shutdown hh:mm hoc mm.
(Bn k hn v tt my xem mc ??)
Ch turn off/ restart mt cch c hc (khng ng cch), d khng gy hng hc cho h thng th
ln sau khi bt my s nhn c thng bo i check disk, chng
hn vi Red hat l:
user
Press Y within 5 seconds to force file system integrity check

2. Kernel, Shell

Application

Kin trc phn tng ca mt my tnh c cho trn hnh v.


Kernel (nhn) ca h iu hnh lm nhim v trc tip qun l phn
cng. Ngi s dng khng th trc tip ra lnh cho kernel c v
cc lnh ny lin quan n chi tit ca phn cng, v vng phc tp.
Thay vo ngi dng g cc lnh ca Shell (v) vn gn gi vi
con ngi. Shell s thng dch (interpret) cc lnh ca ngi dng
thnh cc lnh iu khin kernel v n lt kernel chuyn cc yu
cu n n thnh cc thao tc iu khin phn cng.
Khi h thng khi ng, sau khi kernel c ti vo RAM th shell
c ti tip theo.
Shell ca DOS chnh l command.com lm nhim v dch cc lnh
ca ngi s dng nh dir, md, cd, ra thnh cc lnh my.

Shell
Kernel
Hardware
s
V tr ca Shell v Kernel
trong cu trc phn tng
h iu hnh

Khng c khi nim shell ca Windows nhng mt ngha tru tng no c th coi giao din
ha ca Windows tng ng vi shell ca DOS.
C nhiu loi shell cho Linux nh C shell (csh, tcsh), Bourne Shell (bsh), Korn Shell (ksh), Z Shell
(zsh) mi loi shell li c tp lnh ring (d kh ging nhau) v ngi dng ch c php g cc lnh
trong tp lnh . Ph bin nht hin nay l BASH shell dng trong RedHat, Suseshell v DASH
shell dng trong Ubuntu. Tp lnh ca hai loi shell ny hu ht l ging nhau.
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3. Virtual Console v Terminal


Nh trn ni shell l trnh thng dch, chng trnh virtual console hoc terminal lm nhim v
chuyn cc lnh m bn g trn bn phm vo cho shell dch. Ni cch khc virtual console hoc
terminal l giao din bn tng tc vi shell.
-

Nu h thng Linux khng ci KDE, GNOM, mc nh bn s lm vic bng giao din dng
lnh virtual console. Linux c 6 virtual console, virtual console 1 c mc nh khi khi
ng. C th chuyn i qua li gia cc virtual console bng t hp phm ALT + Fn (n = 1,2,
6). Ngi dng c th chy mt chng trnh virtual console ny v khng cn i cho kt
thc chuyn sang virtual console khc thc hin mt lnh mi. iu ny to cm gic c
th chy nhiu chng trnh cng lc.

Nu h thng trong giao din ha. Bn c th vo menu Applications/Accessories/Terminal


(cc distro s c cc b tr menu khc) chy chng trnh terminal cho php bn tng tc
vi shell. Hoc vi mt iu kin no c th dng CTRL + ALT + F6/F7 chuyn qua li
gia giao din ha v cc virtual console.

D l virtual console hay terminal, du nhc dng lnh ca n c dng, chng hn


[root@localhost

~]# _

ngha:
-

tn account ang login: root, v th c du #, nu l normal user c du $

my tnh ci Linux m user ang login: localhost ch ngi dng khng login t xa, nu
login t xa s l tn/ip mt my tnh t xa no .

th mc hin hnh: tn mt th mc hoc nu l du ~ th ch th mc home (ni lu d liu


c nhn) ca ngi dng

Ni thm v ngun gc ca t terminal: terminal nh y l mt chng trnh giao tip vi shell cn trong qu kh
n l mt thit b phn cng. thi trc khi c my tnh c nhn, ch c nhng h thng my tnh ln a ngi s dng.
Ngi s dng truy cp vo cc h thng ln ny thng qua mt thit b c tn l terminal ch gm c bn phm v mn
hnh, khng c b x l d liu. Theo thi gian khi my tnh c nhn ra i n thay th cc thit b ny.

4. Lnh trong Linux


a. Cch vit lnh
Lnh trong Linux thng c dng: tn_lnh

tham_s

i_s

Trong tham s iu chnh cch thc hin lnh cn i s thng l i tng b lnh tc ng
ln. Tham s, i s c th vng mt, trong c php ca lnh nu mt thnh phn no c th vng
mt th n c trong du ngoc vung [ ], nu buc phi c mt th trong du ngoc nhn <>
hoc khng. V d c php lnh man l man [section] tn_lnh th phn [section] c th vng mt,
cn tn_lnh th khng.
Trc tham s thng phi c du gch, i s th khng cn. Tham s c 2 dng:
Dng ngn bt u bng mt du gch ngang v d cp r Dir1 Dir2
Dng di bt u bng hai du gch ngang v d cp recursive Dir1 Dir2
Hai lnh trn l mt, cng copy Dir1 thnh Dir2 (trong th mc hin hnh). Thng tham s dng
ngn l vit tt ca dng di (r vit tt ca recursive).
C mt s tham s no rt nhiu lnh hay dng gn nh thnh qui c, chng hn:
v hoc verbose (ting Anh, verbose c ngha l di dng) dng hin th nhng
thng tin m t qu trnh thc hin lnh.
f hoc force thc hin lnh m khng cn tng tc vi ngi dng
vv..
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Lnh trong Linux phn bit hoa thng nn tham s v s khc vi V.


C th vit nhiu lnh trn cng mt dng nhng phi c du chm phy (;) gia
V d: mkdir /mnt/USB; mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/USB; cd /mnt/USB
C th ngt mt lnh thnh nhiu dng ( cho d theo di) bng cch thm du \ vo ch cn ngt v
enter.

b. Thc thi executable file


nh ngha: executable file (file kh thi) l file cha cc lnh cho CPU thc thi (con ngi c s
khng th hiu c), thng nhng executable file l nhng file chng trnh. Nhng file nh *.bmp,
*.doc, *.mp3, khng cha cc lnh cho CPU thc thi nn khng l executable file. Trong
DOS/Windows cc executable file c tn dng *.exe, *.com cn trong Linux khng c qui c g v
tn, tn nhng file ny thng l khng c phn m rng.
Khi ngi dng g mt lnh thc cht l thc thi mt executable file no c tn trng vi tn lnh.
Shell tm executable file ny (lnh) trong 4 ng dn mc nh l /bin, /sbin,
/usr/bin, /usr/sbin, nu khng tm thy n s thng bo command not found. Cc
ng dn m shell cn tm c lu trong bin PATH ca shell, ngi dng c th sa bin ny.
Trong *nix, c khi ngi ta cng coi cc file shell script (file text cha danh sch cc lnh cn thc
thi) l file kh thi.
Lnh which <command> cho bit chnh xc file lnh nm di th mc no trong 4 th mc mc
nh kia. V d: which mkdir cho bit /bin/mkdir nh vy lnh mkdir myDirectory
tng ng vi lnh /bin/mkdir myDirectory
Gi s ngi dng ang th mc /home/userX, th mc ny cha mt executable file c tn l
exefile. thc thi file ny, trong DOS ngi dng ch cn g lnh exefile l , nhng vi Linux,
shell s thng bo command not found l do l bin PATH ca DOS c cha th mc hin hnh cn
ca Linux th khng. Vi shell ca Linux phi g lnh ./exefile hoc
/home/userX/exefile tc l phi ch r ng dn ra.
[root@localhost

userX]# exefile

bash: exefile: command not found


[root@localhost

userX]#

./exefile

[ OK ]
[root@localhost

userX]# /home/userX/exefile

[ OK ]

c. Dng mt lnh
Khi bn cho thc hin mt lnh m mun hy ngay lnh y trc khi n hon thnh bm CTRL +
C.
test th, bn cho chy lnh find / in ra mn hnh tt c file, th mc c trong h thng (s mt
mt khong thi gian y !) ri bm CTRL +C xem n c dng li hay khng.

c. Shell script
Shell script l mt plain text file cha dy cc lnh shell. Khi thc thi shell script th dy cc lnh
trong n c thc thi. Shell script tng t nh file batch ca DOS nhng mnh hn rt nhiu. Ngi
ta thng ly tn file shell script c ui l .sh nhng iu ny khng bt buc. Cng khng nn nhm
script l executable file.
C 3 cch thc thi mt shell script myscript
bash myscript
sh myscript
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./myscript
Nhng trc ht phi m bo ngi gi file c quyn thc thi myscript. Nu l root c th nhanh
chng t quyn thc thi cho file bng lnh chmod +x myscript (xem thm bi qun tr file
permission)

d. Metacharacters
Mt lnh c th cha metacharacters (siu k t) l cc k t c bit <, |, >, &, !, v cc loi du
ngoc nh , , ` . y l nhng k t c ngha c bit i vi shell khi thc hin lnh. Cc
metacharacters thng (v nn lun l nh vy) khng c dng t tn. C rt nhiu
metacharacters, di y l mt s hay dng:
Wildcards (k t i din): * v ?
Du * i din cho mt s lng bt k k t. V d: ls /root/b* lit k tt c cc file bt u
bng 1 ch b
Du ? i din cho ng mt k t bt k. V d: ls /root/b? lit k tt c cc file c tn gm 2 k
t, k t u tin l b.
Ranges (min): [ ] v {}
Cp [ ] nh ngha mt min gi tr. Thm du ! trong cp ny ch nm ngoi min.
V d 1: ls a[3-7][bx][b-x] lit k tt c cc file c tn gm 4 k t, k t u l ch a, k t
th hai l 1 ch s trong khong t 3 n 7, k t th ba l k t b hoc x, k t cui l mt k t
trong khong b n x.
V d 2: ls [!Aa]* lit k tt c cc file c tn gm t nht mt k t, k t u khng phi l A
hoc a
Cp { } lit k cc gi tr c th nhn.
V d: ls index.{htm, html} lit k cc file c tn l index.htm hoc index.html.
Escape codes: k t \ (back slash). Khi mun dng mt metacharacter no m mun shell
khng hiu n l metacharacter th thm du \ ng trc. Nu mun dng chnh du \ th thnh \\.
V d: mkdir Van\ ban\\Cong\ van to mt th mc c tn l Van ban\Cong van. K t du
cch v \ c dng trong tn u l metacharacters
Quotes: c cc loi du ngoc l , , `` (back tick). Khi dng du ngoc , th tt c cc k t
trong du ngoc c hiu khng phi l metacharacters. Vn vi v d trn, c th ch cn:
mkdir Van ban\Cong van hoc mkdir Van ban\Cong van. S khc nhau gia ,
qu tinh t ti liu ny khng cp n.
Du `` thng c dng khi vit lnh shell, ti liu ny cng khng cp n.

e. Help
C v cng nhiu lnh, mi lnh li c rt nhiu tham s, gip ngi dng tra cu, Linux c mt
tp cc manual (hng dn s dng) v gn nh tt c cc lnh. Tp manual ny c chia lm 8
section (mc):
1 General commands
2 System calls
3 C library functions
4 Special files (usually devices, those found in /dev) and drivers
5 File formats and conventions
6 Games and screensavers
47/193

7 Miscellanea
8 System administration commands and daemons
tra cu mt ln no trong tp manual ny dng lnh man <tn_lnh>. Khi trang man hin
ra, ngi dng c th dng cc phm di chuyn, PgUp/Down xem, mun thot ra bm q.
gc trang man c con s trong ngoc cho bit section ca trang man . C nhng lnh thuc
nhiu hn 1 section v d lnh exit thuc 3 section l (1), (2), (3) nhng khi man ch ra mt section,
mun tra cu lnh trong cc section khc dng lnh man section <tn_lnh> V d man 2
exit hoc man 3 exit
Ngi ta dng lnh man trong trng hp bit tn lnh, qun tham s. Trong trng hp qun c tn
lnh, nu ch nh c vi ch ci u tin ca lnh hy g vi ch ci u ri bm phm Tab hai
ln hin th danh sch nhng lnh bt u bng cc ch ci . Khi khng nh c cc ch ci
u ca lnh th dng lnh apropos <mt cum tu nao > tra cu nhng lnh no c tn
hoc phn gii thch lin quan n <mt cm t no > (apropos ting anh c ngha l lin quan
n)
Lnh man, apropos trn u tra cu trong tp man ca Linux. Ngoi tp man ca Linux th bn thn
mi lnh cha thng tin gii thch v lnh ngn hn so vi man, mun xem ch vic g tn lnh v
thm tham s --help

f. History
ly li lnh va g trc dng phm hoc . lit k mt s lnh va g dng lnh
history

5. su
Nu l normal user th bn khng th thc thi cc lnh thao tc vi h thng c, bn c rt t quyn.
Khi ang ti khon normal user chuyn sang ti khon root (gi s bn c password ca root) m
khng phi log out ri li log in th ti du nhc shell g lnh su (substitute user thay i user) sau
g password. Cng c th chuyn nhanh sang mt ti khon bt k bng lnh su [-]
[username]. Mi ti khon c mt mi trng shell vi nhng cu hnh shell ring bit, dng du
trong lnh su m bo cc cu hnh shell cng c chuyn theo khi chuyn user.

6. Lm vic vi file v th mc trn *nix


a. Cu trc file v th mc ca Linux khc vi ca Windows
Trong Windows/DOS file v th mc c lu vo trong cc partition (phn vng) c nh k hiu
C:, D:, Mi partition s c mt th mc gc l C:\, D:\ Trong Linux, ch c mt th mc gc
duy nht l /. Di / l cc th mc con v file, mt s th mc con no c chn lm u ni
vi cc partition khc. Th mc c chn c gi l mount point, cc partition s c mount
(ni) vo cc mount point. Nh vy ngi dng Linux s khng c cm gic r rng v cc partition
ca a cng m ch thy mt cy th mc khng l, mt s nhnh no ca cy th mc ny s dn
n mt s partition khc.
Xt v d minh ha s khc nhau gia cy th mc ca Windows v Linux nh hnh v:

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Gi s my tnh c mt a cng v c chia lm 3 partitions: partition 1 cha h iu hnh,


partition 2 cha cc ti liu cho cng vic (Works), partition 3 cha phim, nh gii tr (Entertains).
-

Nu ci Windows, ngi dng s thy r 3 partition: partition C: (nhn OS) cha Windows,
partition D: (nhn Work) cha ti liu cng vic, v partition E: (nhn Entertainment)
cha phim, nh gii tr.

Nu ci Linux, ngi dng c cm gic ch c 1 partition tn l / (c l partition root) cha


tt c mi th t h iu hnh n Entertains v Works. K thc vn l 3 partition nhng gi
y khng c k hiu l C, D, E na m l hda1, hda2, hda3. Partition hda1 cha h iu
hnh nhng d nhin file th mc ca Linux (boot, bin, home, usr, var, ) s khc vi
Windows (Documents, Program Files, Windows). Partition hda1 c mount vo /. Partition
hda2, hda3 c mount vo mt th mc trong partition hda1 m y l /mnt/Entertains
v /mnt/Works.

b. ng dn th mc ca Linux k hiu /, thi quen TAB, th mc . ~


ng dn th mc ca Linux cng ging nh Windows ngoi tr vic dng du / thay v dng du \
V d trong Linux l /Dir/subDir th tng ng trong Windows l C:\Dir\subDir.

Hy cn thn vi du /
Du / va ch th mc gc (th mc cha cp cao nht ca tt c cc th mc) va dng ngn cch
cc th mc cha-con. Thut ng ting anh cho th mc gc l root v n khc vi thut ng th
mc root ch th mc /root (th mc cha d liu c nhn ca ngi dng root.)
Khi du / nm u mt ng dn th n ch th mc gc v ng dn bt u t th mc gc,
ngi ta gi l ng dn tuyt i. Khi ng dn khng cha du / u th ng dn bt
u t th mc hin hnh v c gi l ng dn tng i. Khi ng dn ch c mt du / th n
ch th mc gc.
V d: lnh mkdir /Report (to th mc Report trong th mc gc /) s khc vi lnh mkdir
Report (to th mc Report trong th mc hin hnh).
49/193

Th mc home, th mc hin hnh, th mc ~ . ..


Khi mi ng nhp, th mc hin hnh l th mc home ca ngi ng nhp. Th mc home ca
ngi s dng c dng lu d liu c nhn ca ngi s dng . Th mc home ca root l
/root, ca normal user l /home/tn_user. Th mc /home/ ca Linux c phn ging
Documents and Settings ca Windows NT)
xem th mc hin hnh l g dng lnh pwd (present working directory).
thay i th mc hin hnh dng lnh cd <uong dn thu muc> (cd vit tt ca change
directory).
Thng kt hp lnh cd vi:
-

Du chm chm (..) ln th mc cha

Du chm (.) ch th mc hin hnh

Du ng (~) quay v th mc home ca user hin hnh, du ng km theo tn user ch


th mc home ca user c tn .

V d 1: Root ang /, dng cd


/home/Jackson.

~ quay v /root, dng cd

~Jackson v

V d 2: ang th mc /home/userX/. Hai lnh cd ./../../ v cd ../../ l tng


ng nhau v u cng chuyn sang /. Hai lnh cd ../../home/userX v cd . l tng
ng nhau v u khng thay i th mc hin hnh.
V d 3: khi bn mun chy mt file no , gi s tn l fileX trong th mc hin hnh th lun nh
phi g: ./fileX (s gii thch mc ??)

Mun nhanh th bm TAB hoc TAB TAB


Mt iu cc k quan trng gim cng sc g ng dn file/th mc l dng chc nng
autocomplete tn file v th mc.

Khi g tn th mc hoc tn file, ch g 1 hoc vi ch ci u ri bm phm TAB t


ng in nt phn tn cn li hoc bm thm TAB mt ln na hin th tt c nhng
file, th mc c cng cc ch ci u nh ang g. Khi ang g d ng dn v bm
phm TAB hoc TAB TAB m khng thy c g hin ra th chng t ng dn m bn
ang g d khng tn ti do bn c tip tc g lnh i chng na th l mt lnh sai
khng th chy c. Nh vy vic bm [TAB] hoc [TAB] [TAB] khng ch gip tit
kim cng sc g ng dn m cn l cch kim tra bn g lnh ng hay sai.
V d: thay v g cp /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL /backup di dng th hy g cp
/boot/vm [TAB] /backup
Khi bn g mt lnh th thc cht l bn gi file c tn trng vi tn lnh trong th mc /bin,
/sbin, /usr/bin hoc /usr/sbin th nn nu khng nh tn lnh th cng c th g vi ch
ci u ri bm [TAB].
V d: bn nh g lnh apropos nhng li khng nh r chnh t th ch cn g ap [TAB].

Khi tn file, th mc cha k t c bit


Tn file v th mc trong Linux c th cha mi k t tr / v dnh cho k hiu root. Tn c th
cha cc k t c bit (du cch v ! @ # $ & ~ % * ( ) [ ] { } " \ : ; > < ) nhng trc phi
thm du \ hoc tt nht l tt c trong du ngoc kp.
V d: lnh cd /My\ File hoc cd /My File vo th mc My File di /.

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c. Lnh ls l, xem thng tin v file, th mc


lit k file v th mc con ca mt th mc dng lnh ls <ng dn th mc> (ls l vit
tt ca list):
-

thm tham s -l (vit tt ca long) bit thm cc thng tin v ngy to lp, kch thc,

thm tham s -a (vit tt ca all) hin th c file, th mc n

nu sau ls khng c i s <ng dn th mc> th hiu l th mc hin hnh

V file v th mc trong Linux u c th vit hoa v thng nn du hiu phn bit file v th mc
khi dng lnh ls l mu sc: th mc c mu tm, file c mu thng thng, mt s loi file c bit
khc nh link, device, (ni phn sau) c mu sc khc. Mt s loi file thng vi cc nh dng
c bit nh file tar, gzip hoc executable file cng c mu sc ring.
Di y l m t thng tin m lnh ls l a ra. Gi s g ls al /mydir

d rwxr-xr-x

2 root root

(1)

(3)

(2)

(4)

(5)

4096 Oct 12 10:14 thumuc1


(6)

(7)

(8)
(1):
kiu
file. Ch d
ch th mc,
ch - ch
file, ngoi

ra cn 5 k hiu na ch file c bit


(2): cc quyn truy cp file gm c read (c), write (ghi), exctue (thc thi)
(3): s lin kt cng n file
(4): ch s hu ca file
(5): nhm ch s hu ca file
(6): kch thc file (byte)
(7): ngy gi to lp file
(8): tn file
Ln lt qua cc bi sau, bn c s hiu k hn v 8 trng thng tin ny.
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Trong Linux, cc file v th mc n c tn lun bt u bng du chm (.) v ch khi c tham s -a


trong lnh ls mi hin ra, trn hnh v c 1 file n l .config v 2 th mc n l chm (.) v chm chm
(..). Trong mt th mc bt k cng lun c hai th mc n chm (.) v chm chm (..) tng ng vi
th mc hin hnh (k hiu . ) v th mc cha (k hiu ..) khi dng lnh cd.

d. Cc lnh xem, to mi, xa, di chuyn, i tn file v th mc

Hin th ni dung file


hin th ni dung file dng lnh cat /ng/dn/tn_file, nhng vi nhng file text di
th gp bt tin l khng th cun ln cun xung tng trang mn hnh xem c. Mun vy dng
lnh less /ng/dn/tn_file hoc more /ng/dn/tn_file. (ch tuy tn gi
nh vy nhng less ra i sau v ci tin hn more).
Vi less dng cc phm mi tn, phm PgUp, PgDown xem; vi more dng phm Space bar
tin, b li. Cui cng bm q quit c hai lnh.

To th mc mi
to th mc dng lnh mkdir <cac_thu_muc_can_tao> (mkdir l vit tt ca make
directory)
V d 1. mkdir Folder1 .Folder2 ./Folder3: lnh ny to ng thi 3 th mc c tn l
Folder1, .Folder2, Folder3 cng nm trong th mc hin hnh, trong .Folder2 (ch du .) ch
y l th mc n.
V d 2. mkdir p /Universe/Earth/Country/City: lnh ny to tt c cc th mc cha
tn ti trong ng dn c ch ra. lm c vic ny phi dng tham s -p.

To file mi
To mt file mi bng lnh cat > /ng/dn/tn_file, sau g ni dung file, cui cng
bm CTRL + D lu file. Nu tn_file c sn th lnh cat s ghi , nu mun ghi tip
vo cui file (append) th thay du > bng du >>.
V d 1. touch >> ~/my\ first\ file. Lnh ny s to mi file my first file (ch c 2
du cch trong tn) nm trong th mc home ca ngi g lnh nu file ny cha tn ti, hoc ghi
thm vo cui file ny nu n c sn.
to mt file rng dng lnh touch <cc_file_cn_to>
V d 2. touch /file1 ./file2 ../file3 lnh ny ng thi to 3 file rng l file1 nm
ngay di /, file2 nm trong th mc hin hnh, file3 nm th mc cha ca th mc hin hnh.

i tn/di chuyn file v th mc


di chuyn file/th mc t <ngun> sang <ch> dng lnh: mv <ngun> <ch>.
Khi ng dn <ch> trng vi ng dn <ngun> th lnh di chuyn tr thnh lnh i tn.
V d 1: Gi s c file/th mc X nm trong th mc hin thi
o mv X Y: i tn file hoc th mc X thnh Y
o mv X /Y: di chuyn file hoc th mc X vo trong th mc /Y (Y nm ngay di /).
V d 2: mv * .. di chuyn tt c file, th mc trong th mc hin thi ra th mc cha.

Copy file v th mc
copy file/th mc t <ngun> n <ch> dng lnh: cp <ngun> <ch>
Nu copy th mc khng rng phi thm tham s -r (hoc R hoc recursive) thnh cp r.
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V d 1: chp ton b file v th mc con trong th mc hin hnh vo th mc /target ( c sn)


cp r * /target
V d 2: chp th mc /source vo th mc hin hnh (ch du chm cui)
cp r /source . (hoc dng gy kh hiu hn l cp r /source ./)

Xa file hoc th mc
Xa file hoc th mc rng: rm /ng/dn/file_hoc_th mc (ngoi lnh ny Linux
cng c lnh rmdir ging DOS xa th mc rng).
Nu th mc khng rng phi thm tham s -r (hoc --recursive). Tuy nhin ngi dng s
phi xc nhn vic xa tng file v th mc con, xa khng cn hi dng thm tham s -f (hoc
--force). Tm li xa mt th mc mt cch nhanh nht dng lnh rm rf
<file,thumuc_can_xoa>
V d: rm rf * xa tt c nhng g c trong th mc hin thi

e. Midnight Commander (mc)


Nu bn khng c giao din ha KDE, GNOME th vic thao tc vi file, th mc bng cch g
lnh c th l mt cc hnh. Lc hy dng phn mm Midnight Commander (ly cm hng t phn
mm Norton Commander kinh in ca thi DOS), nu Linux ci phn mm ny th ch cn g
lnh mc. Giao din MC, NC c 2 khung ca s vi file, th mc; cc thao tc nh
cp/mv/mkdir/rm/cat/vi c thc hin bng phm tt F5/F6/F7/F8/F3/F4 v cng tin li v nhiu tnh
nng khc.

f. Link
Trong Linux c mt kiu file l link, l mt con tr tr ti mt file khc. C hai loi link l soft link v
hard link: khi nim softlink ging nh shortcut trong windows, hardlink ch l mt ci tn b danh
cho mt file c sn. Chi tit hn v link cn c kin thc v Ext2 filesytem m y khng cp
n, ch nu ra nhng c im d thy trong thc hnh:
Soft link
Hard link
Tr ti file hoc th mc
Ch tr ti file
C th nm bt c u
Ch nm trn cng partition vi file gc
Nu file, th mc gc b rename, move, delete Nu file, th mc gc b rename, move, delete th
th link s b hng
link khng b hng
Lnh ln to link c tham s -s (soft):
Lnh ln to link khng tham s:
ln s <tn_File> <tn_Link>
ln <tn_File> <tn_Link>
Khi ls-l, bn cnh tn cc softlink c du mi tn tr n file gc, thng tin v hardlink ca mt file
trng y nguyn vi file gc.
-rw---------lrwxrwxrwx
-rw----------

1
1
2

root root 223


root root 9
root root 223

Oct
Oct
Oct

12
12
12

10:14 file
10:14 softlink file
10:14 hardlink

g. Archive v Compress file


Hai thao tc: archive gp nhiu file li thnh mt file, v compress nn file c size nh hn rt
c a dng. Ngi dng Windows thng coi thao tc nn l bao hm thao tc gp nhiu file m
khng phn bit rch ri. Trong UNIX-like OS, nh dng file archive ph bin nht l .tar (nhng
file .tar cn c gi l tarball), nh dng file nn ph bin nht l .gz hoc .bz2. Chng
trnh quen thuc lm vic vi nhng file ny l tar, gzip, bzip2. Cc file archive cng thng
c nn li do m c tn l .tar.gz hoc .tar.bz2, thm ch dng tt .tgz hoc .tbz.

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Khi dng cc lnh tar, gzip, bzip2, zip nh di y nu thnh cng s khng c thng bo g, do
nn thm tham s -v (- -verbose) hin th thm cc thng tin: danh sch cc file c (un)tar, t l
nn,
tar: gp/tch nhiu file, th mc thnh mt file .tar

gp file: tar cf <tn file gp> <danh sch cc file/th mc cn


gp>
V d: tar cvf tarball.tar

file1

file2

file3

xem cc file, th mc c trong file tar: tar tf <file.tar>

cc file, th mc ca file .tar ra th mc /folder:

DIR1

DIR2

tar xf <file.tar> -C /folder


(nu ra th mc hin hnh th khng cn dng tham s -C hoc cng c th dng C ./)

Tham s -c (khc vi -C) ngha l create, -x ngha l extract, t (hoc --list) ngha l list, f ch
ang lm vic vi file (th mc cng l file).

gzip/bzip2 nn mt file thnh file .gz/.bz2

nn file: gzip <tn_file> hoc bzip2 <tn_file>


Cn thn: sau lnh ny file gc tn_file s b replace bng file mi c tn l tn_file.gz
hoc tn_file.bz2. Bt tin ca gzip hoc bzip2 cn ch n ch nn mt file, mun nn
nhiu file phi dng tar trc . Nu thay tn_file bng mt danh sch cc file th gzip hoc
bzip2 s nn tng file trong danh sch y.

gii nn file: gunzip <file.gz> hoc bzip2 <file.bz2>


Cng c th dng: gzip d <file.gz> hoc bzip2 d <file.bz2> (d vit tt ca
decompress)

gp tar vi gzip/bzip2
Trn mt s *nix cn cho php thc hin c tar v gzip hoc bzip2 ch bng mt thao tc tar z hoc
tar j.
V d 1: gp 2 file file1, file2 thnh mt file ri nn li bng gzip hoc bzip2
tar zcf file.tar.gz file1 file2
hoc tar jcf file.tar.bz2 file1 file2
V d 2: tch ra cc file t file file.tar.bzip2 hoc file.tgz
tar jxf file.tar.bzip2
hoc tar zxf file.tgz
zip nn nhiu file, th mc thnh mt file .zip
nh dng file nn ph bin trn cc non-*nix OS l zip, *nix OS cng h tr loi file ny. Cng c
ca n l zip c chc nng va gp v nn file:
zip <tn file s zip thnh> <danh sch nhng file zip>
gii nn dng unzip <file.zip>

h. Tm kim file v th mc
tm kim file hoc th mc theo mt tiu ch (criteria) tm kim no s dng lnh
find

where-to-search

criteria

what-to-do

Where-to-search l danh sch cc th mc cn tm, mi th mc c ngn cch nhau bi mt du


cch
54/193

Cc criteria (tiu ch tm kim) c th l -name, -size, -user, -type, -perm, -mtime hoc -atime
What-to-do l cc lnh thc hin ln nhng file, th mc va tm c, thng bt u bng
execute, kt thc bng \;
V d 1: find . tm tt c (do khng c tiu ch no c k ra) file, th mc trong th mc hin
hnh (k hiu bng du chm). Lnh ny thc cht l lit k ng dn ca tt c cc file v th mc
trong th mc hin hnh.
V d 2: find /root ~Jackson name *doc? tm trong th mc /root/ v th mc
/home/Jackson/ nhng file v th mc c tn kt thc bng doc v mt k t bt k. Tn c cha
wildcard c t trong 2 du ngoc.
V d 3: find . ~ -size +100k type f tm trong th mc hin hnh v th mc d
liu ca ngi ng nhp cc regular file c kch thc hn 100K.
-

Trong Linux, c 7 kiu file l -, l, d, b, c, p, s (xem mc 6 bi ny); y kiu (regular file)


c thay bng f khng ln vi k hiu - trc tham s)

n v size l c (byte), k (kilo Byte), M (Mega Byte), G (Giga Byte); du + ch ln hn, du


ch nh hn, khng c du ngha l bng.

V d 4: find . user Jackson size -100M atime -60 tm trong th mc hin hnh
nhng file hoc th mc c ch s hu l Jackson, kch thc file nh hn 100M, c truy cp cch
y khng qu 60 ngy. Tham s atime l vit tt ca acess time, n v tnh l ngy. Tng t mtime
nh di y l modified time
V d 5: find /home/ /root/ -perm -220, -mtime 3 tm trong cc th mc ca
ngi s dng (root v normal user) cc file hoc th mc c quyn write vi ch s hu v nhm ca
ch s hu, c sa cha ng 3 ngy trc y.
Sau lnh tm kim thu c mt danh sch (c th rng) cc file v th mc. thc hin lnh ln
tng file, th mc trong danh sch ny dng |xargs. thc hin lnh ln c danh sch file, th mc
ny th sau lnh find thm excute, ri vit lnh, kt thc lnh bng \;. Danh sch file v th mc
tm thy c k hiu bng { } v trong v d 7 c dng lm tham s cho lnh rm.
V d 6: find / -user Jackson | xargs
l) ca tt c cc file, th mc ca user Jackson

ls l hin th thng tin chi tit (bng lnh ls

V d 7: find / -empty -user Jackson excute


nhng file v th mc rng ca user Jackson.

rm

-rf

{} \; tm v xa tt c

V d 8: find / -exec -nouser -execute mv {} /tmp \; di chuyn tt c


nhng executable file khng thuc quyn s hu ca ai vo /tmp (nh c \; ).
Vic tm kim trn / nhiu khi rt lu, lnh locate di y tuy khng mnh bng find nhng tc
nhanh hn hn.
Linux c file c s d liu /var/lib/slocate/slocate.db lu tr ton b ng dn cc file
v th mc ca h thng, mi dng trong file ny cha mt ng dn n file, th mc no . C
th tm kim file, th mc theo tn bng lnh locate <string> tm ra nhng dng c cha
ng xu <string> trong file slocate.db trn (string khng t trong du ngoc no ht). khi to
c s d liu ny hoc cp nht n (v vic ghi file, th mc din ra thng xuyn) dng lnh
updatedb.
V d: Gi s c file /root/myfile.txt (to ra bng lnh touch /root/myfile.txt). Sau cp
nht slocate.db bng updatedb. Gi tm ng dn cho file ny, dng lnh locate
myfile.txt. Lnh trn cho cng kt qu vi locate ot/my, ti sao vy ?

7. Filesystem Hierarchy standard


/ l th mc gc, theo mc nh th di n l cc th mc sau :
/boot/ cha file kernel, ramdisk, GRUB bootloader - y l nhng file c ti vo RAM u tin.
55/193

/dev/ cha cc file device. Khi mt device c attach vo my th s sinh ra thm file mi th
mc ny.
/etc/ cha cc file cu hnh ca h thng, tt c u l plain text.
/proc/ cha cc virtual file, cc file ny cho bit trng thi hin hnh (ca cc process, device, )
ca h thng.
/var/ cha cc variable data files.
/bin/, /sbin/, /lib/ cha cc binary files
/bin/: cha cc lnh c bn cho mi user nh pwd, cat,
/sbin/: cha cc lnh ch ca root nh fdisk,
/lib/: th vin cc hm v kernel modules m /bin/ v /sbin/ thng gi n
/srv/ cha cc file cho cc service ca h thng
/tmp/ cc chng trnh khi chy thng lu cc temporay file vo y
/opt/ cha cc extra software package m trong lc ci Linux ngi dng nh du thm vo ngoi
default installation.
/usr/ cha cc chng trnh do ring ngi s dng ci vo, ging Program Files ca Windows
/home/, /root/ cha d liu ca ngi s dung. D liu ca root nm trong /root/. D liu ca
cc normal user nm trong /home/. Chng hn c mt account tn l student, d liu ca student s
nm trong /home/student. Ging Documents and Settings.
/mnt/, /media/ Hai th mc ny thng (nhng khng nht thit) c lm mount point cho cc
thit b. Nu l removable device nh CD, FDD thng c mount vo di /media/, cc device
khc (nh HDD) thng c mount vo di /mnt/
Tt c cc th mc trn khng phi lc no cng c t chung di partition /. Chng hn /boot/,
/opt/, /usr/ thng c t cc partition ring ri c mount vo /.
Trong Linux, trn mi partition cn thng c th mc lost+found lu nhng file hng c
pht hin trong qu trnh kim tra disk sau mi ln h thng gp s c.
(Trong mi th mc trn, li c nhng th mc con trong n, mun bit chi tit xem ti
http://tldp.org/LDP/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/html/)

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8. Trong *nix, mi th u l file.


Ngi s dng Windows khi mi chuyn sang Linux lun phi gp mt iu rt kh chu l: trong
*nix th mc cng c coi l file. Ti c th a ra l do rng th mc c nhng c im ging vi
file:
- vi file c thao tc c ghi th vi th mc cng c thao tc c ghi.
- th mc cng c th coi l mt file c ni dung l danh sch cc file/th mc con ca n.
p bn tin rng th mc rt c nn coi nh mt file. Nhng bn vn thy khin cng ? Qu thc
ng gc ngi dng thng thng (khng thch lp trnh), s hi kh hiu ti sao th mc li
c coi l file trong khi r rng lnh to th mc (mkdir) v to file (touch, cat, ...) l khc nhau.
Thm ch cc thit b nh cng, my in, cc socket, pipe, ... trn *nix cng c coi l file. Ngi ta
thng ni "trong *nix mi th u l file".
C th thy mt iu l d file, my in, cng, modem, ... u c th coi l mt lung cc bytes c th
c/ghi. thun tin cho vic lp trnh, ngi ta thit k cc hm c/ghi chung nh read, write,
close, lseek cho mi loi lung d liu th nn khi bn vit chng trnh truy cp file trn a
cng th cng dng cc thao tc ht nh truy cp my in, hay truy cp ti nguyn mng.
V mt lch s, Unix chnh l h iu hnh u tin s dng cch thit k tru tng ha mi th
thnh file (lung d liu).
Ni n file th phi ni n ng dn. ng dn ca file thit b my in, cng, ... s c ni n
trong bi 4.
File trong Linux gm 7 kiu sau:
Loi file
K hiu
Regular file (file theo ngha thng)
d
Directory
Device file (hay special file): gm 2 loi
b
+ Block device
c
+ Character device
l
Link
57/193

s
p

Socket
Named pipe

Khi dng lnh ls l mi file s c mt dng m t, k hiu u tin ca dng ny cho bit k hiu
kiu file theo bng trn. Hy th vi ls l /dev/ s thy ton b cc file y c kiu b hoc c
trong khi d ls al / ch c kiu d hoc .
Mun c thng tin chi tit hn v kiu file dng lnh file <tn file> (file theo ngha rng).
V d hai file /root/.bash_profile v /bin/cat u l regular file (k hiu l khi dng
lnh ls l) nhng vi lnh file /root/.bash_profile v file /bin/cat s ch r mt
loi l ASCII text, mt loi l 32-bit excutable.

9. Redirection v xargs
a. Redirect stdin, stdout, stderr to file
Mt lnh khi khng c gi n n vn ch l mt executable file nm im lm trn HDD. Khi ngi
dng gi n n, BASH shell s a n vo RAM thc thi lc ny n tr thnh process (tin
trnh). ng thi shell cng kt ni process ny vi 3 file l /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout,
/dev/stderr (vit tt ca standard input, output, error). Mc nh:
-

/dev/stdin gn vi bn phm ca virtual console nn mi k t m ngi dng g trn bn


phm u lu vo file /dev/stdin.

/dev/stdout gn vi mn hnh ca virtual console nn mi kt qu m process (lnh) cn


in ra mn hnh c ghi vo file /dev/stdout. File ny ri li c xut ra mn hnh.

/dev/stderr gn vi mn hnh ca virtual console: khi cn thng bo li process (lnh) s


ghi vo file /dev/stdout. File ny ri li c xut ra mn hnh.

V d 1: lnh xa file rm myfile.txt.


-

Khi chy, process rm ny s tm file myfile.txt, nu khng thy n ghi thng bo


myfile.txt doesnt exist ra /dev/stderr, m stderr c gn vi mn
hnh nn ngi dng nhn thy thng bo trn mn hnh. Sau khi ghi xong, stderr c
ng li, mn hnh c t do.
stdin

rm
myfile
stderr

Nu tm thy file, process ny s ghi thng bo


Really want to delete (y/n) ?
ra /dev/stdout do stdout c gn vi
mn hnh nn ngi dng cng nhn thy
thng bo trn mn hnh. Xong vic stdout
cng c ng li.

Sau khi nhn c thng bo, ngi dng s


g y hoc n v bn phm gn vi
/dev/stdin nn k t ny c ghi vo stdin,
process sau s c stdin quyt nh vic
xa file.

stdout

Ngi s dng c th t iu chnh li vic gn stdin, stdout, stderr vo i tng khc, khng phi l
bn phm, mn hnh na. Vic iu chnh ny gi l redirection (iu hng). redirect, thm vo
lnh k hiu ca cc std ny (xem bng) v km thm a ch file cn gn vo. File y c hiu
theo ngha rng, c th l mt regular file trn HDD, mt process, mt socket no . y ta ch bn
n redirection n regular file.
File
/dev/stdin
/dev/stdout
/dev/stderr

ngha
File descriptor
Standard input
0< (hoc <)
Standard output 1> (hoc <)
2>
Standard error
58/193

V d 2: lnh ls l.
-

Nu mun kt qu ca lnh thay v c in ra mn hnh m in ra file /root/result.txt hoc nu


c li th ghi ra file /roo/error.txt:
o ls l

> /root/result.txt

o hoc
ls l

dng
y
1> /root/result.txt

2> /root/err.txt

tng
2>/root/err.txt

ng:

Gi s c file place.txt lu ng dn ca mt th mc, lit k file, th mc con ca th


mc ny, bn c c th ngh rng dng lnh ls l < place.txt nhng nu th bn c s thy
kt qu khng nh mong i. Ch c danh sch file, th mc con ca th mc hin hnh c
lit k ra m khng phi ca th mc c ng dn c ghi trong file place.txt, mc d ch
r < place.txt. L do y l lnh ls khng h lm vic vi stdin nn vic redirect li stdin
cng khng nh hng n qu trnh thc hin lnh. Do lnh ls l <place.txt cng
ch tng ng lnh ls l.

Nhu cu trn c gii quyt bng lnh xargs ch khng phi bng redirection:
cat place.txt xargs ls l . trnh nhm ln kiu ny xem thm xarg mc
8.

Nhn xt: rt nhiu lnh khng lm vic vi c 3 stdin, stderr, stdout, lc vic redirection s
khng c ngha g.
V d 3: lnh cat.
-

Khi g lnh cat myfile.txt th:


o Stdin ca cat c gn vi myfile.txt, cat c d liu t stdin vo buffer
o Stdout ca cat c gn vi mn hnh, cat ghi d liu t buffer vo stdout

Nh vy bn thn lnh cat khng theo mc nh gn stdin vi bn phm m gn stdin vi


myfile.txt, th nn lnh cat < myfile.txt l tng ng vi cat myfile.txt.

Lnh cat
< source_file
source_file target_file

Lnh cat ngoi vic hin th ni dung file c th redirect li c lnh to mi file:

>

target_file

tng ng vi cp

cat > newfile


Ngi dng g ni dung, kt thc bm CTRL + D lu file.
V d 4: lnh rm file1 file2 file3 s 3 ln hi ngi dng Really want to delete (y/n) ?. Nu to ra
mt file answer.txt c 3 ch ci y, n, y mi ch ci nm trn mt dng
y
n
y
Lnh sau s t ng tr li theo file answer.txt: rm file1 file2 file3 <answer.txt v
kt qu ch c file1, file3 c xa.
Vic redirect cho stdout, stderr trn lun ghi vo file c gn vo, tc l nu thc hin lnh cat
> myfile hai ln th ni dung g vo ca ln sau ghi ln ln trc. khng ghi m ghi tip
vo phn cui (append) ca file th dng du >> thay v >, c th l dng 2>>, 1>> (hoc >>)
thay v 2>, 1> (hoc >).
V d 5: cat >> my_file ghi vo phn cui file my_file.
Khi mun c stdout v stdin cng gn vo mt file no th an ton nht l dng lnh
command
file

1> file

2>&1 hoc command 2> file 1>&2 hoc command

59/193

&>

y 2>&1 (hoc 1>&2) hoc &> c ngha l 2> (hoc 1>) c gn vo cng file ca 1> (hoc 2>)
tc l c 2 std cng gn vo mt file, nhng ti mt thi im ch c mt std c ghi vo file.
Ch tnh hung: 1> ghi vo file, sau n lt 2> ghi vo file v lm mt ni dung ca 1>, do
nn dng 1>>&2 (hoc 2>>&1).
Nu bn ngh rng ti sao khng dng lnh command 2> file 1> file phi ri mt
vi k hiu & ? Suy ngh ny hp l nhng cc shell khng chp nhn cch vit nh th ny.
Khi BASH shell thc thi mt lnh n phn tch lnh t tri sang phi, nn cn ch th t
redirection.
V d 6: Phn bit 4 lnh sau:
command 2>file 2>&1 // kt qu khng thay i g: &> mn hnh
command 2>&1 1>file // 2>mn hnh, 1>file
command 1>file 2>&1 // &>file
command 1>&2 2>file // 1>mn hnh, 2>file
Khi khng mun xut 1> v 2> ra u th hy xut vo /dev/null.
V d 7: ls l &> /dev/null th thng bo li v kt qu s khng hin ra trn mn hnh hay
u ht.

b. Pipe v kt hp vi grep, wc, sort, less


Khi mun cho 1> ca process (lnh) ny vo 0> ca process (lnh) khc c th dng file trung gian
command_x 1> file
command_y 0< file
nhng hiu qu hn l dng command_x | command_y (ch du | ). Cng vic ny gi l pipe
- truyn thng lin tin trnh.
V d: Lnh ls-l someDir nhiu khi in ra qu 1 trang mn hnh. Lnh less c kh nng hin th
file vi chc nng cun ln cun xung trang mn hnh. Kt hp li c: ls l someDir |
less rt thun tin. (C th thay less bng more, nhng more th c hn less.)
Pipe thng c kt hp vi grep, wc, sort, less (more), head, tail
grep: Tm nhng dng c cha mt xu no (thng c cho bi biu thc chnh qui) trong mt
file hoc mt s file.
V d: hin th nhng dng cha root trong file /etc/shadow: grep root /etc/shadow
Thm tham s -v (vit tt ca invert matching) nu mun tm dng khng cha xu root: grep v
root /etc/shadow
V d v pipe cho grep. Th mc /dev/ lu nhng device ca my, lit k nhng HDD: ls l
/dev/ | grep hd
wc: m s character (c), word (w), line (l) trong file.
V d m s dng trong file wc l myfile
V d v pipe cho wc: File /etc/passwd lu cc user ca h thng, mi user l mt dng. m s
user trong h thng: cat /etc/passwd | wc l
sort: hin th cc dng mt file theo thc t ABC hoc 123.
V d: sort

myfile

V d v pipe cho sort: Lit k cc file (theo ngha rng) trong th mc thnh tng nhm. ls l |
sort
60/193

head, tail: Hai lnh ny hin th 10 dng u/cui ca file, trong trng hp tng qut dng
head n x hoc tail n x <tn file> (x l s dng).
V d: head n 20 myfile
C th kt hp head vi tail hin th mt dng c th t bt k trong file. V d c file Table lu
bng d liu, dng u ghi tiu ca cc ct, t dng th 2 tr i mi ghi cc dng d liu. Hin th
dng d liu u tin ca bng: head n 2 Table | tail n 1
Ngoi kt hp vi grep, wc, less, rt mnh m; pipe c th kt hp vi lnh tee a
stdin ca mt lnh va ra stdout va vo mt file.
V d: ls l | tee list.txt lnh ny va lit k file, th mc ra mn hnh va ghi kt qu
vo file list.txt

c. xargs
V d v lnh xargs: Cn xa mt lot cc file, ng dn cc file ny c lu trong file list.txt, mi
dng mt file, dng lnh cat list.txt | xargs rm f
Lnh xargs: command1 | xargs command2 dng a stdout ca command1 thnh i
s ca command2. Nu stdout ca command1 gm n dng (n>1) th s c n lnh command2 c
thc hin m mi lnh c i s l mt dng ca stdout.
Ngi mi lm quen vi pipe thng ngh rng c th thc hin yu cu trn bng lnh:
cat list.txt | rm f
Nhng khng ng, v danh sch cc file cn xa l i s ca lnh rm, ch khng phi l stdin ca
lnh rm. Lnh rm ch m stdin khi cn ngi dng g y hoc n xc nhn vic xa file, stdin ca
lnh rm khng gn vi file cn xa. Cn thn nhm pipe vi |xargs.

10. VIM editor


vi hoc sau ny l vim (vi improoved) l chng trnh nh son tho file text ph bin nht. G lnh
vi <tn_file> son tho file mi hoc sa file c sn.
vi c 3 ch (mod) c bn:
- command mod: cho ngi dng s dng cc lnh nh undo, copy, paste, chnh sa
vn bn. Ti y g i chuyn sang insert mod, g du hai chm (:) chuyn sang colon
mod.
- insert mod (c ch INSERT cui mn hnh) cho ngi dng chn/xa cc k t vo vn
bn.
- colon mod (c du 2 chm cui mn hnh): cho ngi dng g w save vn bn hoc q
quit.
Khi khng command mod, bm ESC quay v command mod.
Ngay sau khi g vi <tn file>, ngi dng ch command mod. Hy bm i chuyn sang ch
insert mod v sa cha vn bn bng cc phm di chuyn v Del, Backspace. Cui cng bm du
hai chm (:) sang ch colon mod, ti y bm phm:
- w lu (write) vn bn
- wq lu ri quit lun
- q! (nh c !) quit without saving
copy, cut, paste trong vim: ti command mod (bm ESC) dng cc phm tng ng l y, d, p
nhng trc phi nh du (bi en) on vn bn cn copy, cut. C 2 cch bi en.
Cch chm (vn ti command mod): Dng phm l, w nh du character, word.
V d 1: sao chp 3 k t bt u t con tr hin hnh, bm y3w. Chuyn n ni cn paste bm p.
61/193

V d 2: cut 5 t (word) bt u t con tr hin hnh, bm d5w. Chuyn n ni cn paste bm p.


V d 3: copy/cut dng hin hnh bm yy hoc dd. Chuyn n ni cn paste bm p. Nh vy vic
copy, cut c dng hi khc vi vic copy, cut tng character hoc word.
Tng t nh l, w ngi ta dng phm (, { nh du t con tr hin hnh n u dng, on vn
bn v ), } n cui dng, on vn bn. Ngi vit ti liu ny cng ch dng yy, dd thi ch
dng n l, w, (, {, ), } th mt qu !
Cch nhanh: chuyn sang visual mode. Ngoi 3 ch command, insert, colon trn vim cn c
th c thm visual mod nu lc ci t vim chc nng ny c chn. Ti command mod (bm ESC),
bm v sang visual mod (nu c). Ti y ch cn di chuyn con tr l hp sng s bi en vn bn
theo. Sau khi bi en xong bm y hoc d copy, ri di chuyn n ni cn paste bm p.
Trong qu trnh son tho nu mun undo li thao tc trc th chuyn v command mod (bm
ESC) v bm u (undo).
C th tm kim trong vim bng cch chuyn v colon mod, g /<xu> (ch du /) t sng tt
c cc xu trong vn bn. Xu y c th c cho bi biu thc chnh qui xem thm mc 10.
Ngoi vim ra cn nhiu editor khc ph bin khng km, ch hn nano v emacs. Th xem.

11. Regular expression


Regular expression cn thng c vit tt thnh regex (biu thc chnh qui) l mt qui lut cho mt
lot xu k t. V d biu thc chnh qui ab* i din cho cc xu k t a, abb, abbb.
Khi nim Regex v Metacharacters (xem mc 3) l hai khi nim rt d b nhm ln bi regex v
metacharacter cng s dng nhng k t c bit nh *, {}, \.... nhng cch s dng chng th khc
hn nhau. Regex c dng khi x l text nht l khi tm kim xu trong file text; Metacharacters c
dng khi vit lnh Shell. Hn na ng ngha ca 2 loi ny cng khc nhau: v d trn ta c regex
ab*, vi metacharacters ta cng c v d ab* nhng n i din cho ab, abx, aby, abxyzt tc l cha
c nhng xu m regex ab* khng i din cho. Cn phn bit wildcard *, ? c dng khi vit lnh
v tn file, th mc cn *, ? trong regex c dng khi x l xu; ngha trong 2 trng hp l khc
hn nhau.
Regex c dng khi cn tm kim xu trong:
1. Ch search ca vim editor, less, more, man: C 3 lnh vi, less, more u c colon mod
ch du hai chm. Ti y g / v mt regex t sng nhng xu tha regex.
2. Lnh tm kim grep: hin th nhng dng trong mt hoc mt s file text tha mn mt regex
no
ngha ca regex:
K t trong regex
a (hoc mt k t bt k)
\<abc
abc>\
^
$
[range] v d [cy]
\[ hoc \]
[^c]
ab*
.

Xu tha mn
Xu cha k t a
Xu bt u bng abc
Xu kt thc bng abc
Xu nm u dng
Xu nm cui dng
Xu cha k t nm trong min [range] v d t c n y
Xu cha k t [ hoc ]
Xu khng cha k t c
Xu cha a, ab, abb, abbb, abbbb,
Mt k t bt k

eregex (extend regex) cn cha thm k t c bit: |, +, ?


K t trong eregex
Xu tha mn
A1|A2|A3
Xu cha A1 hoc A2 hoc A3
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cat+
abx?

Xu cha t nht cat v cc k t khc theo sau bt k. V d:


cat, catx, catmn, catabc,
Xu cha ab hoc abx

V d 1: grep ^host file.txt hin th nhng dng bt u bng host trong file.txt
V d 2: grep v ^$ file.txt hin th tt c cc dng tr dng trng trong file.txt. Tham s
-v vi ngha tr ra nhng dng tha mn regex.
Mt thi quen ca lp trnh vin l xu lun c trong du ngoc kp nhng nh bng trn cho
thy ch khi xu cha k t c bit nh l *, +, ?, |, . th mi phi dng du ngoc kp.
V d 3: tm xu Peter Thompson trong mt on text, ch cn g /Peter Thompson l , khng
cn phi g /Peter Thompson (du cch y vn c tnh l k t thng). Nhng tm cc
xu c dng Google hoc Gooogle, Goooogle, Gooooogle, Goooooogle, Gooooooogle, th phi g
/Goo*gle

63/193

y l mt bi ca bn tho Gio trnh Nhp mn Qun tr H thng Linux ang vit d. Trn Huy Thng tranhuythang@gmail.com,
Rt mong bn c c th tham gia vit nt phn cn li ca cun sch. Bn c c th ng li mt phn hay ton b tp bn tho ny nhng cn ghi
r ngun v thng bo tm ngi vit tip ny. Nu ng li vi nh thng mi th xin nhn trc cho tc gi.

Bi 4. Devices - Filesystems Mounting


Bi 1. Khi nim FOSS v *nix..............................................................................................................9
I. FOSS..........................................................................................................................................................14
1. S hu tr tu..............................................................................................................................................................14
S hu tr tu (intelectual property)..........................................................................................................................14
S hu cng (public domain)....................................................................................................................................14
i ngc vi s hu tr tu l s hu cng........................................................................................................14
Khi s hu tr tu tr thnh s hu cng..............................................................................................................14
Copyright (bn quyn) ..........................................................................................................................................15
Thng hiu (trademark)..........................................................................................................................................16
2. Phn loi phn mm theo quyn ca ngi s dng..................................................................................................16
EULA v cc quyn ca ngi s dng....................................................................................................................16
Proprietary softwares hay FOSS...............................................................................................................................17
Disclaimer of warranty (chi b bo m)................................................................................................................18
3. Free/Open source softwares (FOSS)..........................................................................................................................18
a. nh ngha Free/Open source softwares................................................................................................................18
Free software........................................................................................................................................................18
Open source software...........................................................................................................................................19
Free softwares vs Open source.............................................................................................................................20
b. FOSS v chuyn min ph.................................................................................................................................21
FOSS th min ph ?.............................................................................................................................................21
FOSS thng mi ?..............................................................................................................................................22
c. Cc mu giy php FOSS......................................................................................................................................22
4. Cc giy php FOSS kiu public domain: BSD, MIT, Apache.................................................................................24
BSD (copycenter)......................................................................................................................................................24
MIT licence...............................................................................................................................................................25
Apache.......................................................................................................................................................................26
5. Cc giy php FOSS kiu weak copyleft: LGPL v Perl (cha vit)........................................................................26
6. Giy php (strong) copyleft: GPL (cha xong).........................................................................................................26
tng ca giy php GPL:.....................................................................................................................................26
ngha ca giy php GPL: ....................................................................................................................................26
p dng cc iu khon ca GPL.............................................................................................................................27
7. M hnh pht trin phn mm FOSS (cha vit).......................................................................................................27
8. M hnh kinh doanh phn mm FOSS (cha vit)....................................................................................................27
9. Nhng quan nim sai lm thng thy v FOSS (cha vit)....................................................................................27

II. *nix...........................................................................................................................................................27
1. Gii thiu UNIX, BSD...............................................................................................................................................27
UNIX.........................................................................................................................................................................28
BSD...........................................................................................................................................................................28
2. UNIX v UNIX-like (*nix)........................................................................................................................................29
3. Chun POSIX (SUS)..................................................................................................................................................29
4. Nhn Linux v D n GNU.......................................................................................................................................30
5. Linux distribution.......................................................................................................................................................30

Bi 2. B tc kin thc v HDD. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD (cha xong)............................................33


1. Hiu v HDD.............................................................................................................................................37
1.a. Cu trc vt l ca HDD.........................................................................................................................................37
1.b. Cu trc logic ca HDD..........................................................................................................................................38
1.c. Qu trnh khi ng OS ca my tnh.....................................................................................................................38

2. Cng c my o hc thc hnh Linux. Mt s ch v Vmware Workstation.............................38


3. Cc cch c c mt bn Linux distro v trng hp ca Redhat. .............................................38
4. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD..........................................................................................................................38
4.a. Ci t Linux...........................................................................................................................................................38
4.b. Ci t FreeBSD.....................................................................................................................................................38
4.c. T ng ha qu trnh ci t..................................................................................................................................38

5. Vn multi OS.......................................................................................................................................38

Bi 3. Lm quen vi Linux command..................................................................................................39


64/193

1. ng nhp v tt my..............................................................................................................................43
2. Kernel, Shell.............................................................................................................................................44
3. Virtual Console v Terminal...................................................................................................................45
4. Lnh trong Linux.....................................................................................................................................45
a. Cch vit lnh.............................................................................................................................................................45
b. Thc thi executable file..............................................................................................................................................46
c. Dng mt lnh............................................................................................................................................................46
c. Shell script..................................................................................................................................................................46
d. Metacharacters...........................................................................................................................................................47
e. Help............................................................................................................................................................................47
f. History........................................................................................................................................................................48

5. su...............................................................................................................................................................48
6. Lm vic vi file v th mc trn *nix...................................................................................................48
a. Cu trc file v th mc ca Linux khc vi ca Windows......................................................................................48
b. ng dn th mc ca Linux k hiu /, thi quen TAB, th mc . ~...................................................................49
Hy cn thn vi du /...............................................................................................................................................49
Th mc home, th mc hin hnh, th mc ~ . .. ................................................................................................50
Mun nhanh th bm TAB hoc TAB TAB..............................................................................................................50
Khi tn file, th mc cha k t c bit...................................................................................................................50
c. Lnh ls l, xem thng tin v file, th mc.................................................................................................................51
d. Cc lnh xem, to mi, xa, di chuyn, i tn file v th mc................................................................................52
Hin th ni dung file................................................................................................................................................52
To th mc mi.......................................................................................................................................................52
To file mi...............................................................................................................................................................52
i tn/di chuyn file v th mc.............................................................................................................................52
Copy file v th mc.................................................................................................................................................52
Xa file hoc th mc...............................................................................................................................................53
e. Midnight Commander (mc)........................................................................................................................................53
f. Link.............................................................................................................................................................................53
g. Archive v Compress file...........................................................................................................................................53
h. Tm kim file v th mc...........................................................................................................................................54

7. Filesystem Hierarchy standard...............................................................................................................55


8. Trong *nix, mi th u l file. ..............................................................................................................57
9. Redirection v xargs................................................................................................................................58
a. Redirect stdin, stdout, stderr to file............................................................................................................................58
b. Pipe v kt hp vi grep, wc, sort, less......................................................................................................................60
c. xargs...........................................................................................................................................................................61

10. VIM editor..............................................................................................................................................61


11. Regular expression.................................................................................................................................62

Bi 4. Devices - Filesystems Mounting..............................................................................................64


1. Device........................................................................................................................................................68
a. Peripheral device v Driver........................................................................................................................................68
Peripheral device.......................................................................................................................................................68
Phn loi device: block, character, virtual................................................................................................................68
Driver........................................................................................................................................................................69
b. Device file (special file).............................................................................................................................................69
c. S dng storage device...............................................................................................................................................71

2. Filesystem.................................................................................................................................................71
a. Filesystem ca block device.......................................................................................................................................71
b. Format........................................................................................................................................................................71
i) fdisk edit partition table......................................................................................................................................71
ii) mkfs (make filesystem).........................................................................................................................................72

3. Mounting..................................................................................................................................................73
a. Lnh mount................................................................................................................................................................73
b. file cu hnh /etc/fstab................................................................................................................................................74
c. file cu hnh /etc/mtab................................................................................................................................................75

4. Hai partition c bit ca Linux.............................................................................................................75

65/193

5. dd v loop device......................................................................................................................................76
a. Lnh dd.......................................................................................................................................................................76
b. loop device.................................................................................................................................................................77

6. Mt s thao tc khc vi storage device.................................................................................................78


7. Thc hnh vi Vmware...........................................................................................................................78

Bi 5. Install softwares..........................................................................................................................81
I. RPM..........................................................................................................................................................85
I.1 Tn file package v tn software..............................................................................................................................85
I.2 RPM database v rpm tool........................................................................................................................................86
I.3 Install........................................................................................................................................................................86
I.4 Query........................................................................................................................................................................87
I.5 Upgrade.....................................................................................................................................................................88
I.6 Erase.........................................................................................................................................................................88
I.7 Verify........................................................................................................................................................................88

II. DEB (cha vit).......................................................................................................................................89


III. Ci t phn mm t source code........................................................................................................89

Bi 6. Qun tr user. File permission...................................................................................................92


1. Qun tr user............................................................................................................................................96
1.1 Users.........................................................................................................................................................................96
1.2 Group.......................................................................................................................................................................98
1.3 Reset password ca root...........................................................................................................................................99

2. File permission.......................................................................................................................................100
Ch s hu, nhm ch s hu mc nh......................................................................................................................101
Thay i ch s hu, nhm ch s hu bng lnh chown, chgrp................................................................................101
Thay i quyn truy cp r, w, x vi cc i tng u, g, o...........................................................................................101
SUID, SGID, sticky bit................................................................................................................................................103
Set UID v Set GID cho file kh thi........................................................................................................................103
Set GID cho th mc...............................................................................................................................................104
Sticky bit.................................................................................................................................................................105
K hiu SUID, SGID, Sticky bit bng ch s .........................................................................................................105

3. Quota.......................................................................................................................................................106
1-Ci t phn mm quota......................................................................................................................................106
2-Mount partition vi thuc tnh usrquota..............................................................................................................107
3-Khi to quota database trn partition bng lnh quotacheck.............................................................................107
4-enable (disable) quota bng quotaon (quotaoff)..................................................................................................108
5-t limit, grace cho user bng lnh edquota........................................................................................................108
6-Xem li thng tin v quota...................................................................................................................................109
7-Th nghim quota................................................................................................................................................109

Bi 7. Advanced partitioning: RAID & LVM.....................................................................................111


I. Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks................................................................................................115
1. Khi nim RAID......................................................................................................................................................115
2. Thit lp v s dng RAID......................................................................................................................................117
3. Xem thng tin v array.............................................................................................................................................118
4. Qun l disk trong array...........................................................................................................................................119
5. Hy RAID array.......................................................................................................................................................119
6. File /etc/mdadm.con.................................................................................................................................................120
7. Stripe hay Linear......................................................................................................................................................120

II. Logical Volume Management..............................................................................................................120


1. Thit lp LVM.........................................................................................................................................................120
Thit lp v s dng LV..........................................................................................................................................120
Enable LVM............................................................................................................................................................122
LVM on RAID (cha xong)....................................................................................................................................122
2. Xem thng tin v volume.........................................................................................................................................123
Khi nim PE, LE....................................................................................................................................................123
Xem thng tin bng pvdisplay, vgdisplay, lvdisplay .............................................................................................123
3. Qun l cc volume..................................................................................................................................................124
Disable/Remove volume.........................................................................................................................................124
Thm vo/Rt ra/Hon chuyn PV.........................................................................................................................124

66/193

Resize LV................................................................................................................................................................124
4. Cc mc linh tinh khc:...........................................................................................................................................125

Bi 8. Qun l process, daemon..........................................................................................................126


I. Tin trnh................................................................................................................................................130
I.1 Tin trnh l chng trnh khi n ang c thc thi.............................................................................................130
Tin trnh cha, tin trnh con. S ID ca tin trnh..................................................................................................131
Phn b CPU v u tin (s nice) ca tin trnh................................................................................................131
Trng thi ca tin trnh..........................................................................................................................................131
Ch s hu ca tin trnh........................................................................................................................................132
Cc signal m tin trnh bt.....................................................................................................................................132
I.2 Cc thao tc vi tin trnh.......................................................................................................................................132
In ra trng thi cc tin trnh bng lnh ps..............................................................................................................132
Theo di cc tin trnh bng lnh top (hoc prstat, topas)......................................................................................133
Tm kim mt tin trnh..........................................................................................................................................135
iu chnh s nice ca tin trnh.............................................................................................................................135
I.3 Signal v lnh kill, killall, pkill...............................................................................................................................135
Lnh kill..................................................................................................................................................................135
Lnh killall v pkill.................................................................................................................................................136
I.4 Cc tin trnh c tng tc. Ch background, foreground.................................................................................136

II. Qun l daemon....................................................................................................................................138


Cc daemon nm u ?.............................................................................................................................................138
Trc tip bt/tt daemon..............................................................................................................................................138
/etc/rc.d/rc[0-6].d tp daemon cho mi run level......................................................................................................139
Cc cng c qun l daemon.......................................................................................................................................140

III. Lp lch (scheduling)...........................................................................................................................142


cron...............................................................................................................................................................................142
System cron jobs..........................................................................................................................................................142
User cron jobs..............................................................................................................................................................143
at...................................................................................................................................................................................143

Bi 9. Qu trnh khi ng (grub, kernel, init) v tt my ca Linux..............................................144


I. GRUB......................................................................................................................................................148
1. Chc nng ca GRUB..............................................................................................................................................148
2. Qu trnh ti GRUB.................................................................................................................................................149
3. Ci li GRUB...........................................................................................................................................................150
4. File grub.conf (menu.lst)..........................................................................................................................................151

II. Np h iu hnh t GRUB.................................................................................................................152


Truy xut device...........................................................................................................................................................153
Qui c k hiu device ca GRUB..........................................................................................................................153
Truy xut file ca GRUB........................................................................................................................................153
Ti nhn Linux.............................................................................................................................................................154
Ba lnh ti nhn Linux: kernel, root, initrd........................................................................................................154
Ti nhn Linux th cng ........................................................................................................................................155
Ti nhn FreeBSD ..................................................................................................................................................156
Np bootloader ca cc h iu hnh khc..................................................................................................................156

III. init.........................................................................................................................................................157
1./sbin/init chy v c file /etc/initab.........................................................................................................................157
2./etc/inittab..................................................................................................................................................................157
3.Thc thi cc script khi to h thng trong th mc /etc/rc.d..................................................................................158

IV. Tt my.................................................................................................................................................159

Bi 10. To mng o bng VMware Workstation..............................................................................161


1. Ni my tht/ my o vo cc switch o...............................................................................................165
1.1 Ni my tht vi cc switch o:.............................................................................................................................165
a. Ni NIC tht vo switch o:................................................................................................................................166
b. Ni NIC o trn my tht vo switch o:............................................................................................................166
1.2 Ni my o vi switch o: ....................................................................................................................................168

2. VMnet0 (Bridged mode) v Virtual Bridge..........................................................................................168


3. VMnet1 (Host only mode) v Virtual DHCP server............................................................................169

67/193

4. VMnet8 (NAT mode) v Virtual NAT device......................................................................................172


5. VM team v LAN segment....................................................................................................................175
6. T to mng WAN bng VMware Workstation..................................................................................175

Bi 11. B tc kin thc v TCP/IP....................................................................................................176


I. Khi nim mng my tnh. Phn cng mng v Giao thc mng (cha vit)...................................180
II. Mng LAN v WAN (cha vit)..........................................................................................................180
III. TCP/IP (cha vit)...............................................................................................................................180
IV. a ch IP..............................................................................................................................................180
a ch IP theo cch phn lp A, B, C (c)..................................................................................................................181
Subnet...........................................................................................................................................................................182
Tnh nhm vi a ch IP.........................................................................................................................................183
a ch loopback......................................................................................................................................................184
IP trn Internet, IP tnh, IP ng v ICANN...........................................................................................................184
a ch IP ring (private IP)....................................................................................................................................185

Bi 12. Configure card mng (cha xong)........................................................................................186


Ci t driver cho card mng.......................................................................................................................................190
Lnh ifconfig................................................................................................................................................................191
Hin th trng thi ca card mng...........................................................................................................................191
Gn a ch IP cho card mng.................................................................................................................................191
Gn a ch IP alias cho card mng.........................................................................................................................192
Bt tt card mng.....................................................................................................................................................192
B cng c ip...............................................................................................................................................................192

Ti liu tham kho...............................................................................................................................193

1. Device
a. Peripheral device v Driver

Peripheral device
Tri tim ca my tnh l b vi x l v b nh, ngoi 2 b phn ny th tt c nhng b phn khc nh
bn phm, con chut, mn hnh, a cng c gi chung l peripheral device (thit b ngoi vi).
T peripheral (ngoi vi) c dng ch vic nm ngoi thnh phn chnh. Thng ngi ta ch
gi tt l device (thit b) v ti liu ny cng gi tt nh vy.
(Cng ni thm: b vi x l, b nh v cc thit b ngoi vi c ni vi nhau bng cc dy in rt
nh gi l bus, tt c c gn trn mt bng mch in t gi l mainboard. Nu tho v case ra v
quan st mainboard, bn s thy c rt nhiu ng k mu xanh (hoc vng) chnh l cc ng
bus).

Phn loi device: block, character, virtual


Cc device c phn chia thnh 2 loi ty thuc vo cch thc c/ghi d liu trn n:

Block device nh: HDD, CDROM, floppy disk, USB stick tc l cc thit b dung lu
tr d liu lu di (thng c gi l storage device). D liu trn cc device ny mi ln
c c ghi theo tng block (khi) byte chng hn 512 byte i vi FDD/HDD, ch khng
phi theo tng bit mt. Cc khi d liu trn cc device ny c nh a ch v c th truy
cp n mt a ch bt k.

Character device nh: mouse, modem, printer, D liu trn cc device ny c c/ghi
theo tng bit mt (ch khng phi tng khi byte). Cc device ny, ch hn nh mouse lm
nhim v chuyn thao tc di chut thnh d liu v v tr ca con tr trn mn hnh, lun c d
liu thay i lin tc theo thi gian v khng c lu tr sau ny dng li.

Ngoi ra Linux (cng nh cc h iu hnh khc) cn to thm cc pseudo device (device gi)
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Driver
Driver l chng trnh iu khin device. Khi h iu hnh mun tng tc vi device n phi thng
qua driver. Cc driver ph bin thng c ci t sn trong nhn Linux, hoc c th c ci t
nh mt module tch ri v c ti cng vi nhn khi Linux khi ng.
Khi Linux khi ng s c mt chng trnh, nh vi Redhat l kudzu chy d tm cc device
mi c lp t. Khi kudzu tm thy mt device n s tm v ci driver ph hp vi device ny
trong th vin driver ca Linux /lib/modules/release/kernel/drivers/ (trong
release l s phin bn ca kernel).
Nu nhn vo th vin driver ny bn s thy rt nhiu tn tui quen thuc. Ch hn th vin driver
cho card mn hnh /lib/modules/release/kernel/drivers/video c cha cc tn
file/th mc nh aty, nvidia, l tn cc hng phn cng sn xut card mn hnh.

b. Device file (special file)


Vic truy cp mt device nu phi thng qua driver th rt phc tp, i hi ngi dng phi c kin
thc su v phn cng. Trong *nix, vic ny c n gin ha bng cc device file (file thit b).
Device file (cng cn gi l special file) l cc file nm trong th mc /dev/ ca Linux (dev - vit
tt ca device), mi file ny i din cho mt driver. Ngi dng thay v tng tc vi driver c th
tng tc vi cc device file ny nh th n l cc file d liu thng thng.
V d: /dev/audio l device file n driver ca sound card. Ngi dng c th s dng cc lnh
lm vic vi file thng (file trong ngha file/th mc) vi device file, ch hn nh dng lnh cat:
cat sample.au >/dev/audio
y nhn Linux s redirect mi th m /dev/audio nhn c vo driver ca sound card. Kt
qu l on m thanh sample.au s c chi; lnh ny thng c dng th sound card.
Khi cm mt device vo my, nu Linux nhn c device , n s to ra mt file mi trong /dev/.
V d: nu bn cm mt thanh nh USB vo th c th s thy xut hin thm file /dev/sda1.
Qui c tn cc device file nh di y. C th xem y ti chnh file sau trong my ca bn:
/usr/src/linux/Documentation/devices.txt

Block device (storage device):


fd_: floppy disk.
o V d: /dev/fd0 l FDD th nht, /dev/fd1 l FDD th hai
hd_: HDD hoc CDROM chun IDE
o V d: /dev/hda HDD IDE th 1 hoc CDROM IDE th 1
hd_ _: partition trn HDD chun IDE.
o V d: /dev/hdb3 partition th 3 trn HDD IDE th 2
sd_: HDD chun SCSI/SATA hoc USB removable disk
o V d: /dev/sdc: HDD SCSI (hoc SATA) th 3
sd_ _: partition trn HDD chun SCSI, SATA hoc USB removable disk
o v d: /dev/sdb1 partition th 1 trn HDD SCSI (hoc SATA) th 2
o v d: /dev/sda4 USB stick th 4 hoc partition th 4 trn HDD SCSI (hoc
SATA) th 1
scd_ hoc sr_ : CDROM chun SCSI, SATA.
o V d: /dev/scd0 hoc /dev/sr0 u l CDROM th 1

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sg_ : generic SCSI device device mu s chung cho cc device SCSI khc m Linux
khng c.
Ch : CDROM hay FD ch c 1 partition ch khng nh HDD c chia thnh nhiu
partition.
SCSI pht m l scuzzy, l chun hay c dng trn cc my server.
Vi mt s Linux distro thng c sn mt link /dev/cdrom tr n CDROM device. C th
truy xut n CDROM qua link ny thay v phi xc nh CDROM l file g trong /dev/ rt tin
li.
V d, ls l /dev/ trn mt my thy:
/dev/cdrom /dev/hdc
/dev/cdrom1 /dev/scd0
chng t CDROM th 1 l /dev/hdc, CDROM th 2 l /dev/scd0

Character device:
-

Mouse: /dev/input/mice chung cho cc giao din hoc /dev/psaux cho giao
din PS/2

Keyboard: /dev/input

Monitor: /dev/tty_ hoc /dev/vcs_; /dev/console l monitor ca ngi


dng root

Sound card: /dev/dsp, /dev/audio

Serial port (cc cng COM1, COM2, ): /dev/ttyS_

Parallel port, cng cn gi l line port (cc cng LPT1, LPT2): /dev/par_ hoc
/dev/lp_

Cc virtual device do Linux t nh ngha nh:


o /dev/urandom (character device) hoc /dev/random (block device):
device sinh byte ngu nhin; /dev/zero: device sinh byte zero (xem cch
dng 2 dev ny trong mc 4)
o /dev/null: khi c d liu vo, device ny s hy b v cng khng tr v d
liu ra (xem mc 8.a bi 1)
o loop device: (xem mc 4)
o Pseudo terminal: /dev/ptyp_, /dev/ttyp_
o

Khi bn ang lm vic vi console m cm thm mt device vo my th c th thng tin v device


c hin th trn mn hnh, nu khng hin th c th dng lnh dmesg xem. Lnh dmesg (vit tt
ca display message) cho bit cc thng bo ca nhn khi n detect cc thit b k t lc nhn c ti
vo RAM.
V d trch on ca mt thng bo dmesg:
debian:~# dmesg
[...]
hda: ST360014A, ATA DISK drive
hdb: WDC WD100EB-00BHF0, ATA DISK drive
[...]
Partition check:
hda: hda1 hda2! < hda5 hda6 hda7 >
hdb: hdb1 hdb2
[...]

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H thng c 2 HDD l hda, hdb; HDD hda c 5 partition: hda1 l primary, hda2 l extended cha
hda5, hda6, hda7 l logical partition; HDD hdb c 2 primary partition l hdb1, hdb2

c. S dng storage device.


Cc storage device (thit b lu tr) ph bin nht l HDD, FDD, CD/DVD, removable disk (USB,
memory card). c th s dng cc device ny cn chun b filesystem cho device (nu cha c) v
sau mount cc device. Khi nim filesystem v mount c trnh by mc di y.
- Vi cc a CD, USB, memory card, HDD th lun c sn filesystem trn ri nn s dng n
ch cn mount n.
- Vi mt HDD mi nguyn, s dng n cn lm theo 3 bc:
Phn hoch HDD thnh cc partition:
dng lnh fdisk thit lp partition table
sau mkfs to ra cc partition theo partition table kia
Mount partition va to.

2. Filesystem
a. Filesystem ca block device
Mi mt block storage device nh partition trn HDD hay CDROM, FDD, USB stick u c mt cc
t chc d liu vic lu tr/truy xut hiu qu. Tn gi cc cch t chc d liu thng gp l
FAT32, NTFS, Ext2, Cch t chc d liu trn mt partition c gi l filesystem (cn vit l file
system) ca partition y, ngi ta thng hay ni Windows/Linux hay dng file system
FAT32/NTFS/Ext2.
Filesystem (cch t chc d liu) n gin nht l FAT (file allocation table). tng ca FAT ng
nh tn gi l dng mt bng cp pht file (file allocation table), nm na th ci partition FAT c
hnh dung nh sau:
Boot

FAT1

FAT2

D liu

sector
FAT1 l mt ci bng cha metainfo (thng tin m t) v file v th mc (tn, ng dn, ngy thng
to lp, thuc tnh) v a ch ca vng sector lu ni dung file. V FAT1 rt quan trng nn n c
back up li thnh FAT2. a ch ca mi sector l mt con s 12 bit (do FAT cn c gi l
FAT12). Cng v vy partition FAT ch c c ti a 2 12 sector tc l size ca partition FAT ti a l
212.512 byte = 2MB !!! Ch c FDD v cc h iu hnh c xa s dng FAT.
Vng d liu l vng lu ni dung file (d nhin cc metainfo ca file s khng c lu y na).
Khi cn truy xut mt file no , th tn file c tra trong bng FAT1, a ch ca file c ly ra
u c HDD tr n ly ni dung file.
File system FAT32, NTFS, Ext2 phc tp hn rt nhiu, khng th cp y c.
Ch : Windows khng h tr Ext2, 3; Redhat/Fedora c th cng khng h tr NTFS, nhng nhiu
Linux distro khc vn h tr.

b. Format
c th c/ghi file ln USB stick, FDD, HDD th cc device ny cn c format theo mt file
system no m h iu hnh c th hiu c. USB stick, FDD ch c mt partition, HDD c th c
nhiu partition nn vi HDD c th cn thm bc phn hoch partition trc khi format bng lnh
fdisk.

i) fdisk edit partition table


Vi HDD, sector u tin (MBR) lu Partition table y l mt ci bng cha thng tin v cc
partition. Vic phn hoch mt HDD thnh cc partition chnh l vic chnh sa partition table.
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Dng lnh fdisk <device> chnh sa Partition table, v d: fdisk /dev/hda (ch
fdisk /dev/hda - chnh sa c disk, ch khng phi fdisk /dev/hda1 chnh sa mt
partition trn disk)
Sau lnh trn, ngi dng c th la chn cc thao tc bng cch bm cc ch ci. Nu khng nh cc
thao tc th bm m xem help danh sch cc thao tc m ngi dng c th thc hin, gm:

p hin th (print) thng tin v cc partition. Trong cc thng tin hin th, ng ch l
s blocks chnh l s KB m partition chim.

n create new partition

t change type partition (sau lnh ny bm phm L xem cc file system m fdisk h
tr)

d delete partition

w save (write) li ri exit

q quit without saving

a set active partition

v verify tnh ng n ca mt Partition table

Mt HDD c chia thnh ti a 4 primary partition (c nh s t 1-4). Mt trong 4 primary


partition ny c th tr thnh extended partition cha nhiu logical partition khc, nh vy mt HDD
vn c th cha nhiu hn 4 partition. Cc logical partition c nh s t 5 tr i.
Khi bm n to mi partition ngi dng phi khai bo kiu extended/primary hoc
logical/primary v s th t. Mc nh chng trnh fdisk bt cc partition mi to theo file system
Ext2 (Linux 83) nn mun chuyn sang file system khc nh FAT32 chng hn, phi chuyn kiu
bng phm t (change type). Fdisk h tr rt nhiu file system, bm L hoc l (list) xem danh sch ri
chn ly mt.
Khi ngi dng thao tc vi partition table bng cc phm n, t, d, nh trn th cc thao tc ny ch
l gi tm, cha thc s tc ng ln partition table. Ch khi ngi dng bm w (write) th partition
table va sa mi th s c ghi ln HDD v sau chng trnh s thot ra. Nu mun hy cc
thao tc i, bm q (quit without saving). Nu partition ca HDD ang c s dng (ang c
mount) th khng th lu li partition table c.
Khi khi ng, nhn Linux to ra mt bn sao partition table ca cc HDD trong RAM. Khi ngi
dng sa li partition table trn HDD th bn sao trong RAM s khng cn ng b na. Trong nhiu
trng hp (nh mc 4.b di y) cn cp nht li bn sao ny, dng lnh partprobe.
Fdisk ch chnh sa partition table, cha format partition theo thng tin ghi trong partition table nn
cn thm bc format nh di y
Khi khng mun thao tc vi Partition tabel m ch mun xem thng tin qua v cc partition c th c
trn tt c cc HDD trong my tnh th dng lnh fdisk l (l vit tt ca list).

ii) mkfs (make filesystem)


format mt storage device: mkfs [t type_fs] <device>
V d: mkfs -t vfat /dev/hda1
Tham s -t type_fs: file system m device cn c format theo nh: vfat (variance fat: fat16,
fat32), ext2, ext3, Nu khng c tham s ny mc nh kiu ext2 c dng. c kiu
ext3, dng tham s -j
Lnh mkfs thc s khng format ci g, n ch gi cc lnh format khc. Tc l
mkfs [t ext2] mkfs.ext2 hoc mke2fs
mkfs t ext3 mkfs.ext3 hoc mke2fs -j
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mkfs -t vfat mkfs.vfat hoc mkdosfs


vv..
Ngay lc format c th to LABEL cho partition, bng cch thm tham s nhn n vi vfat hoc l vi
ext2, ext3:
mkfs -t vfat -n <label><device>
mkfs -t ext2 l <label><device>
Linux khng h tr to nhn cho mt partition vfat sn c, ch h tr ext2, ext3 bng lnh:
e2label <device> <Label>
hoc tune2fs L <label> <device>
Vic dng Label cho partition rt tin dng ch khng cn quan tm n c th device l
/dev/hda1 hay /dev/sdb3 ch cn gi nhn l c.
V d 1: grub shell, lnh kernel c tham s root = LABEL = /
V d 2: file /etc/fstab dng u tin ct device thng dng LABEL = /

3. Mounting
a. Lnh mount
Khi c mt storage device (HDD partition, CD, FD) v c format theo mt file system no
, c th c/ghi d liu ln device ny cn mount (gn) device ny vo mt th mc no
(th mc ny c gi l mount point) trn cy th mc khng l / ca Linux (xem mc 7 bi 1). Khi
, ni dung ca th mc mount point b n i (khng access c) v c thay th bng ni dung
ca device. Vic c/ghi d liu ln device ny c thc hin thng qua vic c/ghi d liu ln th
mc mount point.
Ch c block device (storage device) mi mount c, cn character device (mouse, printer, monitor
) th khng c khi nim mount. Vic truy xut cc character device ny hon ton theo mt cch
khc.
Lnh mount
mount

[- t

fs_type]

[- o

option]

<device>

<mount_point>

o mount_point thng c ly (khng bt buc) l mt th mc no trong /mnt/


o device y c th c xc nh qua ng dn chng hn /dev/hda1 hay qua LABEL ca
n, dng tham s -L <label>.
V d: mount
mc /mnt/HD

-L

Music

/mnt/HD // mount partition c nhn l Music vo th

o Tham s -t fs_type ch ra kiu file system ca device, nhng cng c th khng cn


v Linux t nhn ra c file system ca device. Ring vi kiu ntfs, tnh thi im ny Red
hat v Fedora khng h tr (!) nhng cc Linux distro khc vn h tr.
o Cc options y c th l

ro read only, rw read write: quyn ch c c/ghi trn device

exec/noexect cho php/cm ngi s dng chy cc executable file trn


device

vv..

cc option cch nhau bng du phy.


V d: mount

o ro,exec /dev/sdb
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/mnt/USB

o Lnh mount (khng c tham s) cho bit cc device ang c mount. Xem thm mc
/etc/mtab di y.
remount
remount tc l mount vi thuc tnh ny ri nhng li mun mount li vi thuc tnh khc th
vn dng lnh mount nh thng vi thm tham s -o remount
V d: vi /dev/sdb c mount nh trn tc l read only v c quyn run executabe file, gi
mun read write v cm run executable file trn thit b ny th dng lnh:
mount o remount, rw, noexec

/dev/sdb

Mt device c th c mount ti nhiu ni, khi mt ni no c cp nht d liu th cc ni cn li


cng c cp nht theo. Mt th mc khi tr thnh mount point th khng th c mount mt
device khc vo na.
thi mount mt device dng lnh umount <device> hoc umount <mount_point>
Quyn mount/umount
Ch c account root mi c quyn mount/umount mi storage device.
Cc normal user ch c quyn mount/umount cc removable device nh CD, FD, USB stick do
chnh ngi cm vo, v khng c php mount/umount cc HDD trong my tnh.

b. file cu hnh /etc/fstab


Khi h thng khi ng, hin nhin partition / phi c mount trc tin, sau l cc storage device
khc. File cu hnh h thng /etc/fstab (vit tt ca file system table) ghi li danh sch nhng
partition c mount khi khi ng h thng. Hy man fstab bit thm chi tit.
Mi mt dng trong file ny l mt partition, 6 trng (thng s) trong mi dng s cung cp thng tin
cho vic mount khi khi ng Linux.
V d:
LABEL=/

ext2 defaults

1 1

/dev/hdb1

/home

ext2 defaults

1 2

/dev/cdrom /media/cdrom

auto ro,noauto,user,exec 0 0

/dev/fd0

/media/floppy auto rw,noauto,user,sync 0 0

Proc

/proc

proc defaults

0 0

/dev/hdb1

/mnt/HDB1

auto defaults

0 3

/dev/hda1

swap

swap pri=42

0 0

ngha ca cc trng t tri sang phi:


a. Device: c ch ra bng ng dn /dev/ hoc bng LABEL
b. Mount point
c. File system type ca device. Trng ny nn auto Linux t xc nh kiu.
d. Options: cc option ny s c dng in vo lnh mount o khi mount device. Cc
option c ngn cch nhau bng du phy. Mt s option hay gp,.
i. ro/rw, exec/noexec: quyn ch c read/write/execute file trn device
ii. auto/noauto: t ng hay khng t ng mount partition lc khi ng Linux.
iii. users/nouser: cho php tt c cc user hay khng mt user no (tr root) c
mount partition.

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iv. defaults: option ny tng ng vi auto, nouser, rw, exec, suid,

Khi khng ch r nhng option trn th mc nh chn nhng option c gch chn. Option
defaults hay c s dng
e. Dump disk: nu trng ny khc 0 th khi khi ng Linux, device ngoi vic c mount c
th c back up (dump). Nu khng c yu cu c bit v backup th trng ny l 0.
f. Check order: Khi khi ng, cc device c check m bo khng li trc khi c
mount. Th t check cc partition c quyt nh bi trng ny. V d file /etc/fstab
trn, partition / c check u tin (check order = 1), partition /boot c check th hai
(check order = 2), partition /dev/hbd1 c check th ba (check order = 3). Cc partition c
check order = 0 th khng c check ( mt thi gian !). Sau khi check xong, cc partition
mi c mount. Cng ch thm partition / lun c check u tin cho d ngi dng c
tnh t check order khc 1 v th tt nht l check order ca partition / l 1, cc partition khc
t 2 tr i.
Cc device c cp n trong /etc/fstab khng phi lc no cng c mount t ng khi
khi ng Linux nu nh c option noauto. in hnh l CD, FD l 2 device c option noauto nn
ngi dng mun dng phi t mount. Option pamconsole m bo normal user s hu CD, FD c
th mount c.
File /etc/fstab ngoi chc nng gip mount t ng n cn lm n gin vic g lnh mount mt
device. Thng thng mount mt device no phi dng lnh mount vi 2 i s:
mount <device> <mount_point>
nhng nu thng tin v <device> hoc <mount_point> c cho trong /etc/fstab th khng cn vit
lnh mount y . V d: nu c file /etc/fstab nh trn th khi mount FD ch cn g lnh:
mount /media/floppy
hoc: mount /dev/fd0
thay v: mount /dev/fd0 /media/floppy
File /etc/fstab lun c sn dng cho CD, FD v mount point thng nm trong /media/. Khi
ngi dng cm thm USB stick th cng t ng c lun mt dng v USB stick trong
/etc/fstab; dng ny s b xa i khi ngi dng rt USB stick ra. Tuy nhin khi ngi dng gn
thm HDD th khng c dng no v cc partition trn HDD va gn c thm vo /etc/fstab.
Root phi t lm th cng.

c. file cu hnh /etc/mtab


File /etc/fstab ch l danh sch nhng device mong mun c mount, c th c nhng device
mount khng thnh cng do ghi khng ng qui cch trong file etc/fstab, do khng tm thy
mount_point, ng dn device b thay i ... nn trn thc t nhng partition mount thnh cng c
th khc vi danh sch /etc/fstab. Nhng partition mount c thnh cng c ghi trong
/etc/mtab (vit tt ca mounted table).
Ngi dng cng c th dng lnh mount (khng tham s) xem danh sch nhng device mount
c. Lnh cat /etc/mtab v mount l tng ng nhau.
Lnh mount v cat /etc/mtab cho ra kt qu nhiu device, nu ngi dng ch quan tm n
nhng storage device c mount th dng lnh df h (df vit tt ca disk filesystem, -h vit tt ca
human readable tham s ny thng tin c hin th ra dng d hiu cho ngi c)

4. Hai partition c bit ca Linux


Partition / v partition swap (cha vit).

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5. dd v loop device
a. Lnh dd
Lnh dd dng copy d liu mc thp (tc l copy tng bit mt). N c d liu t mt file v ghi
ra thnh mt file theo mt nh dng no ; file y theo ngha rng, thng l device file, khng
nht thit phi l file thng thng.
V d 1: chp 512 byte u tin ca a cng /dev/hdb thnh file backup (lnh ny c ngha: sao lu
li MBR (sector u tin) ca a cng)
dd if=/dev/hdb of=backup bs=512 count=1
Cc tham s ca lnh dd khng theo kiu option value m li theo kiu option=value. Cc
tham s quan trng gm:

if, of. if (input file) l file c d liu vo v of (output file) l file m d liu c ghi ra.
Nu khng ch r if v of th mc nh dd s ly cc k t t /dev/stdin tc l t bn phm ca
virtual console v ghi d liu ra /dev/stdout tc l ra mn hnh ca virtual console

bs, ibs, obs. D liu c c vo/ghi ra thnh tng khi (block) mt, bs (block size) l kch
thc ca khi, mc nh l 512 byte. V d bs=5 hoc bs=5MB tc l 5 byte hoc 5MB. Nu
mun ch r ra kch thc ca khi d liu lc c vo th dng ibs (input block size) hoc lc
ghi ra th dng obs (output block size).

count: s khi d liu c c vo v ghi ra. Nu tham s ny vng mt, lnh dd s hiu l
c ht ton b if v ghi ton b d liu c c ra of.

conv (vit tt ca conversion): cch d liu c ghi ra file of. Gi tr ca conv c th l:


noerr, sync, notrunc, ucase/lcase, xem cc v d di y bit ngha ca chng.

skip, seek. Nu c tham s skip=n (seek=n) th n block u tin ca input (output file) s c
b qua.

Thng bo kt qu ca lnh dd l Records in A+a v Records out B+b trong record l


block v A hoc B l s block d liu c c vo/ghi ra. Trong trng hp mt s block d
liu ca if hoc of khng th c/ghi trn vn c th a, b l s block cha y .
V d 2: clone (nhn bn) a cng tc l sao chp tng sector ca a cng ny sang a cng kia.
(Ch c nhng sector ca a cng khng c dng ghi d liu nh MBR, boot sector. Lnh cp
sao chp file/th mc khng th lm vic c vi nhng sector c bit ny)
dd if=/dev/hda of=/dev/hdb conv=noerr
Bnh thng nu dd gp li trong qu trnh c/ghi mt block d liu no n s dng li nhng
nu c conv=noerr n s vn tip tc (nhng vic ny th cng khng nn). Trong lnh trn c th
khng cn dng tham s conv=noerr nu nh 2 a cng khng c g hng hc.
V d 3: chp li ton b cc bit ca a CD thnh mt file iso.
dd if=/dev/cdrom of=CD.iso
V d 4: sinh ra mt file (c ni dung bt k) dung lng 1GB (dng /dev/urandom l virtual
device sinh byte ngu nhin)
dd if=/dev/urandom of=file bs=1M count=1k
V d 5: ty trng (ghi cc bit 0) ton b a cng /dev/hdb (dng /dev/zero l virtual device
sinh byte 0)
dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hdb
V d 6: chuyn ht cc k t thng thnh hoa ca mt file (conv=ucase hoc conv=lcase
chuyn k t thng thnh hoa hoc hoa thnh thng)
dd if=file of=file conv=ucase
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V d 7: ghi 512 byte zero vo u mt file (dng conv=notrunc bo phn d liu cn li


t byte th 513 khng b mt i)
dd if=/dev/zero of=file bs=512 count=1 conv=notrunc
V d 8: gi s c file1 dung lng 1000 byte, file2 dung lng 100 byte. Lnh dd sau sao chp
file1 ln file2 vi mi ln c/ghi tng khi 30 byte:
dd if=file1 of=file2 bs=30
Kt qu ca lnh ny l 33+1 records in v 33+1 records out, c 33 block 30 byte v
1 block l 10 byte c c ghi (33*30+10=1000). Nu dng tham s conv=notrunc th block
l 10 byte c ni thm 20 byte na c kch thc bs=30. Lc thng bo s l 33+1
records in v 34+1 records out.

b. loop device
Loop device l c ch cho php mt file c cha filesystem (in hnh l cc file image nh *.iso,
*.img) c th c mount nh th n l mt storage device.
Ch loop device ch khng phi loopback device
V d 1: Mount mt file nh a CD
Gi s c file cd.iso l nh ca a CD (xem v d 3 mc 5.a dd trn y bit cch to.)
Cch nhanh nht mount file cd.iso ny vo th mc /mnt l dng lnh mount vi tham s -o
loop
mount o loop cd.iso /mnt
Sau lnh ny ni dung th mc /mnt l ni dung file cd.iso cng tc l ni dung a CD X.
ng thi /mnt cng ch c th truy cp readonly (tnh cht ca CD), thm ch d bn c tnh
mount vi tham s -o rw.
Cch mount di y di hn nhng n gip ta hiu k hn v qu trnh ny.
Linux to ra mt s device gi (pseduo device) vi device file tng ng l /dev/loop0,
/dev/loop1 (vi Solaris th l /dev/lofi/_, vi cc dn xut BSD th l /dev/vnd_)
nhm gip cho vic mount file d dng. Thc s qu trnh mount file din ra qua 2 cng on:
i.

File c cha filesystem (file cd.iso) c lin hip vi mt /dev/loop_ no


losetup /dev/loop0 cd.iso
nu /dev/loop0 c lin kt vi file khc th lnh trn s khng thnh cng.

ii.

/dev/loop0 c mount vo mt th mc
mount /dev/loop0 /mnt

Khi umount file cd.iso khi th mc /mnt cn lm ngc li 2 cng on trn:


i.

umount /dev/loop0 bng lnh: umount /mnt hoc umount /dev/loop0

ii.

gii phng lin kt /dev/loop_ vi file cd.iso: losetup d /dev/loop0

Hai cng on ny cng c th lm ch bng mt lnh: umount /cd.iso


V d 1: to ra mt bn sao ca mt partition s dng
Khi partition gp s c, mt d liu, thng ngi ta khng lm vic trc tip vi partition m lm
vic vi bn sao ca partition.
Gi s ang c partition /dev/hdb1, sao chp c partition ny thnh mt file nh:
dd if=/dev/hdb1 of=/path/partition.img
Mount file nh ny vo /mnt s dng: mount o loop partition.img /mnt
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V d 2: t sinh ra mt file ln gi lm partition s dng


Bc 1: sinh ra mt file ln 1 GB
dd if=/dev/zero of=/path/File1GB.img
Bc 2: to filesystem (format) cho file ny
mkfs t ext2 /path/File1GB.img
Bc 3: mount file ln (cha filesystem) va to s dng
mount o loop /path/File1GB.img /mnt
V d 3: (v d ny kh v ng n hiu cu trc vt l ca HDD, s b i trong tng lai) lm vic
vi file nh HDD
Gi s c HDD /dev/hdb gm 3 partition.
sao chp HDD /dev/hdb thnh mt file nh dng lnh: dd /dev/hdb
/path/fileHDD.img
Sau lnh ny fileHDD.img cha tht s ging /dev/hdb mt cch hon ho. Cn thm thao tc
thit lp s cylinders cho fileHDD.img ny. Mun th ta phi ly s cylinders ca /dev/hdb
trc bng lnh fdisk l /dev/hdb. Sau dng s ny thit lp cho fileHDD.img bng
cch: g lnh fdisk /path/fileHDD.img; bm x vo ch expert, bm c t s cylinder,
g s cylinder trn va tm c vo; bm w lu v thot ra ngoi.
T y tr i ta c th coi fileHDD.img nh th l mt HDD thc s v c th thc hin lnh fdisk
trn n. Ch /dev/hdb1 tng ng vi fileHDD.img1.
mount c partition gi s l /path/fileHDD.img1 th phi dng thm tham s offset ch
ra v tr u ca partition cn mount. (Khng th vit /path/fileHDD.img1 c).

6. Mt s thao tc khc vi storage device


Ngoi fdisk ra cn c GNU parted - mt cng c mnh m cho php create, remove, resize, copy
partition vi rt nhiu kiu filesystem.
Resize li partition
Cc cng c resize partition: resize2fs, ext2resize, ext2online. Bn Linux m bn ang dng c th
ch c mt trong s cc cng c trn, ch hn Redhat khng cha gi resizefs, ext2resize nhng c
ext2online.
-

ext2online: tnh n thi im ny ch resize ext3 partition ch khng lm vic c vi ext2 ci tn ext2online t khng ng. Nu resize ext2 partition s gp li Inappropriate ioctl for
device. ext2online ch c th tng ch khng gim c size nhng c th resize mt online
partition (partition ang c mount)

resize2fs, ext2resize c th resize (tng v gim) ext2/ext3 nhng ch vi unmounted partition

Cc cng c ny thc s ch lm nhim v resize filesystem, khng resize partition.


tng kch thc ca mt partition:
(1) Dng fdisk sa li size cho partition:
- Xa partition i. Do fdisk ch lm vic vi partition table nn thao tc ny khng gy mt d liu !
- To mi partition c v tr start trng vi v tr start ca partition c, v tr end ln hn v tr end c
(2) Chy cc cng c trn resize li filesystem ca partition.
gim kch thc ca mt partition, thc hin theo th t ngc li: (2), (1)

7. Thc hnh vi Vmware


Yu cu:
78/193

Thnh tho: nhn din device, fdisk, format, mount, t nhn cho ext partition.
c hiu ni dung file /etc/fstab v /etc/mtab. Bit cch mount t ng cho device.
Thc hnh cc thao tc trn vi 4 loi thit b quen thuc
Ch quan trng:
Redhat 4,5 khng h tr driver cho SCSI vi BusLogic. Th nn nu virtual machine m s
dng BusLogic th khi add thm SCSI HDD, Linux s khng nhn ra c v do khng c
file sda trong /dev.
1. USB stick
1. Kim tra li xem my o c USB controller cha, nu cha c th add vo. Sau khi add vo, bt
my Red hat, s c thng bo Kudzu (hardware detection tool) detect USB controller.
2. Cm mt USB stick (tht) vo my (tht), chn connect n vo my o, lc ny my tht s khng
cn nhn c USB stick na. Khi cm USB vo my o, c thng bo g hin ra, nu khng c dng
dmesg xem thng tin v USB stick va cm.
Xc nh USB l file g trong /dev/ ?
3. Dng lnh fdisk l bit thng tin v USB stick, dung lng bao nhiu.
4. Mount USB stick vo mt th mc no . Thao tc vi file, th mc trn USB.
5. Kim tra xem /etc/fstab c cp nht thm mt dng v USB khng ?
6. Remount li USB stick vi ch read only.
2. CDROM
1. Xc nh xem CDROM l file g trong /dev/
2. Khi mount CDROM khng cn vit y lnh m ch cn mount /media/cdrom, ti sao.
3. Mount CDROM
3. FDD
1. Nu cha c FDD th add vo. Chn Use floppy image file, Create to mt blank floppy disk
2. Xc nh xem FD ny l g trong /dev/
3. Th mount FD ny xem c thng bo g. Ti sao khng mount c.
4. Format FD ny theo file system vfat (msdos). C th dng nhng lnh no format.
5. Mount FD va format.
4. partition HDD
1. Add thm mt HDD dung lng 200MB, bt my
2. HDD va thm vo l g trong /dev/
3. Cng ging nh vi FDD, HDD ny s khng th mount ngay c, cn format. Th format HDD
ny theo kiu vfat xem c c khng. Ti sao
4. Dng fdisk l phn hoch HDD thnh
5.
1 Primary Active
2 Extended
3 Primary minix (81)
ext2
5 vfat (c)
6 ext3
(85)
(ch : chn c kiu minix bm phm L)

6.
7.
8.
9.

Xong vic nh bm w save li Partition table


Format cc partition trn bng lnh mkfs. Xem lnh mkfs gi n lnh no khc.
Dng lnh fdisk l xem thng tin v cc partition trong my xem ng vi yu cu bi
cha.
t nhn cho partition ext2, ext3 l EXT2part, EXT3part.
Mount tt c cc partition trn:
a) Cc partition 1, 3: rewrite
b) Cc partition 5, 6: readonly
79/193

10. Sau khi mount xong th ghi file ln partition 1, 3. Sau unmount partition 1, th c gng ghi file
ln partition 1 xem
11. Th c tnh ghi file/th mc ln partition va mount readonly. Sau thc hin remount bng
cch dng tham s -o remount.
12. Sa file /etc/fstab t ng mount partition vfat (ch read write), EXT2part, EXT3part (ch
read only) mi khi Linux khi ng. Ch dng LABEL trong fstab cho EXT2part, EXT3part.
t check order l EXT3, vfat, EXT2.
13. Restart my v kim tra vic t ng mount xem c thnh cng hay khng bng lnh mount
(khng c tham s) hoc cat /etc/mtab

80/193

y l mt bi ca bn tho Gio trnh Nhp mn Qun tr H thng Linux ang vit d. Trn Huy Thng tranhuythang@gmail.com,
Rt mong bn c c th tham gia vit nt phn cn li ca cun sch. Bn c c th ng li mt phn hay ton b tp bn tho ny nhng cn ghi
r ngun v thng bo tm ngi vit tip ny. Nu ng li vi nh thng mi th xin nhn trc cho tc gi.

Bi 5. Install softwares
Bi 1. Khi nim FOSS v *nix..............................................................................................................9
I. FOSS..........................................................................................................................................................14
1. S hu tr tu..............................................................................................................................................................14
S hu tr tu (intelectual property)..........................................................................................................................14
S hu cng (public domain)....................................................................................................................................14
i ngc vi s hu tr tu l s hu cng........................................................................................................14
Khi s hu tr tu tr thnh s hu cng..............................................................................................................14
Copyright (bn quyn) ..........................................................................................................................................15
Thng hiu (trademark)..........................................................................................................................................16
2. Phn loi phn mm theo quyn ca ngi s dng..................................................................................................16
EULA v cc quyn ca ngi s dng....................................................................................................................16
Proprietary softwares hay FOSS...............................................................................................................................17
Disclaimer of warranty (chi b bo m)................................................................................................................18
3. Free/Open source softwares (FOSS)..........................................................................................................................18
a. nh ngha Free/Open source softwares................................................................................................................18
Free software........................................................................................................................................................18
Open source software...........................................................................................................................................19
Free softwares vs Open source.............................................................................................................................20
b. FOSS v chuyn min ph.................................................................................................................................21
FOSS th min ph ?.............................................................................................................................................21
FOSS thng mi ?..............................................................................................................................................22
c. Cc mu giy php FOSS......................................................................................................................................22
4. Cc giy php FOSS kiu public domain: BSD, MIT, Apache.................................................................................24
BSD (copycenter)......................................................................................................................................................24
MIT licence...............................................................................................................................................................25
Apache.......................................................................................................................................................................26
5. Cc giy php FOSS kiu weak copyleft: LGPL v Perl (cha vit)........................................................................26
6. Giy php (strong) copyleft: GPL (cha xong).........................................................................................................26
tng ca giy php GPL:.....................................................................................................................................26
ngha ca giy php GPL: ....................................................................................................................................26
p dng cc iu khon ca GPL.............................................................................................................................27
7. M hnh pht trin phn mm FOSS (cha vit).......................................................................................................27
8. M hnh kinh doanh phn mm FOSS (cha vit)....................................................................................................27
9. Nhng quan nim sai lm thng thy v FOSS (cha vit)....................................................................................27

II. *nix...........................................................................................................................................................27
1. Gii thiu UNIX, BSD...............................................................................................................................................27
UNIX.........................................................................................................................................................................28
BSD...........................................................................................................................................................................28
2. UNIX v UNIX-like (*nix)........................................................................................................................................29
3. Chun POSIX (SUS)..................................................................................................................................................29
4. Nhn Linux v D n GNU.......................................................................................................................................30
5. Linux distribution.......................................................................................................................................................30

Bi 2. B tc kin thc v HDD. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD (cha xong)............................................33


1. Hiu v HDD.............................................................................................................................................37
1.a. Cu trc vt l ca HDD.........................................................................................................................................37
1.b. Cu trc logic ca HDD..........................................................................................................................................38
1.c. Qu trnh khi ng OS ca my tnh.....................................................................................................................38

2. Cng c my o hc thc hnh Linux. Mt s ch v Vmware Workstation.............................38


3. Cc cch c c mt bn Linux distro v trng hp ca Redhat. .............................................38
4. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD..........................................................................................................................38
4.a. Ci t Linux...........................................................................................................................................................38
4.b. Ci t FreeBSD.....................................................................................................................................................38
4.c. T ng ha qu trnh ci t..................................................................................................................................38

5. Vn multi OS.......................................................................................................................................38

Bi 3. Lm quen vi Linux command..................................................................................................39


81/193

1. ng nhp v tt my..............................................................................................................................43
2. Kernel, Shell.............................................................................................................................................44
3. Virtual Console v Terminal...................................................................................................................45
4. Lnh trong Linux.....................................................................................................................................45
a. Cch vit lnh.............................................................................................................................................................45
b. Thc thi executable file..............................................................................................................................................46
c. Dng mt lnh............................................................................................................................................................46
c. Shell script..................................................................................................................................................................46
d. Metacharacters...........................................................................................................................................................47
e. Help............................................................................................................................................................................47
f. History........................................................................................................................................................................48

5. su...............................................................................................................................................................48
6. Lm vic vi file v th mc trn *nix...................................................................................................48
a. Cu trc file v th mc ca Linux khc vi ca Windows......................................................................................48
b. ng dn th mc ca Linux k hiu /, thi quen TAB, th mc . ~...................................................................49
Hy cn thn vi du /...............................................................................................................................................49
Th mc home, th mc hin hnh, th mc ~ . .. ................................................................................................50
Mun nhanh th bm TAB hoc TAB TAB..............................................................................................................50
Khi tn file, th mc cha k t c bit...................................................................................................................50
c. Lnh ls l, xem thng tin v file, th mc.................................................................................................................51
d. Cc lnh xem, to mi, xa, di chuyn, i tn file v th mc................................................................................52
Hin th ni dung file................................................................................................................................................52
To th mc mi.......................................................................................................................................................52
To file mi...............................................................................................................................................................52
i tn/di chuyn file v th mc.............................................................................................................................52
Copy file v th mc.................................................................................................................................................52
Xa file hoc th mc...............................................................................................................................................53
e. Midnight Commander (mc)........................................................................................................................................53
f. Link.............................................................................................................................................................................53
g. Archive v Compress file...........................................................................................................................................53
h. Tm kim file v th mc...........................................................................................................................................54

7. Filesystem Hierarchy standard...............................................................................................................55


8. Trong *nix, mi th u l file. ..............................................................................................................57
9. Redirection v xargs................................................................................................................................58
a. Redirect stdin, stdout, stderr to file............................................................................................................................58
b. Pipe v kt hp vi grep, wc, sort, less......................................................................................................................60
c. xargs...........................................................................................................................................................................61

10. VIM editor..............................................................................................................................................61


11. Regular expression.................................................................................................................................62

Bi 4. Devices - Filesystems Mounting..............................................................................................64


1. Device........................................................................................................................................................68
a. Peripheral device v Driver........................................................................................................................................68
Peripheral device.......................................................................................................................................................68
Phn loi device: block, character, virtual................................................................................................................68
Driver........................................................................................................................................................................69
b. Device file (special file).............................................................................................................................................69
c. S dng storage device...............................................................................................................................................71

2. Filesystem.................................................................................................................................................71
a. Filesystem ca block device.......................................................................................................................................71
b. Format........................................................................................................................................................................71
i) fdisk edit partition table......................................................................................................................................71
ii) mkfs (make filesystem).........................................................................................................................................72

3. Mounting..................................................................................................................................................73
a. Lnh mount................................................................................................................................................................73
b. file cu hnh /etc/fstab................................................................................................................................................74
c. file cu hnh /etc/mtab................................................................................................................................................75

4. Hai partition c bit ca Linux.............................................................................................................75

82/193

5. dd v loop device......................................................................................................................................76
a. Lnh dd.......................................................................................................................................................................76
b. loop device.................................................................................................................................................................77

6. Mt s thao tc khc vi storage device.................................................................................................78


7. Thc hnh vi Vmware...........................................................................................................................78

Bi 5. Install softwares..........................................................................................................................81
I. RPM..........................................................................................................................................................85
I.1 Tn file package v tn software..............................................................................................................................85
I.2 RPM database v rpm tool........................................................................................................................................86
I.3 Install........................................................................................................................................................................86
I.4 Query........................................................................................................................................................................87
I.5 Upgrade.....................................................................................................................................................................88
I.6 Erase.........................................................................................................................................................................88
I.7 Verify........................................................................................................................................................................88

II. DEB (cha vit).......................................................................................................................................89


III. Ci t phn mm t source code........................................................................................................89

Bi 6. Qun tr user. File permission...................................................................................................92


1. Qun tr user............................................................................................................................................96
1.1 Users.........................................................................................................................................................................96
1.2 Group.......................................................................................................................................................................98
1.3 Reset password ca root...........................................................................................................................................99

2. File permission.......................................................................................................................................100
Ch s hu, nhm ch s hu mc nh......................................................................................................................101
Thay i ch s hu, nhm ch s hu bng lnh chown, chgrp................................................................................101
Thay i quyn truy cp r, w, x vi cc i tng u, g, o...........................................................................................101
SUID, SGID, sticky bit................................................................................................................................................103
Set UID v Set GID cho file kh thi........................................................................................................................103
Set GID cho th mc...............................................................................................................................................104
Sticky bit.................................................................................................................................................................105
K hiu SUID, SGID, Sticky bit bng ch s .........................................................................................................105

3. Quota.......................................................................................................................................................106
1-Ci t phn mm quota......................................................................................................................................106
2-Mount partition vi thuc tnh usrquota..............................................................................................................107
3-Khi to quota database trn partition bng lnh quotacheck.............................................................................107
4-enable (disable) quota bng quotaon (quotaoff)..................................................................................................108
5-t limit, grace cho user bng lnh edquota........................................................................................................108
6-Xem li thng tin v quota...................................................................................................................................109
7-Th nghim quota................................................................................................................................................109

Bi 7. Advanced partitioning: RAID & LVM.....................................................................................111


I. Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks................................................................................................115
1. Khi nim RAID......................................................................................................................................................115
2. Thit lp v s dng RAID......................................................................................................................................117
3. Xem thng tin v array.............................................................................................................................................118
4. Qun l disk trong array...........................................................................................................................................119
5. Hy RAID array.......................................................................................................................................................119
6. File /etc/mdadm.con.................................................................................................................................................120
7. Stripe hay Linear......................................................................................................................................................120

II. Logical Volume Management..............................................................................................................120


1. Thit lp LVM.........................................................................................................................................................120
Thit lp v s dng LV..........................................................................................................................................120
Enable LVM............................................................................................................................................................122
LVM on RAID (cha xong)....................................................................................................................................122
2. Xem thng tin v volume.........................................................................................................................................123
Khi nim PE, LE....................................................................................................................................................123
Xem thng tin bng pvdisplay, vgdisplay, lvdisplay .............................................................................................123
3. Qun l cc volume..................................................................................................................................................124
Disable/Remove volume.........................................................................................................................................124
Thm vo/Rt ra/Hon chuyn PV.........................................................................................................................124

83/193

Resize LV................................................................................................................................................................124
4. Cc mc linh tinh khc:...........................................................................................................................................125

Bi 8. Qun l process, daemon..........................................................................................................126


I. Tin trnh................................................................................................................................................130
I.1 Tin trnh l chng trnh khi n ang c thc thi.............................................................................................130
Tin trnh cha, tin trnh con. S ID ca tin trnh..................................................................................................131
Phn b CPU v u tin (s nice) ca tin trnh................................................................................................131
Trng thi ca tin trnh..........................................................................................................................................131
Ch s hu ca tin trnh........................................................................................................................................132
Cc signal m tin trnh bt.....................................................................................................................................132
I.2 Cc thao tc vi tin trnh.......................................................................................................................................132
In ra trng thi cc tin trnh bng lnh ps..............................................................................................................132
Theo di cc tin trnh bng lnh top (hoc prstat, topas)......................................................................................133
Tm kim mt tin trnh..........................................................................................................................................135
iu chnh s nice ca tin trnh.............................................................................................................................135
I.3 Signal v lnh kill, killall, pkill...............................................................................................................................135
Lnh kill..................................................................................................................................................................135
Lnh killall v pkill.................................................................................................................................................136
I.4 Cc tin trnh c tng tc. Ch background, foreground.................................................................................136

II. Qun l daemon....................................................................................................................................138


Cc daemon nm u ?.............................................................................................................................................138
Trc tip bt/tt daemon..............................................................................................................................................138
/etc/rc.d/rc[0-6].d tp daemon cho mi run level......................................................................................................139
Cc cng c qun l daemon.......................................................................................................................................140

III. Lp lch (scheduling)...........................................................................................................................142


cron...............................................................................................................................................................................142
System cron jobs..........................................................................................................................................................142
User cron jobs..............................................................................................................................................................143
at...................................................................................................................................................................................143

Bi 9. Qu trnh khi ng (grub, kernel, init) v tt my ca Linux..............................................144


I. GRUB......................................................................................................................................................148
1. Chc nng ca GRUB..............................................................................................................................................148
2. Qu trnh ti GRUB.................................................................................................................................................149
3. Ci li GRUB...........................................................................................................................................................150
4. File grub.conf (menu.lst)..........................................................................................................................................151

II. Np h iu hnh t GRUB.................................................................................................................152


Truy xut device...........................................................................................................................................................153
Qui c k hiu device ca GRUB..........................................................................................................................153
Truy xut file ca GRUB........................................................................................................................................153
Ti nhn Linux.............................................................................................................................................................154
Ba lnh ti nhn Linux: kernel, root, initrd........................................................................................................154
Ti nhn Linux th cng ........................................................................................................................................155
Ti nhn FreeBSD ..................................................................................................................................................156
Np bootloader ca cc h iu hnh khc..................................................................................................................156

III. init.........................................................................................................................................................157
1./sbin/init chy v c file /etc/initab.........................................................................................................................157
2./etc/inittab..................................................................................................................................................................157
3.Thc thi cc script khi to h thng trong th mc /etc/rc.d..................................................................................158

IV. Tt my.................................................................................................................................................159

Bi 10. To mng o bng VMware Workstation..............................................................................161


1. Ni my tht/ my o vo cc switch o...............................................................................................165
1.1 Ni my tht vi cc switch o:.............................................................................................................................165
a. Ni NIC tht vo switch o:................................................................................................................................166
b. Ni NIC o trn my tht vo switch o:............................................................................................................166
1.2 Ni my o vi switch o: ....................................................................................................................................168

2. VMnet0 (Bridged mode) v Virtual Bridge..........................................................................................168


3. VMnet1 (Host only mode) v Virtual DHCP server............................................................................169

84/193

4. VMnet8 (NAT mode) v Virtual NAT device......................................................................................172


5. VM team v LAN segment....................................................................................................................175
6. T to mng WAN bng VMware Workstation..................................................................................175

Bi 11. B tc kin thc v TCP/IP....................................................................................................176


I. Khi nim mng my tnh. Phn cng mng v Giao thc mng (cha vit)...................................180
II. Mng LAN v WAN (cha vit)..........................................................................................................180
III. TCP/IP (cha vit)...............................................................................................................................180
IV. a ch IP..............................................................................................................................................180
a ch IP theo cch phn lp A, B, C (c)..................................................................................................................181
Subnet...........................................................................................................................................................................182
Tnh nhm vi a ch IP.........................................................................................................................................183
a ch loopback......................................................................................................................................................184
IP trn Internet, IP tnh, IP ng v ICANN...........................................................................................................184
a ch IP ring (private IP)....................................................................................................................................185

Bi 12. Configure card mng (cha xong)........................................................................................186


Ci t driver cho card mng.......................................................................................................................................190
Lnh ifconfig................................................................................................................................................................191
Hin th trng thi ca card mng...........................................................................................................................191
Gn a ch IP cho card mng.................................................................................................................................191
Gn a ch IP alias cho card mng.........................................................................................................................192
Bt tt card mng.....................................................................................................................................................192
B cng c ip...............................................................................................................................................................192

Ti liu tham kho...............................................................................................................................193


Cc software (cn gi l package) cho Linux c cung cp di 2 dng
-

Source package (nu software l open source): Ngi dng t bin dch source code v t
ci t.

Binary package: cc package ny c bin dch sn, ngi dng ch vic thc thi lun file
ci t.

Cc phn mm hin nay khi c cung cp dng binary ch yu c ng gi theo khun dng
RPM ca hng Redhat, hoc khun dng DEB ca hng Debian. iu ny cng tng t nh cc phn
mm c ng gi thnh b ci t c ui l .msi (microsoft installer) trong windows.
Redhat/Debian cng a ra trnh qun l vic ci t/g b cc gi RPM/DEB gi l Redhat Package
Manager (rpm)/Debian Package Manager (dpkg) ging nh trnh Add/Remove Program trong
Windows/Control panel. Cc bn Linux nh Redhat, Fedora, Suse, Centos dng rpm, trong khi
Debian, Ubuntu dng dpkg.

I. RPM
I.1 Tn file package v tn software
Theo chun RPM, mt phn mm c ng gi thnh mt file package c tn c t theo qui
cch: name version patch.architecture.rpm
V d: ethereal-0.8.9-1.i386.rpm;
chess-0.1-1-noarch.rpm;
Name, version, patch l tn, version, s hiu bn v li ca phn mm. Cn phn bit tn phn mm v
tn file package. Tn phn mm thng c cha trong tn package. Ngi dng c th d dng i
tn file pakage nhng khng th i tn phn mm c.
Mi phn mm c vit theo mt kin trc phn cng ring. Architecture gm nhng kiu: i386,
i686 (tng thch vi Intel x86), x86_64 (AMD), ppc (PowerPC), s390 (IBM mainframe), noarch
(phn mm khng ph thuc vo nn)

85/193

Khi phn mm c cho dng source code ngi dng t build theo architecture ca ring mnh
th tn file package l name version patch.src.rpm

I.2 RPM database v rpm tool.


Vic ci t/g b cc gi phn mm trong Redhat, Fedora, Centos c thc hin thng qua trnh
qun l gi Redhat Package Manager. Trnh qun l ny gm 2 thnh phn quan trng:
-

RPM database: lu gi thng tin v cc gi c ci. Database ny c lu trong


/var/lib/rpm

rpm tool: cng c cho ngi dng ci t/g b cc gi rpm v truy vn RPM database. Ngi
dng g lnh rpm tham s trong tham s ch ra loi thao tc:
o i (--install)
o u (--upgrade)
o e (--erase)
o q (--query)
o v (--verify)

V d: rpm i mysoftware-0.1-1-i386.rpm ci t package mysoftware


Mt phn mm dng source code hay dng deb th khi ci ra cng ging nh phn mm dng rpm
u c lu vo th mc /usr nhng nu khng phi dng rpm th n khng c a vo RPM
database. Nh vy RPM tool cng khng th qun l c ht tt c cc phn mm ci.

I.3 Install
ci t gi dng rpm i ng_dn_package. Thng ngi ta thng dng thm tham s -v
(hoc verbose) hin th thng tin v gi ci, tham s -h (hoc --hash) hin th bng phn trm
(th hin bng du hash #) qu trnh ci t. Tm li ngi ta thng dng:
rpm ivh ng_dn_package
Cc gi phn mm ny ly u
Trn Internet (v d trang rpmfind.net) hoc chnh bn thn a DVD ci t Linux cng l mt kho
cha rpm khng l. Chng hn a DVD Redhat cha kho rpm trong th mc Redhat/RPMs/ Trn
Internet cng c rt nhiu kho phn mm rpm, deb
V d 2: rpm ivh /media/cdrom/Redhat/RPMS/joe-3.1-6-i386.rpm
Khc vi trong windows, khi ci t mt chng trnh ngi dng thng phi tr li cc cu hi v
ni t phn mm, thnh phn cn ci t, ; vi h thng RPM ngi dng khng phi lm g. Vic
t phn mm vo v tr no, a thng tin v phn mm vo RPM database, c thc hin t
ng.
Vic ci t mt package s tht bi khi xy ra mt trong ba iu sau:
-

Package xxx is already installed: Package cn ci c ci t ri. Gii quyt bng cch:
khng ci na hoc ci ln th thm tham s --replacepkgs hoc --force

Conflicting file: Package ang ci cn ghi mt file vo mt ni c file khc trng tn ri.
Gii quyt bng cch khng ci na hoc ghi ln file c sn bng cch thm tham s
--replacefiles.

Failed dependency: Package cn ci ph thuc vo mt package khc cha c ci trc .


Cch gii quyt l ci package ph thuc trc ri quay li ci package ban u. C th xy ra
trng hp cc gi ph thuc vng: gi A ph thuc B, B ph thuc C, C ph thuc A. ci
c gi A ch vic ci ng thi ci c 3 gi A, B, C tc l rpm ivh A B C. C th dng k t
i din *, ? ci ng thi nhiu gi cng lc.

V d: khi ci gi httpd-2.0.52-9.ent.i386.rpm, nhn c thng bo


86/193

Failed dependencies:
httpd-suexec is needed by httpd-2.0.52-9.ent.i386.rpm
libapr-0.so.0 is needed by httpd-2.0.52-9.ent.i386.rpm
libaprutil-0.so.0 is needed by httpd-2.0.52-9.ent.i386.rpm
Suggestted solutions:
apr-0.9.4-24.1.i386.rpm
apr-util-0.9.4-17.i386.rpm
httpd-suexec-2.0.52.9.ent.i386.rpm
Gii quyt bng cch ci ng thi c 4 gi:
rpm ivh httpd-2.0.52-9.ent.i386.rpm apr-0.9.4-24.1.i386.rpm
util-0.9.4-17.i386.rpm httpd-suexec-2.0.52.9.ent.i386.rpm

apr-

T ng tm gi ph thuc
Nhiu khi cc gi ph thuc nhau thnh dy rt di khin ngi dng rt mt mi. Nu ngi dng ci
t gi phn mm t chnh a DVD Redhat th vic tm cc gi ph thuc c gii quyt rt d dng
nh cng c rpmdb-redhat. Cng c ny l mt c s d liu v cc gi c trong a DVD Redhat v
s ph thuc gia cc gi . Khi ngi dng ci mt gi no trn a DVD Redhat, cc gi ph
thuc cn ci c t ng tnh ra v c t ng ci. Cch lm nh sau:
-

Bc 1: ci gi rpmdb-redhat

Bc 2: t th mc hin hnh l th mc cha cc gi rpm trn a DVD Redhat

Bc 3: khi ci t thm tham s --aid

V d: rpm ivh --aid httpd-2.0.52-9.ent.i386.rpm lc ny t ng cc


gi apr-0.9.4-24.1.i386.rpm apr-util-0.9.4-17.i386.rpm httpdsuexec-2.0.52.9.ent.i386.rpm s c ci.
Ci gi rpm dng source code .src.rpm
C nhiu khi gi phn mm rpm c cung cp dng source code, tn nhng gi ny c phn ui l
.src.rpm. Trc ht cn build n thnh mt gi binary rpm bng lnh:
rpm rebuild filename.src.rpm
Sau lnh rebuild, gi binary va to ra c t trong /usr/src/redhat/RPM/; ch cn vo th
mc ny v ci t gi va to ra nh bnh thng

I.4 Query
tra thng tin v mt phn mm ci (c trong RPM database) dng tham s -q hoc --query:
rpm q tn_phn_mm
Thng ngi ta thm tham s:
o -i (hoc --info) c y thng tin v phn mm: ngy ci t, hng sn xut, m t chc
nng, tn, phin bn,
o l (hoc --list) lit k cc file, th mc c to ra khi ci t phn mm, thng chng
nm trong /usr/
Ch y dng tn phn mm ch khng phi tn file package.
V d: rpm qi mdadm hoc rpm qi mdadm-1.6.0-2 ch khng phi rpm qi mdadm1.6.0-2-i386.rpm
Cc lnh tra cu trn i hi phi bit chnh xc tn phn mm cn tra cu. Trong trng hp ch
nh c mt phn tn ca phn mm th c th:

87/193

lit k tt c cc phn mm ci: rpm qa

- lc kt qu lit k qua grep


V d tm cc phn mm c tn cha cm mda: rpm qa |grep mda
Khi bit c mt file ca phn mm, c th tra ngc li tn ca gi phn mm to ra file :
rpm qf <tn_file>
Tt c cc lnh trn y u lm vic vi cc phn mm c ci (c trong RPM database), khi
mun c thng tin v mt file package no (c th cha c ci vo RPM database) vn dng
lnh rpm q vi cc tham s -i, -l nh trn nhng thm tham s -p <tn file package> (-p
hoc --package)
V d: rpm qpi /media/cdrom/Redhat/RPMS/mdadm-1.6.0-2-i386.rpm
Khi mun bit cc gi cn c trc khi ci mt gi hoc cc gi m mt gi c th cung cp dng
tham s --requires hoc --provides
V d: rpm qp --requires /media/cdrom/Redhat/RPMS/mdadm-1.6.0-2i386.rpm

I.5 Upgrade
nng cp mt gi no : rpm U tn_file_package (ch U ch khng phi u). C
th thm tham s -vh ging lnh ci t.
Thao tc trn s: xa package c version c i v ci package c version mi hn.
Nu package c cha c sn th thao tc trn tr thnh ci mi.
Nu package mi c version c hn hoc bng package c th thao tc nng cp khng c thc hin.
c tnh thc hin thao tc phi thm tham s --oldpackage.

I.6 Erase
Khi mun xa (erase) mt gi no ci dng tham s -e hoc --erase: rpm e tn_phn_mm
(ch tn phn mm ch khng phi tn file package). Nu c package no ph thuc vo package
cn xa, rpm s khng xa na.
hin th thng tin v qu trnh xa c th dng tham s -vv (2 ch v), nhng nhng thng tin ny
cng ch c ch cho lp trnh vin, khng d hiu cho ngi dng thng.

I.7 Verify
Nhiu khi cn xc thc tnh ton vn ca mt gi phn mm no (chng hn sau khi my tnh b
nhim virus nghi ng mt s gi b hng, th mc /usr b ngi l can thip ) dng lnh:
rpm V tn_phn_mm
kim tra tnh ton vn ca tt c cc gi c ci trong my: rpm Va
kim tra tnh ton vn ca mt file package bt k (c th cha c ci), thm tham s -p (-package):
rpm Vp tn_file_package

88/193

Khi mt gi phn mm c ci t vo trong my, c s d liu RPM lu thng tin v tng file ca
gi phn mm . C 8 trng thng tin cho mi file: file size, file permission, m md5 c tnh ra
t ni dung file, major/minor number (nu file l device file), i tng c tr n bi file (nu
file l symbolic link), ch s hu file, nhm ch s hu file, quyn truy cp file. RPM cng lu thng
tin v kiu file (kiu file y khng phi l kiu file ca Linux m l kiu file trong gi phn mm):
file cu hnh, file ti liu hng dn, file o (xut hin sau khi ci package, khng nm trong
package nguyn thy), file cha thng tin bn quyn, file readme.
K hiu Trng thng tin
S
file size
M
file permission
5
m MD5 c tnh t ni dung file
D
major/minor number ca fiel (nu file l device file)
L
i tng c tr n (nu file l symbolic link)
U
user (ch s hu) ca file
G
group (nhm ch s hu) ca file
T
thi im (time) cui cng sa i file
Khi verify file, 8 trng thng tin ca file s c so snh vi thng tin lu trong RPM database. Nu
khp s hin th du chm, khng khp s hin th k hiu ca trng thng tin , nu khng kim tra
c s hin th du ?. Kiu file nu c cng s c hin th k t th 9.
V d: rpm Va

missing

/etc/opt/gnome/gconf/su

S.5....T c /etc/openldap/slapd.conf
.....UG. c /var/lib/ldap/DB_CONFIG
.M?....T

/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc/fonts.dir

Theo kt qu ny th:
-

/etc/opt/gnome/gconf/su b xa mt

/etc/openldap/slapd.conf l file cu hnh; kch thc file, m MD5, thi im ln


thay i cui khng ging vi thng tin lu trong PRM database

/var/lib/ldap/DB_CONFIG l file cu hnh; ch s hu, nhm ch s hu ca file


khng ging vi thng tin lu trong RPM database.

/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc/fonts.dir (khng thuc 5 kiu file trn) khng


kim tra c m MD5; file permission, thi im ln thay i cui khng ging vi thng tin
lu trong RMP database

II. DEB (cha vit)


III. Ci t phn mm t source code
Phn mm khng phi lc no cng c ng gi thnh rpm m nhiu khi c dng source
code.
Source code ca phn mm thng c ng gi thnh cc tarball ri cc tarbal li c gzip li v
th tn cc gi phn mm dng source code thng l: tn.version.tar.gz
V file tar, file nn gz v cc lnh tar, gzip xem bi ?.?
Di y l cc bc ci t mt phn mm t source code.
Bc 1: Ti phn mm v v ungzip, untar

89/193

V d: chng trnh hello-2.3.tar.gz c th down ti http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/hello/hello2.3.tar.gz

Sau khi down v, v n c ui .tar.gz nn cn:


-

gii nn: gunzip hello-2.3.tar.gz

bung file: tar xf hello-2.3.tar


(hoc ch cn mt thao tc: tar xzf hello-2.3.tar.gz)

Bc 2: Bin dch configure v make

Chun b compiler

Trc khi bin dch chng trnh, d nhin ngi dng phi c mt compiler (trnh bin dch).
Compiler C/C++ ph bin nht ca cc Unix-like OS l GCC (GNU Compiler Collection). Nu khng
c GCC th khi g lnh make di y c th bn s nhn c thng bo checking for gcc no.
Compiler gcc cng thng i hi mt s chng trnh khc km theo nh bison, ci c GCC
bn phi ci c nhng thnh phn ny.

To file cu hnh makefile cho vic bin dch

Khi bin dch, compiler cn bit h iu hnh ang s dng l g, ch cc th vin m chng trnh
gi n, ni m chng trnh c ci t ra. cho tin, lp trnh vin thng ghi tt c cc tham s
ny vo trong file cu hnh Makefile; vic bin dch s c tin hnh t ng theo file Makefile v
lp trnh vin khng phi m tay vo.
V h thng ca ngi s dng m ngun khc vi ca lp trnh vin nn ngi s dng phi t tay
sa file Makefile cho ph hp nhng cng vic ny rt phc tp, i hi phi am hiu v lp trnh.
May thay, cc lp trnh vin cng thng vit lun mt shell script c tn l configure t ng sinh ra
file Makefile ph hp vi h thng ca ngi s dng. Ngi dng ch vic c file readme xem
cc ch v ty chn ca script configure ri thc hin lnh: ./configure. Sau bc ny ngi
dng c file Makefile

Bin dch

Makefile mi ch l file cu hnh cho vic bin dch, cng vic bin dch cha c thc hin. bin
dch m ngun theo file cu hnh Makefile dng lnh make
Bc 3: Ci t make install
Sau khi bin dch, ngi dng ci t chng trnh bng lnh: make install
Sau khi ci t, file chy ca chng trnh thng t trong /usr/
Trong qu trnh ci t, nhiu file ph tr cho vic ci t cng c sinh ra, mun xa chng dng
lnh make clean
Khi mun g b chng trnh ra, nu file Makefile lc bin dch chng trnh vn cn gi, ch vic
dng lnh: make uninstall
Tm li 4 bc ci t mt chng trnh:
(1) gunzip, tar -xf file package (2) ./configure (3) make (4) make install
----------------Th t trnh by trn lp---------------------I.
V phn mm v Trnh qun l phn mm
a. 3 loi gi phn mm: .rpm, .deb, .tar.gz
b. Phn mm c lu trong /usr/
c. 2 loi trnh qun l thng dng nht: RPM, DPKG
II.
Mount CD
a a CD cha phn mm vo v mount
III.
Ci gi nethack http://www.nethack.org/v343/downloads.html bng rpm
1. Kim tra xem ci nethack cha
2. Ci gi nethack bng rpm
90/193

3. Kim tra xem gi c trong c s d liu RPM cha ?


Tn phn mm ny l g nethack hay nethack3.43
4. Chy nethack (Xc nh xem file chng trnh nethack l file g) rpm ql nethack
5. G nethack ra
6. Kim tra xem n b g cha
y l bc chun b ci li nethack bng source code sau ny
Copy ton b a CD vo mt th mc no
IV.
Luyn tp ci:
a. Trn a CD hin c gi othello, ci n
b. B a CD trn ra ri cho a ci RedHat vo, mount, cd vo th mc RPMS ca a
ci Redhat, ci gi mc. Ni vi nt v mc
V.
Ci gi b ph thuc:
1. Ci gi emacs trn DVD redhat, ph thuc nn ci ng thi 3 gi
2. G gi emacs ra bng lnh rpm e emacs ? Ti sao li khng c
3. Tm cch g gi emacs ra (hint: tn gi emacs l emacs-common)
4. Ci li emacs vi tham s --aid
5. Ci t gi ttquake thy s ph thuc l rt mt thi gian.
6. Ci gi kde, gii thiu v kde
VI.
Ci t source code: gi hello.tar.gz
1. Quy trnh ci t: 3 bc gii nn, bin dch, ci t
2. Vn khi chy configure thiu gcc
3. Phi ci gcc vn ph thuc gi
4. Configure, make, make install

91/193

y l mt bi ca bn tho Gio trnh Nhp mn Qun tr H thng Linux ang vit d. Trn Huy Thng tranhuythang@gmail.com,
Rt mong bn c c th tham gia vit nt phn cn li ca cun sch. Bn c c th ng li mt phn hay ton b tp bn tho ny nhng cn ghi
r ngun v thng bo tm ngi vit tip ny. Nu ng li vi nh thng mi th xin nhn trc cho tc gi.

Bi 6. Qun tr user. File permission


Bi 1. Khi nim FOSS v *nix..............................................................................................................9
I. FOSS..........................................................................................................................................................14
1. S hu tr tu..............................................................................................................................................................14
S hu tr tu (intelectual property)..........................................................................................................................14
S hu cng (public domain)....................................................................................................................................14
i ngc vi s hu tr tu l s hu cng........................................................................................................14
Khi s hu tr tu tr thnh s hu cng..............................................................................................................14
Copyright (bn quyn) ..........................................................................................................................................15
Thng hiu (trademark)..........................................................................................................................................16
2. Phn loi phn mm theo quyn ca ngi s dng..................................................................................................16
EULA v cc quyn ca ngi s dng....................................................................................................................16
Proprietary softwares hay FOSS...............................................................................................................................17
Disclaimer of warranty (chi b bo m)................................................................................................................18
3. Free/Open source softwares (FOSS)..........................................................................................................................18
a. nh ngha Free/Open source softwares................................................................................................................18
Free software........................................................................................................................................................18
Open source software...........................................................................................................................................19
Free softwares vs Open source.............................................................................................................................20
b. FOSS v chuyn min ph.................................................................................................................................21
FOSS th min ph ?.............................................................................................................................................21
FOSS thng mi ?..............................................................................................................................................22
c. Cc mu giy php FOSS......................................................................................................................................22
4. Cc giy php FOSS kiu public domain: BSD, MIT, Apache.................................................................................24
BSD (copycenter)......................................................................................................................................................24
MIT licence...............................................................................................................................................................25
Apache.......................................................................................................................................................................26
5. Cc giy php FOSS kiu weak copyleft: LGPL v Perl (cha vit)........................................................................26
6. Giy php (strong) copyleft: GPL (cha xong).........................................................................................................26
tng ca giy php GPL:.....................................................................................................................................26
ngha ca giy php GPL: ....................................................................................................................................26
p dng cc iu khon ca GPL.............................................................................................................................27
7. M hnh pht trin phn mm FOSS (cha vit).......................................................................................................27
8. M hnh kinh doanh phn mm FOSS (cha vit)....................................................................................................27
9. Nhng quan nim sai lm thng thy v FOSS (cha vit)....................................................................................27

II. *nix...........................................................................................................................................................27
1. Gii thiu UNIX, BSD...............................................................................................................................................27
UNIX.........................................................................................................................................................................28
BSD...........................................................................................................................................................................28
2. UNIX v UNIX-like (*nix)........................................................................................................................................29
3. Chun POSIX (SUS)..................................................................................................................................................29
4. Nhn Linux v D n GNU.......................................................................................................................................30
5. Linux distribution.......................................................................................................................................................30

Bi 2. B tc kin thc v HDD. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD (cha xong)............................................33


1. Hiu v HDD.............................................................................................................................................37
1.a. Cu trc vt l ca HDD.........................................................................................................................................37
1.b. Cu trc logic ca HDD..........................................................................................................................................38
1.c. Qu trnh khi ng OS ca my tnh.....................................................................................................................38

2. Cng c my o hc thc hnh Linux. Mt s ch v Vmware Workstation.............................38


3. Cc cch c c mt bn Linux distro v trng hp ca Redhat. .............................................38
4. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD..........................................................................................................................38
4.a. Ci t Linux...........................................................................................................................................................38
4.b. Ci t FreeBSD.....................................................................................................................................................38
4.c. T ng ha qu trnh ci t..................................................................................................................................38

5. Vn multi OS.......................................................................................................................................38

Bi 3. Lm quen vi Linux command..................................................................................................39


92/193

1. ng nhp v tt my..............................................................................................................................43
2. Kernel, Shell.............................................................................................................................................44
3. Virtual Console v Terminal...................................................................................................................45
4. Lnh trong Linux.....................................................................................................................................45
a. Cch vit lnh.............................................................................................................................................................45
b. Thc thi executable file..............................................................................................................................................46
c. Dng mt lnh............................................................................................................................................................46
c. Shell script..................................................................................................................................................................46
d. Metacharacters...........................................................................................................................................................47
e. Help............................................................................................................................................................................47
f. History........................................................................................................................................................................48

5. su...............................................................................................................................................................48
6. Lm vic vi file v th mc trn *nix...................................................................................................48
a. Cu trc file v th mc ca Linux khc vi ca Windows......................................................................................48
b. ng dn th mc ca Linux k hiu /, thi quen TAB, th mc . ~...................................................................49
Hy cn thn vi du /...............................................................................................................................................49
Th mc home, th mc hin hnh, th mc ~ . .. ................................................................................................50
Mun nhanh th bm TAB hoc TAB TAB..............................................................................................................50
Khi tn file, th mc cha k t c bit...................................................................................................................50
c. Lnh ls l, xem thng tin v file, th mc.................................................................................................................51
d. Cc lnh xem, to mi, xa, di chuyn, i tn file v th mc................................................................................52
Hin th ni dung file................................................................................................................................................52
To th mc mi.......................................................................................................................................................52
To file mi...............................................................................................................................................................52
i tn/di chuyn file v th mc.............................................................................................................................52
Copy file v th mc.................................................................................................................................................52
Xa file hoc th mc...............................................................................................................................................53
e. Midnight Commander (mc)........................................................................................................................................53
f. Link.............................................................................................................................................................................53
g. Archive v Compress file...........................................................................................................................................53
h. Tm kim file v th mc...........................................................................................................................................54

7. Filesystem Hierarchy standard...............................................................................................................55


8. Trong *nix, mi th u l file. ..............................................................................................................57
9. Redirection v xargs................................................................................................................................58
a. Redirect stdin, stdout, stderr to file............................................................................................................................58
b. Pipe v kt hp vi grep, wc, sort, less......................................................................................................................60
c. xargs...........................................................................................................................................................................61

10. VIM editor..............................................................................................................................................61


11. Regular expression.................................................................................................................................62

Bi 4. Devices - Filesystems Mounting..............................................................................................64


1. Device........................................................................................................................................................68
a. Peripheral device v Driver........................................................................................................................................68
Peripheral device.......................................................................................................................................................68
Phn loi device: block, character, virtual................................................................................................................68
Driver........................................................................................................................................................................69
b. Device file (special file).............................................................................................................................................69
c. S dng storage device...............................................................................................................................................71

2. Filesystem.................................................................................................................................................71
a. Filesystem ca block device.......................................................................................................................................71
b. Format........................................................................................................................................................................71
i) fdisk edit partition table......................................................................................................................................71
ii) mkfs (make filesystem).........................................................................................................................................72

3. Mounting..................................................................................................................................................73
a. Lnh mount................................................................................................................................................................73
b. file cu hnh /etc/fstab................................................................................................................................................74
c. file cu hnh /etc/mtab................................................................................................................................................75

4. Hai partition c bit ca Linux.............................................................................................................75

93/193

5. dd v loop device......................................................................................................................................76
a. Lnh dd.......................................................................................................................................................................76
b. loop device.................................................................................................................................................................77

6. Mt s thao tc khc vi storage device.................................................................................................78


7. Thc hnh vi Vmware...........................................................................................................................78

Bi 5. Install softwares..........................................................................................................................81
I. RPM..........................................................................................................................................................85
I.1 Tn file package v tn software..............................................................................................................................85
I.2 RPM database v rpm tool........................................................................................................................................86
I.3 Install........................................................................................................................................................................86
I.4 Query........................................................................................................................................................................87
I.5 Upgrade.....................................................................................................................................................................88
I.6 Erase.........................................................................................................................................................................88
I.7 Verify........................................................................................................................................................................88

II. DEB (cha vit).......................................................................................................................................89


III. Ci t phn mm t source code........................................................................................................89

Bi 6. Qun tr user. File permission...................................................................................................92


1. Qun tr user............................................................................................................................................96
1.1 Users.........................................................................................................................................................................96
1.2 Group.......................................................................................................................................................................98
1.3 Reset password ca root...........................................................................................................................................99

2. File permission.......................................................................................................................................100
Ch s hu, nhm ch s hu mc nh......................................................................................................................101
Thay i ch s hu, nhm ch s hu bng lnh chown, chgrp................................................................................101
Thay i quyn truy cp r, w, x vi cc i tng u, g, o...........................................................................................101
SUID, SGID, sticky bit................................................................................................................................................103
Set UID v Set GID cho file kh thi........................................................................................................................103
Set GID cho th mc...............................................................................................................................................104
Sticky bit.................................................................................................................................................................105
K hiu SUID, SGID, Sticky bit bng ch s .........................................................................................................105

3. Quota.......................................................................................................................................................106
1-Ci t phn mm quota......................................................................................................................................106
2-Mount partition vi thuc tnh usrquota..............................................................................................................107
3-Khi to quota database trn partition bng lnh quotacheck.............................................................................107
4-enable (disable) quota bng quotaon (quotaoff)..................................................................................................108
5-t limit, grace cho user bng lnh edquota........................................................................................................108
6-Xem li thng tin v quota...................................................................................................................................109
7-Th nghim quota................................................................................................................................................109

Bi 7. Advanced partitioning: RAID & LVM.....................................................................................111


I. Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks................................................................................................115
1. Khi nim RAID......................................................................................................................................................115
2. Thit lp v s dng RAID......................................................................................................................................117
3. Xem thng tin v array.............................................................................................................................................118
4. Qun l disk trong array...........................................................................................................................................119
5. Hy RAID array.......................................................................................................................................................119
6. File /etc/mdadm.con.................................................................................................................................................120
7. Stripe hay Linear......................................................................................................................................................120

II. Logical Volume Management..............................................................................................................120


1. Thit lp LVM.........................................................................................................................................................120
Thit lp v s dng LV..........................................................................................................................................120
Enable LVM............................................................................................................................................................122
LVM on RAID (cha xong)....................................................................................................................................122
2. Xem thng tin v volume.........................................................................................................................................123
Khi nim PE, LE....................................................................................................................................................123
Xem thng tin bng pvdisplay, vgdisplay, lvdisplay .............................................................................................123
3. Qun l cc volume..................................................................................................................................................124
Disable/Remove volume.........................................................................................................................................124
Thm vo/Rt ra/Hon chuyn PV.........................................................................................................................124

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Resize LV................................................................................................................................................................124
4. Cc mc linh tinh khc:...........................................................................................................................................125

Bi 8. Qun l process, daemon..........................................................................................................126


I. Tin trnh................................................................................................................................................130
I.1 Tin trnh l chng trnh khi n ang c thc thi.............................................................................................130
Tin trnh cha, tin trnh con. S ID ca tin trnh..................................................................................................131
Phn b CPU v u tin (s nice) ca tin trnh................................................................................................131
Trng thi ca tin trnh..........................................................................................................................................131
Ch s hu ca tin trnh........................................................................................................................................132
Cc signal m tin trnh bt.....................................................................................................................................132
I.2 Cc thao tc vi tin trnh.......................................................................................................................................132
In ra trng thi cc tin trnh bng lnh ps..............................................................................................................132
Theo di cc tin trnh bng lnh top (hoc prstat, topas)......................................................................................133
Tm kim mt tin trnh..........................................................................................................................................135
iu chnh s nice ca tin trnh.............................................................................................................................135
I.3 Signal v lnh kill, killall, pkill...............................................................................................................................135
Lnh kill..................................................................................................................................................................135
Lnh killall v pkill.................................................................................................................................................136
I.4 Cc tin trnh c tng tc. Ch background, foreground.................................................................................136

II. Qun l daemon....................................................................................................................................138


Cc daemon nm u ?.............................................................................................................................................138
Trc tip bt/tt daemon..............................................................................................................................................138
/etc/rc.d/rc[0-6].d tp daemon cho mi run level......................................................................................................139
Cc cng c qun l daemon.......................................................................................................................................140

III. Lp lch (scheduling)...........................................................................................................................142


cron...............................................................................................................................................................................142
System cron jobs..........................................................................................................................................................142
User cron jobs..............................................................................................................................................................143
at...................................................................................................................................................................................143

Bi 9. Qu trnh khi ng (grub, kernel, init) v tt my ca Linux..............................................144


I. GRUB......................................................................................................................................................148
1. Chc nng ca GRUB..............................................................................................................................................148
2. Qu trnh ti GRUB.................................................................................................................................................149
3. Ci li GRUB...........................................................................................................................................................150
4. File grub.conf (menu.lst)..........................................................................................................................................151

II. Np h iu hnh t GRUB.................................................................................................................152


Truy xut device...........................................................................................................................................................153
Qui c k hiu device ca GRUB..........................................................................................................................153
Truy xut file ca GRUB........................................................................................................................................153
Ti nhn Linux.............................................................................................................................................................154
Ba lnh ti nhn Linux: kernel, root, initrd........................................................................................................154
Ti nhn Linux th cng ........................................................................................................................................155
Ti nhn FreeBSD ..................................................................................................................................................156
Np bootloader ca cc h iu hnh khc..................................................................................................................156

III. init.........................................................................................................................................................157
1./sbin/init chy v c file /etc/initab.........................................................................................................................157
2./etc/inittab..................................................................................................................................................................157
3.Thc thi cc script khi to h thng trong th mc /etc/rc.d..................................................................................158

IV. Tt my.................................................................................................................................................159

Bi 10. To mng o bng VMware Workstation..............................................................................161


1. Ni my tht/ my o vo cc switch o...............................................................................................165
1.1 Ni my tht vi cc switch o:.............................................................................................................................165
a. Ni NIC tht vo switch o:................................................................................................................................166
b. Ni NIC o trn my tht vo switch o:............................................................................................................166
1.2 Ni my o vi switch o: ....................................................................................................................................168

2. VMnet0 (Bridged mode) v Virtual Bridge..........................................................................................168


3. VMnet1 (Host only mode) v Virtual DHCP server............................................................................169

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4. VMnet8 (NAT mode) v Virtual NAT device......................................................................................172


5. VM team v LAN segment....................................................................................................................175
6. T to mng WAN bng VMware Workstation..................................................................................175

Bi 11. B tc kin thc v TCP/IP....................................................................................................176


I. Khi nim mng my tnh. Phn cng mng v Giao thc mng (cha vit)...................................180
II. Mng LAN v WAN (cha vit)..........................................................................................................180
III. TCP/IP (cha vit)...............................................................................................................................180
IV. a ch IP..............................................................................................................................................180
a ch IP theo cch phn lp A, B, C (c)..................................................................................................................181
Subnet...........................................................................................................................................................................182
Tnh nhm vi a ch IP.........................................................................................................................................183
a ch loopback......................................................................................................................................................184
IP trn Internet, IP tnh, IP ng v ICANN...........................................................................................................184
a ch IP ring (private IP)....................................................................................................................................185

Bi 12. Configure card mng (cha xong)........................................................................................186


Ci t driver cho card mng.......................................................................................................................................190
Lnh ifconfig................................................................................................................................................................191
Hin th trng thi ca card mng...........................................................................................................................191
Gn a ch IP cho card mng.................................................................................................................................191
Gn a ch IP alias cho card mng.........................................................................................................................192
Bt tt card mng.....................................................................................................................................................192
B cng c ip...............................................................................................................................................................192

Ti liu tham kho...............................................................................................................................193


Linux cng nh Windows l h thng a ngi dng nn phi c c ch qun l ngi dng v v
quyn truy cp ti nguyn h thng ca cc ngi dng. y l mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng
nht ca ngi qun tr h thng.

1. Qun tr user
1.1 Users
To/xa user
Mun s dng h thng, ngi dng phi c account ng nhp h thng. Ch c root mi c quyn
cp account (trong ti liu ny c lc chng ti dng account, c lc li user, ngi dng nhng
u l mt); ring account root c to ra lc ci t Linux.
To mt user mi: useradd <tn_user> (hoc adduser <tn_user>)
Sau khi to account, cn t password cho account, nu khng khng th ng nhp h thng bng
account c. t password cho user: passwd <tn_user>
Xa mt user: userdel [-r] <tn_user> (tham s -r dng xa lun th mc home ca
user)
/home th mc d liu c nhn ca user
Khi mt user c to ra th c mt th mc mang tn user c to ra trong /home lu tr cc file
d liu c nhn ca user; ring th mc d liu c nhn ca root l /root. Thng thng ngi dng
ch c quyn to mi, c, sa, chy cc file, th mc trong th mc home ca mnh m khng c
php vi th mc home ca ngi khc cng nh vi nhiu th mc ca h thng. V d ng nhp
bng mt normal account ri g lnh ls /root hoc lnh mkdir /myfolder bn s nhn c
thng bo khng quyn thc hin lnh ny. Ring root, n c mi quyn vi mi file, th mc
ca h thng.
/etc/passwd

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Danh sch tn cc user trn my c lu trong file /etc/passwd, password ca cc user c th


cng c lu trong file ny hoc c lu trong file /etc/shadow. Trong file /etc/passwd, mi
user l mt dng gm 7 trng thng tin ngn cch nhau bi du hai chm:
-

username: tn m ngi s dng chn. Trng ny bt buc phi c

password: nu ngi dng khng t password th trng ny l hai du chm than (!!); nu
ngi dng t password th trng ny l mt dy k t m ha ca password (d nhin xu
password s khng c l ra m phi qua m ha). bo mt, password ca cc user (d
c m ha) thng khng c ghi trong file /etc/passwd m c ghi trong file
/etc/shadow, file ny ch mnh root mi c quyn c. Khi file /etc/shadow c s dng
th trng passwd trong file /etc/passwd ch l mt ch x. bt tt ch s dng shadow
password dng lnh: pwconv (vit tt ca password convert) hoc pwunconv. Cu trc
file /etc/shadow s c ni phn di.

UserID (UID): mi user c mt s hiu duy nht gi l UID. Nhn Linux qun l user theo
UID ch khng theo tn user, tn ch dnh cho con ngi. Cc account cp cho ngi dng c
UID 500, account root c UID l 0. Cc account c bit dng qun tr h thng (ch
khng phi cp cho ngi dng) c UID nh hn 500.

GroupID (GID): ngay khi user c khi to, mt group gi l primary group (thng cng
tn, s hiu vi user) c khi to theo v user c gn vo group ny. Trng GroupID lu
s hiu ca primary group. User cng c th thuc v nhiu group khc, gi l cc secondary
group, nhng danh sch tt c cc group m user thuc v khng c lu trng GID ny
m c lu ring ra trong file /etc/group.

Comment (cn gi l gecos): cc thng tin m t thm v user chng hn email ca user

Home directory: th mc lu d liu c nhn ca user, thng l /home/user_name. Th


mc ny cng cha mt s file cu hnh h thng cho user. Nhng file cu hnh mc nh c
lu trong th mc /etc/skel; khi mt user c to ra th cc file trong th mc /etc/skel
c chp vo /home/user_name

Shell: shell ca user, trong Redhat thng l /bin/bash, Ubuntu thng l /bin/dash

V d hai dng cui ca file /etc/passwd:


lan:x:501:501:NguyenThiLan:/home/lan:/bin/bash
thanh:x:502:502::/home/thanh:/bin/bash
Hai dng ny m t:
-

Mt account c username l lan; password ca user name (ch x) c m ha trong file


/etc/shadow; thng tin thm v user l NguyenThiLan; UID v GID ca user ny cng l 501;
th mc d liu c nhn ca user ny l /home/lan; username s dng shell l /bin/bash

Mt account c username l thanh; password ca user name (ch x) c m ha trong file


/etc/shadow; UID v GID ca user ny cng l 502; khng c thng tin thm v user ny; th
mc d liu c nhn ca user ny l /home/lan; username s dng shell l /bin/bash

Mi user lan, thanh c th thuc v nhiu group nhng file /etc/passwd ch hin th primary
group. Mun xem cc secondary group m user thuc v xem file /etc/group.
y password ca user lan, thanh c lu trong file /etc/shadow nn file
/etc/passwd c cha ch x trng password.
/etc/shadow
File /etc/shadow (ch c root mi c quyn xem ni dung) lu password ca cc user; mi mt
user l mt dng gm 9 trng, mi trng cch nhau bi du hai chm:
- username
- password dng c m ha
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- s ngy k t ngy 1/1/1970 n ngy thay i password gn y nht


- s ngy tn ti ti thiu ca password
- s ngy tn ti ti a ca password
- s ngy user c thng bo trc khi password ht hiu lc
- s ngy sau khi password ht hiu lc, account b disable
- s ngy k t ngy 1/1/1970 n ngy account b disable
- trng cui cng cha c dng vo vic g; dnh cho tng lai.
V d: 2 dng cui ca file /etc/shadow
lan:$1$HEWdPIJ.$qX/RbB.TPGcyerAVDlF4gH.:14557:0:99999:7:::
thanh:!!:14557:0:99999:7:::
Hai dng cui ny th hin: user lan c t password v password c m ha; user thanh c
password l rng (k hiu bi hai du chm than); c hai password ny c thay i ln gn y nht
cch ngy 1/1/1970 l 14557 ngy; hai password ny c th tn ti trong khong t 0 n 99999 ngy;
7 ngy trc khi password ht hiu lc mi user s nhn c cnh bo.
File /etc/passwd v /etc/shadow c th cha nhiu account, khi mun hin th thng tin v
mt account no nn kt hp lnh xem ni dung file vi grep
V d, hin th dng thng tin v user lan: cat /etc/passwd | grep lan
Shell ca user
Disable user
(Cha vit phn to user bng tay, th mc /etc/skel/
xem danh sch cc user c th login trong h thng: cat /etc/passwd | grep /home | cut -d: -f1
Cut cut, -d: l delimiter: tc l b du ngn cch trng y l : i, f1 ly trng (field) u
tin)

1.2 Group
thun tin cho vic qun l hng lot cc user, ngi ta to ra cc group (nhm) l tp hp cc
user c cng quyn hn i vi mt s file/th mc no . Ch cn mt ln thit lp quyn vi file,
th mc cho group th tt c cc user ca group cng c thit lp quyn ny theo, rt tin li. Thm
na Linux cho php truy cp cc thit b phn cng my tnh qua file nn c th dng c ch qun l
quyn truy cp file qun l quyn truy cp phn cng ca h thng.
To/xa/lit k group
To mt group mi (ch root mi c quyn): groupadd <tn_group>
Thm/xa user vo mt group: gpasswd [-a|d|A] <user_name> <group_name>
-a l add user vo group;
-d l delete user khi group;
-A l t mt user lm Admininstrator ca group. Mt group c th khng c administrator.
Mt group c th khng c user, nhng mt user lun phi thuc v mt group no . Ngay khi mt
user c to ra n c gn lun vo mt group no gi l primary group. Vi Redhat, Fedora khi
user c to ra th mt group cng c to ra cha duy nht user ny, group ny c s hiu GID
bng s hiu UID ca user va to. Vi Debian, Suse ngay khi mt user c to ra n c add lun
vo mt group c GID = 100. Sau primary group, user cng c th c add vo cc group khc gi l
secondary group.
Mt user c th tham gia nhiu group, lnh groups [tn_user] lit k cc group m user tham
gia. Nu khng c i s tn_user th mc nh user ang login l i s.

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Group cng c th c password nhng t gp. Bnh thng ch c root mi c quyn joint mt user
vo mt group no nhng khi group c t password th normal user cng c quyn join group
bng lnh gpasswd a nu n bit password. t password cho mt group: gpasswd
<tn_group>; g password: gpasswd r <tn_group>
/etc/group
Danh sch cc group c lu trong file /etc/group. Trong file ny, mi group l mt dng gm 4
trng, cc trng ngn cch nhau bi du hai chm:
-

Group name: tn ca group.

Group password: Khi mt group c t password, n cho php cc user ngoi group join
vo group. Khi password c thit lp n thng khng c lu trong chnh file /etc/group
m c lu vo mt file khc l /etc/gshadow, iu ny ging nh vic password ca
user thng c lu trong /etc/shadow thay v /etc/passwd.

Group ID: mi mt group c mt s hiu duy nht gi l GID. Linux qun l group theo s
GID ny.

Group members: danh sch cc member ca group, cc member cch nhau bi du phy

V d: 3 dng cui ca file /etc/group


nsd1:x:501:
nsd2:x:502:
Nhom1:x:503:nsd1, nsd2
Group nsd1, nsd2 khng c danh sch member chng t 2 group ny ch l primary group ca cc
user nsd1, nsd2. GID nsd1 = UID nsd1 = 501; GID nsd2 = UID nsd2 = 502
Group Nhom1 c GID l 503, c 2 member l nsd1, nsd2
C 3 dng u c ch x th hin password ca 3 group ny nu c s c lu trong file /etc/gshadow
File /etc/gshadow lu password ca cc group mc d vic t password cho group khng phi l vic lm thng
thy. Trong file /etc/gshadow, mi group l mt dng gm 3 trng, cc trng ngn cch nhau bi du hai chm
-

group name

group password c m ha

administrator ca group

member

thng ca group

V d: 3 dng cui ca file /etc/gshadow


nsd2: !! : :
Nhom1: !! : nsd1: nsd2, nsd3
Nhom2: !! : : nsd1, nsd2, nsd3
C 3 group u khng t password nn trng password l hai du chm than.
Group nsd2 khng c member chng t n ch l primary group ca user nsd2
Group Nhom1 c administrator l user nsd1, 2 member thng l nsd2, nsd3
Group Nhom2 khng c adminstrator, ch c 3 member thng l nsd1, nsd2, nsd3
bt/tt ch s dng shadow password cho group, dng lnh: gprpconv hoc grpunconv

1.3 Reset password ca root


Khi khng c password ca root th hu ht thao tc vi h thng l khng thc hin c. C nhiu
cch ly password ca root. Di y l 2 cch:
- nu grub khng b t pass: thm tham s 1 vo cui lnh kernel root vo ch single
user. Ch ny khng i pass ca root ng nhp, partition / c mount vi thuc tnh ro.
C th t li password cho root bng lnh passwd root.
Nu mun thao tc vi / cn remount li / bng lnh mount o remount,rw /

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- nu grub b t pass v c a ci Linux v Linux rescue xa pass ca root trong file /etc/passwd
hoc /etc/shadow ty theo vic pass c t u.
- linux rescue; chroot /mnt/sysimage
- file /etc/shadow hoc /etc/passwd c th khng c quyn w cho ugo, t li quyn ny:
chmod +w /etc/passwd hoc chmod +w /etc/shadow
- xa pass (xu c m ha) v lu li file

2. File permission
Vi mi file Linux, ngi dng c th c 3 quyn c bn l quyn read (c ni dung), write (sa ni
dung), excute (thc thi). File y c hiu theo ngha rng c th l th mc hoc file c bit nh
device, socket tc l file cc ti nguyn ca h thng. C ch qun l vic truy cp ti nguyn h
thng ca ngi dng cng l da vo vic qun l quyn truy cp file.
Vi mi file, ngi dng c xp vo mt trong 3 loi i tng:
-

l ch s hu file; k hiu l u (user).

thuc v nhm ch s hu file; k hiu l g (group).

khc vi 2 loi trn; k hiu l o (other).

Cc user trong cng mt nhm g hay o th c quyn ging nhau.


Mi loi i tng s c mt s trong 3 quyn r, w, x. Lnh ls l cho bit quyn ca mi loi i
tng trn:
- rwxrw-r--

1 Hung Sale

(1)

(3)

(2)

(4)

4096 Oct 12 10:14 myfile

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(4): ch s hu myfile l user Hung


(5): nhm ch s hu myfile l nhm Sale
(2): gm 9 k t rwxrw-r-- cho bit quyn truy cp rwx ca 3 nhm i tng u, g, o vi myfile.
C th hn th
r w x

r w

o (u): user Hung (ch s hu) c quyn rwx tc l c quyn read, write, execute
o (g): nhng user thuc nhm Sale (nhm ch s hu) c quyn rw- tc l c quyn read, write;
khng c quyn execute
o (o): nhng user cn li c quyn r--, tc l c quyn read; khng c quyn write, execute
(cc trng khc l (8): tn file ang xt, (1): kiu file, du - nu l file thng, d nu l th mc,
(6): kch thc file tnh bng byte, (7): ngy gi to lp file, (3): s lin kt cng ti file)
Khi mt user bt k thc hin lnh X (c/ghi/chy) myfile th Linux s xt xem user c quyn lm
vic hay khng trnh t:
-

(1) Linux xt xem user c phi l ch s hu myfile Hung hay khng. Nu user khng phi l
Hung th sang bc (2). Nu phi th xt tip vi nhng quyn Hung c cp, Hung c th
thc hin lnh X vi myfile hay khng. Nu c quyn th thc hin, nu khng th dng li v
bo permission denied.

(2) Linux xt xem user c thuc v nhm ch s hu Sale hay khng. Nu user khng thuc
nhm Sale th sang bc (3). Nu user thuc nhm Sale th xt tip vi nhng quyn m nhm

100/193

Sale c cp, user c th thc hin lnh X vi myfile hay khng. Nu c quyn th thc hin,
nu khng th dng v bo permission denied.
-

(3) Linux xt xem vi nhng quyn m nhm Other c cp, user c th thc hin lnh X vi
myfile hay khng. Nu c quyn th thc hin, nu khng th dng v bo permission
denied.

Thng mt normal user ch c mt s trong 3 quyn trn vi mt s file, th mc no . Ring root


vo bt c lc no u c tt c cc quyn r, w, x vi tt c cc file, th mc trong h thng. Khi bn
g lnh ls l v thy root b gii hn quyn nhng thc s root vn c tt c cc quyn.

Ch s hu, nhm ch s hu mc nh
Khi user to ra mt file th mc nh ch s hu ca file chnh l user, nhm ch s hu ca file l
primary group ca user. Nhc li rng primary group thng l group c t ng sinh ra ngay khi
user c to ra v n c tn trng vi tn user.
Trong mt phin ng nhp h thng, bn c th ch nh mt nhm khc thay cho primary group lm
nhm ch s hu ca tt c cc file, th mc mnh to ra bng lnh newgrp <tn_group>
Khi user X copy file/th mc A thnh file/th mc B th ch s hu ca B l user X, nhm ch s hu
ca B l primary group ca user X bt k ch s hu, nhm ch s hu ca A l g. Thm na: tp 9
quyn cho 3 nhm u, g, o ca A cng c sao chp sang cho B.

Thay i ch s hu, nhm ch s hu bng lnh chown, chgrp


Ch c root mi c quyn thay i ch s hu ca file, ngay c ch s hu ca mt file cng khng
th chuyn quyn s hu ca mnh cho ngi khc. Tuy nhin ch s hu ca file c quyn thay i
nhm ch s hu ca file.
thay i ch s hu, nhm ch s hu: chown [ch] [.nhm] <file> (chown l vit tt
ca change own)
V d: User lan va to ra file document, user lan tr thnh ch s hu ca file document.
Primary group ca user lan l lan tr thnh nhm ch s hu ca file document.
Nu user lan mun chuyn quyn s hu sang user thanh th user lan cn ng nhp
bng root v thc hin lnh: chown thanh document
Nu user lan mun thay i nhm ch s hu t lan sang ITdepart th user lan cn
ng nhp bng root v thc hin lnh: chown .ITdepart document
Hai lnh trn c th gp li thnh: chown thanh.ITdepart document (ch du chm
vit ngay sau ch s hu mi)
Nu ch thay i nhm ch s hu c th dng lnh chgrp <nhm> <file> (chgrp l vit tt ca
change group)
Vn v d trn khi i nhm ch s hu c th dng lnh: chgrp ITdepart document
Khi thay i ch s hu i vi th mc cn thm tham s -R
V d: thay i ch s hu, nhm ch s hu cho th mc Dir
chown R .ITdepart Dir hoc
chgrp R ITdepart Dir

Thay i quyn truy cp r, w, x vi cc i tng u, g, o


trn cp n 3 loi quyn truy cp i vi file/th mc l read, write, execute. ngha ca 3
quyn ny, c bit vi ng cnh ca th mc, c nhiu im tinh t sau cn lu .
Quyn r, w, x vi file.

101/193

Read: quyn c ni dung file. y y l iu kin cn c th sao chp mt file. ( sao chp file
A ( u ) thnh file B v tr P th ngoi quyn c file A cn cn quyn to file B v tr P)
Wrtie: quyn sa i ni dung file. S th no nu ch c quyn ghi m khng c quyn c mt file ?
Gi s c file vn bn document.txt, nu c quyn c v quyn ghi file ny th ngi dng c th
dng trnh son tho vn bn vi, emacs, hin th ton b ni dung file v tm nhng ch
khng va sa cha. Nu ch c quyn ghi file m khng c quyn c th ngi dng khng th
dng trnh son tho sa cha file nhng ngi dng c th dng lnh cat >>document.txt
ghi thm vo cui file hoc cat >document.txt ghi ln ton b ni dung ca file.
Execute: quyn thc thi file. C hai loi file c th thc thi c l: (1) file cha cc lnh my m
CPU c th thc thi lun c (nhng con ngi th khng hiu c), nhng file kiu ny gi l
executable file (2) file text cha cc lnh cn thc hin nhng file kiu ny c gi l shell script
nhng nhng lnh trong script thc cht l nhng executable file nn cui cng li qui v (1). Nu file
khng thuc 2 kiu trn th c quyn thc thi file cng khng c ngha g. Gi s bn c file shell
script X, s th no nu ch c quyn thc thi file m khng c quyn c v ghi file ny ? n gin l
bn c th thc thi cc lnh cha trong file ny nhng khng th m file xem cc lnh l g v cng
khng th thm bt, sa cha cc lnh trong file ny.
Ch : vic xa, i tn mt file khng c quyt nh bi quyn ghi vi file m bi quyn ghi
vi th mc cha file .
Quyn r, w, x vi th mc.
Read: quyn c mt th mc l quyn lit k cc file, th mc con ca mt th mc. C quyn ny
th mi dng lnh ls cho th mc c.
Write: quyn ghi mt th mc l quyn to mi, xa, i tn file v th mc con ca th mc. C th
xy ra trng hp: c quyn ghi mt file tc l sa cha ni dung ca file nhng li khng c quyn
i tn, xa file nu nh khng c quyn ghi vi th mc cha file . (Cng c khi bn ch c th i
tn hoc xa mt file do c quyn excute vi th mc cha, nhng li khng th c hoc sa cha
ni dung file do khng c 2 quyn ny vi chnh file ). Quyn xa, i tn mt th mc li thuc
v quyn ghi ca th mc cha ca th mc.
Execute: quyn thc thi mt th mc l quyn i vo th mc, chng hn bng lnh cd. C th xy
ra trng hp: c quyn thc thi nhng li khng c quyn c mt th mc. Khi c th cd mt
th mc nhng li khng th bit c trong th mc c nhng g m cd vo su hn.
Khi th mc khng c quyn excute th khng th truy cp ni dung cc file trong th mc . V d:
gi s user U1 c file FileOfU1 t trong /home/U1 mun chia s vi cc user khc nn t quyn
r, w cho file. Tuy nhin bn thn th mc /home/U1 khi c to ra b mc nh l khng c quyn
excute nn cc user khc khng th c, ghi file /home/U1/FileOfU1 c. (User U1 cng khng
c php t li quyn cho /home/U1, ch c root mi c quyn lm vic ny.)
Cc th mc ngoi / nh l /boot, /bin, /etc, /usr, /var u c quyn r-x (ch read, excute m khng
write) vi i tng group v other nn tt c cc normal user ch c th ls v cd vo cc th mc ny,
ngoi ra khng th to mi, xa, i tn file, th mc con ca cc th mc ny.
Bn c th sc vi cu hi sau: user U c th sao chp file /Folder/FileX (file FileX nm trong
th mc /Folder) thnh file /AnotherFolder/FileX_copy (file FileX_copy nm trong th mc
/AnotherFolder) th chnh xc user U cn c quyn g ? Sau khi copy c th ch s hu, nhm ch
s hu, tp quyn truy cp file FileX_copy l g ? (p n: Cn quyn execute vi th mc /Folder,
read vi file FileX, write vi th mc /AnotherFolder; thc s user U khng cn quyn execute vi
/AnotherFolder. Ch s hu ca FileX_copy l user X, nhm ch s hu ca FileX_copy l primary
group ca user X, tp quyn ca FileX s c sao chp sang cho FileX_copy.)
Thay i quyn r w x bng lnh chmod
Ch s hu v root c quyn thay i quyn truy cp i vi c 3 loi i tng: ch s hu (user),
nhm ch s hu (group), nhng user khc khng thuc 2 loi trn (others).
Lnh chmod (vit tt ca change mode) dng thay i quyn truy cp cho file/th mc:
102/193

chmod <quyn> <file/th mc>


C 2 cch biu din <quyn>: bng k t hoc bng ch s
- Cch 1: Biu din quyn bng k t. Quyn c biu din bng t hp 3 loi k t sau
i tng

Thao tc
Quyn truy cp
u: ch s hu (user)
+: thm quyn mi
-:
khng
c
g: nhm ch s hu (group)
-: bt quyn c
quyn
o: nhng user khng cng nhm ch s hu
=: t chnh xc
r: read
+
+
(others)
quyn
w: write
a: tt c cc ngi s dng (a = ugo)
x: excute
s: GID, UID
t: sticky bit
V d:
chmod u+r,o+s myfile
chmod uo=rx,g=- myfile
chmod a=rwx myfile ( chmod ugo=rwx myfile)
chmod +x myfile ( chmod u+x,g+x,o+x myfile)
Ch : chmod u+r,o+x myfile v chmod u=r,o=x myfile l hai lnh khc nhau
- Cch 2: Biu din quyn bng ch s octal. Dng 3 ch s biu din quyn ca 3 loi i tng u,
g, o. Gi tr mi ch s octal biu din mt quyn theo bng sau:
Ch s
0
1
2
4

Quyn
Ch s
khng c quyn
3 (=1+2)
Read
5 (=1+4)

Write
6 (=2+4)
Execute
7
(=1+2+4)

Quyn
read, write
read, execute
write, execute
read, write, execute

V d:
chmod 567 myfile ( chmod u=rx,g=wx,o=rwx myfile)
chmod 640 myfile ( chmod u=wx,g=x,o=- myfile)
Ngoi 3 ch s cho quyn r, w, x cn c th c thm ch s cho SUID, SGID, Sticky bit ng u nh
trong lnh chmod 1640 myfile

SUID, SGID, sticky bit


Ngoi 3 quyn c bn l l read, write, execute; cn c 3 quyn c bit khc l setUID, setGID,
sticky bit.

Set UID v Set GID cho file kh thi


Hai quyn SUID v SGID lin quan n tin trnh hn l file. hiu n bn c hy kin nhn c
tnh hung sau.
Gi s c file kh thi ExecFile c ch s hu l U, nhm ch s hu l G. Khi chy, ExecFile cn truy
cp vo ti nguyn R ca h thng v to ra file ResultOfExecFile.
User X (vi primary group l XG) c cp quyn thc thi file ExecFile.
Theo mc nh, khi usrer X chy file ExecFile th:
- tin trnh ExecFile c tha hng tt c cc quyn truy cp R ca user X (ch khng phi ca user
U).

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- file ResultOfExecFile c to ra vi (ch s hu, nhm ch s hu) l (X, XG) ch khng phi (U,
G).
Linux xt quyn truy cp R ca ExecFile bng cch: u tin so xem X c l ch s hu ca R hay
khng, nu khng th tip n tm xem trong cc nhm m X thuc v (trong c nhm XG) c
nhm no l ch s hu ca R hay khng, nu khng c th cui cng xt nhm other ca R c c
cp quyn truy cp hay khng.
SUID (set User ID) l c ch cho php:
- tin trnh ExecFile c tha hng tt c cc quyn truy cp R ca user U (ch khng phi ca user
X) hay ni nm na X chy ExceFile nh th U chy ExecFile.
- file ResultOfExecFile c to ra vi (ch s hu, nhm ch s hu) l (U, XG) (ch khng phi
(U, G) hay (X, XG).
SGID (set Group ID) l c ch cho php:
- tin trnh ExecFile c tha hng ngoi cc quyn truy cp R ca user U, cn c thm cc quyn
truy cp R ca nhm XG (ch khng phi G). Ni nm na th c ch ny tm thi add thm user U
vo nhm XG trong sut thi gian tin trnh ExecFile tn ti.
- file ResultOfExecFile c to ra vi (ch s hu, nhm ch s hu) l (X, G) (ch khng phi (U,
G) hay (X, XG).
SUID, SGID s khng c tc dng nu: file ExecFile khng kh thi hoc khng cp quyn execute cho
nhm ngi dng other.
Nu dng lnh ls-l cho mt file c set UID hoc set GID th s thy k t x ch quyn execute ca
tp quyn ch s hu hoc tp quyn nhm ch s hu c thay th bng k t s.
V d file /usr/bin/write c t SGID:
[root@local ~]# ls -l /usr/bin/write
-rwxr-sr-x. 1 root tty 10124 Aug 13

2010 /usr/bin/write

Lnh t SUID cho mt file: chmod u+s myfile (hoc dng tt chmod +s myfile)
Lnh t SGID cho mt file: chmod g+s myfile
V d: File /usr/bin/passwd l file in hnh c Set UID. File kh thi /usr/bin/passwd dng t li
password cho user do user no cng cn c quyn thc thi fie ny. File /usr/bin/passwd cn c/ghi
cc tn ngi dng, password ca cc account vo file cu hnh /etc/passwd nhng bo mt ch c
root mi c quyn c/ghi file /etc/passwd. Nu cc ngi dng thng thng chy file
/usr/bin/passwd th khng th truy cp c file /etc/passwd. Gii php y l t file
/usr/bin/passwd c ch s hu root v thit lp SUID user thng thng bt k khi thc thi file ny
u c quyn nh th root ang thc thi v do c th truy cp file /etc/passwd c.
root@local ~]# ls -l /usr/bin/passwd
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 26968 Jan 28 2010 /usr/bin/passwd

Set GID cho th mc


trn ni v set UID, GID cho file. Vi th mc, khng c thao tc set UID m ch c thao tc set
GID; Lnh set GID cho th mc cng ging nh set GID cho file: chmod g+s mydir nhng
ngha ca n th khc hn.
Khi mt file/th mc (con) c to mi trong mt th mc cha, theo mc nh file/th mc c
nhm ch s hu l primary group ca user to ra file/th mc . Nhng nu th mc cha c set
GID th mi file/th mc con ca th mc khi c to mi s c nhm ch s hu chnh l ch s
hu ca th mc.
Vic set GID cho th mc rt hu ch nh v d sau.
User: Lan, Thanh, Ba

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Group: AccountDepart cha Lan, Thanh, Ba


Phn quyn: rwx rwx ---

root AccountDepart

SharedDir

Gi s h thng c user Lan, Thanh, Ba cng lm vic phng k ton, root t c 3 user ny thuc
v nhm AccountDepart. Ba ngi cn mt th mc dng chung l SharedDir c th upload file
cng vic ca mnh vo cho ngi cng phng xem nhng nhng ngi khc phng th khng truy
cp c. Mun vy trc ht root cn t cho ShareDir c nhm ch s hu l AccountDepart v
phn quyn nh trn.
Vn ny sinh khi Lan to mt file cng vic X trong th mc ShareDir v c kh nng rt cao l
Thanh, Ba khng th truy cp c file X. L do l khi Lan to file X, theo mc nh file c nhm
ch s hu l primary group ca Lan tc l group c tn cng l Lan. Vic Thanh, Ba c truy cp
c vo file X khng lc ny c quyt nh bi Thanh, Ba c thuc v group Lan hay khng ch
khng phi c thuc v AccountDepart hay khng. gii quyt bt tin ny hoc mi ln to file,
Lan phi t li nhm ch s hu ca file thnh AccountDepart (bng lnh chgrp); hoc n gin
hn l root ch vic set GID cho th mc ShareDir. Khi mi file, th mc con m Lan, Thanh, Ba
to ra trong ShareDir u c nhm ch s hu l AccountDepart. Mi ngi trong phng k ton
(thuc group AccountDepart) s c quyn vi mt file no ca phng khc hn vi nhng ngi
khng thuc phng k ton.
Mt th mc khi c set GID, v tr xut hin ch x th hai trong tp quyn ca n s c ch s
V d lnh ls l cho th mc ShareDir trn sau khi c set GID
drwxrws--- 2 root AccountDepart 1674 Apr 15 08:05
ShareDir

Sticky bit
Khi nhiu ngi cng c quyn write vi mt th mc tc l c quyn to mi, xa, i tn file, th
mc con ca th mc th xy ra vn : mt file c to trong th mc bi ngi ny nhng
ngi khc li c quyn xa hoc sa cha. m bo mi file/th mc con ca mt th mc X ch
b xa hoc sa i bi ch ngi ch s hu ca file/th mc con (v d nhin c root) th sticky
bit cho th mc X cn c thit lp.
t sticky bit cho mt th mc: chmod +t

mydir

Mt th mc khi c t sticky bit th k t x cui cng trong tp quyn ca th mc s c


thay th bng k t t.
V d: lnh ls l cho mt th mc
drwxrwxrwt

13

root

root

4096

Apr 15 08:05

/tmp

Th mc /tmp trong Linux c mc nh t sticky bit.

K hiu SUID, SGID, Sticky bit bng ch s


Ba quyn c bit SUID, SGID, Sticky bit c th c k hiu bng ch s 4, 2, 1 v c t trc 3
ch s k hiu cho 3 quyn c bn r, w, x.
V d 1: chmod 1457 myDir chmod u=x,g=rx,o=rwx,+t myDir
Ch : Khng th o +t ln trc chui u=x,g=rx,o=rwx c, y l qui c.
Ch s 1 y l ch +t ch khng phi quyn +r.
V d 2: chmod 6777 myFile chmod ugo=rwx,u+s,g+s myFile
Tng kt li v quyn c bit:
Quyn
SUID

Ch
s k
hiu
4

V tr nm trong Thit lp
Vi file myfile
tp quyn lnh
bng
ls -l
chmod
Thay th ch x
u+s
Mt user bt k thuc nhm o
trong tp quyn
(others) thc thi myfile nh th
u
l ch s hu ca file
105/193

Vi th mc mydir

SGID

Thay th ch x
trong tp quyn
g

g+s

Sticky
bit

Thay th ch x
trong tp quyn
o

+t

Mt user bt k thuc nhm o


(others) thc thi myfile nh th
user thuc nhm ch s
hu ca file
-

File/th mc con (ca th


mc mydir) c nhm ch
s hu l nhm ch s hu
ca mydir
File/th mc con (ca th
mc mydir) c bo m
ch b xa/sa i bi chnh
ch s hu ca file/th mc
con

3. Quota
Mt h thng khi c nhiu user s dng, ch my chc m cc user tiu dng ht a cng. Thit lp
quota (ting anh quota ngha l hn ngch) trn mt partition l t ra gii hn s KB (s block)
hoc s file (s inode) m mt user hoc group c th dng.
Bi ton: t quota cho user lan trn partition /dev/hda1 sao cho
-

user lan c dng n 10 MB ( 10240 block). Khi dng qu 10 MB, user lan s b
cnh bo.

Sau khi b cnh bo, user lan cha b bt dng li ngay m c gia hn thm 7 pht thu
xp cho d liu mnh ca mnh nh li di 10 MB. Trong khong thi gian 7 pht ny, user
lan vn c th tiu dng thm cho n mc tng dung lng dng l 15 MB. Nhng ht 7
pht hoc khi chm n 15 MB user lan s b dng li mi thao tc vi d liu ca mnh.

y 10 MB, 15 MB, 7 pht ln lt c gi l soft limit, hard limit, grace period (thi gian gia
hn).
Bi ton trn l quota dng dung lng nhng ta cng c th lm quota s file. V d thay 10, 15 MB
trn bng 10, 15 files.
Khi quota c thit lp th quota database c to ra m thc cht l cc file aquota.usr, aquota.grp
(hoc quota.usr, quota.grp) c sinh ra th mc gc ca partition c t quota. Quota database
ny cha thng tin v tnh hnh s dng (s file, tng dung lng file) v gii hn s dng ca mi
user, group trn partition t quota. Mi khi ngi dng to mi/xa/resize file th database ny c
t ng cp nht. Vic a ra cnh bo hay ngn chn ngi dng khi vt gii hn c thc hin
da vo quota database.
Cc cng c quota l: quotacheck, edquota (hoc setquota), quotaon, repquota
Vic thit lp quota trn partition din ra qua 5 bc sau:
(1) Ci t phn mm quota
(2) Mount partition vi thuc tnh quota (usrquota, grpquota)
(3) Khi to quota database trn partition (bng lnh quotacheck)
(4) Enable quota trn filesystem quota database c cp nht mi khi c file c to
mi/xa/resize (enable bng cch restart my hoc dng lnh quotaon)
(5) t limit, grace cho user/group trn partition (bng lnh edquota hoc setquota)
Di y l cc bc thit lp v kim th quota cho bi ton nu u.
(Trc ht cn to user lan bng lnh useradd lan)

1-Ci t phn mm quota


Thng th phn mm quota c ci t sn trong cc Linux distro. th xem quota c ci
t cha dng mt lnh quota chng hn edquota, nu quota cha c ci s c thng bo khng
tm thy file ny. Cng c th dng lnh rpm qa | grep quota

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ci t quota, vo home page ca phn mm quota: http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota


download source code v ri bin dch v ci t.

2-Mount partition vi thuc tnh usrquota


t quota trn mt partition th partition cn c mount vi thuc tnh usrquota (hoc
grpquota). Vi bi ton ca ta th: mount o remount,usrquota / (ch : usrquota c
vit lin sau du phy)
mi khi khi ng li my, partition cn t quota c mount vi thuc tnh usrquota th cn
thm 1 dng v partition vi thuc tnh usrquota trong file /etc/fstab.
bi ton ang xt th partition / c sn trong /etc/fstab, ch vic thm thuc tnh usrquota cui
Ban u:

LABEL=/

Cn sa thnh:

LABEL=/

ext2 defaults

ext2

defaults,usrquota

1 1
11

3-Khi to quota database trn partition bng lnh quotacheck


Khi thc hin lnh quotacheck trn mt partition, nu partition cha c thit lp quota database,
n khi to quota database tc l to ra file aquota.usr, aquota.grp ngay di th mc gc ca
partition , nu c ri th ch cp nht li.
Sau khi khi to nu ngi dng enable quota (bng lnh quotaon) th t y v sau mi khi mt
user/group no to mi, xa file, th s liu v s file, tng dung lng ca user/group cng
c t ng tng, gim theo, do khng phi chy li quotacheck cp nht. Nhng thc t c th
vn cn chy li quotacheck khi file aquota.usr, aquota.grp ngu nhin b hng hoc khi
ngi dng c tnh disable h thng quota trong mt thi gian di v sau mun cp nht li.
Lnh quoatacheck c dng: quotacheck [ugcfmv] a | <partition> trong :
o - a hoc <partition>: Nu mun scan trn mt partition no th dng i s <partition> cn
nu mun scan tt c (all) cc partition ang c mount (/etc/mtab) th dng tham s -a. Hoc
a hoc <partition> c dng, khng th c hai.
o -u, -g: nu t quota cho user th dng tham s u, cho group th dng tham s g. Mc nh u
c dng. Thng thng ngi ta dng lun ug scan tt c cc user v group.
o -m, -f: Khi quotacheck c thc thi trn mt partition, u tin n c gng remount li
partition thnh ro (read only) m bo trong qu trnh scan khng c thao tc c/ghi file
no din ra ri mi scan partition, sau remount li partition thnh rw (read write) nh trc
, cui cng ghi li kt qu scan vo file aquota.usr, aquota.grp trn partition.
-

C nhng partition nh partition / khng th remount li vi thuc tnh ro c, nhng


lc cn thm tham s -m b qu trnh remount ny i.

Giai on quoatcheck ghi kt qu vo file aquoat.usr, aquota.grp c th khng thc


hin c do 2 file ny ang b nm gi bi quotaon do quotacheck i hi phi c
quotaoff trc khi n c thc thi. Khi mun thc thi quotacheck m vn ang
quotaon th thm tham s -f (--force).

o c: khi quotacheck thc thi, sau qu trnh scan n s so snh thng k thu c (trong RAM)
vi thng k lu trong file aquota.usr, aquota.grp nu thy ging nhau th khng lm g, nu
thy khc nhau th s cp nht li 2 file ny. Nu khng mun c qu trnh so snh ny na m
cp nht lun fie th dng tham s -c. Tham s ny c ch khi quota database b hng, ngi
dng khng mun phi khi phc m to mi li lun.
o v: ch verbose ca lnh din gii cc s kin trong qu trnh thc hin lnh ra mn hnh
Trong thc t, gii quyt mi tnh hung m khng phi suy ngh nhiu hy dng tt c cc tham s
trn: quotacheck augmfcv
Nhng vi bi ton ang xt th ch cn: quotacheck m / l .
107/193

4-enable (disable) quota bng quotaon (quotaoff)


a h thng quota vo hot ng:
-

hoc dng lnh: quotaon partition (hoc thm ch quotaon -a enable quota cho
tt c cc partition)
Vi bi ton ang xt: quotaon /

hoc n gin ch vic restart my bi lnh quotaon a lun c t sn khi Linux khi
ng. Xem script init (/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit) bn s thy c dng lnh: /usr/sbin/quotaon
-aug

Sau khi enable quota, mi khi user to mi/xa/resize file, th mc th thng k v s file, tng dung
lng file ca user trong quota database c t ng cp nht theo.
disable quota dng lnh quotaoff. T y tr i mi thao tc vi file v th mc ca user khng
c ghi vo quoata database na do trc khi bt li quotaon cn thc hin quotacheck
Script init ca Linux cng lun c lnh quotacheck m bo nu c quotaoff th ln khi
ng my sau quota database c cp nht.

5-t limit, grace cho user bng lnh edquota


bc ny ta a ra gii hn s dng a cng (soft limit, hard limit) v thi gian gia hn khi vi
phm (grace time) cho user hoc group. C 2 cch: mt l dng lnh edquota, ngi dng s tng
tc vi vi; hai l dng lnh setquota. Di y trnh by cch 1.
t limit:
edquota u|g tn_user/group (-u cho user (mc nh), -g cho group)
bi ton ang xt: edquota u lan
Sau lnh trn, trnh son tho (mc nh l) vim c gi ra ngi dng son tho gii hn s dng
a cho user. File son tho l mt file tm thi trong th mc /temp/, sau khi ngi dng lu file,
thng tin trong file nu hp l s c ghi vo quota database.
bi ton ang xt, file son tho c ni dung:
Disk quotas for user lan (uid = 502):
Filesystem
/dev/hda2

blocks
8

soft

hard

inodes

soft

hard
0

C 7 trng c chia lm 3 nhm


-

Filesystem: cho bit partition c t quota, bi ton ang xt l /dev/hda2. Mi


partition c quotaon l mt dng.

Blocks: cho bit s block (KB) m user dng, bi ton ang xt, user lan
dng ht 8 KB
Soft: soft limit block do ngi dng t
Hard: hard limit block do ngi dng t

Inodes: cho bit s inode (s file) m user dng, bi ton ang xt, user lan
to ra 7 file
Soft: soft limit inodes do ngi dng t
Hard: hard limit inodes do ngi dng t

Nu soft, hard c gi tr bng 0 th tc l khng t quota; khc 0 l t quota. Nu hard >


soft th c th t thm grace period.

108/193

bi ton ang xt, ta t soft block = 10240, hard inode = 15000. Sau khi sa file xong, lu
li file. Gi tr ca trng blocks, inodes ch hin th, vic sa khng c tc dng.
t grace time (khng bt buc):
- cho mt user/group c th dng lnh: edquota

T[u|g] tn_user/group

- cho tt c cc user/group: edquota t[u|g]


(t hoc T <time> y l <n>seconds/ minutes/ hours/ c ghi ngay trn u
trang
-u|g t grace time cho user/group, mc nh u)
Sau lnh ny ngi dng c th son tho grace time cho user/group ging nh vi limit
bi ton ang xt t grace l 7 pht cho lan: edquota Tu lan
Sau lnh ny sa li ct blocks l 7minutes v lu file.
n y vic t quota xong !
Sao chp quota
C th sao chp quota ca username_source thnh quota ca user username_target:
edquota p username_source username_target (tham s -p vit tt ca protoname
V d: sao chp quota ca user lan sang cho thanh: edquota p lan thanh

6-Xem li thng tin v quota


xem li tnh hnh s dng a v quota ca tt c cc user/group dng lnh repquota (report
quota):
repquota u|g a|partition
(-u|g xem thng k v tt c cc user/group, mc nh u
-a xem thng k trn tt c cc partition, nu khng phi ch r <partition>)
Thng tin hin ra gm cc trng: tn user, thng k quota theo s block (s KB), thng k quota theo
s inode (s file). Trng thng k quota gm 3 trng con l used, soft limit, hard limit, grace time.
Nu user no c du -- u th ngha l user khng vi phm quota no, nu c du -+ th l vi
phm quota theo s inode nhng khng vi phm quota theo s block, du ++ th l vi phm c hai.
Nu ch mun xem tnh hnh s dng a ca mt user c th c th dng lnh:
quota u|g <tn user/tn group>
lnh ny ch hin th thng tin cho user t limit, nu cha c t limit n bo none.

7-Th nghim quota


Cch test vi quota dung lng file: to file c kch thc theo mun dng lnh dd
Cch test vi quota s file: lnh touch f1 f2 to ra cc file rng f1, f2, mt cch nhanh chng
1- Xem tnh hnh s dng a ca user lan: quota u lan (hoc repquota u lan)
thy
Disk quotas for user lan (uid = 502):
Filesystem

blocks

/dev/hda2

soft

hard

inodes

soft

hard

10240

15000

10

15

Tc l lan c 4 file v tng dung lng l 8K. c danh sch cc file ca lan dng lnh find kt
hp vi ls l: find / user lan | xargs ls l

109/193

2- To file f1 lan gn vt soft limit:


dd if = /dev/zero of = /home/lan/f1 bs=9MB count=1
(lnh ny to file /home/lan/f1 c dung lng 9*1MB (bs*count) gm ton ch s 0
(/dev/zero))
3- To file f2 lan vt soft limit:
dd if = /dev/zero of = /home/lan/f2 bs=2MB count=1
c cnh bo: warning, user block quota exceeded
4- Trong thi gian grace ( y l 2minutes), lm tht nhanh 4 lnh sau
To file f3 lan tip tc vt soft limit nhng cha chm hard limit:
dd if = /dev/zero of = /home/lan/f3 bs=1MB count=1
khng c thng bo g
To file f4 lan tip tc vt soft limit nhng cha chm hard limit:
dd if = /dev/zero of = /home/lan/f4 bs=1MB count=1
khng c thng bo g
To file f5 lan vt hard limit
dd if = /dev/zero of = /home/lan/f5 bs=5MB count=1
write failed, user block limit reached
Sau lnh trn f5 khng c to ra. To file f6 lan vt soft limit nhng cha n hard
limit
dd if = /dev/zero of = /home/lan/f6 bs=100K count=1
khng c thng bo g
5- Ht thi gian grace, to thm file lan tuy cha chm hard limit nhng vn b dng li
dd if = /dev/zero of = /home/lan/f7 bs=100K count=1
write failed, user block quota exceeded too long

110/193

y l mt bi ca bn tho Gio trnh Nhp mn Qun tr H thng Linux ang vit d. Trn Huy Thng tranhuythang@gmail.com,
Rt mong bn c c th tham gia vit nt phn cn li ca cun sch. Bn c c th ng li mt phn hay ton b tp bn tho ny nhng cn ghi
r ngun v thng bo tm ngi vit tip ny. Nu ng li vi nh thng mi th xin nhn trc cho tc gi.

Bi 7. Advanced partitioning: RAID & LVM


Bi 1. Khi nim FOSS v *nix..............................................................................................................9
I. FOSS..........................................................................................................................................................14
1. S hu tr tu..............................................................................................................................................................14
S hu tr tu (intelectual property)..........................................................................................................................14
S hu cng (public domain)....................................................................................................................................14
i ngc vi s hu tr tu l s hu cng........................................................................................................14
Khi s hu tr tu tr thnh s hu cng..............................................................................................................14
Copyright (bn quyn) ..........................................................................................................................................15
Thng hiu (trademark)..........................................................................................................................................16
2. Phn loi phn mm theo quyn ca ngi s dng..................................................................................................16
EULA v cc quyn ca ngi s dng....................................................................................................................16
Proprietary softwares hay FOSS...............................................................................................................................17
Disclaimer of warranty (chi b bo m)................................................................................................................18
3. Free/Open source softwares (FOSS)..........................................................................................................................18
a. nh ngha Free/Open source softwares................................................................................................................18
Free software........................................................................................................................................................18
Open source software...........................................................................................................................................19
Free softwares vs Open source.............................................................................................................................20
b. FOSS v chuyn min ph.................................................................................................................................21
FOSS th min ph ?.............................................................................................................................................21
FOSS thng mi ?..............................................................................................................................................22
c. Cc mu giy php FOSS......................................................................................................................................22
4. Cc giy php FOSS kiu public domain: BSD, MIT, Apache.................................................................................24
BSD (copycenter)......................................................................................................................................................24
MIT licence...............................................................................................................................................................25
Apache.......................................................................................................................................................................26
5. Cc giy php FOSS kiu weak copyleft: LGPL v Perl (cha vit)........................................................................26
6. Giy php (strong) copyleft: GPL (cha xong).........................................................................................................26
tng ca giy php GPL:.....................................................................................................................................26
ngha ca giy php GPL: ....................................................................................................................................26
p dng cc iu khon ca GPL.............................................................................................................................27
7. M hnh pht trin phn mm FOSS (cha vit).......................................................................................................27
8. M hnh kinh doanh phn mm FOSS (cha vit)....................................................................................................27
9. Nhng quan nim sai lm thng thy v FOSS (cha vit)....................................................................................27

II. *nix...........................................................................................................................................................27
1. Gii thiu UNIX, BSD...............................................................................................................................................27
UNIX.........................................................................................................................................................................28
BSD...........................................................................................................................................................................28
2. UNIX v UNIX-like (*nix)........................................................................................................................................29
3. Chun POSIX (SUS)..................................................................................................................................................29
4. Nhn Linux v D n GNU.......................................................................................................................................30
5. Linux distribution.......................................................................................................................................................30

Bi 2. B tc kin thc v HDD. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD (cha xong)............................................33


1. Hiu v HDD.............................................................................................................................................37
1.a. Cu trc vt l ca HDD.........................................................................................................................................37
1.b. Cu trc logic ca HDD..........................................................................................................................................38
1.c. Qu trnh khi ng OS ca my tnh.....................................................................................................................38

2. Cng c my o hc thc hnh Linux. Mt s ch v Vmware Workstation.............................38


3. Cc cch c c mt bn Linux distro v trng hp ca Redhat. .............................................38
4. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD..........................................................................................................................38
4.a. Ci t Linux...........................................................................................................................................................38
4.b. Ci t FreeBSD.....................................................................................................................................................38
4.c. T ng ha qu trnh ci t..................................................................................................................................38

5. Vn multi OS.......................................................................................................................................38

Bi 3. Lm quen vi Linux command..................................................................................................39


111/193

1. ng nhp v tt my..............................................................................................................................43
2. Kernel, Shell.............................................................................................................................................44
3. Virtual Console v Terminal...................................................................................................................45
4. Lnh trong Linux.....................................................................................................................................45
a. Cch vit lnh.............................................................................................................................................................45
b. Thc thi executable file..............................................................................................................................................46
c. Dng mt lnh............................................................................................................................................................46
c. Shell script..................................................................................................................................................................46
d. Metacharacters...........................................................................................................................................................47
e. Help............................................................................................................................................................................47
f. History........................................................................................................................................................................48

5. su...............................................................................................................................................................48
6. Lm vic vi file v th mc trn *nix...................................................................................................48
a. Cu trc file v th mc ca Linux khc vi ca Windows......................................................................................48
b. ng dn th mc ca Linux k hiu /, thi quen TAB, th mc . ~...................................................................49
Hy cn thn vi du /...............................................................................................................................................49
Th mc home, th mc hin hnh, th mc ~ . .. ................................................................................................50
Mun nhanh th bm TAB hoc TAB TAB..............................................................................................................50
Khi tn file, th mc cha k t c bit...................................................................................................................50
c. Lnh ls l, xem thng tin v file, th mc.................................................................................................................51
d. Cc lnh xem, to mi, xa, di chuyn, i tn file v th mc................................................................................52
Hin th ni dung file................................................................................................................................................52
To th mc mi.......................................................................................................................................................52
To file mi...............................................................................................................................................................52
i tn/di chuyn file v th mc.............................................................................................................................52
Copy file v th mc.................................................................................................................................................52
Xa file hoc th mc...............................................................................................................................................53
e. Midnight Commander (mc)........................................................................................................................................53
f. Link.............................................................................................................................................................................53
g. Archive v Compress file...........................................................................................................................................53
h. Tm kim file v th mc...........................................................................................................................................54

7. Filesystem Hierarchy standard...............................................................................................................55


8. Trong *nix, mi th u l file. ..............................................................................................................57
9. Redirection v xargs................................................................................................................................58
a. Redirect stdin, stdout, stderr to file............................................................................................................................58
b. Pipe v kt hp vi grep, wc, sort, less......................................................................................................................60
c. xargs...........................................................................................................................................................................61

10. VIM editor..............................................................................................................................................61


11. Regular expression.................................................................................................................................62

Bi 4. Devices - Filesystems Mounting..............................................................................................64


1. Device........................................................................................................................................................68
a. Peripheral device v Driver........................................................................................................................................68
Peripheral device.......................................................................................................................................................68
Phn loi device: block, character, virtual................................................................................................................68
Driver........................................................................................................................................................................69
b. Device file (special file).............................................................................................................................................69
c. S dng storage device...............................................................................................................................................71

2. Filesystem.................................................................................................................................................71
a. Filesystem ca block device.......................................................................................................................................71
b. Format........................................................................................................................................................................71
i) fdisk edit partition table......................................................................................................................................71
ii) mkfs (make filesystem).........................................................................................................................................72

3. Mounting..................................................................................................................................................73
a. Lnh mount................................................................................................................................................................73
b. file cu hnh /etc/fstab................................................................................................................................................74
c. file cu hnh /etc/mtab................................................................................................................................................75

4. Hai partition c bit ca Linux.............................................................................................................75

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5. dd v loop device......................................................................................................................................76
a. Lnh dd.......................................................................................................................................................................76
b. loop device.................................................................................................................................................................77

6. Mt s thao tc khc vi storage device.................................................................................................78


7. Thc hnh vi Vmware...........................................................................................................................78

Bi 5. Install softwares..........................................................................................................................81
I. RPM..........................................................................................................................................................85
I.1 Tn file package v tn software..............................................................................................................................85
I.2 RPM database v rpm tool........................................................................................................................................86
I.3 Install........................................................................................................................................................................86
I.4 Query........................................................................................................................................................................87
I.5 Upgrade.....................................................................................................................................................................88
I.6 Erase.........................................................................................................................................................................88
I.7 Verify........................................................................................................................................................................88

II. DEB (cha vit).......................................................................................................................................89


III. Ci t phn mm t source code........................................................................................................89

Bi 6. Qun tr user. File permission...................................................................................................92


1. Qun tr user............................................................................................................................................96
1.1 Users.........................................................................................................................................................................96
1.2 Group.......................................................................................................................................................................98
1.3 Reset password ca root...........................................................................................................................................99

2. File permission.......................................................................................................................................100
Ch s hu, nhm ch s hu mc nh......................................................................................................................101
Thay i ch s hu, nhm ch s hu bng lnh chown, chgrp................................................................................101
Thay i quyn truy cp r, w, x vi cc i tng u, g, o...........................................................................................101
SUID, SGID, sticky bit................................................................................................................................................103
Set UID v Set GID cho file kh thi........................................................................................................................103
Set GID cho th mc...............................................................................................................................................104
Sticky bit.................................................................................................................................................................105
K hiu SUID, SGID, Sticky bit bng ch s .........................................................................................................105

3. Quota.......................................................................................................................................................106
1-Ci t phn mm quota......................................................................................................................................106
2-Mount partition vi thuc tnh usrquota..............................................................................................................107
3-Khi to quota database trn partition bng lnh quotacheck.............................................................................107
4-enable (disable) quota bng quotaon (quotaoff)..................................................................................................108
5-t limit, grace cho user bng lnh edquota........................................................................................................108
6-Xem li thng tin v quota...................................................................................................................................109
7-Th nghim quota................................................................................................................................................109

Bi 7. Advanced partitioning: RAID & LVM.....................................................................................111


I. Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks................................................................................................115
1. Khi nim RAID......................................................................................................................................................115
2. Thit lp v s dng RAID......................................................................................................................................117
3. Xem thng tin v array.............................................................................................................................................118
4. Qun l disk trong array...........................................................................................................................................119
5. Hy RAID array.......................................................................................................................................................119
6. File /etc/mdadm.con.................................................................................................................................................120
7. Stripe hay Linear......................................................................................................................................................120

II. Logical Volume Management..............................................................................................................120


1. Thit lp LVM.........................................................................................................................................................120
Thit lp v s dng LV..........................................................................................................................................120
Enable LVM............................................................................................................................................................122
LVM on RAID (cha xong)....................................................................................................................................122
2. Xem thng tin v volume.........................................................................................................................................123
Khi nim PE, LE....................................................................................................................................................123
Xem thng tin bng pvdisplay, vgdisplay, lvdisplay .............................................................................................123
3. Qun l cc volume..................................................................................................................................................124
Disable/Remove volume.........................................................................................................................................124
Thm vo/Rt ra/Hon chuyn PV.........................................................................................................................124

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Resize LV................................................................................................................................................................124
4. Cc mc linh tinh khc:...........................................................................................................................................125

Bi 8. Qun l process, daemon..........................................................................................................126


I. Tin trnh................................................................................................................................................130
I.1 Tin trnh l chng trnh khi n ang c thc thi.............................................................................................130
Tin trnh cha, tin trnh con. S ID ca tin trnh..................................................................................................131
Phn b CPU v u tin (s nice) ca tin trnh................................................................................................131
Trng thi ca tin trnh..........................................................................................................................................131
Ch s hu ca tin trnh........................................................................................................................................132
Cc signal m tin trnh bt.....................................................................................................................................132
I.2 Cc thao tc vi tin trnh.......................................................................................................................................132
In ra trng thi cc tin trnh bng lnh ps..............................................................................................................132
Theo di cc tin trnh bng lnh top (hoc prstat, topas)......................................................................................133
Tm kim mt tin trnh..........................................................................................................................................135
iu chnh s nice ca tin trnh.............................................................................................................................135
I.3 Signal v lnh kill, killall, pkill...............................................................................................................................135
Lnh kill..................................................................................................................................................................135
Lnh killall v pkill.................................................................................................................................................136
I.4 Cc tin trnh c tng tc. Ch background, foreground.................................................................................136

II. Qun l daemon....................................................................................................................................138


Cc daemon nm u ?.............................................................................................................................................138
Trc tip bt/tt daemon..............................................................................................................................................138
/etc/rc.d/rc[0-6].d tp daemon cho mi run level......................................................................................................139
Cc cng c qun l daemon.......................................................................................................................................140

III. Lp lch (scheduling)...........................................................................................................................142


cron...............................................................................................................................................................................142
System cron jobs..........................................................................................................................................................142
User cron jobs..............................................................................................................................................................143
at...................................................................................................................................................................................143

Bi 9. Qu trnh khi ng (grub, kernel, init) v tt my ca Linux..............................................144


I. GRUB......................................................................................................................................................148
1. Chc nng ca GRUB..............................................................................................................................................148
2. Qu trnh ti GRUB.................................................................................................................................................149
3. Ci li GRUB...........................................................................................................................................................150
4. File grub.conf (menu.lst)..........................................................................................................................................151

II. Np h iu hnh t GRUB.................................................................................................................152


Truy xut device...........................................................................................................................................................153
Qui c k hiu device ca GRUB..........................................................................................................................153
Truy xut file ca GRUB........................................................................................................................................153
Ti nhn Linux.............................................................................................................................................................154
Ba lnh ti nhn Linux: kernel, root, initrd........................................................................................................154
Ti nhn Linux th cng ........................................................................................................................................155
Ti nhn FreeBSD ..................................................................................................................................................156
Np bootloader ca cc h iu hnh khc..................................................................................................................156

III. init.........................................................................................................................................................157
1./sbin/init chy v c file /etc/initab.........................................................................................................................157
2./etc/inittab..................................................................................................................................................................157
3.Thc thi cc script khi to h thng trong th mc /etc/rc.d..................................................................................158

IV. Tt my.................................................................................................................................................159

Bi 10. To mng o bng VMware Workstation..............................................................................161


1. Ni my tht/ my o vo cc switch o...............................................................................................165
1.1 Ni my tht vi cc switch o:.............................................................................................................................165
a. Ni NIC tht vo switch o:................................................................................................................................166
b. Ni NIC o trn my tht vo switch o:............................................................................................................166
1.2 Ni my o vi switch o: ....................................................................................................................................168

2. VMnet0 (Bridged mode) v Virtual Bridge..........................................................................................168


3. VMnet1 (Host only mode) v Virtual DHCP server............................................................................169

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4. VMnet8 (NAT mode) v Virtual NAT device......................................................................................172


5. VM team v LAN segment....................................................................................................................175
6. T to mng WAN bng VMware Workstation..................................................................................175

Bi 11. B tc kin thc v TCP/IP....................................................................................................176


I. Khi nim mng my tnh. Phn cng mng v Giao thc mng (cha vit)...................................180
II. Mng LAN v WAN (cha vit)..........................................................................................................180
III. TCP/IP (cha vit)...............................................................................................................................180
IV. a ch IP..............................................................................................................................................180
a ch IP theo cch phn lp A, B, C (c)..................................................................................................................181
Subnet...........................................................................................................................................................................182
Tnh nhm vi a ch IP.........................................................................................................................................183
a ch loopback......................................................................................................................................................184
IP trn Internet, IP tnh, IP ng v ICANN...........................................................................................................184
a ch IP ring (private IP)....................................................................................................................................185

Bi 12. Configure card mng (cha xong)........................................................................................186


Ci t driver cho card mng.......................................................................................................................................190
Lnh ifconfig................................................................................................................................................................191
Hin th trng thi ca card mng...........................................................................................................................191
Gn a ch IP cho card mng.................................................................................................................................191
Gn a ch IP alias cho card mng.........................................................................................................................192
Bt tt card mng.....................................................................................................................................................192
B cng c ip...............................................................................................................................................................192

Ti liu tham kho...............................................................................................................................193


Cch qun l HDD thng thng l chia n thnh cc partition nh hn. Ngc li, c hai k thut
ghp nhiu partition trn cng mt HDD hay trn cc HDD khc nhau thnh mt partition ln hn:
-

softRAID: cc partition ging nhau c ghp li thnh mt RAID device. Ty theo loi
RAID m RAID device c kh nng phc hi d liu sau khi gp s c v hiu sut c ghi d
liu tt hn.
LVM: cc partition (gi c gi l volume) c ghp thnh mt volume group v volumn
group ny li c chia thnh cc logical volume. LVM gip cho vic qun l disk d dng hn
rt nhiu: resize linh hot, snapshot disk,

Driver cho RAID, LVM thng c builtin vo kernel.

I. Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks


1. Khi nim RAID
Gii thch tn gi: RAID - Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks, ban u mang ngha: nhiu Disk
(thng l inexpensive khng t tin) c ghp li thnh mt Array. Array ny khi lu tr d
liu th lun lu tr c nhng d liu Redundant (d tha). Chnh nhng d liu d tha ny s l
manh mi khi phc d liu khi h thng b hng hc. Ngy nay RAID c pht trin rt phc tp
RAID l k thut ghp nhiu block device (HDD) li thnh mt (virtual) storage device (gi l array)
c:
-

hiu sut c/ghi trn storage device cao hn

kh nng khi phc d liu c khi cc HDD thnh phn b hng hc

hardRAID v softRAID
RAID c th c thc thi bng phn cng (hardRAID) hoc bng phn mm (softRAID), gi chung
l RAID controller.

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Hard RAID controller thng l mt PCI card hoc vi nhiu PC hin i ngy nay n c gn lun
trn mainboard (on-board). Vic cu hnh hardRAID c thc hin qua BIOS v hardRAID
controller l trong sut i vi h iu hnh.
Nu khng c hard RAID controller th c th dng phn mm v d nhin phi thng qua h iu
hnh. Vi Linux c 2 phn mm RAID l: raidtools (tp cc cng c do nhiu ngi cng pht trin)
v mdadm (ca Neil Brown). Ti liu ny ch ni v mdadm (multiple disk admin) v n c a
chung hn.
RAID level
Ty theo yu cu hiu sut, kh nng khi phc d liu m c nhiu kiu thit lp (level) RAID
-

linear RAID: nhiu disk c ni nhau thnh mt disk ln. Khng c tnh nng g hn

RAID 0 (striping k sc): nhiu disk cng dung lng c RAID li thnh mt array. Khi
cn ghi d liu, d liu c chia lm nhiu phn, mi phn c ghi ln mt disk. iu ny
ci thin hiu sut ghi d liu v vic ghi d liu c thc hin ng thi trn c 2 disk. Khi
mt disk b hng th mt phn ca d liu s mt do c d liu s b hng; RAID 0 khng
c kh nng khi phc d liu.

RAID 1 (mirroring ging nhau): 2 disk cng dung lng c RAID li thnh mt array. Khi
cn ghi d liu, s c 2 bn sao ca d liu, mi bn c ghi vo mt disk. Thi gian ghi d
liu trn array bng thi gian ghi d liu trn mt disk, do hiu sut ghi khng i. Bi mi
disk gi mt bn sao ca d liu nn s lng ph mt na dung lng lu tr nhng khi hng
mt disk th vn cn disk kia lu d liu.

RAID 5 (striping with parity): cn t nht 3 disk cng dung lng RAID li thnh mt array.
Ly v d 4 disk xem hnh v. Khi file A cn ghi vo array, n c chia lm 3 phn A1, A2,
A3; phn Ap, cn c gi l checksum, c sinh ra t A1, A2, A3 theo mt thut ton no
. Mi phn trong 4 phn ny c ghi vo mt disk. Nu mt disk hng, ch hn disk 0 (mt
A1) th t A2, A3, Ap c th tnh li c A1. Tc l khi hng mt disk bt k trong 4 disk th
d liu c th khi phc c nh vo checksum v cc phn cn li khng hng.

nh ly t: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID

Spare disk, faulty disk, hot swap


Faulty disk l disk trong array b hng. Spare disk l disk tuy tham gia vo array nhng ch thc s
c dng n khi c disk b faulty, lc n s c dng thay th cho faulty disk. Qu trnh thay
th ny c th din ra ngay trong khi ngi s dng ang c/ghi d liu trn array v th n c gi
l hot swap.
Cng c RAID trn Linux
Soft RAID trn Linux ban u c ci t bng raidtools tp cc cng c ri rc do rt nhiu lp
trnh vin ng gp. Nm 2001, Neil Brown (University of New South Wales) a ra cng c mdadm
(multiple disk admin) gi gn tt c cc thao tc vi RAID trong mt lnh v cng tin li. mdadm
cng c nhiu chc nng hn hn raidtools nn sm thay th hon ton tp cng c ny. Ti liu ny
ni v mdadm.
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2. Thit lp v s dng RAID


Phn ny minh ha vic thit lp RAID qua cc bc to 2 array RAID l array RAID1 trn 2 disk,
array RAID5 trn 4 disk.
Chun b: Add thm mt s disk mi disk 1 GB (ng chn Allocate now) l
/dev/sd{a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j}
Bc 1: chun b cc partition c filesystem l Raid (kiu fd trong fdisk)
o To partition RAID t HDD. V d vi /dev/sdb: fdisk /dev/sdb

To mt primary partition chim ton b disk: n, p, 1, enter, enter

Chuyn kiu partition thnh Linux raid auto (kiu fd): t, fd

Lu li partition table v thot khi fdisk: w

o Lp li cc thao tc trn vi cc HDD cn li cui cng thu c cc partition


/dev/sd{a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j}1 vi filesystem l Linux raid auto.
o Thng thng, vi cc partition truyn thng sau bc fdisk chn filesystem ext2, vfat,
l bc mkfs format theo filesystem chn nhng vi RAID ta khng lm nh vy.
Bc 2: to array RAID t cc partition kiu RAID
-

Lnh to array gm cc thnh phn:


mdadm --create <tn array v loi raid ca array> <s
lng v danh sch cc disk tham gia array> <s lng v
danh sch cc disk d phng>
V d 1: to array loi RAID 1 trn 2 partition /dev/sda1, /dev/sdb1
mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sda1
/dev/sdb1
V d 2: to array RAID 5 trn 3 partition /dev/sda1, /dev/sdb1, /dev/sdc1 vi 1 spare device l
/dev/sde2
mdadm --create /dev/md1 --verbose -level=5 --raid-devices=3
/dev/sdb2 /dev/sdc2 /dev/sdd2 --spare-devices=1 /dev/sde2

Gii thch tham s trong cc lnh trn:


o --create (hoc C) ch thao tc to RAID
o /dev/md0: tn file device ca array. Bn khng th t t tn cho array m ch c
chn trong cc tn /dev/md0, /dev/md1, /dev/md2 Thc cht mdadm khi c ci
t to sn cc device /dev/mdx (dng lnh ls l /dev/|grep md ra s r)
o --level= (hoc l): raid0, raid1, raid4, raid5, raid6 (hoc 0, 1, 4, 5, 6); linear;
multiple path (hoc mp)
o --raid-devices= (hoc n): s devices tham gia array. Danh sch cc device ny
cn c lit k ngay sau
o --spare-devices= (hoc x, vit tt ca eXtra): s spare device. Danh sch cc
device ny cn c lit k ngay sau . C th add/remove spare devices sau khi to
RAID.

Cc device tham gia array cn c size bng nhau nu khng size b nht c chn l size ca
array. Nu size ln nht vt qu size b nht hn 1% th s c cnh bo nh sau:
mdadm: set size to X
mdadm: largest drive () exceed size X by more than 1%
Continue create array ?

117/193

Cng c th bn gp thng bo ging nh sau lc array ang c to:


mdadm: /dev/sdb1 appears to contain an ext2fs file system
size=1959896K mtime=Mon Dec 29 19:04:24 2008
Continue creating array? Y

Bn c th xem phn trm tin trnh ca qu trnh to array bng lnh: cat /proc/mdstat

Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5]


[raid4] [raid10]
md0 : active raid5 sdd1[3] sdc1[1] sdb1[0]
1023404544 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/2] [UU_] [>.
.......................] recovery = 0.1% (672640/511702272)
finish=75.9min
speed=112106K/sec
unused devices: <none>

L do l trong bng phn vng ca HDD /dev/sdb th kiu ca partition /dev/sdb1 c cho l
raid auto nhng phn d liu ca partition ny th li dng ext2. Bn bm Y chp thun
vic xa d liu trn partition ny i phc v vic to array.
Bc 3: format v s dng array.
-

Sau bc 2 bn c mt device l /dev/md0 (hoc /dev/md1 ) v bn c th format


device ny thnh mt partition bng lnh mkfs. (Bn cng c th chia device ny thnh cc
partition con bng lnh fdisk nhng vic ny rt phc tp v cng khng ai lm). Cui cng
bn c th mount /dev/md0 s dng.

Script init ca cc Linux distro lun cha sn lnh kch hot cc /dev/md0, /dev/md1,
lc Linux khi ng nn bn khng phi lm g. Ngoi vic kch hot, nu mun /dev/md0
c t ng mount khi khi ng, thm mt dng vo file /etc/fstab.

mount array ny s dng v sa file /etc/fstab nu mun array c mount mi khi


Linux khi ng

3. Xem thng tin v array


hin th thng tin v tt c cc array c trong h thng: cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [linear] [multipath] [raid0]
[raid1] [raid10]
md0 : active raid5 sdb1[0] sdd1[2] sdc1[3](F)
1023404544 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/2] [U_U]
md1 : active raid5 sdb1[0] sdd1[2] sdc1[3](F)
1023404544 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/2] [U_U]
unused devices: <none>

C th dng lnh ny xem phn trm qu trnh thc hin cc thao tc vi RAID. V d ngay sau khi
g lnh to raid mdadm --create /dev/md0, nu g lnh ny bn s thy phn trm thc hin lnh ch
recovery.
Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5]
[raid4] [raid10]
md0 : active raid5 sdd1[3] sdc1[1] sdb1[0]
1023404544 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/2] [UU_] [>.
.......................] recovery = 0.1% (672640/511702272) finish=75.9min
speed=112106K/sec
unused devices: <none>

Ngay sau khi chy lnh mdadm --create to array hoc build li, nu dng lnh ny bn s xem
c tin trnh phn trm thc hin.
xem thng tin chi tit v array /dev/md0: mdadm --detail /dev/md0
Thng tin gm c kch thc array, s disk tham gia array, disk no ang hng (faulty), disk no ang
ri (spare), disk no ang hot ng.
118/193

/dev/md0:
Version : 00.90.01
Creation Time : Sun Dec 26 18:00:51 2010
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 488448 (477.00 MiB 500.17 MB)
Device Size : 488448 (477.00 MiB 500.17 MB)
Raid Devices : 3
Total Devices : 4
Preferred Minor : 0
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Sun Dec 26 20:14:22 2010
State : clean
Active Devices : 3
Working Devices : 4
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 1
Number

Major

Minor

RaidDevice State

70

active sync

/dev/hdb6

71

active sync

/dev/hdb7

22

71

active sync

/dev/hdd7

22

70

-1

spare

/dev/hdd6

UUID : bd3a5938:79ce0f26:e588a382:90b7802b
Events : 0.9

4. Qun l disk trong array


Khi mt disk trong array gp s c, mdadm s t ng a spare disk (nu c) vo thay th v d liu
s c tnh ra ghi vo disk thay th ny (vic ny s tn thi gian nu dung lng disk ln). Nu
khng c spare disk th array RAID 0, RAID 5 vn hot ng bi trong array ny lun c mt disk lu
thng tin d tha phc v vic phc hi. (Hin nhin nu hng tip mt disk na th array s hng).
- Remove mt faulty disk: mdadm /dev/md0 --remove /dev/sdb2
- Nu mun remove mt disk khng hng th phi thng bo disk b hng:
mdadm /dev/md0 --fail /dev/sdb2
- Add thm mt disk vo: mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/sdf2

5. Hy RAID array
- Nu array ang c s dng hy umount
- Stop raid: mdadm -S /dev/md0 (tham s -S ch khng phi -s)
- zero out tng disk ca array, v d vi /dev/sdb1: mdadm --zero-superblock
/dev/sdb1
- start li RAID th dng assemble

119/193

6. File /etc/mdadm.con
7. Stripe hay Linear

II. Logical Volume Management


Theo cch chia thng thng th kch thc partition b gii hn bi kch thc HDD cha n. iu
ny nhiu khi rt bt tin, xt bi ton sau:
Gi s c 4 SCSI HDD l /dev/sdb, /dev/sdc/, /dev/sdd, /dev/sde; dung lng mi HDD l 1GB nh
vy c 4GB sc cha. Cn to ra 3 partition: SOFTWARES 1,4 GB; MUSIC 1,2 GB; DATA 1,2 GB
(tng cng l 3.8 GB) v dnh 0,2 GB cn li. Cc cng c qun l disk thng thng khng lm
c iu ny v mi partition cn to ln hn tng HDD nhng LVM th c th. K thut LVM s
ghp 4 HDD li thnh mt partition ln TOTALSTORAGE ri li chia TOTALSTORAGE ra thnh
cc partition nh hn l SOFTWARES, MUSIC, DATA, UNUSED (xem hnh v):
/dev/TotalStorage/Softwares

Logical Volumes

/dev/TotalStorage/Music

/dev/TotalStorage/Data unuse
d

TotalStorage

Volume Group
Physical Volumes

/dev/sdb1

/dev/sdc1

/dev/sdd1

/dev/sde1

Linux LVM l mt trnh qun l storage device theo 3 lp t thp n cao l:


-

Physical Volume: y chnh l cc partition thng thng nhng trong ngn ng LVM th
c gi l Physical Volume (PV). Ngoi ra mt PV c th l: mt partition thng thng, mt
RAID device, mt sparse file (mt file dung lng ln, cha ton cc s 0 gi lm partition
lu d liu).

Volume Group: nhiu PV khi c ghp li vi nhau to thnh mt Volume Group (VG).
Dung lng ca VG bng tng dung lng ca cc PV thnh phn. Cc PV thnh phn c th
thuc cng mt HDD hoc thuc nhiu HDD khc nhau. C th thm vo hoc loi i mt PV
t VG.

Logical Volume: mi VG li c chia thnh mt hoc nhiu Logical Volume (LV). C th


resize cc LV mt cch d dng v snapshot chng.

Trong ngn ng LVM khng cn partition na, tt c l volume: physical/group/logical volume.


Mt s cng c ca LVM:
create
view
PV pvcreate pvs
pvdisplay
vgcreate
vgs
VG
vgdislpay
Lvcreate
lvs
LV
lvdisplay

remove
resize
pvremove

change
pvchange

scan
pvscan

vgremove vgextend
vgreduce
lvremove lvextend
lvreduce

vgchange

vgscan

lvchange

lvscan

1. Thit lp LVM

Thit lp v s dng LV
Phn ny minh ha cc lnh create v view PV, VG, LV qua cc bc gii quyt bi ton nu trn.
-

Bc 1: Chun b cc partition c filesystem l LVM bng fdisk


o To partition LVM t HDD. V d vi /dev/sdb: fdisk /dev/sdb

To mt primary partition chim ton b disk: n, p, 1, enter, enter

Chuyn kiu partition thnh Linux LVM (kiu 8e): t, 8e

Lu li partition table v thot khi fdisk: w


120/193

o Lp li cc thao tc trn vi cc HDD cn li cui cng thu c cc partition


/dev/sdb1, /dev/sdc1, /dev/sdd1, /dev/sde1 vi filesystem l Linux LVM.
o Tng t nh vi cc partition truyn thng sau bc fdisk chn filesystem ext2,
vfat, l bc mkfs format theo filesystem chn, cc LVM partition cng cn
format nhng khng phi bng lnh mkfs m bng lnh pvcreate.
-

Bc 2: T mi LVM partition to mt PV
o To PV bng lnh: pvcreate <partition>
pvcreate
/dev/sde1

/dev/sdb1

/dev/sdc1

/dev/sdd1

o Kim tra li 4 PV va to bng lnh xem thng tin v PV: pvs


PV
[]
/dev/sdb1
/dev/sdc1
/dev/sdd1
/dev/sde1
[]

VG

Fmt

Attr PSize

PFree

lvm2
lvm2
lvm2
lvm2

-----

1016.00M
1016.00M
1019.53M
1019.53M

1016.00M
1016.00M
1019.53M
1019.53M

Bc 3: To VG t cc PV
o To VG TotalStorage t cc PV sdb1, sdc1, sdd1, sde1 bng lnh
vgcreate <tn_VG> <danh sch PV>
vgcreate TotalStorage /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1
sau bc ny xut hin thm th mc /dev/TotalStorage
o Kim tra li VG va to bng lnh xem thng tin v VG: vgs
VG

#PV

#LV

#SN

Attr

VSize

Vfree

wz--n

3.96G

3.96G

[]
TotalStorage

[]

Bc 4: To cc LV t VG
o To cc LV Softwares, Music, Data t VG TotalStorage bng lnh:
lvcreate n <tn_LV> -L <size_LV> [-s <size LE>] <tn_VG> [Path_PV]
lvcreate -n Softwares -L 1.4G TotalStorage
lvcreate -n Music -L 1.2G TotalStorage
lvcreate -n Data -L 1G TotalStorage
Sau bc ny c thm cc file device /dev/TotalStorage/Softwares,
/dev/TotalStorage/Music, /dev/TotalStorage/Data
o Tham s [Path_PV] ch r ra LV c to t PV no.
V d: lvcreate
/dev/sdb1

-n

Softwares

-L

1.4G

TotalStorage

Tham s ny c ch khi LV gm nhiu hn mt PV. Khi h thng gp s c mt PV


no b hng, nu PV ny khng tham gia to LV th LV khng b nh hng.

121/193

o Tham s -s <size LE> quyt nh n dung lng ti a ca LV (xem gii thch mc


sau). Mc nh size LE l 4MB v dung lng LV ti a l 256 GB. Nu mun hn
size LE l 16 MB v max LV l hn 1TB.
o Kim tra li LV va to bng lnh xem thng tin v LV: lvs
LV

VG

Attr

LSize

Origin

Snap%

Move

Copy%

[]
Music

TotalStorage

-wi-a-

1.00G

Data

TotalStorage

-wi-a-

1.20G

Softwares

TotalStorage

-wi-a-

1.40G

[]

Ch : Khi thc hin cc lnh pvcreate, vgcreate, lvcreate c th c thng bo lin quan n CD
chng hn: /dev/cdrom: open failed: read-only file system. L do l trc khi thc hin cc lnh
to ny tt c cc block device c scan qua v y CD drive c scan (nhng khng th
c c).
-

Bc 5: S dng LV
o To filesystem cho LV:

mkfs t ext3 /dev/TotalStorage/Softwares

mkfs t ext3 /dev/TotalStorage/Music

mkfs t ext3 /dev/TotalStorage/Data

o Mount cc LV va to. Nu cn LV c t ng mount mi khi h thng khi ng, sa


file /etc/fstab.

Enable LVM
c th s dng LVM cn ci t cng c LVM v activate cc volume.
Thng th LVM builtin sn vo Linux kernel ri nn sau khi to cc volume PV, VG, LV bn c
th s dng, khng phi lm g thm c.
Nu cha th phi build li kernel hoc ci LVM nh mt kernel module. Trong trng hp th hai:
-

ci t cng c LVM

thm 2 lnh vgscan, vgchange -ay vo /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit activate cc


volume lc Linux khi ng

(nu cn thn th thm lnh vgchange -an vo /etc/rc.d/init.d/halt disable


cc volume lc tt my)

LVM on RAID (cha xong)


C th to mt PV t mt RAID array t xy dng nn cc LV va c kh nng phc hi d liu
sau thm ha ng thi vic qun l li rt linh hot. Thng thng ngi ta thit lp LVM trn
RAID1.
Logical Volumes

/dev/TotalStorage/Softwares

/dev/TotalStorage/Data unuse
d

TotalStorage

Volume Group
Physical Volumes

/dev/TotalStorage/Music

/dev/md0
/dev/sdb1

/dev/md1

/dev/sdc1

/dev/sdd1

/dev/sde1

(Khng th lm vic ngc li l to ra RAID array trn mt LV hn na iu ny cng khng thu


c li ch g hn.)
122/193

2. Xem thng tin v volume

Khi nim PE, LE


Khi nim PE, LE cng tng t nh khi nim block (sector) ca HDD. Mi PV c chia thnh cc
phn t nh (extent) gi l Physical Extent (PE) mc nh l 4 MB. VG l tp hp cc PE. LV c
to ra trn VG cng c chia thnh cc phn t nh hn gi l Logical Extent (LE). a ch LE c
map (nh x) vo a ch PE. Cch nh x l linear (tuyn tnh) hay stripe (k sc) s quyt nh n
tc c/ghi d liu trn LV.
Mc nh lvcreate chn linear mapping. Nu mun dng stripe mapping, chng hn vi 2 stripe, 4KB
cho mi stripe: lvcreate -i2 -I4 -n Softwares -L 1.4G TotalStorage

(nh ly t: http://www.redhat.com/magazine/009jul05/features/lvm2/)

Hnh trn l linear, hnh di l stripe. c hai hnh PV trn, LV di.


a ch ca PE, LE c lu trong mt s bit gii hn do s PE, LE l gii hn v kch thc ca
PV, LV l gii hn. Mun c PV, LV c kch thc ln th phi tng kch thc PE, LE.

Xem thng tin bng pvdisplay, vgdisplay, lvdisplay


Ngoi lnh pvs, vgs, lvs hin th vn tt cn c lnh pv/vg/lvdisplay hin th chi tit cc thuc tnh ca
PV/VG/LV, bao gm:
-

name, size, UUID (ID c sinh ngu nhin) ca volume

trng thi ca volume

thng tin v PE, LE: size, total, free, used (allocated)

C th t li cc thuc tnh ca volume thng qua lnh pv/vg/lvchange.


Di y gii thch mt s trng thng tin ca lnh pvdisplay, vgdisplay, lvdisplay cho bi ton nu
ban u.
Pvdisplay
[]
--- Physical volume --PV Name
/dev/sdc1
VG Name
TotalStorage

123/193

PV Size
Allocatable
PE Size (KByte)
Total PE
Free PE
Allocated PE
PV UUID
[]

1016.00 MB / not usable 0


yes
4096
254
254
0
jRhSdv-1TFk-RHcM-wJ1Q-o0Fv-BdqE-jwxpmL

Allocatable: chia PV thnh cc PE cha (yes/no). Gi tr yes ch khi PV ny c dng to


ra mt VG no
PV size: nu PV c dng to VG th ngoi con s size cn c not usable th hin PV
ny khng th dng to ra mt VG khc na
Khi PV cha c dng to VG th n c tiu ---NEW Physical volume---
Vgdisplay
--- Volume group --VG Name
System ID
Format
Metadata Areas
Metadata Sequence No
VG Access
VG Status
MAX LV
Cur LV
Open LV
Max PV
Cur PV
Act PV
VG Size
PE Size
Total PE
Alloc PE / Size
Free PE / Size
VG UUID

TotalStorage
lvm2
4
5
read/write
resizable
0
4
0
0
4
4
3.96 GB
4.00 MB
1014
975 / 3.81 GB
39 / 156.00 MB
mK8knW-hPAL-X6Uq-FROE-6Zux-Zr7A-pXdN3K

Cur LV: s LV c to ra t VG ny.


Cur PV: s PV to nn VG ny;
Act PV: s PV ang hot ng. C nhng PV tuy trong VG nhng cha c dng to ra LV.

Resize mt LV gm 2 thao tc: (1) t li kch thc cho volume, (2) resize filesystem trn volume
bng lnh chng hn resize2fs.
124/193

Gim dung lng LV: resize2fs trc ri lvreduce sau. V d: gim LV Data bi ton trn xung
cn 1G (10485760 block)
-

resize2fs /dev/TotalStorage/Data 10485760

lvreduce L 1G /dev/TotalStorage/Data

Tng dung lng LV: lvextend trc ri reszie2fs sau. V d: tng LV Softwares bi ton trn thm
0.2 GB:
-

lvextend L +0.2G /dev/TotalStorage/Softwares

resize2fs /dev/TotalStorage/Softwares

Nhn xt: Nu Softwares l partition thng th khng th tng dung lng ca n ln c do khng
c phn trng no sau n. Nh vy resize LV linh hot hn resize partition thng.
Mt iu ng kinh ngc rng lvreduce v lvextend c th lm vic trong khi LV vn ang c s
dng. Tuy nhin cng c resize2fs khng resize filesystem lc n ang lm vic c nn trc khi
resize LV cn phi umount LV. Nu dng nhng cng c c kh nng resize online nh ext2online th
c th dng c tnh nng ny ca LVM.
Vi VG cng c lnh vgextend, vgreduce nhng ngha ca n l thm/bt PV.

4. Cc mc linh tinh khc:


Snapshot (cha vit)
2. device mapper cho LVM (cha xong)
/dev/<vg_name>/<lv_name> -> /dev/mapper/<vg_name>-<lv_name>
Xem ti: http://sunoano.name/ws/public_xhtml/lvm.html (Ci ny ni nng v l thuyt v tt hn
nhiu LVM tut ca tldp)
Hoc ci ny: http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/builddmmod.html
t / ln LVM (cha xong)
Lc ci Linux c th chn to LV v t / ln. Khng c t /boot ln LVM v GRUB khng h tr.
Nu ci Linux ri m mun t / ln LV th: To ra mt LV; copy c / ln ; Sa li grub.conf ;
Xa / c i.
Thc hnh trn lp:
- fdisk thy /dev/hda c hda1 300M. Add thm 2 HDD mi ci 1 GB
- Bi ton: to ra 2 partition: mt ci 1.5 GB tn l Document, 1 ci 0.5 GB tn l Entertainment.
To ra 3 pv, ri to ra VG tn l Container t 3 pv , to ra 2 ci LV v mkfs ri mount.
Ch cn mount sau ny th hin l ang dng nhng vn c th lm vic vi tng bn di.
Ch khi thc hin: sau mi thao tc phi pvs, vgs, lvs; thm c pvdisplay, vgdisplay, lvdisplay
- Sau add thm partition /dev/hda2 2GB cha Debian vo:
+ xa partition /dev/hda2
+ vgextend Container /dev/hda2
Sau rt 2 ci HDD 1 GB ra.
+ pvmove /dev/hdb v pvmove /dev/hdd,
+ vgreduce Container /dev/hdb v + vgreduce Container /dev/hdd
+ pvremove /dev/hdb v + pvremove /dev/hdd
Hy ton b h thng: umount, lvremove, vgremove, pvremove

125/193

y l mt bi ca bn tho Gio trnh Nhp mn Qun tr H thng Linux ang vit d. Trn Huy Thng tranhuythang@gmail.com,
Rt mong bn c c th tham gia vit nt phn cn li ca cun sch. Bn c c th ng li mt phn hay ton b tp bn tho ny nhng cn ghi
r ngun v thng bo tm ngi vit tip ny. Nu ng li vi nh thng mi th xin nhn trc cho tc gi.

Bi 8. Qun l process, daemon


Bi 1. Khi nim FOSS v *nix..............................................................................................................9
I. FOSS..........................................................................................................................................................14
1. S hu tr tu..............................................................................................................................................................14
S hu tr tu (intelectual property)..........................................................................................................................14
S hu cng (public domain)....................................................................................................................................14
i ngc vi s hu tr tu l s hu cng........................................................................................................14
Khi s hu tr tu tr thnh s hu cng..............................................................................................................14
Copyright (bn quyn) ..........................................................................................................................................15
Thng hiu (trademark)..........................................................................................................................................16
2. Phn loi phn mm theo quyn ca ngi s dng..................................................................................................16
EULA v cc quyn ca ngi s dng....................................................................................................................16
Proprietary softwares hay FOSS...............................................................................................................................17
Disclaimer of warranty (chi b bo m)................................................................................................................18
3. Free/Open source softwares (FOSS)..........................................................................................................................18
a. nh ngha Free/Open source softwares................................................................................................................18
Free software........................................................................................................................................................18
Open source software...........................................................................................................................................19
Free softwares vs Open source.............................................................................................................................20
b. FOSS v chuyn min ph.................................................................................................................................21
FOSS th min ph ?.............................................................................................................................................21
FOSS thng mi ?..............................................................................................................................................22
c. Cc mu giy php FOSS......................................................................................................................................22
4. Cc giy php FOSS kiu public domain: BSD, MIT, Apache.................................................................................24
BSD (copycenter)......................................................................................................................................................24
MIT licence...............................................................................................................................................................25
Apache.......................................................................................................................................................................26
5. Cc giy php FOSS kiu weak copyleft: LGPL v Perl (cha vit)........................................................................26
6. Giy php (strong) copyleft: GPL (cha xong).........................................................................................................26
tng ca giy php GPL:.....................................................................................................................................26
ngha ca giy php GPL: ....................................................................................................................................26
p dng cc iu khon ca GPL.............................................................................................................................27
7. M hnh pht trin phn mm FOSS (cha vit).......................................................................................................27
8. M hnh kinh doanh phn mm FOSS (cha vit)....................................................................................................27
9. Nhng quan nim sai lm thng thy v FOSS (cha vit)....................................................................................27

II. *nix...........................................................................................................................................................27
1. Gii thiu UNIX, BSD...............................................................................................................................................27
UNIX.........................................................................................................................................................................28
BSD...........................................................................................................................................................................28
2. UNIX v UNIX-like (*nix)........................................................................................................................................29
3. Chun POSIX (SUS)..................................................................................................................................................29
4. Nhn Linux v D n GNU.......................................................................................................................................30
5. Linux distribution.......................................................................................................................................................30

Bi 2. B tc kin thc v HDD. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD (cha xong)............................................33


1. Hiu v HDD.............................................................................................................................................37
1.a. Cu trc vt l ca HDD.........................................................................................................................................37
1.b. Cu trc logic ca HDD..........................................................................................................................................38
1.c. Qu trnh khi ng OS ca my tnh.....................................................................................................................38

2. Cng c my o hc thc hnh Linux. Mt s ch v Vmware Workstation.............................38


3. Cc cch c c mt bn Linux distro v trng hp ca Redhat. .............................................38
4. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD..........................................................................................................................38
4.a. Ci t Linux...........................................................................................................................................................38
4.b. Ci t FreeBSD.....................................................................................................................................................38
4.c. T ng ha qu trnh ci t..................................................................................................................................38

5. Vn multi OS.......................................................................................................................................38

Bi 3. Lm quen vi Linux command..................................................................................................39


126/193

1. ng nhp v tt my..............................................................................................................................43
2. Kernel, Shell.............................................................................................................................................44
3. Virtual Console v Terminal...................................................................................................................45
4. Lnh trong Linux.....................................................................................................................................45
a. Cch vit lnh.............................................................................................................................................................45
b. Thc thi executable file..............................................................................................................................................46
c. Dng mt lnh............................................................................................................................................................46
c. Shell script..................................................................................................................................................................46
d. Metacharacters...........................................................................................................................................................47
e. Help............................................................................................................................................................................47
f. History........................................................................................................................................................................48

5. su...............................................................................................................................................................48
6. Lm vic vi file v th mc trn *nix...................................................................................................48
a. Cu trc file v th mc ca Linux khc vi ca Windows......................................................................................48
b. ng dn th mc ca Linux k hiu /, thi quen TAB, th mc . ~...................................................................49
Hy cn thn vi du /...............................................................................................................................................49
Th mc home, th mc hin hnh, th mc ~ . .. ................................................................................................50
Mun nhanh th bm TAB hoc TAB TAB..............................................................................................................50
Khi tn file, th mc cha k t c bit...................................................................................................................50
c. Lnh ls l, xem thng tin v file, th mc.................................................................................................................51
d. Cc lnh xem, to mi, xa, di chuyn, i tn file v th mc................................................................................52
Hin th ni dung file................................................................................................................................................52
To th mc mi.......................................................................................................................................................52
To file mi...............................................................................................................................................................52
i tn/di chuyn file v th mc.............................................................................................................................52
Copy file v th mc.................................................................................................................................................52
Xa file hoc th mc...............................................................................................................................................53
e. Midnight Commander (mc)........................................................................................................................................53
f. Link.............................................................................................................................................................................53
g. Archive v Compress file...........................................................................................................................................53
h. Tm kim file v th mc...........................................................................................................................................54

7. Filesystem Hierarchy standard...............................................................................................................55


8. Trong *nix, mi th u l file. ..............................................................................................................57
9. Redirection v xargs................................................................................................................................58
a. Redirect stdin, stdout, stderr to file............................................................................................................................58
b. Pipe v kt hp vi grep, wc, sort, less......................................................................................................................60
c. xargs...........................................................................................................................................................................61

10. VIM editor..............................................................................................................................................61


11. Regular expression.................................................................................................................................62

Bi 4. Devices - Filesystems Mounting..............................................................................................64


1. Device........................................................................................................................................................68
a. Peripheral device v Driver........................................................................................................................................68
Peripheral device.......................................................................................................................................................68
Phn loi device: block, character, virtual................................................................................................................68
Driver........................................................................................................................................................................69
b. Device file (special file).............................................................................................................................................69
c. S dng storage device...............................................................................................................................................71

2. Filesystem.................................................................................................................................................71
a. Filesystem ca block device.......................................................................................................................................71
b. Format........................................................................................................................................................................71
i) fdisk edit partition table......................................................................................................................................71
ii) mkfs (make filesystem).........................................................................................................................................72

3. Mounting..................................................................................................................................................73
a. Lnh mount................................................................................................................................................................73
b. file cu hnh /etc/fstab................................................................................................................................................74
c. file cu hnh /etc/mtab................................................................................................................................................75

4. Hai partition c bit ca Linux.............................................................................................................75

127/193

5. dd v loop device......................................................................................................................................76
a. Lnh dd.......................................................................................................................................................................76
b. loop device.................................................................................................................................................................77

6. Mt s thao tc khc vi storage device.................................................................................................78


7. Thc hnh vi Vmware...........................................................................................................................78

Bi 5. Install softwares..........................................................................................................................81
I. RPM..........................................................................................................................................................85
I.1 Tn file package v tn software..............................................................................................................................85
I.2 RPM database v rpm tool........................................................................................................................................86
I.3 Install........................................................................................................................................................................86
I.4 Query........................................................................................................................................................................87
I.5 Upgrade.....................................................................................................................................................................88
I.6 Erase.........................................................................................................................................................................88
I.7 Verify........................................................................................................................................................................88

II. DEB (cha vit).......................................................................................................................................89


III. Ci t phn mm t source code........................................................................................................89

Bi 6. Qun tr user. File permission...................................................................................................92


1. Qun tr user............................................................................................................................................96
1.1 Users.........................................................................................................................................................................96
1.2 Group.......................................................................................................................................................................98
1.3 Reset password ca root...........................................................................................................................................99

2. File permission.......................................................................................................................................100
Ch s hu, nhm ch s hu mc nh......................................................................................................................101
Thay i ch s hu, nhm ch s hu bng lnh chown, chgrp................................................................................101
Thay i quyn truy cp r, w, x vi cc i tng u, g, o...........................................................................................101
SUID, SGID, sticky bit................................................................................................................................................103
Set UID v Set GID cho file kh thi........................................................................................................................103
Set GID cho th mc...............................................................................................................................................104
Sticky bit.................................................................................................................................................................105
K hiu SUID, SGID, Sticky bit bng ch s .........................................................................................................105

3. Quota.......................................................................................................................................................106
1-Ci t phn mm quota......................................................................................................................................106
2-Mount partition vi thuc tnh usrquota..............................................................................................................107
3-Khi to quota database trn partition bng lnh quotacheck.............................................................................107
4-enable (disable) quota bng quotaon (quotaoff)..................................................................................................108
5-t limit, grace cho user bng lnh edquota........................................................................................................108
6-Xem li thng tin v quota...................................................................................................................................109
7-Th nghim quota................................................................................................................................................109

Bi 7. Advanced partitioning: RAID & LVM.....................................................................................111


I. Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks................................................................................................115
1. Khi nim RAID......................................................................................................................................................115
2. Thit lp v s dng RAID......................................................................................................................................117
3. Xem thng tin v array.............................................................................................................................................118
4. Qun l disk trong array...........................................................................................................................................119
5. Hy RAID array.......................................................................................................................................................119
6. File /etc/mdadm.con.................................................................................................................................................120
7. Stripe hay Linear......................................................................................................................................................120

II. Logical Volume Management..............................................................................................................120


1. Thit lp LVM.........................................................................................................................................................120
Thit lp v s dng LV..........................................................................................................................................120
Enable LVM............................................................................................................................................................122
LVM on RAID (cha xong)....................................................................................................................................122
2. Xem thng tin v volume.........................................................................................................................................123
Khi nim PE, LE....................................................................................................................................................123
Xem thng tin bng pvdisplay, vgdisplay, lvdisplay .............................................................................................123
3. Qun l cc volume..................................................................................................................................................124
Disable/Remove volume.........................................................................................................................................124
Thm vo/Rt ra/Hon chuyn PV.........................................................................................................................124

128/193

Resize LV................................................................................................................................................................124
4. Cc mc linh tinh khc:...........................................................................................................................................125

Bi 8. Qun l process, daemon..........................................................................................................126


I. Tin trnh................................................................................................................................................130
I.1 Tin trnh l chng trnh khi n ang c thc thi.............................................................................................130
Tin trnh cha, tin trnh con. S ID ca tin trnh..................................................................................................131
Phn b CPU v u tin (s nice) ca tin trnh................................................................................................131
Trng thi ca tin trnh..........................................................................................................................................131
Ch s hu ca tin trnh........................................................................................................................................132
Cc signal m tin trnh bt.....................................................................................................................................132
I.2 Cc thao tc vi tin trnh.......................................................................................................................................132
In ra trng thi cc tin trnh bng lnh ps..............................................................................................................132
Theo di cc tin trnh bng lnh top (hoc prstat, topas)......................................................................................133
Tm kim mt tin trnh..........................................................................................................................................135
iu chnh s nice ca tin trnh.............................................................................................................................135
I.3 Signal v lnh kill, killall, pkill...............................................................................................................................135
Lnh kill..................................................................................................................................................................135
Lnh killall v pkill.................................................................................................................................................136
I.4 Cc tin trnh c tng tc. Ch background, foreground.................................................................................136

II. Qun l daemon....................................................................................................................................138


Cc daemon nm u ?.............................................................................................................................................138
Trc tip bt/tt daemon..............................................................................................................................................138
/etc/rc.d/rc[0-6].d tp daemon cho mi run level......................................................................................................139
Cc cng c qun l daemon.......................................................................................................................................140

III. Lp lch (scheduling)...........................................................................................................................142


cron...............................................................................................................................................................................142
System cron jobs..........................................................................................................................................................142
User cron jobs..............................................................................................................................................................143
at...................................................................................................................................................................................143

Bi 9. Qu trnh khi ng (grub, kernel, init) v tt my ca Linux..............................................144


I. GRUB......................................................................................................................................................148
1. Chc nng ca GRUB..............................................................................................................................................148
2. Qu trnh ti GRUB.................................................................................................................................................149
3. Ci li GRUB...........................................................................................................................................................150
4. File grub.conf (menu.lst)..........................................................................................................................................151

II. Np h iu hnh t GRUB.................................................................................................................152


Truy xut device...........................................................................................................................................................153
Qui c k hiu device ca GRUB..........................................................................................................................153
Truy xut file ca GRUB........................................................................................................................................153
Ti nhn Linux.............................................................................................................................................................154
Ba lnh ti nhn Linux: kernel, root, initrd........................................................................................................154
Ti nhn Linux th cng ........................................................................................................................................155
Ti nhn FreeBSD ..................................................................................................................................................156
Np bootloader ca cc h iu hnh khc..................................................................................................................156

III. init.........................................................................................................................................................157
1./sbin/init chy v c file /etc/initab.........................................................................................................................157
2./etc/inittab..................................................................................................................................................................157
3.Thc thi cc script khi to h thng trong th mc /etc/rc.d..................................................................................158

IV. Tt my.................................................................................................................................................159

Bi 10. To mng o bng VMware Workstation..............................................................................161


1. Ni my tht/ my o vo cc switch o...............................................................................................165
1.1 Ni my tht vi cc switch o:.............................................................................................................................165
a. Ni NIC tht vo switch o:................................................................................................................................166
b. Ni NIC o trn my tht vo switch o:............................................................................................................166
1.2 Ni my o vi switch o: ....................................................................................................................................168

2. VMnet0 (Bridged mode) v Virtual Bridge..........................................................................................168


3. VMnet1 (Host only mode) v Virtual DHCP server............................................................................169

129/193

4. VMnet8 (NAT mode) v Virtual NAT device......................................................................................172


5. VM team v LAN segment....................................................................................................................175
6. T to mng WAN bng VMware Workstation..................................................................................175

Bi 11. B tc kin thc v TCP/IP....................................................................................................176


I. Khi nim mng my tnh. Phn cng mng v Giao thc mng (cha vit)...................................180
II. Mng LAN v WAN (cha vit)..........................................................................................................180
III. TCP/IP (cha vit)...............................................................................................................................180
IV. a ch IP..............................................................................................................................................180
a ch IP theo cch phn lp A, B, C (c)..................................................................................................................181
Subnet...........................................................................................................................................................................182
Tnh nhm vi a ch IP.........................................................................................................................................183
a ch loopback......................................................................................................................................................184
IP trn Internet, IP tnh, IP ng v ICANN...........................................................................................................184
a ch IP ring (private IP)....................................................................................................................................185

Bi 12. Configure card mng (cha xong)........................................................................................186


Ci t driver cho card mng.......................................................................................................................................190
Lnh ifconfig................................................................................................................................................................191
Hin th trng thi ca card mng...........................................................................................................................191
Gn a ch IP cho card mng.................................................................................................................................191
Gn a ch IP alias cho card mng.........................................................................................................................192
Bt tt card mng.....................................................................................................................................................192
B cng c ip...............................................................................................................................................................192

Ti liu tham kho...............................................................................................................................193

I. Tin trnh
I.1 Tin trnh l chng trnh khi n ang c thc thi
Nhc li rng: vi file ngi ta chia lm 2 loi excutable file (file kh thi) l cc file chng trnh
(nh *.exe trong Windows), cha cc lnh cho CPU thc thi (m ngi c th khng hiu c) v
non-excutable file (file khng kh thi) nh nhng file *.doc, *.bmp,
Khi bn chy mt file chng trnh th h iu hnh s a file t trn a cng vo trong RAM
thc thi. Phin bn ca file chng trnh trong RAM c gi l tin trnh.
Cn phn bit: chng trnh l mt file kh thi nm trn a cng. Khi chng trnh c thc thi th
n tr thnh tin trnh (nm trong RAM).
Khi bn chy mt lnh, chng hn lnh ls l t du nhc ca terminal th thc cht cng l cho thi
hnh mt file chng trnh, c th l file /bin/ls. Lc bn chy lnh cng l lc bn khi to
mt tin trnh, tin trnh kiu ny lun gn lin vi terminal sinh ra n.
Tin trnh th lun s dng ti nguyn ca my tnh (CPU, RAM, cc thit b ngoi vi) v vic qun l
tin trnh (do nhn Linux m nhim) l phn b cc ti nguyn ny cho tin trnh mt cch hp l.
qun l c, nhn Linux phi ghi li cc thng tin v tin trnh gm:
Tn, s ID ca tin trnh
a ch ca tin trnh trong b nh
Trng thi hin thi ca tin trnh
u tin ca tin trnh
Thng tin v ngun ti nguyn (CPU, b nh) m tin trnh ang s dng
Thng tin v cc file v cc cng mng m tin trnh ang m
Ch s hu ca tin trnh
Danh sch cc signal m tin trnh s bt (catch)
Di y gii thch mt s khi nim va nu c lin quan n cc mc sau ny.

130/193

Tin trnh cha, tin trnh con. S ID ca tin trnh.


Khi mt tin trnh ang chy m n gi ra mt tin trnh khc th ni tin trnh ban u l tin trnh
cha, tin trnh sau l tin trnh con.
d qun l, nhn Linux gn mi tin trnh mt s gi l PID (process identification number). ng
thi mi tin trnh cng ghi nh PID ca tin trnh cha ca n gi l PPID (parent process
identification).
Khi my tnh khi ng, nhn Linux trn a cng c ti vo RAM chy. Khi chy, nhn Linux
s ti file /sbin/intit vo RAM chy v init tr thnh tin trnh u tin, PID ca init
bng 1. T y init s gi ra rt nhiu tin trnh con khc v nhng tin trnh con ny li c th gi
ra nhng tin trnh con ca n na. Cc tin trnh con c PID tng dn, khi mt tin trnh kt thc PID
ca n li c dng gn cho cc tin trnh con khc sau ny.
Lnh pstree cho bit cu trc cha con ca tt c cc tin trnh ang c thi im hin ti.
Thm tham s -p bit s PID ca tin trnh.
[root@localhost ~]# pstree -p
init(1)acpid(2795)
atd(3064)
crond(3019)
cups-config-dae(3088)
cupsd(2260)
dbus-daemon-1(3074)
dhclient(2572)
events/0(3)
gpm(3009)
hald(3099)
khubd(87)
login(3108)bash(4090)pstree(5714)
mingetty(3109)

V d: tin trnh init s gi tin trnh login ri tin trnh ny li gi tin trnh bash, t y mi lnh ca
ngi s dng g trn bash shell s tr thnh tin trnh con ca tin trnh bash.

Phn b CPU v u tin (s nice) ca tin trnh


Ngy nay, cc h iu hnh lun l a nhim (multi tasking) ngi dng c th chy mt lc nhiu
chng trnh. Tuy nhin ti mi thi im CPU ch c th thc thi c 1 tin trnh, vy lm th no
cng mt lc chy c nhiu tin trnh? Gii php y l: CPU khng thc thi trn vn mt tin
trnh no m vi mi tin trnh CPU ch thc thi trong mt khong thi gian rt nhanh ri chuyn sang
tin trnh khc v c chuyn lin tc nh vy. R rng cc tin trnh c thc thi ln lt, nhng v
thi gian cho mi tin trnh l rt nh nn ngi dng khng cm nhn c. Thm na tc CPU l
hng t php tnh trn giy nn trong mt thi gian rt nh n cng lm c rt nhiu vic khin
ngi dng c cm gic nh tt c cc tin trnh ang chy ng thi.
Bi mi tin trnh c mc quan trng khc nhau nn d iu phi, mi tin trnh c gn vi
mt u tin no , trong Linux u tin ny gi l s nice (vit tt l NI). S nice cng cao th
tin trnh cng chi p (nice: p) tc l n nhng cc tin trnh khc chy trc. Thng thng
trong Linux, s nice nm trong khong -20 (c u tin chy trc nht) n +19 (chy sau cng
nht).
C th tng hoc gim s nice ca mi tin trnh bng lnh nice (s ni n sau).

Trng thi ca tin trnh


Tin trnh lun mt trong 5 trng thi c bn di y. Cc ch ci in m l k hiu ca trng thi
trong cc lnh ps, top.
Runnable: tin trnh trng thi sn sng chy. N c cp pht y cc ti nguyn
v ch i ti phin c cp CPU th s chy.
Sleeping: tin trnh ang i mt s kin no xy ra, khi s kin xy ra n s c duyt
ch cp pht CPU chy. V d: mt tin trnh ang i mt thao tc c/ghi file no
131/193

hon tt hoc mt tin trnh dch v mng ang i c yu cu t pha client u l cc tin
trnh sleeping. Trong trng hp c bit, c mt s tin trnh ri vo tnh trng khng th
nh thc n bng mt s kin no c. Nhng tin trnh ny c k hiu l D
(uninterruptible process).
Zoombie: tin trnh kt thc nhng n khng c xa sch s khi RAM v tin trnh cha
ca ca n khng nhn c thng bo v vic n kt thc. Nhn chung cc tin trnh
zoombie khng gy hi g. Nu mun dn dp cc tin trnh ny, cch duy nht l khi ng
li my.
Traced/Stopped: Nhng tin trnh b buc dng li. Tin trnh ri vo trng thi ny do
nhn c signal STOP hoc TSTP v ch c th chy li khi nhn c signal CONT hoc
khi ngi dng cho n chy trong ch background/ foreground bng lnh bg/fg. Khi nim
signal xem phn ??, lnh bg, fg xem phn ?? di y.

Ch s hu ca tin trnh
Xt file kh thi ExecFile, c ch s hu U, nhm ch s hu G v n cn truy cp R khi chy. Gi s
user X, vi primary group l XG c cp quyn chy file ny.
Khi X chy ExecFile, mc nh quyn truy cp R ca ExecFile c tnh bng quyn truy cp R ca X
ch khng phi bng quyn truy cp ca U tr trng hp Set UID, Set GID (V SUID, SGID xem
thm bi ??). C ti liu gi user chy tin trnh X l ch s hu ca tin trnh, nu dng cch gi ny
th cn phn bit vi ch s hu U ca file kh thi ban u.
Trong bng qun l tin trnh, nhn Linux s lu tr thm 2 trng thng tin l Real UID v Effective
UID cho tin trnh ExecFile d dng xt quyn truy cp R ca tin trnh. Real UID l ID ca user
thc thi tin trnh, tc l X. Effective UID l ID ca user m Linux s dng xt quyn truy cp R
ca ExecFile v thng thng Effective UID trng vi Real UID. Trong trng hp ExecFile c
Set UID th Effective UID mi khc i, lc n s trng vi ID ca U.
Tng t, Linux cng lu thng tin Real GID v Effective GID cho tin trnh. Trong , Real GID
trng vi ID ca nhm XG. Effective GID s trng vi Real GID, tr trng hp ExecFile c Set
GID th Effective UID s trng vi ID ca nhm G.

Cc signal m tin trnh bt


(xem phn ?? di y)

I.2 Cc thao tc vi tin trnh


xem trng thi cc tin trnh, ngi ta thng dng 2 cng c l ps v top. Lnh top cho bit
trng thi ca cc tin trnh theo thi gian thc, c 5 giy trng thi li c cp nht mt ln. Lnh
ps ch in ra c trng thi cc tin trnh ti thi ng thi im lnh c c thc hin, n hu ch
khi bn mun vit script thao tc vi cc tin trnh.

In ra trng thi cc tin trnh bng lnh ps


Lnh ps khng tham s hin th danh sch cc tin trnh c khi to bi ngi s dng ang ng
nhp ti terminal hin hnh.
PID TTY
TIME CMD
3321 pts/1
00:00:00 ps
21997 pts/1
00:00:00 bash
Lnh ny cho bit t thng tin nn ngi ta thng dng thm 3 tham s aux:
A: hin th tin trnh ca tt c cc user.
U: hin th thm cc thng tin chi tit hn v tin trnh
X: hin th tin trnh chy trn tt c cc terminal
Lnh ps aux cho bit cc thng tin nh di y (ch khng vit ps aux). Trang thng tin v cc
tin trnh thng di, nn bn c th dng ps aux | less xem tng trang.
[root@local ~]# ps aux
USER
PID %CPU %MEM
root
1 0.0 0.2
root
2 0.0 0.0
root
3 0.0 0.0

VSZ
2828
0
0

RSS
1264
0
0

TTY
?
?
?

STAT
Ss
S
S

132/193

START
May11
May11
May11

TIME
0:02
0:00
0:03

COMMAND
/sbin/init
[kthreadd]
[migration/0]

root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?

S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S

May11
May11
May11
May11
May11
May11
May11
May11

0:00
0:00
0:03
0:00
0:00
0:00
0:00
0:00

[ksoftirqd/0]
[watchdog/0]
[migration/1]
[ksoftirqd/1]
[watchdog/1]
[events/0]
[events/1]
[cpuset]

Cc trng thng tin trong lnh ps aux:


USER: tn ca user khi to tin trnh
PID: s ID ca tin trnh. Lnh ps aux sp xp cc tin trnh theo PID
%CPU: t l (tnh theo phn trm) gia thi gian chim gi CPU ca tin trnh v thi gian m
tin trnh nm trong b nh. Ch : ti mi thi im ch nhiu nht mt tin trnh s dng
CPU.
%MEM: phn trm RAM m tin trnh s dng ti thi im hin th thng tin ps aux.
VSZ: lng b nh o (phn a cng gi lm RAM) m tin trnh s dng, tnh theo byte.
RSS: lng b nh RAM m tin trnh s dng, tnh theo byte.
TTY: terminal m tin trnh c khi to trn . Du hi ? th hin tin trnh ny l mt
daemon v n khng lin kt vi mt terminal no
STAT: trng thi hin ti ca tin trnh.
Cc trng thi c bn (xem mc ?? hiu ngha ca tng trng thi)
o R = Runnable
o S = Sleeping
o D = Uninterruptibly sleeping
o T = Traced/Stopped
o Z = Zombie
Ngoi cc k hiu trn cn c cc k hiu thm:
o <: tin trnh c u tin cao
o N: tin trnh c u tin thp
o L: mt s trang b nh ca tin trnh b kha
o s: tin trnh l mt session leader
o l: tin trnh a lung (multi thread)
o +: is in the foreground process group
o W: tin trnh c swap tc l n c y xung a cng (b nh o) thay v nm
trong RAM.
START: Thi im tin trnh c khi to.
TIME: thi gian tin trnh tn ti tnh t khi n bt u c khi to.
COMMAND: Lnh c s dng khi to tin trnh. Nu tn ca lnh c t trong du
ngoc vung th tin trnh l mt lung (thread) ca kernel.
Trn cc h thng Solaris v HP-UX, ngi ta khng dng ps aux m dng ps ef vi ni dung
tng t.

Theo di cc tin trnh bng lnh top (hoc prstat, topas)


Khc vi lnh ps c th hin th c tt c cc tin trnh trong h thng, lnh top ch hin th cc
tin trnh ang hot ng tch cc nht. Trng thi cc tin trnh c cp nht theo thi gian, cho n
khi bn bm phm q thot khi lnh top.
Lnh tng ng vi lnh top trn AIX l prstat, trn Solaris l topas.
[root@local ~]# top
top - 20:24:54 up 2 days, 22:53, 2 users, load average: 0.21, 0.05, 0.08
Tasks: 189 total,
1 running, 188 sleeping,
0 stopped,
0 zombie
Cpu(s): 6.0%us, 2.4%sy, 0.0%ni, 91.5%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st
Mem:
511496k total,
465124k used,
46372k free,
96380k buffers
Swap: 1048568k total,
8k used, 1048560k free,
130220k cached
PID USER

PR

NI

VIRT

RES

SHR S %CPU %MEM

133/193

TIME+

COMMAND

2062
3020
3754
1822
2187
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root

20
20
20
20
20
20
20
RT
20
RT
RT
20
RT
20

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

48340 18m 6568 S 13.9


51880 12m 9660 S 2.0
2660 1124 852 R 0.7
37108 23m 4664 S 0.3
31616 12m 10m S 0.3
2828 1264 1068 S 0.0
0
0
0 S 0.0
0
0
0 S 0.0
0
0
0 S 0.0
0
0
0 S 0.0
0
0
0 S 0.0
0
0
0 S 0.0
0
0
0 S 0.0
0
0
0 S 0.0

3.7
2.5
0.2
4.7
2.5
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

2:16.23
0:04.50
0:00.10
0:19.95
0:18.93
0:02.77
0:00.01
0:03.65
0:00.05
0:00.00
0:03.93
0:00.04
0:00.00
0:00.35

Xorg
gnome-terminal
top
Xvnc
vmware-user-loa
init
kthreadd
migration/0
ksoftirqd/0
watchdog/0
migration/1
ksoftirqd/1
watchdog/1
events/0

Phn u kt qu ca lnh top l 5 dng thng tin chung v h thng:


o Dng 1 hin th output ca lnh uptime, gm: tng thi gian h thng chy k t lc khi
ng my (20:24:54 up 2 days) , s user ang ng nhp vo h thng (2 users) v
trng thi s dng CPU ca h thng. Ba con s cui cng th hin tnh trng s dng CPU
ca h thng cch y 1 pht, 5 pht, 15 pht; nu con s ny ln hn 1 th c ngha l h
thng ang qu ti.
o Dng 2 thng k tng s tin trnh, s tin trnh trong cc trng thi Sleeping, Running,
Zombie, Stopped.
o Dng 3 cho bit vic s dng CPU (tnh theo phn trm thi gian chim gi CPU) ca cc tin
trnh
us (user): cc tin trnh thuc user space. User space l vng b nh ch cha cc tin
trnh m khi chy khng cn quyn ca root v khng cn truy cp n kernel ca
Linux.
sy (system): cc tin trnh thuc system space. System space l vng b nh ch cha
cc tin trnh i hi quyn ca root v truy cp n kernel ca Linux. S lng tin
trnh trong system space s t hn cc tin trnh user space.
ni (nice): cc tin trnh c s nice c ngi dng t iu chnh bng lnh nice
id (idle): thi gian CPU nhn ri
wa (waiting): thi gian h thng i cc thao tc vo/ra (trong nhng lc nh th ny
CPU s khng c s dng).
hi (hardware interrupt): thi gian h thng i x l cc ngt cng
si (software interrupt): thi gian h thng i x l cc ngt mm
o Dng 4 cho bit tnh trng s dng RAM: total tng dung lng b nh, used - dung lng
b nh s dng, free - dung lng b nh cha dng, buff dung lng buffer. (Buffer l
vng b nh tm lu tr d liu khi c/ghi t/ra a cng.)
o Dng 5 cho bit tnh trng s dng b nh swap. B nh swap l mt vng nh ca a cng
c gi lm RAM. Cc thng s dng th 5 ny tng t nh dng th 4.
Phn di kt qu ca lnh top l trng thi ca cc tin trnh
o PID: s ID ca tin trnh.
o USER: tn ca user khi to tin trnh.
o PR: u tin ca tin trnh, u tin cng cao tin trnh cng c chy trc.
o NI: Gia cc tin trnh c cng u tin, s nice cho bit tin trnh no c chy trc. S
nice cng thp tin trnh cng t ra khng chi p, n i c chy trc.
o VIRT: Tng dung lng b nh m tin trnh s dng, bao gm phn b nh RAM + phn b
nh o (phn dung lng a cng c gi lm RAM).
VIRT = RES + SWAP.
o SWAP: dung lng b nh o m tin trnh s dng
o RES: dung b nh RAM m tin trnh ang s dng
o SHR: phn b nh dng dung ca tin trnh. Thng thng y l nhng th vin c dng
chung bi nhiu tin trnh.
o S: Trng thi ca tin trnh. R = Runnable, S = Sleeping, D = Uninterruptibly sleeping, T =
Traced/Stopped, Z = Zombie
134/193

o %CPU: t l (tnh theo phn trm) gia thi gian chim gi CPU ca tin trnh v thi gian m
tin trnh nm trong b nh. (Ch : ti mi thi im ch nhiu nht mt tin trnh s dng
CPU.) Mc nh lnh top sp xp cc tin trnh theo th t gim dn ca %CPU.
o %MEM: phn trm RAM m tin trnh s dng ti thi im hin ti.
o TIME+: thi gian tin trnh tn ti tnh t khi n bt u c khi to.
o COMMAND: Lnh c s dng khi to tin trnh.

Tm kim mt tin trnh.


tra thng tin v mt tin trnh no , v d tm cc tin trnh m tn c cha ch sshd, dng ps
aux | grep sshd
Hoc c th dng lnh pgrep, nhng lnh ny ch cho bit ID ca tin trnh.
pgrep sshd
Trong lnh pgrep ngi ta dng thm tham s -u tn_user nu mun tm cc tin trnh theo tn
user khi to. V d:
Tm ID cc tin trnh c tn sshd do root khi to:
pgrep u root sshd
Tm ID cc tin trnh do user root hoc daemon khi to:
pgrep u root,daemon

iu chnh s nice ca tin trnh.


Nh mc ??? ni, iu phi vic s dng CPU ca cc tin trnh, Linux gn cho mi tin trnh
mt u tin s dng CPU, gi l s nice. Mt tin trnh c nice cng cao, hay cng chi p
(nice: p) th n cng nhng cc tin trnh khc s dng CPU tc l u tin CPU ca n thp v
ngc li. S nice ca tin trnh bin i trong khong -20 ( u tin dng CPU cao nht) n +19
( u tin dng CPU thp nht).
C th t li, tng/gim s nice ca tin trnh bng lnh nice hoc renice. Nhng ngy nay thng
ngi ta khng phi iu chnh th cng nice ca tin trnh bi kh nng CPU (a li) rt p
ng cc tin trnh. Thm na, vi cc tin trnh i hi CPU nhiu th thng vic ny cng c tnh
n sn khi lp trnh ri.
Khi mt tin trnh c khi to, s nice ca n c gn bng 0. Khi chy mt lnh nu mun gn s
nice ca n khc i th thm lnh nice n <s_nice> u.
V d: nice n 3 top lnh top c chy vi s nice c gn bng +3
t li s nice cho mt tin trnh sn c:
V d: renice -3 378 t li s nice = -3 cho tin trnh c ID l 378
V d: renice 3 -u Bob t li s nice = +3 cho tin trnh ca user Bob. Tham s -u vit tt
ca user.

I.3 Signal v lnh kill, killall, pkill


Signal (tn hiu) l mt c ch tm dng mt tin trnh khi n ang chy, khi nhn c signal tin
trnh s phi dng li x l signal - vic ny c gi l tin trnh bt (catch) signal. Nu tin
trnh c lp trnh khng bt mt signal no th signal d c gi n cng khng nh hng
g n tin trnh. Mi tin trnh c mt danh sch cc signal m n s bt.
Signal c th:
o c gi t tin trnh ny n tin trnh khc.
o c gi t kernel ca Linux bo tin trnh bit khi n ang thc hin mt php chia cho 0
hoc khi thit b I/O sn sng cho n s dng.
o c gi t mt terminal khi ngi dng bm CTRL + C hoc CTRL + Z.
o c gi t user/root bng lnh kill.

Lnh kill
Ngi qun tr thng dng lnh kill gi signal n tin trnh. Nh tn gi, cc signal trong lnh
kill thng dng mt tin trnh (hoc tip tc mt tin trnh b dng trc ).
C php: kill -signal PID
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PID l ID ca tin trnh bn cn gi signal n n. Ch lnh kill khng lm vic vi tn tin trnh m
lm vic vi vi ID ca tin trnh.
C rt nhiu signal, 4 signal di y l hay dng nht.
Trong lnh kill, nu khng ch r signal th mc nh signal 15 c dng.
Tn Signal M signal ngha
SIGHUP,
1
C nhng tin trnh (thng l cc daemon) m hot ng ca
HUP
n lin quan n mt file cu hnh, file ny c th thay i khi
tin trnh chy. Tn hiu SIGHUP dng p tin trnh cp
nht li file cu hnh m khng cn dng li.
SIGTERM, 15
Yu cu tin trnh kt thc. Vic ny c th khng thnh cng,
TERM
tin trnh c th l i khng x l signal ny.
SIGKILL, 9
p tin trnh kt thc bng mi gi. Tin trnh khng th l i
KILL
signal ny. Vic kt thc c th gy ra mt d liu nu tin
trnh ang c/ghi mt file no . Ch dng signal ny nu
signal 15 khng hiu qu.
SIGUSR1, 30
Gi mt signal do ngi dng nh ngha n tin trnh. Tin
USR1
trnh cn c lp trnh x l ring signal ny.
(Ngoi ra cn c 2 signal na l TSTP, INT c sinh ra khi ngi dng bm CTRL + Z, CTRL + C
trn terminal a mt tin trnh v trng thi Traced/Stopped hoc ngng thao tc hin thi ca tin
trnh (xem mc ??).
V d 1: yu cu tin trnh c ID 3897 kt thc c th dng mt trong cc lnh tng ng nhau
sau:
kill 3897 (hoc di dng hn kill -15 3897 hoc kill TERM 3897
hoc kill -SIGTERM 3897)
Trong trng hp tin trnh vn khng b kt thc th phi dng signal KILL tc l:
kill -9 3897 hoc kill KILL 3897
V d 2: yu cu kt thc c 3 tin trnh m ch dng 1 lnh n
kill 3896 3897 3898

Lnh killall v pkill


Lnh killall, pkill s gi signal (mc nh l TERM) n tt c cc process c tn hoc user
(hoc mt thuc tnh no ) do ngi g lnh ch ra.
V d 1: killall r httpd
hoc pkill httpd
s gi TERM n tt c cc tin trnh m tn c cha ch httpd.
Tham s -r trong lnh killall ch tiu ch lc cc tin trnh l dng regular expression (biu thc
chnh quy) cho tn tin trnh.
V d 2: killall s 9 u Bob
hoc pkill -9 u Bob
s gi SIGKILL n tt c cc tin trnh do user Bob khi to.
Tham s -u trong 2 lnh trn ch user, tham s -s trong lnh killall ch signal
Ch : Trn h thng Solaris, HP-UX, and AIX, lnh killall (khng tham s) s gi SIGTERM
n tt c cc tin trnh ca user hin thi. Nu user l root th lnh ny ng ngha vi tt h thng !

I.4 Cc tin trnh c tng tc. Ch background, foreground.


phn ny ta quan tm n nhng tin trnh c khi to t terminal. y chnh l nhng lnh m
bn g ti du nhc ca terminal, chng c gi l cc job. Cc job thng i hi ngi dng phi
tng tc (nhp d liu) vi terminal. V d khi bn g lnh less myfile th terminal s i bn
g phm , cun ln cun xung trang mn hnh hin th ni dung myfile.
Trn mt terminal, nu c mt job ang chy th job s chim knh input/output ca terminal do
job khc khng th dng c. Linux c c ch cho php trn cng mt terminal, nhiu tin trnh
chy nhng khng chim terminal - gi l chy trong ch background, v ch mt tin trnh chim
terminal gi l chy ch foreground.
Chy trong ch background, foreground
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Nhng job chy mt nhiu thi gian, li khng cn ngi dng tng tc th nn chy trong
background. lm iu ny bn ch cn thm du & vo cui lnh (c du cch trc &). Tuy chy
trong background nhng nu cn xut kt qu hoc yu cu ngi dng nhp d liu g th job cng
hin th ra mn hnh.
V d 1: t lnh find / >output.txt (ghi li thng tin chi tit v tt c cc file, th mc c
trong h thng vo file output.txt) chy trong background:
root@local ~]# find / >output.txt &
[1] 26745
Trong background, cc job c nh s trong du ngoc vung [1], [2], Con s bn cnh 2675 l
ID ca tin trnh.
Ch : nu thc hin lnh find / (b i phn ui >output.txt) trong ch background
(find / &) th bn vn thy c thng tin hin th ra mn hnh. Khi lnh chy xong, bn phi bm
enter kt thc.
hin th cc job ang chy trong background dng lnh jobs.
V d 2: Ngay sau lnh find v d 1, nu g tht nhanh lnh jobs bn s thy
[root@local ~]# jobs
[1]+
Running
find / > output.txt &
[root@local ~]# jobs
[1]+
Done
find / > output.txt &
a mt job trong background ra foreground dng lnh fg % s th t ca job
V d 3: Ngay sau lnh find v d 1, hy g tht nhanh:
[root@local ~]# fg %1
find / > output.txt
Dng mt lnh
Khi mt lnh ang chy trn terminal trong ch foreground. Bn c th bm
CTRL + C: gi signal INT yu cu tin trnh dng thao tc hin thi. Thng thng vi cc lnh n
gin, thao tc hin thi m dng th c tin trnh lnh cng kt thc nn signal INT kh ging vi
signal KILL (kt thc tin trnh).
CTRL + Z: gi signal TSTP yu cu tin trnh ngng tt c cc hot ng. Tin trnh s ri vo trng
thi Stopped (hay Traced/Stopped) k hiu bi ch T trong lnh ps v lnh top.
V d 4: chy lnh find di y sau bm CTRL + Z bn s thy tin trnh b a v trng thi
Stopped.
[root@local ~]# find / >output.txt
^Z
[1]+
Stopped
find / >output.txt
[root@local ~]# jobs
[1]+
Stopped
find / >output.txt
tin trnh c th hot ng tr li, bn cn a tin trnh v ch background/ foreground:
o Chy trong background: bg % s th t tin trnh
o Chy trong foreground: fg % s th t tin trnh
V d 5 (tip tc sau v d 4): cho tin trnh find ang b Stopped chy tr li trong ch background
[root@local ~]# bg %1
[1]+
find / >output.txt &
Mc ?? cho bit cch dng lnh kill vi mt tin trnh ang chy trong foreground. Bn cng c th
kill mt lnh khi n ang chy trong background hoc khi ang b Stopped.
V d 6 (tip tc sau v d 4): kill tin trnh find khi n trng thi Stopped.
[root@local ~]# kill %1
[1]+
Stopped
find / >output.txt &
[root@local ~]# jobs
[1]+
Terminated
find / >output.txt
[root@local ~]# jobs
[root@local ~]#
(Ni thm: ngoi CTRL + C, CTRL + Z c dng trn terminal, cn c CTRL + D dng kt thc
chnh terminal ng ca s terminal li.)

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II. Qun l daemon


Daemon (trong cch gi ca cc *nix) hay service (theo cch gi thng thng) l cc tin trnh chy
trong background (khng i hi ngi dng phi tng tc) thng lm nhim v i (lng nghe) ri
p ng cc yu cu t cc tin trnh khc, cc my tnh khc, v.v.
Cc daemon c chy khi h thng khi ng: sau qu trnh ti nhn Linux, tin trnh u tin ca h
thng l init chy, tip n cc daemon c khi ng.
Tn cc daemon thng c ch d cui nh syslogd (daemon x l vic login h thng), sshd
(daemon x l cc kt ni SSH). V d: cc daemon khng th thiu l init, crond, syslogd; cc
daemon v mng quan trng l xinetd (innetd), dhcpd, gated, ftpd, httpd, lpd, sendmail.

Cc daemon nm u ?
Mi daemon trc ht l mt file kh thi (file cha tp lnh cho CPU thc thi) v mi chng trnh
daemon li c ci t trong mt th mc no , thng l trong /usr. d dng cho vic qun
l ngi ta vit sn cc script chy/dng file kh thi daemon v t script ca tt c cc daemon
vo trong cng th mc /etc/rc.d/init.d (nu l Redhat/Fedora/CentOS) hoc
/etc/init.d (nu l SUSE/Debian). Mi khi ci t mt daemon th li c thm mt script iu
khin daemon c t vo /etc/rc.d/init.d (hoc /etc/init.d).
V d: trn Redhat/Fedora/CentOS, khi ci t Apache web server th c thm script httpd xut hin
trong /etc/rc.d/init.d
(Ti sao li c tn gi rc.d v init.d. Nhiu ngi cho rng rc l run commands, .d ch l directory, init
ch cc daemon ny c khi ng do init gi n (xem mc ??? bit thm v init)

Cc daemon trong th mc init.d cn c gi l cc System V daemon hay cc daemon c lp. Cn mt


loi daemon na c gi l daemon kiu xinetd/inetd do n ph thuc vo daemon xinetd/inetd. C ch
l cc daemon kiu xinetd/inetd s ng k vi daemon xinetd/inetd v ch c mnh daemon
xinetd/inetd chy. Khi c yu cu gi n, daemon xinetd/inetd mi gi daemon kiu
xinetd/inetd tng ng x l. Cch lm ny s gim vic tiu th ti nguyn h thng ca nhng
daemon nhn ri. Cc daemon kiu xinetd/inetd c file cu hnh c t trong th mc
/etc/xinetd.d (hay /etc/inetd.d) nhng bn thn script xinetd (hay inetd) vn nm trong th mc
/etc/rc.d/init.d hoc /etc/init.d

Trc tip bt/tt daemon


thao tc vi daemon g lnh:
/etc/rc.d/init.d/daemon_script <i_s>.
(Ch nu th mc hin hnh ca bn l /etc/rc.d/init.d/ th dng lnh
./daemon_script).
Cc daemon tuy khc nhau nhng script c vit c i s ging nhau v l mt trong cc gi tr
sau:
-

start: bt (khi ng) daemon

stop: tt (dng) daemon

restart: thc hin tt ri bt daemon. Nu daemon cha c bt th s c thng bo khng


tt c v thao tc restart tng ng vi start.

condrestart (conditional restart) hoc try-restart: thc hin restart nu daemon


c bt, nu daemon cha bt th khng lm g.

status cho bit trng thi ca daemon ang chy hay tt

reload hoc force-reload: daemon cp nht li file cu hnh ca n m khng cn


restart li daemon. Khi bt u chy, daemon c file cu hnh ca n v thit lp trng thi
theo file , khi file cu hnh b thay i, lc cn reload li daemon.

V d: restart li daemon httpd nhng do daemon ny cha c bt nn c thng bo Failed stopping


138/193

[root@localhost ~]# /etc/rc.d/init.d/httpd restart


Stopping httpd:
[FAILED]
Starting httpd:
[ OK ]
Khi sa i file cu hnh ca mt daemon, lun nh restart hoc reload li daemon .
Ngoi cch dng chnh script ca daemon cn c nhng cng c qun l daemon nh mc ???

/etc/rc.d/rc[0-6].d tp daemon cho mi run level


H thng lun c ci rt nhiu daemon, nhng thng ngi ta khng mun tt c cc daemon u
c bt khi h thng khi ng. C nhng lc ngi ta cn h thng khi ng m khng c cc
daemon giao din ha hoc khng c cc daemon v mng. Gii quyt vn ny, Linux a ra 7
kiu, gi l 7 run level khi ng. Khi Linux khi ng run level no th c mt tp daemon ng vi
run level c bt theo. File cu hnh /etc/inittab, dng u tin, ghi li run level mc nh
cho Linux khi ng.
o Run level 0: H thng chy mi lnh halt, kt qu l h thng s dng. y l trng thi
CPU khng cn lnh thc hin, ngi dng ch c th tt ngun in hoc khi ng li
my.
o Run level 1: H thng ch mt ngi dng (single user mode) v ngi dng l root,
thm ch khng cn password ca root ng nhp.
o Run level 2, 3, 5: H thng ch a ngi dng v
Run level 2: khng c service NSF
Run level 3: c y cc daemon (bao gm cc daemon v mng)
Run level 5: = run level 3 + X11
o Run level 4: run level ny dnh cho ngi dng nh ngha, nu ngi dng khng dng
n, mc nh run level ny s trng run level 3.
o Run level 6: H thng chy mi lnh killall v reboot. Kt qu l h thng s khi ng
li.
(Chi tit hn v file /etc/inittab xem mc ??)
Cch ch nh cc daemon no c bt lc Linux khi ng trong run level no l to ring th mc
cho tng run level v xp cc script daemon ca run level vo. C th:
-

C 7 th mc /etc/rc.d/rc[0-6].d mi th mc ng vi mt run level.

Mi file trong th mc rc[0-6].d l mt soft link tr n cc script daemon trong th mc


/etc/rc.d/init.d (vi Redhat/Fedora) hay /etc/init.d (vi SUSE, Debian). Nhc
li rng th mc /etc/rc.d/init.d (/etc/init.d) l th mc cha tt c cc daemon
c ci t trn h thng. trnh trng lp, ngi ta ch to ra cc link n cc script trong
th mc init.d m khng phi sao chp li cc file vo trong cc th mc rc[0-6].d.

Tn cc soft link trong rc[0-6].d c dng hoc l Kxx<tn script> hoc Sxx<tn script>, v
d S99local, K10cups
o <tn script> chnh l tn cc file daemon trong /etc/rc.d/init.d
/etc/init.d)

(hoc

o K (kill) hoc S (start) ch daemon s b tt hoc c bt trong run level. Thc


cht l vi cc file K_ th script daemon c truyn tham s stop, vi file S_ th script
daemon c truyn tham s start.
o xx l s th t daemon c bt khi Linux khi ng, s cng cao cng b khi
ng mun.
[root@localhost

~]# ls l /etc/rc.d/rc5.d

lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Feb 22 21:59 K05atd -> ../init.d/atd

139/193

lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 14 Feb 22 21:59 K10cups -> ../init.d/cups


lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 Feb 22 21:59 K15httpd -> ../init.d/httpd
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 18 Feb 22 22:00 K92iptables -> ../init.d/iptables

lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 Feb 22 22:00 S10network -> ../init.d/network


lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 14 Feb 22 22:00 S55sshd -> ../init.d/sshd
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 Feb 22 21:59 S90crond -> ../init.d/crond
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 11 Feb 22 21:47 S99local -> ../rc.local

V d 1: khi link S55sshd sshd c gi n th thc cht l thc hin lnh


/etc/rc.d/init.d/sshd start
V d 2: cc run level 2, 3, 4, 5 lun c link cui cng l S99local gi script rc.local. y l script
lu cc lnh thc hin thm ca ngi qun tr khi h thng hon thnh vic khi ng.
hin th ring cc daemon c bt (hoc tt) trong run level no bn vo th mc rc[0-6].d tng
ng ri dng lnh ls l K* (hoc ls l S*).
C th hn v qu trnh khi ng ca my tnh xem bi ???. Mt cch vn tt: sau khi nhn Linux
c ti, tin trnh u tin ca h thng l init c chy. Init c file /etc/inittab bit c
runlevel x m h thng s i vo, t thc hin script /etc/rc.d/rc x (x l i s truyn vo)
khi ng ht cc daemon trong th mc /etc/rc.d/rcx.d (thc cht n chy ht cc link c
tn dng S_ tr n cc script daemon trong /etc/rc.d/init.d)

Cc cng c qun l daemon


Vic bt/tt mt daemon c th hai mc : bn ch mun bt/tt daemon ngay lc hay mun lu
gi trng thi bt/tt trong nhng run level ca nhng ln khi ng li my sau ny.
Bt/tt daemon trong mt phin khi ng my (khng lu gi thit lp cho ln khi ng sau)
Ngoi cch dng trc tip script ca daemon l /etc/rc.d/init.d/<tn_daemon> start|
stop|restart|condrestart|reload|status (nh ni mc trn) th c th dng lnh
sbin/service vi c php tng t:
service <tn_daemon> start|stop|restart|condrestart|reload|status
ngha ca cc tham s nh restart, condrestart, reload, status xem mc ??
Ngoi ra cn c lnh: service --status-all hin th trng thi ca tt c cc daemon ang
c trong h thng. Ngi ta thng dng lnh ny tm nhng daemon ang chy (runing) hoc
b tt (stopped)
[root@localhost

~]# service --status-all | grep running

abrtd (pid

1721) is running...

crond (pid

1738) is running...

cupsd (pid

1260) is running...

gpm (pid

1730) is running...

Thit lp daemon cho cc run level bng chkconfig


Khc vi cch lm dng tn script v lnh service, lnh chkconfig khng th bt/tt tc th mt
daemon c. chkconfig ch thit lp mt daemon c bt/tt khi Linux khi ng mt run
level no (do khi dng chkconfig bn khng th thy hiu qu ngay c, phi khi ng li
my mi thy).
140/193

chkconfig --level <run level> <tn_daemon> on|off


V d: thit lp daemon httpd c khi ng mi khi h thng khi ng run level 3, 4 v 5
chkconfig --level 345 httpd on
Nu khng c tham s --level th lnh chkconfig s ch p dng cho cc run level 2, 3, 4, 5.
hin th trng thi on|off ca mt daemon trong mi run level:
chkconfig --list <tn daemon>
Nu khng c <tn daemon> th lnh s hin th trng thi ca tt c cc daemon ca h thng.
V d: tm cc daemon m n khng c bt trong run level 5
[root@localhost
acpid
atd
auditd
autofs
avahi-daemon

~]# chkconfig --list | grep v 5:on


0:off
0:off
0:off
0:off
0:off

1:off
1:off
1:off
1:off
1:off

2:on
2:off
2:on
2:off
2:off

3:on
3:on
3:on
3:on
3:on

4:on
4:on
4:on
4:on
4:on

5:off
5:off
5:off
5:off
5:off

6:off
6:off
6:off
6:off
6:off

Thao tc vi cc daemon kiu xinetd/inetd


Cch bt/tt th cng cc daemon kiu xinetd/inetd l sa trng disable thnh no/yes trong file cu
hnh ca daemon trong th mc /etc/xinetd.d, sau restart li xinetd.
Ngoi ra cng c th dng lnh chkconfig bt/tt ngay lp tc mt daemon kiu xinetd/inetd
chkconfig <tn_file_cu_hnh_trong /etc/xinetd.d> on|off
Cng c ha qun l daemon: system-config-services v ntsysv
Hai cng c ny cho php thit lp khi ng daemon trong cc run level. Bn g ntsysv hoc
system-config-service (hoc trong Redhat/Fedora/CentOS chn menu
System/Administration/Service). Giao din ha rt d hiu, bn c t tm hiu ly.

141/193

III. Lp lch (scheduling)


Vic qun tr mng i hi ngi qun tr phi t ng ha rt nhiu vic. V d bn mun h thng
c 30 pht li kim tra mt ln xem router c hot ng tt khng, nu c trc trc th gi mail nhc
nh bn ngay. lm vic ny bn cn vit mt script thc hin cc thao tc trn v mt c ch t
lch thc thi script mi 30 pht mt ln.
Linux c hai cng c lp lch cho h thng:
-

cron: lp vic thc thi lnh no c mi mt khong thi gian (thng, tun, ngy, gi, pht)
nh trc mt ln.

at: thc thi (ng mt ln) lnh no vo mt thi im nh trc.

cron
Crond l mt daemon thc thi cc lnh/script ca ngi dng, gi l cron job, mt cch u n sau
mi khong thi gian nh trc. Thng tin v cron job gm c chu k thi gian v lnh/scrip c
thc hin vi quyn ca mt user no sau mi chu k thi gian. Cron job c lu tr trong file
/etc/crontab v mt s file trong th mc /etc/cron.d, /var/spool/cron. C sau mi
pht crond li c nhng file ny xem n lc thc thi cc cron job cha.
C hai kiu cron job l: system cron jobs (cc lnh/script ca cron job chy di quyn ca root,
thng l nhng thao tc bo tr h thng) v user cron job (lnh/script chy di quyn ca user
thng). Ch c root mi c quyn to system cron job, user thng mun c cron job ca ring mnh
th to user cron job (d nhin root cng c th to c cron job loi ny).
Cc cron job c chy t ng v khng c ngi gim st nn tuyt i khng vit cc lnh/script
c yu cu ngi dng nhp d liu.

System cron jobs


File /etc/crontab cha cc cron jobs. My dng u tin ca file crontab l cc bin mi
trng $PATH lu ng dn cho cc lnh quen thuc ca Linux, $MAILTO lu a ch ngi nhn
kt qu ca cc cron jobs.
Mi mt cron job l mt dng gm 7 trng c dng sau:
0 4 * * 5 someone do_something
- 5 trng u tin xc nh chu k thi gian thc hin lnh, ln lt t tri sang l: pht (059), gi (0-23), ngy trong thng (1-31), thng (1-12), ngy ca tun (0-7 vi 0 v 7 cng l
ch nht).
- 2 trng tip theo l tn user ( y l someone) v lnh ( y l do_something) c thc thi
vi cc quyn ca user .
Cron job trn c ngha c 4h sng th 5 hng tun th lnh do_something c thc hin nh th n
do user someone chy.

142/193

!!! Cn thn vi s sut sau: Nu trng u tin, thay 0 bng * th c chuyn g xy ra? Lnh
do_something s c thc thi c mi pht mt ln trong khong t 4h n 4h59 tc l thc thi 60
ln!
Chi tit hn v cc k hiu trong 5 trng thi gian u tin:
o K hiu * th hin ly ht cc gi tr c th c
o K hiu */x th hin c x n v thi gian li thc hin mt ln. V d: */30 trng
pht ngha l c 30 pht li thc hin lnh mt ln.
o C th vit mt di gi tr bng du v du , nh 2-5 (t 2 n 5) hoc 2,3,5 (3
gi tr l 2, 3, 5)
V d 1: Bn c test th crond bng lnh to th mc. Xem ng h, gi s by gi ang l 9h10
sng, bn thm dng sau vo file /etc/crontab:
15 9 * * * root mkdir /root/Folder_to_Test
Lu li sau i n 9h15 kim tra xem liu th mc /root/Folder_to_Test c c to ra khng ?
Linux thng c cc th mc /etc/cron.hourly, /etc/cron.daily,
/etc/cron.weekly. C th t cc script cn thc hin hng gi, hng ngy, hng tun vo nhng
th mc ny ri dng lnh run-parts hoc cronloop thc thi tt c cc file script trong cc th mc
y.
V d 2: C 3h sng mi ngy thc thi tt c cc script trong th mc /etc/cron.daily
0 3 * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.daily
Trn mt s bn phn phi Linux, ngi ta sn nhng script dn dp h thng nh xa cc file
tm thi trong th mc /tmp, cp nht li c s d liu slocat, whatis, v.v trong cc th mc
nh /etc/cron.daily.

User cron jobs


Cc user thng, d nhin khng th sa file /etc/crontab c nhng hon ton c th to cron
jobs ca ring mnh bng cng c crontab. Ch phn bit: lnh /usr/bin/crontab ca user
thng v file cu hnh /etc/crontab ca root. Ngi ta cng gi cron jobs ca user thng l
crontab nhng nh th ny th cng d gy nhm ln nn ti liu ny vn gi l cron jobs i vi user
thng.
User thng to cron jobs cho mnh bng: crontab e
- Sau lnh ny l trnh son tho, mc nh l vi hin ra user son cc lnh, xong vic th lu
li.
- Bi user c xc nh sn ri nn dng lnh cron job khng cn trng ny na, ch cn
nh v d:
0 2 * * 2,5 /usr/local/bin/clean-adouble $HOME
C 2h sng ngy th 2 v th 5 hng tun chy chng trnh clean-adouble
Lit k hoc xa tt c cc cron jobs ang c ca user hin thi: crontab l hoc crontab -r
Nu bn ng nhp c bng root th c th to cron jobs cho mt user ty bng lnh:
crontab u <tn_user>. Sau lnh ny, trnh son tho nh vi hin ra root vit cron jobs cho
user <tn_user>.
Cc file ghi li cron jobs ca user nm trong th mc /var/spool/cron hoc
/var/spool/crontabs. Mi mt cron job ca user s l mt file mang tn user nhng khng nn
sa cha th cng nhng file ny m nn thng qua cng c crontab.

at
Cng c at cho php thc hin mt dy lnh/script ng mt ln vo mt thi im no nn lnh
at cn c i s l thi im thc hin.
at -f <tn script cn thc thi> <thi im>
hoc at <thi im> sau c du nhc at>_ i bn g cc lnh thc thi
Quy cch cho <thi im>: gi pht HH:MM, ngy thng DD.MM.YY hoc MM/DD/YY hoc
dng t kha now + (2 gi sau thi im hin ti).
Lnh at hot ng c da vo daemon atd nn cn c atd c bt khi h thng khi ng:
chkconfig atd on.
143/193

y l mt bi ca bn tho Gio trnh Nhp mn Qun tr H thng Linux ang vit d. Trn Huy Thng tranhuythang@gmail.com,
Rt mong bn c c th tham gia vit nt phn cn li ca cun sch. Bn c c th ng li mt phn hay ton b tp bn tho ny nhng cn ghi
r ngun v thng bo tm ngi vit tip ny. Nu ng li vi nh thng mi th xin nhn trc cho tc gi.

Bi 9. Qu trnh khi ng (grub, kernel, init) v tt my ca


Linux
Bi 1. Khi nim FOSS v *nix..............................................................................................................9
I. FOSS..........................................................................................................................................................14
1. S hu tr tu..............................................................................................................................................................14
S hu tr tu (intelectual property)..........................................................................................................................14
S hu cng (public domain)....................................................................................................................................14
i ngc vi s hu tr tu l s hu cng........................................................................................................14
Khi s hu tr tu tr thnh s hu cng..............................................................................................................14
Copyright (bn quyn) ..........................................................................................................................................15
Thng hiu (trademark)..........................................................................................................................................16
2. Phn loi phn mm theo quyn ca ngi s dng..................................................................................................16
EULA v cc quyn ca ngi s dng....................................................................................................................16
Proprietary softwares hay FOSS...............................................................................................................................17
Disclaimer of warranty (chi b bo m)................................................................................................................18
3. Free/Open source softwares (FOSS)..........................................................................................................................18
a. nh ngha Free/Open source softwares................................................................................................................18
Free software........................................................................................................................................................18
Open source software...........................................................................................................................................19
Free softwares vs Open source.............................................................................................................................20
b. FOSS v chuyn min ph.................................................................................................................................21
FOSS th min ph ?.............................................................................................................................................21
FOSS thng mi ?..............................................................................................................................................22
c. Cc mu giy php FOSS......................................................................................................................................22
4. Cc giy php FOSS kiu public domain: BSD, MIT, Apache.................................................................................24
BSD (copycenter)......................................................................................................................................................24
MIT licence...............................................................................................................................................................25
Apache.......................................................................................................................................................................26
5. Cc giy php FOSS kiu weak copyleft: LGPL v Perl (cha vit)........................................................................26
6. Giy php (strong) copyleft: GPL (cha xong).........................................................................................................26
tng ca giy php GPL:.....................................................................................................................................26
ngha ca giy php GPL: ....................................................................................................................................26
p dng cc iu khon ca GPL.............................................................................................................................27
7. M hnh pht trin phn mm FOSS (cha vit).......................................................................................................27
8. M hnh kinh doanh phn mm FOSS (cha vit)....................................................................................................27
9. Nhng quan nim sai lm thng thy v FOSS (cha vit)....................................................................................27

II. *nix...........................................................................................................................................................27
1. Gii thiu UNIX, BSD...............................................................................................................................................27
UNIX.........................................................................................................................................................................28
BSD...........................................................................................................................................................................28
2. UNIX v UNIX-like (*nix)........................................................................................................................................29
3. Chun POSIX (SUS)..................................................................................................................................................29
4. Nhn Linux v D n GNU.......................................................................................................................................30
5. Linux distribution.......................................................................................................................................................30

Bi 2. B tc kin thc v HDD. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD (cha xong)............................................33


1. Hiu v HDD.............................................................................................................................................37
1.a. Cu trc vt l ca HDD.........................................................................................................................................37
1.b. Cu trc logic ca HDD..........................................................................................................................................38
1.c. Qu trnh khi ng OS ca my tnh.....................................................................................................................38

2. Cng c my o hc thc hnh Linux. Mt s ch v Vmware Workstation.............................38


3. Cc cch c c mt bn Linux distro v trng hp ca Redhat. .............................................38
4. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD..........................................................................................................................38
4.a. Ci t Linux...........................................................................................................................................................38
4.b. Ci t FreeBSD.....................................................................................................................................................38
4.c. T ng ha qu trnh ci t..................................................................................................................................38

5. Vn multi OS.......................................................................................................................................38

144/193

Bi 3. Lm quen vi Linux command..................................................................................................39


1. ng nhp v tt my..............................................................................................................................43
2. Kernel, Shell.............................................................................................................................................44
3. Virtual Console v Terminal...................................................................................................................45
4. Lnh trong Linux.....................................................................................................................................45
a. Cch vit lnh.............................................................................................................................................................45
b. Thc thi executable file..............................................................................................................................................46
c. Dng mt lnh............................................................................................................................................................46
c. Shell script..................................................................................................................................................................46
d. Metacharacters...........................................................................................................................................................47
e. Help............................................................................................................................................................................47
f. History........................................................................................................................................................................48

5. su...............................................................................................................................................................48
6. Lm vic vi file v th mc trn *nix...................................................................................................48
a. Cu trc file v th mc ca Linux khc vi ca Windows......................................................................................48
b. ng dn th mc ca Linux k hiu /, thi quen TAB, th mc . ~...................................................................49
Hy cn thn vi du /...............................................................................................................................................49
Th mc home, th mc hin hnh, th mc ~ . .. ................................................................................................50
Mun nhanh th bm TAB hoc TAB TAB..............................................................................................................50
Khi tn file, th mc cha k t c bit...................................................................................................................50
c. Lnh ls l, xem thng tin v file, th mc.................................................................................................................51
d. Cc lnh xem, to mi, xa, di chuyn, i tn file v th mc................................................................................52
Hin th ni dung file................................................................................................................................................52
To th mc mi.......................................................................................................................................................52
To file mi...............................................................................................................................................................52
i tn/di chuyn file v th mc.............................................................................................................................52
Copy file v th mc.................................................................................................................................................52
Xa file hoc th mc...............................................................................................................................................53
e. Midnight Commander (mc)........................................................................................................................................53
f. Link.............................................................................................................................................................................53
g. Archive v Compress file...........................................................................................................................................53
h. Tm kim file v th mc...........................................................................................................................................54

7. Filesystem Hierarchy standard...............................................................................................................55


8. Trong *nix, mi th u l file. ..............................................................................................................57
9. Redirection v xargs................................................................................................................................58
a. Redirect stdin, stdout, stderr to file............................................................................................................................58
b. Pipe v kt hp vi grep, wc, sort, less......................................................................................................................60
c. xargs...........................................................................................................................................................................61

10. VIM editor..............................................................................................................................................61


11. Regular expression.................................................................................................................................62

Bi 4. Devices - Filesystems Mounting..............................................................................................64


1. Device........................................................................................................................................................68
a. Peripheral device v Driver........................................................................................................................................68
Peripheral device.......................................................................................................................................................68
Phn loi device: block, character, virtual................................................................................................................68
Driver........................................................................................................................................................................69
b. Device file (special file).............................................................................................................................................69
c. S dng storage device...............................................................................................................................................71

2. Filesystem.................................................................................................................................................71
a. Filesystem ca block device.......................................................................................................................................71
b. Format........................................................................................................................................................................71
i) fdisk edit partition table......................................................................................................................................71
ii) mkfs (make filesystem).........................................................................................................................................72

3. Mounting..................................................................................................................................................73
a. Lnh mount................................................................................................................................................................73
b. file cu hnh /etc/fstab................................................................................................................................................74
c. file cu hnh /etc/mtab................................................................................................................................................75

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4. Hai partition c bit ca Linux.............................................................................................................75


5. dd v loop device......................................................................................................................................76
a. Lnh dd.......................................................................................................................................................................76
b. loop device.................................................................................................................................................................77

6. Mt s thao tc khc vi storage device.................................................................................................78


7. Thc hnh vi Vmware...........................................................................................................................78

Bi 5. Install softwares..........................................................................................................................81
I. RPM..........................................................................................................................................................85
I.1 Tn file package v tn software..............................................................................................................................85
I.2 RPM database v rpm tool........................................................................................................................................86
I.3 Install........................................................................................................................................................................86
I.4 Query........................................................................................................................................................................87
I.5 Upgrade.....................................................................................................................................................................88
I.6 Erase.........................................................................................................................................................................88
I.7 Verify........................................................................................................................................................................88

II. DEB (cha vit).......................................................................................................................................89


III. Ci t phn mm t source code........................................................................................................89

Bi 6. Qun tr user. File permission...................................................................................................92


1. Qun tr user............................................................................................................................................96
1.1 Users.........................................................................................................................................................................96
1.2 Group.......................................................................................................................................................................98
1.3 Reset password ca root...........................................................................................................................................99

2. File permission.......................................................................................................................................100
Ch s hu, nhm ch s hu mc nh......................................................................................................................101
Thay i ch s hu, nhm ch s hu bng lnh chown, chgrp................................................................................101
Thay i quyn truy cp r, w, x vi cc i tng u, g, o...........................................................................................101
SUID, SGID, sticky bit................................................................................................................................................103
Set UID v Set GID cho file kh thi........................................................................................................................103
Set GID cho th mc...............................................................................................................................................104
Sticky bit.................................................................................................................................................................105
K hiu SUID, SGID, Sticky bit bng ch s .........................................................................................................105

3. Quota.......................................................................................................................................................106
1-Ci t phn mm quota......................................................................................................................................106
2-Mount partition vi thuc tnh usrquota..............................................................................................................107
3-Khi to quota database trn partition bng lnh quotacheck.............................................................................107
4-enable (disable) quota bng quotaon (quotaoff)..................................................................................................108
5-t limit, grace cho user bng lnh edquota........................................................................................................108
6-Xem li thng tin v quota...................................................................................................................................109
7-Th nghim quota................................................................................................................................................109

Bi 7. Advanced partitioning: RAID & LVM.....................................................................................111


I. Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks................................................................................................115
1. Khi nim RAID......................................................................................................................................................115
2. Thit lp v s dng RAID......................................................................................................................................117
3. Xem thng tin v array.............................................................................................................................................118
4. Qun l disk trong array...........................................................................................................................................119
5. Hy RAID array.......................................................................................................................................................119
6. File /etc/mdadm.con.................................................................................................................................................120
7. Stripe hay Linear......................................................................................................................................................120

II. Logical Volume Management..............................................................................................................120


1. Thit lp LVM.........................................................................................................................................................120
Thit lp v s dng LV..........................................................................................................................................120
Enable LVM............................................................................................................................................................122
LVM on RAID (cha xong)....................................................................................................................................122
2. Xem thng tin v volume.........................................................................................................................................123
Khi nim PE, LE....................................................................................................................................................123
Xem thng tin bng pvdisplay, vgdisplay, lvdisplay .............................................................................................123
3. Qun l cc volume..................................................................................................................................................124

146/193

Disable/Remove volume.........................................................................................................................................124
Thm vo/Rt ra/Hon chuyn PV.........................................................................................................................124
Resize LV................................................................................................................................................................124
4. Cc mc linh tinh khc:...........................................................................................................................................125

Bi 8. Qun l process, daemon..........................................................................................................126


I. Tin trnh................................................................................................................................................130
I.1 Tin trnh l chng trnh khi n ang c thc thi.............................................................................................130
Tin trnh cha, tin trnh con. S ID ca tin trnh..................................................................................................131
Phn b CPU v u tin (s nice) ca tin trnh................................................................................................131
Trng thi ca tin trnh..........................................................................................................................................131
Ch s hu ca tin trnh........................................................................................................................................132
Cc signal m tin trnh bt.....................................................................................................................................132
I.2 Cc thao tc vi tin trnh.......................................................................................................................................132
In ra trng thi cc tin trnh bng lnh ps..............................................................................................................132
Theo di cc tin trnh bng lnh top (hoc prstat, topas)......................................................................................133
Tm kim mt tin trnh..........................................................................................................................................135
iu chnh s nice ca tin trnh.............................................................................................................................135
I.3 Signal v lnh kill, killall, pkill...............................................................................................................................135
Lnh kill..................................................................................................................................................................135
Lnh killall v pkill.................................................................................................................................................136
I.4 Cc tin trnh c tng tc. Ch background, foreground.................................................................................136

II. Qun l daemon....................................................................................................................................138


Cc daemon nm u ?.............................................................................................................................................138
Trc tip bt/tt daemon..............................................................................................................................................138
/etc/rc.d/rc[0-6].d tp daemon cho mi run level......................................................................................................139
Cc cng c qun l daemon.......................................................................................................................................140

III. Lp lch (scheduling)...........................................................................................................................142


cron...............................................................................................................................................................................142
System cron jobs..........................................................................................................................................................142
User cron jobs..............................................................................................................................................................143
at...................................................................................................................................................................................143

Bi 9. Qu trnh khi ng (grub, kernel, init) v tt my ca Linux..............................................144


I. GRUB......................................................................................................................................................148
1. Chc nng ca GRUB..............................................................................................................................................148
2. Qu trnh ti GRUB.................................................................................................................................................149
3. Ci li GRUB...........................................................................................................................................................150
4. File grub.conf (menu.lst)..........................................................................................................................................151

II. Np h iu hnh t GRUB.................................................................................................................152


Truy xut device...........................................................................................................................................................153
Qui c k hiu device ca GRUB..........................................................................................................................153
Truy xut file ca GRUB........................................................................................................................................153
Ti nhn Linux.............................................................................................................................................................154
Ba lnh ti nhn Linux: kernel, root, initrd........................................................................................................154
Ti nhn Linux th cng ........................................................................................................................................155
Ti nhn FreeBSD ..................................................................................................................................................156
Np bootloader ca cc h iu hnh khc..................................................................................................................156

III. init.........................................................................................................................................................157
1./sbin/init chy v c file /etc/initab.........................................................................................................................157
2./etc/inittab..................................................................................................................................................................157
3.Thc thi cc script khi to h thng trong th mc /etc/rc.d..................................................................................158

IV. Tt my.................................................................................................................................................159

Bi 10. To mng o bng VMware Workstation..............................................................................161


1. Ni my tht/ my o vo cc switch o...............................................................................................165
1.1 Ni my tht vi cc switch o:.............................................................................................................................165
a. Ni NIC tht vo switch o:................................................................................................................................166
b. Ni NIC o trn my tht vo switch o:............................................................................................................166
1.2 Ni my o vi switch o: ....................................................................................................................................168

2. VMnet0 (Bridged mode) v Virtual Bridge..........................................................................................168

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3. VMnet1 (Host only mode) v Virtual DHCP server............................................................................169


4. VMnet8 (NAT mode) v Virtual NAT device......................................................................................172
5. VM team v LAN segment....................................................................................................................175
6. T to mng WAN bng VMware Workstation..................................................................................175

Bi 11. B tc kin thc v TCP/IP....................................................................................................176


I. Khi nim mng my tnh. Phn cng mng v Giao thc mng (cha vit)...................................180
II. Mng LAN v WAN (cha vit)..........................................................................................................180
III. TCP/IP (cha vit)...............................................................................................................................180
IV. a ch IP..............................................................................................................................................180
a ch IP theo cch phn lp A, B, C (c)..................................................................................................................181
Subnet...........................................................................................................................................................................182
Tnh nhm vi a ch IP.........................................................................................................................................183
a ch loopback......................................................................................................................................................184
IP trn Internet, IP tnh, IP ng v ICANN...........................................................................................................184
a ch IP ring (private IP)....................................................................................................................................185

Bi 12. Configure card mng (cha xong)........................................................................................186


Ci t driver cho card mng.......................................................................................................................................190
Lnh ifconfig................................................................................................................................................................191
Hin th trng thi ca card mng...........................................................................................................................191
Gn a ch IP cho card mng.................................................................................................................................191
Gn a ch IP alias cho card mng.........................................................................................................................192
Bt tt card mng.....................................................................................................................................................192
B cng c ip...............................................................................................................................................................192

Ti liu tham kho...............................................................................................................................193


Nhn chung, qu trnh khi ng ca mt my tnh gm cc giai on:
-

Ngay khi bt my, BIOS nhn din cc device (qu trnh ny gi l Power On Self Test POST), nu mi device u n th c 1 ting bip cn khng s c nhiu ting bip hoc khng
c ting g.

Trong s nhng storage device (CD, HDD, FD, NIC) nhn din c, mt device c chn
lm boot device. y ta xt trng hp ph bin nht l HDD.

Sector u tin ca boot device c ti vo RAM thc thi. Vi HDD, sector u tin ny
c gi l MBR
o Thng thng, MBR lm nhim v ti boot sector ca partition c nh du l active
vo RAM thc thi. Active partition ny thng cha nhn h iu hnh, boot sector
ca partition ny s ti nhn h iu hnh vo RAM. Chi tit hn th boot sector khng
ti ngay nhn h iu hnh m n ch ti mt (hay mt vi) file trn active partition
c gi l boot loader vo RAM. Boot loader s ti nhn h iu hnh vo RAM.
o Trong nhiu trng hp khc (v d Linux), MBR khng ng n boot sector ca
active partition, n ti lun boot loader trn mt non-active partition vo RAM.

C th hn vi Linux, sau qu trnh POST ca BIOS c 3 giai on:


1. MBR ti boot loader l GRUB vo RAM
2. GRUB ti nhn Linux v ramdisk vo RAM.
3. Nhn Linux s thc thi chng trnh init v init s lo liu nt cc cng vic cn li

I. GRUB
1. Chc nng ca GRUB
- menu interface v command line interface (GRUB shell)

148/193

Sau khi bt my tnh mt lc, ngi dng thng thy mn hin th thi gian m ngc (t trn mt
nh nn no ), khi bm mt phm bt k s vo menu interface ca GRUB. Ti y ngi dng c
th la chn h iu hnh cn khi ng (nu my khng ci nhiu h iu hnh th ch c mt la
chn).
Ngi dng c th bm phm e thy n di mi la chn h iu hnh l cc lnh ti nhn h
iu hnh , c th sa li cc lnh ny. Hoc bm c v command line interface (thng c
gi l GRUB shell) ti du nhc ngi dng c th t g cc lnh ti nhn h iu hnh. ngn
ngi l t g cc lnh ny, GRUB c th b t password. Lc khng c la chn e hay c
na m ch c la chn p ngi dng g password vo xc nhn.
(Trong Linux, c th vo GRUB shell bng lnh grub, thot ra bng lnh quit)
- ti Unix-like OS kernel v bootloader ca cc h iu hnh khc.
GRUB c vit vi mc ch np c tt c cc h iu (multi OS) th nn tn ca n mi l Grand
Unified Bootloader (chi ch vi l thuyt trng thng nht trong vt l). GRUB c th ti c
nhn ca cc Unix-like OS nhng n khng th ti c trc tip nhn cc h iu hnh khc (non
*nix) nh Windows, OS/2 Tuy nhin GRUB c c ch gi l chainloader ti bootloader ca
cc h iu hnh ny.
GRUB l chng trnh ti h iu hnh nn hin nhin lc GRUB hot ng cha c h iu hnh no
hot ng c do GRUB phi t thc hin mt s thao tc cp thp m h iu hnh thng lm l
nhn din device (HDD, CDROM, FDD), truy xut filesystem,
Hu ht cc Linux distro hin nay ly GRUB lm bootloader, ngoi ra cn c LILO c hn v t chc
nng hn.

2. Qu trnh ti GRUB
GRUB cn c nhng trong MBR hoc boot sector ca active partition m bo n c ti vo
RAM u tin sau qu trnh POST. Nhng nh ta thy GRUB c nhiu chc nng: c menu interface
(thm ch hin th c c nh nn), command line interface, truy xut filesystem, nn kch thc
ca chng trnh GRUB khng th gi gn trong mt sector (512 byte) c. Chin thut y l
GRUB c chia lm 2 (hoc 3) phn l stage 1 v stage 2 (hoc thm stage 1.5). Ch stage 1 c lu
MBR hoc bootsector, sau khi stage 1 c ti n s ti stage 2 (hoc ti stage 1.5 ri stage 1.5 s ti
stage 2) nh vy GRUB c ti ln lt tng phn.
-

GRUB stage 1
Stage ny rt nh v lun c nhng vo MBR hoc boot sector ca active partition c
ti u tin. Vic nhng stage1 vo MBR hay bootsector c quyt nh khi ci t Linux
trong mc Advanced Config bootloader hoc khi ci t li GRUB.
Mc ch ca stage 1 l ti stage 2 l file /boot/grub/stage2 do stage 1 phi lu a ch ca
stage 2. Do stage 1 rt nh (cha y mt sector) nn stage 1 khng th ti file stage 2 thng
qua ng dn th mc c bi mun lm c iu ny stage 1 cn hiu filesystem ca
partition cha file stage 2. Stage 1 ch lu a ch vt l (tham s CHS) ca file stage 2 m thi.
File stage 2 thng chng my khi b thay i ng dn th mc nhng li c th d b thay
i a ch vt l, chng hn do chy defragement partition cha stage 2, lc stage 1 khng
th ti c stage 2 na. Nhm trnh tnh trng ny, ngi ta a ra stage 1.5 c kh nng hiu
cc file system v ti file thng qua ng dn th mc. Lc stage 1 s ti stage 1.5 ri stage
1.5 s ti stage 2.

GRUB stage 1.5 (khng bt buc c)


Mc ch ca stage 1.5 cng nh stage 1 l ti file stage 2, nhng hn kh nng hiu cc
filesystem. Stage 1.5 l mt ty chn, lc ci t GRUB nu ngi dng chn ci GRUB (tc l
stage 1) trn boot sector th khng c stage 1.5. Nu chn ci GRUB (stage 1) vo MBR th
stage 1.5 c t ngay sau stage 1, chim mt di cc sector t th 2 n 16. Nn nh sector
u tin ca partition u tin trn HDD l sector 63 nh vy c hn mt khong trng t MBR
n partition u tin tha ch cho lu stage 1.5
Stage 1.5 c kh nng hiu cc filesystem ext2, fat, ffs, reiserfs, vstafs, trn HDD, CD, FD
v c network. Stage 1.5 lu thng tin v partition v ng dn th mc trn partition ca file
stage 2 v nhim v ca n l ti file ny

149/193

GRUB stage 2
Stage 2 l mt file trn partition cha th mc grub. Partition ny c th chnh l partition / hoc
l mt partition khc / v sau khi khi ng Linux n c mount vo di th mc /boot
(nhng cn nh giai on GRUB ny Linux cha c ti vo nn khng c chuyn mount
y). Trong trng hp th nht, stage 2 c ng dn th mc l /boot/grub/stage2, trng
hp th hai c ng dn l /grub/stage 2. Lc ci t GRUB, stage 1 s lu mt trong 2 ng
dn ny ty theo vic khi ci t Linux, ngi dng c dnh ring partition cho /boot hay
khng.
Stage 2 chnh l li ca GRUB, n to ra command line interface, menu interface (hin th nh
nn, chn ngi s dng bng password, ), ti nhn Linux, chainloader cho cc h iu hnh
khc. Kch thc ca stage2 ln hn nhiu so vi stage 1, stage 1.5
Khi stage 2 c ti, n tm ngay n file grub.conf trong cng th mc cha n. File ny lu
cu hnh v menu interface, cc lnh nm di mi la chn h iu hnh trong menu. Nu
thiu file ny GRUB s khng hin ra menu m hin ra command line interface, n y ngi
dng mun chy c Linux hoc cc h iu hnh khc phi t g lnh np h iu hnh.
Mc d stage 1, stage 1.5 c nhng vo phn sector trc partition u tin nhng khi ci
GRUB, ni dung ca chng cng c sao thnh thnh file t trong /grub/ hoc /boot/grub/.
Th mc grub cha cc file sau: stage1, stage2, *_stage1_5 (e2fs_stage1_5, ffs_stage1_5,
reiserfs_stage1_5, fat_stage1_5, minix_stage1_5, vstafs_stage1_5 v pxegrub, nbgrub),
grub.conf. Ngi dng c th xa cc file stage1, *_stage1_5 v n c nhng vo ch
MBR nhng khng c xa, di chuyn, i tn file stage2 c.

Trc trc vi GRUB khi:


-

Stage 1 ca GRUB b mt do MBR hoc bootsector b ghi . Trn thc t vic ny thng l
sau khi c Linux, ngi dng ci thm mt h iu hnh mi v bootloader ca h iu hnh
mi ny ghi vo stage 1 ca GRUB gii quyt bng cch: ci li GRUB.

File stage2 ca GRUB b mt do b xa/di chuyn gii quyt bng cch: ci li GRUB hoc
copy file stage2 t my khc sang.

File grub.conf b mt, du nhc ca GRUB hin ra thay v menu. GRUB khng hng nhng n
khng c t sn cc lnh np h iu hnh. Ngi dng phi t g lnh ti nhn ri to li
file grub.conf

3. Ci li GRUB
Mc d GRUB l mt multi OS bootloader nhng n khng c thit k c th ci t c lp vi
h iu hnh. GRUB c ci khi ci Linux. Cng c d n GRUB4DOS v WinGRUB to ra b ci
t GRUB chy trn DOS v Windows nhng GRUB4DOS v WinGRUB khng c a dng. Bng
mt vi thao tc cng c th ci GRUB ln USB, CDROM, FD.
Khi ci t Linux, GRUB c ci t:
-

Nu ngi dng chn ci GRUB vo MBR th stage 1 c lu MBR v stage 1.5 c lu


phn sector nm gia MBR v sector u tin ca partition u tin (sector th 63). Nu
ngi dng chn ci GRUB vo bootsector th stage 1 c lu bootsector v khng c stage
1.5

stage 2 c lu /boot/grub/. Th mc /boot/grub cn cha bn sao ca stage 1, stage 1.5 l


cc file stage1, *stage1_5

File grub.conf c to ra c dng menu cho Linux. File ny c installer (b ci t) to ra.

C th ci li GRUB khi n gp trc trc. Khi ci t li GRUB, file grub.conf khng c sinh ra,
ngi dng phi t to li file ny.
Cch ci li GRUB n gin nht l:
- Boot my bng Linux rescue, chroot /mnt/sysimage
- grub-install /dev/hda ci GRUB vo MBR hoc grub-install /dev/hda1
ci GRUB vo bootsector ca hda1.
Qu trnh ci t thnh cng khi c thng bo no error report.
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Trong nhiu trng hp cch trn khng thnh cng lc hy dng cch sau:
- bc 1: copy tt c cc file stage1, stage2, *stage1_5 t mt my tnh khc khng b hng GRUB vo mt th
mc. V d /myGRUB gi s th mc myGRUB nm ngay di partition /dev/hda4.
- bc 2: Chuyn sang GRUB shell, nu trong Linux hoc Linux rescue g grub
- bc 3: dng lnh setup [prefix = DIR] <device cha GRUB> <device cha th mc
myGRUB>
V d: setup

prefix=/myGRUB

(hd0,0)

(hd0,3)

Lnh trn ci stage1 vo bootsector ca partition hda1 (tng ng vi (hd0,0)) v lu a ch CHS ca file stage2
nm trong th mc /myGRUB trn partition hda4 (tng ng vi (hd0,3)) vo trong stage1. Nu khng dng
tham s --prefix th mc nh ng dn ca stage2 l /grub hoc /boot/grub.

Thc hnh ci li GRUB:


Theo mc nh khi ci Linux, GRUB c ci vo MBR; y cng gi s GRUB c ci MBR
1. T ph hng GRUB ri ci li
- Xa stage1 ca GRUB bng lnh: dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hda bs=446 count=1
Lnh ny ghi cc bit 0 vo 446 byte u tin ca MBR ca /dev/hda. Ch y khng ghi c
512 byte ca MBR v khong 447512 byte ca MBR lu Partition table. Nu xa mt th vic lp
li bng ny l rt kh.
- Khi ng li my xem c chuyn g xy ra.
- Ci li GRUB vo MBR: Linux rescue, chroot, grub-install /dev/hda
2. Chuyn GRUB ang t MBR sang bootsector.
- Ci li GRUB vo bootsector ca mt partition no : Linux rescue, chroot, grub-install /dev/hdb1
- Stage1 vn ang nm MBR cn thay th bng on m ti bootsector va c ci GRUB vo.
iu ny c th lm c bng lnh fdisk /mbr ca MSDOS:
- Khi ng my bng a Hiren boot CD, chn VC, g lnh fdisk /mbr
- Set active cho partition c ci GRUB vo bng Acronis cng trn a ny.
- Vic ci GRUB vo bootsector khng phi l kin hay !

4. File grub.conf (menu.lst)


Cu hnh cho menu GRUB c ghi trong file menu.lst, mt s Linux distro khc nh Redhat,
Fedora, Centos dng file grub.conf. Xt v d mt file grub.conf
# NOTICE:

You have a /boot partition.

This means that

all kernel paths are relative to /boot/

default=0
timeout=30
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
password --md5 $1$U$JK7xFegdxWH6VuppCUSIb.
title Red Hat Linux
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.4.18-0.12-jul2001 ro root=/dev/hda3
initrd /initrd-2.4.18-0.12-jul2001.img
title Windows
rootnoverify (hd0,1)
hide (hd0,2)
unhide (hd0,1)
chainloader +1
title DOS

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rootnoverify (hd0,2)
hide (hd0,1)
unhide (hd0,2)
chainloader +1
title FreeBSD
root (hd0,a)
kernel /boot/loader

ngha ca cc dng trong file grub.conf:


# Sau k t ny l cc ch thch, khng phi l lnh.
( v d ny ch thch cho bit th mc /boot l mt mount point cho partition boot. C trng hp h
thng khng c partition boot ring ra. Thng tin ny gip ch cho ngi cu hnh g lnh kernel,
initrd s ni phn sau)
timeout v default: thi gian (second) i ngi dng bm phm bt k la chn t menu
GRUB nu khng s t ng chn default ( v d trn default=0 tc l la chn u tin)
hiddenmenu: menu GRUB s b n i, trong thi gian timeout nu ngi dng bm ESC th menu
hin li. Ht timeout default s c chn.
splashimage: file nh nn. ng ch file nh nn y c gzip li. Ngi ta gii thch
rng vic thay v dng trc tip file nh .xpm m phi nn li l thi gian load nh nhanh hn,
trong khi thi gian hin th nh do phi gii nn chm i rt t
password --md5: GRUB b t m ngi dng khng thao tc c vo vic ti Linux, nu
khng root rt d b ly mt. Xu k t sau md5 l m md5 c sinh ra t xu m ca ngi dng.
- Mun xa m GRUB ch cn xa i c dng ny
- Mun t m cho GRUB vo GRUB shell (ang trong Linux g lnh grub), g lnh
md5crypt
grub> md5crypt
Password: **********
Encrypted: $1$U$JK7xFegdxWH6VuppCUSIb.

Sau ghi li dng m trn ri dn vo file grub.conf, c thm password --md5 ng trc
xu.
Bi GRUB rt nh n khng th h tr pipe process c nn khng c cch g y xu di
ngong kia vo file grub.conf, ngi dng phi t g li.
title: mi mt title l mt la chn trong menu GRUB. Di mi title l cc lnh np h iu
hnh.
kernel, initrd, root, rootnoverify, chainloader: cc lnh np h iu hnh.
Xem mc ??? di y.

II. Np h iu hnh t GRUB


Sau khi GRUB c ti, GRUB s ti Linux kernel hoc np bootloader ca cc h iu hnh khc
Linux (Windows, DOS, OS/2, BSD) theo cch thc gi l chainloader. Boot loader ca cc h iu
hnh s t ti nhn theo cch ring ca mnh.
Kh nng np h iu hnh ca GRUB c th hin qua tp cc lnh ca GRUB. Ngi dng c th
g cc lnh ny du nhc GRUB hoc t cc lnh ny vo trong file grub.conf mi ln khi
ng li my ch cn la chn m khng phi g li lnh na.
Thng thng th bn khng cn phi quan tm n vic np h iu hnh ca GRUB, nhng khi file
grub.conf b hng/mt hoc khi h thng b thay i lc GRUB khng th np h iu hnh cho
bn. Bn buc phi np h iu hnh mt cch th cng t du nhc GRUB. Di y bn v tp lnh
ca GRUB bn c th t g lnh np h iu hnh Linux v non *nix.

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Khi mun xem help v mt lnh ca GRUB g lnh help [--all] <tn_lnh>. Bn khng
th dng lnh man c v bn ang lm vic vi GRUB (giai on ny cha c Linux) ch khng
phi ang trong Linux

Truy xut device


Vic np h iu hnh hin nhin s cn truy xut n HDD, partition, file v do cc HDD,
partition cn c nh k hiu phn bit vi nhau cng nh file, th mc c xc nh thng qua
ng dn.

Qui c k hiu device ca GRUB


Nhc li rng khi lm vic vi GRUB th lc cha c Linux (Linux cha c ti vo) nn cc
device c k hiu khng theo cch ca Linux na m theo cch ca GRUB nh sau:
-

K hiu device lun c trong ngoc. S th t c nh t 0. Extended partition bt k


c th t th my (1, 2, 3, 4) trn HDD u c nh l 4.

Khng phn bit IDE hay SATA/SCSI. Nu my tnh c 1 HDD IDE v 1 HDD SCSI th 2
device ny c k hiu l (hd0), (hd1) hoc ngc li.
1st FDD
2nd IDE CDROM
1st IDE HDD
4th SCSI HDD
Partition 1st trn 2nd IDE HDD
Partition 3rd trn 4th SATA HDD
Extended Partition (2nd) trn 3rd SCSI HDD
Partition 2nd ca Slice 3rd trn 4th IDE HDD

K hiu ca GRUB K hiu ca Linux


(fd0)
/dev/fd0
(cd1)
/dev/hdb
(hd0)
/dev/hda
(hd3)
/dev/sdd
(hd1, 0)
/dev/hdb1
(hd3, 2)
/dev/hdd3
(hd2, 4)
/dev/sdc1
(hd3, 2, b)

(filesystem FreeBSD)
GRUB hiu c rt nhiu loi filesytem t vfat, ext2/3, n c network filesystem tr Linux
LVM v Linux RAID.

Truy xut file ca GRUB


Mt file c xc nh qua: <tn storage device>/<ng dn n file>
V d cc lnh sau truy xut n file
kernel (hd0, 1)/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL
find (hd1, 2)/sbin/initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz

GRUB c lnh cat xem ni dung file (d nhin khng th mnh m bng cat ca Linux)
grub> cat (hd0,2)/boot/grub/grub.conf

GRUB h tr TAB completion nn khng cn thit phi g ht tn file, ch cn bm TAB rt tin li.
V d 1. Lit k nhng storage device c trn my: g mt tn bt k (v d null) ri ( v bm
TAB
grub> null (
Possible disks are: fd0 hd0 hd1 cd

V d 2. Lit k nhng partition ca mt HDD: g mt tn bt k (v d null) ri (hd0, v


bm TAB
grub> null (hd0,
Possible partitions are:
Partition num: 0, Filesystem type unknown, partition type 0x7
Partition num: 1, Filesystem type unknown, partition type 0x82

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Partition num: 2, Filesystem type is reiserfs, partition type 0x83


Partition num: 3, Filesystem type is xfs, partition type 0x83

V d 3. Lit k cc file, th mc trn mt partition: g mt tn bt k (v d null) ri


(hd0,2)/ v bm TAB
grub> null (hd0,2)/
Possible files are: bin dev etc lib mnt opt srv tmp sys var usr
boot home proc sbin root cdrom .reiserfs_priv initrd vmlinuz

(C 3 v d trn u dng TAB completion)

Ti nhn Linux

Ba lnh ti nhn Linux: kernel, root, initrd


Xt 2 v d file grub.conf c lnh ti nhn n gin:
V d 1:
title Redhat Enterprise Linux 4
kernel (hd0,1)/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL

root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00

initrd (hd0,1)/boot/initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img

V d 2:
title Redhat Enterprise Linux 4
root (hd0,1)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL

root=/dev/hda5

initrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img

Dng u to ra la chn Redhat Enterprise Linux 4 trong menu GRUB.


Hai dng sau (kernel v initrd ) l lnh ti nhn ca GRUB vi ngha
- lnh kernel ti file vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL (y chnh l Linux kernel) trong th mc boot
nm ngay di partition (hd0,2). Tham s nhn root = xc nh partition
/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 (v d 1) hoc /dev/hda5 (v d 2) c mount l /
- lnh initrd ti file initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img (y l initial RAM disk ca Linux) trong th
mc boot nm ngay di partition (hd0,2).
(initial RAM disk l filesystem c mount tm trc khi filesystem / c mount. Filesystem
initrd ny thng cha cc driver, module cn thit cho kernel. V d nhiu khi filesytem /
c t trn mt device c bit nh SCSI, lc Linux kernel cn driver c device ny
th mi mount / c. Driver ny c t trong Linux kernel.)
Nhn xt 1: ng dn /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 hay /dev/hda5 l ng dn theo kiu
ca Linux khng phi kiu GRUB ? L do: tham s root= ch c GRUB truyn vo ch GRUB
khng x l m nhn Linux x l nn n phi c cho theo kiu Linux.
Nhn xt 2: c 2 lnh kernel v initrd u c ng dn bt u t partition (hd0,2) nn trnh lp
li thng tin ny c th dng lnh root:
root (hd0,1)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00
initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img
v d 2, c lnh root (hd0,1) nn 2 lnh sau kernel v initrd khng cn nhc li (hd0,1) na

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Ti nhn Linux th cng


Khi ci t Linux, nh v d trn, ng dn (hd0,1)/vmlinuz-, (hd0,1)/initrd- v
tham s nhn /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 c t ng xc nh v lu vo file grub.conf.
Nhng c th xy ra:
- mt file grub.conf GRUB khng t ti c nhn Linux, hin th ra du nhc GRUB
- h thng thay i nhng file grub.conf khng c cp nht qu trnh ti nhn li kernel
panic
C 2 trng hp ny u khin ngi dng mun vo c Linux phi t g lnh ti nhn Linux. Ci
khung lnh kernel root = v initrd l c nh, mu cht vn l:
-

xc nh ng dn 2 file vmlinuz- v initrd-

xc nh tham s nhn: partition no c mount l /

Cng ch thm 2 file vmlinuz- v initrd- lun nm cng th mc. Vic xc nh ng dn 2


file ny l xc nh partition cha 2 file ( y l (hd0,1)) v ng dn th mc di partition ca 2
file ny ( y l /boot/)
Trong Linux bn s thy hai file vmlinuz- v initrd- lun c ng dn l /boot/ nhng cha th
kt lun lun c rng hai file ny nm trong th mc boot ngay di partition /. C th th mc
/boot/ ch l mt mount point cho partition boot, lc hai file ny s nm ngay di partition boot v
c ng dn th mc l / ch khng phi l /boot/. Tm li vmlinuz- v initrd- lun c ng
dn l /boot/ hoc /. Vn cn li l xc nh partition cha 2 file ny, n c th l partition / hoc l
parition boot (c mount vo /boot/). Quay li xem file grub mu mc ?? ta cn thy dng ch
thch ch r ra l bn c partition boot hay khng.
Vic xc nh partition cha 2 file vmlinuz-, initrd- v xc nh partition / lm tham s
nhn root= c th thc hin bng 2 cch sau:
-

Cch 1: Dng lnh find ti du nhc ca GRUB.


o Lnh find <ng_dn_file> cho bit partition cha <ng_dn_file>. Nh
vy ch cn bit chc mt file no c trong partition / v mt file c trong partition
cha vmlinuz-, initrd- l xc nh c cc partition ny.
o C th chn /sbin/init l file nm trong partition /. File /sbin/init l tin
trnh init c chy ti ngay sau khi nhn Linux c ti, khng c file ny khng khi
ng c Linux. Vi partition cha vmlinuz-, initrd- c th chn ngay file
/boot/grub/stage2 hoc /grub/stage2 l file nm cng th mc vi chng. File stage2
ny chc chn phi c mt th bn mi n c du nhc ca GRUB. n y g lnh

find /grub/stage2 hoc find /boot/grub/stage2

find /init/sbin

o Vn xy ra l GRUB ch c hiu c mt s filesystem nht nh, n khng h tr


hai kiu filesystem cao cp l LVM v RAID th nn dng lnh find /init/sbin s tr v
not found nu nh partition / c kiu LVM hoc RAID. Cng bi hn ch ny ca
GRUB m partition boot (cha file vmlinuz- v initrd- khng c php
c filesytem l LVM hoc RAID). Trong nhng trng hp nh th ny buc phi
chuyn sang cch 2.
o Khi partition / c kiu l LVM hoc RAID th n s c dng
root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 hoc /dev/md0 ch khng c dng l
/dev/sda1 hay /dev/hdb4 na.
-

Cch 2: Khi ng Linux ch rescue, xem li danh sch mount point ca cc partition
o Dng a ci Linux, sang ch rescue, chroot /mnt/sysimage

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o G lnh mount hoc m file /etc/mtab bit c partition no l / v partition no


l /boot/. Nu khng c thng tin v mount point /boot chng t partition boot chnh l
partition /.
Sau khi g 2 lnh kernel v initrd ngi dng phi g lnh boot khi ng.

Ti nhn FreeBSD
Cng tng t Linux:
grub> root (hd0,a)
grub> kernel /boot/loader
grub> boot

Np bootloader ca cc h iu hnh khc


GRUB c lnh chainloader ti mt file hay mt sector vo RAM.
V d 1: chainloader (hd0,2)20+3,40+4,60+5
Lnh ny ti lin tip 3 nhm sector c a ch l 2022, 4043,6064 ca partition (hd0,2)
vo RAM
V d 2: chainloader (hd0,2)+1
Lnh ny tng ng vi lnh chainloader (hd0,2)0+1 (s 0 c ly mc nh), n ti
sector u tin ca partition (hd0,2) tc l ti boot sector vo RAM.
Thng thng bootloader c t boot sector nn c th dng lnh ny ti bootloader.
V d: nu Windows Xp nm trn (hd0,2) th thm vo 2 dng sau trong grub.conf c menu
Windows
title Windows
chainloader (hd0,2)+1
Lnh rootnoverify cho cc non*nix tng ng vi lnh root cho cc *nix. C th vit li lnh
chainloader trn thnh 2 lnh sau:
rootnoverify (hd0,2)
chainloader +1
Nu ngoi Linux ch c thm ng mt OS na khc Linux th mt lnh chainloader nh trn l .
Nhng khi c nhiu hn 1 h iu hnh khc Unix-like (nm trn cng HDD) th cn phi thm cc
lnh: hide, unhide, makeactive nh di y. Cc lnh ny thit lp thuc tnh hide,
active ca partition.
V d: C Linux, Windows, DOS cng nm trn HDD u tin: Windows - (hd0,2), DOS - (hd0,3).
title Windows
unhide (hd0,2)
hide (hd0,3)
chainloader (hd0,2)+1
makeactive
title DOS
unhide (hd0,3)
hide (hd0,2)
chainloader (hd0,3)+1
makeactive
Khi DOS v Windows nm trn cc HDD khng phi l HDD u tin (hd0) th phi dng thm lnh
map hon i chng thnh HDD u tin do cc h iu hnh ny khng th boot c nu chng
khng nm trn HDD u tin. v d trn nu DOS, Windows nm trn partition (hd1) th phi thm
lnh:
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map (hd0) (hd1)


Thc hnh:
1. T xa file grub.conf, khi ng li my, t ti nhn vo Linux ri to li file grub.conf
2. Xem trn HDD c tha partition no khng (nu khng tha th add thm mt HDD na v to
ra mt partition trn HDD va to ny). Format partition ny theo kiu vfat, sau khi format cc
file khi ng ca DOS cng c to ra lun. Sa li file grub.conf c thm mt menu
khi ng c partition DOS ny (dng lnh chainloader, trc c th phi dng lnh
map)
3. Lp li thao tc trn c thm mt partition DOS na. Sa li grub.conf c thm mt
menu khi ng partition DOS ny (lc ny bt buc phi dng lnh hide, unhide,
makeactive).

III. init
1. /sbin/init chy v c file /etc/initab
Sau khi kernel c ti, kernel cho thc thi file kh thi /sbin/init v /sbin/init tr thnh
process u tin (c PID=1), cha ca tt c cc process sau ny. Process init s gi cc daemon cn
thit khc thit lp h thng theo mt trong 7 kiu nh trc, gi l 7 run level. Cu hnh cho vic
gi cc daemon c ghi trong file /etc/inittab.
Nhc li v 7 run level:
Run level 0: H thng s dng (halt). trng thi ny CPU khng cn lnh thc thi, ngi
dng ch c th tt ngun in hoc khi ng li.
Run level 1: H thng ch mt ngi dng (single user mode) v ngi dng l root,
thm ch khng cn password ca root ng nhp.
Run level 2, 3, 5: H thng ch a ngi dng v
Run level 2: khng c service NSF
Run level 3: c y cc daemon (bao gm cc daemon v mng)
Run level 5: = run level 3 + X11
Run level 4: run level ny dnh cho ngi dng nh ngha, nu ngi dng khng dng
n, mc nh run level ny s trng run level 3.
Run level 6: H thng s reboot.
bit h thng ang run level no, ti du nhc ca terminal dng lnh run level
H thng ang mt run level no , nu mun chuyn sang run level khc dng lnh init x vi x
l s run level.
C th la chn run level lc Linux bt u khi ng bng cch vo GRUB, chn sa dng lnh ti
nhn (bm e), tm n dng bt u bng kernel, thm vo cui dng s run level cn chy cui
lnh. Cui cng khi ng (bm b).
V d: chy ch single user (run level 1) bng cch thm 1 cui dng kernel
kernel (hd0,1)/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL
root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 1

2. /etc/inittab
Khi process init c thc thi, n c file cu hnh /etc/inittab (vit tt ca init table) bit
xem c th n s a h thng vo run level no, t gi cc daemon tng ng vi run level .
V d mt file /etc/inittab nh di y:
# Things to run in every run level. This line is only in Red Hat 7.X
ud::once:/sbin/update
# Trap CTRL-ALT-DELETE
ca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t3 -r now
# When our UPS tells us power has failed, schedule a shutdown for 2 minutes from

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now.
pf::powerfail:/sbin/shutdown -f -h +2 "Power Failure; System Shutting Down"
# If power was restored before the shutdown kicked in, cancel it.
pr:12345:powerokwait:/sbin/shutdown -c "Power Restored; Shutdown Canceled"
# Run gettys in standard run levels
1:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty1
2:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty2
3:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty3
4:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty4
5:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty5
6:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty6
# Run xdm in run level 5
x:5:respawn:/etc/X11/prefdm nodaemon

Cc dng bt u bi du # l ch thch, khng c tc dng g.


Cc dng cu hnh lun gm 4 trng cch nhau bi du hai chm (:)
-

Trng u tin (v d: id, si, l0, ca, pf, pr) l tn gi cho dng . Tn gi khng quan trng
nhng cn khc nhau cho mi dng.

Trng th hai (v d: 3, 1, 2345 hoc trng) l run level m dng cu hnh ny p dng
cho. Nu trng l 2345 th dng p dng cho 4 run level l 2, 3, 4, 5; nu trng th p dng
cho tt c cc level.

Trng th ba (v d: initdefault, sysint, wait, ctrlaltdel, powerfail, respawn) l ch dn cho init


thc hin cc lnh khi n trong run level trng th hai.

Trng th t (v d: /etc/rc.d/rc 0, /sbin/mingetty tty1) l lnh hoc script m init cn thc thi.
Trong v d th 0 v tty1 l i s truyn vo cho script rc v lnh mingetty.

File cu hnh /etc/inittab s c cc dng quan trng sau:


-

id:3:initdefault: ch nh run level no s c chy mc nh. y l run level 3.

si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit ch nh script rc.sysinit chy khi to h


thng.

(7 dng X = 1,,7) lX:X:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc X: ch nh script rc (vi tham s truyn


vo l X) chy thit lp cc daemon ca run level X c chn.

(6 dng X = 1,,6) X:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty ttyX: chy cc gettys


trn cc virtual console.

x:5:respawn:/etc/X11/prefdm nodaemon: chy X11 nu init thc thi runlevl 5.

Ngoi ra cn c dng cu hnh cho init chy khi ngi dng bm CTRL + ALT + DEL hoc khi b
lu in UPS ca h thng trc trc v.v.

3. Thc thi cc script khi to h thng trong th mc /etc/rc.d


Khi init chy, theo file cu hnh /etc/inittab th:
Bc 1: init s chy script /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit khi to h thng. C th rc.sysinit
s:
o Thit lp cc tham s nhn trong file /etc/sysctl.conf
o Thit lp ng h h thng
o Thit lp cc swap partition
o Check v remount li root filesystem (/)
o Kch hot cc thit b RAID v LVM c thit lp
o Kch hot h thng quota trn cc filesystem c thit lp
158/193

o Check v mount li cc filesystem khc /


o Clear up state locks and PID files
o Load keymaps
Bc 2: init s chy script /etc/rc.d/rc X, y tham s X l run level mc nh (thng l 3
hoc 5) c ghi trong file /etc/inittab. Script /etc/rc.d/rc ny s thc thi tt c cc script
trong th mc /etc/rc.d/rcX.d (X l run level chn). Mi run level X s tng ng vi mt
th mc /etc/rc.d/rcX.d cha cc script chy daemon ca run level X. Vic chy cc script
trong th mc /etc/rc.d/rcX.d l thit lp cc daemon ca mt run level.
Thc cht th /etc/rc.d/rcX.d ch cha cc link n cc script daemon nm trong th mc
/etc/rc.d/init.d. Cn th mc /etc/rc.d/init.d l th mc cha tt c cc script daemon ca h thng.
Cch dng link nh th ny trnh vic trng lp cc script daemon gia cc run level.
Xem mc ?? bit thm v cc th mc /etc/rc.d/rcX.d v cch bt/tt cc daemon.
Vi cc run level 2, 3, 4, 5 th script cui cng trong /etc/rcX.d l rc.local. y l script cha cc lnh
ca ring ngi qun tr mun thc hin thm khi h thng khi ng.
Bc 3: init s chy mingetty to ra giao din ng nhp cho ngi s dng.

IV. Tt my
Vi qun tr server th tt my/khi ng li Linux l vic rt hn ch, nhng nu phi lm th c n
vi lnh nh sau:
o halt. Lnh halt c dng dng (halt) h thng. Trng thi dng ca h thng l trng
thi khng c lnh g cho CPU thc hin lnh (c th hn l con tr lnh ca CPU tr vo a ch
0). Trng thi ny khc vi trng thi Linux ang chy nhng ngi dng c cm gic Linux ang
khng lm g. K thc trng thi ny, h thng vn ang phi bt lnh ca ngi dng qua bn
phm hoc con chut. Khi h thng bc vo trng thi dng th bc tip theo bn ch c th khi
ng/tt ngun in ca my tnh. trng thi dng h thng thng c thng bo mi bn tt
my. Ngy nay nhiu h thng khi n trng thi halt n cng t tt ngun in.
Lnh halt (khng tham s) s: log (ghi nht k) li qu trnh dng, kill ht cc tin trnh ang
chy, thc hin sync ghi ht d liu trong b nh m ra a cng, cui cng a CPU v
trng thi dng.
o init. Lnh init (hoc telinit) chuyn h thng v mt run level no .
- init 0 a h thng v run level 0 trng thi dng. run level ny Linux thc hin
mi lnh halt.
- init 6 a h thng v run level 6 tc l khi ng li h thng. run level ny
Linux thc hin killall ng tt c cc tin trnh v sau thc hin lnh reboot
khi ng li.
o reboot. Lnh reboot (khng tham s) khi ng li my.
o poweroff. Lnh poweroff (khng tham s) tt my.
o shutdown. y l lnh tng qut nht, n c dng khi ng li/dng (halt)/tt my/a h
thng v ch single user. Trc khi khi ng/tt my/dng/a v single user, lnh s gi
thng bo v vic shutdown ti tt c cc user ang ng nhp v ngn cc user khc sp ng
nhp.
shutdown [-r|-h|-P] [-f|-F] <time> [warning]
- Tham s <time> (bt buc phi c) ch ra thi im m h thng s thc hin shutdown.
Cc dng c th c l now (ngay by gi), hh:mm (gi:pht cn thc hin), +m (m l s pht
sau thi im hin ti).
- Tham s -F nu mun ln khi ng sau, h thng s thc hin lnh fsck kim tra a.
Tham s -f nu khng mun thc hin fsck.
- Dng tham s:
-r: khi ng li (reboot) h thng,
-h: dng (halt) h thng,
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-P: tt ngun in (power off),


khng c tham s: a h thng v ch single user (run level 1)
[warning] l thng bo (t trong du ngoc kp) m lnh shutdown s gi ti cc user
ang ng nhp. Thng ngi qun tr s thng bo thi im tt my v nhc nh ngi
dng thu xp cng vic ang d ca mnh.
V d: shutdown r +15 May tinh se khoi dong lai trong 15 phut

toi
hoc shutdown P 10:00 May tinh se tat vao luc 10h
Cc lnh sau tuy cho cng kt qu nhng thc s th shutdown r (-h) thc hin cc thao tc dn dp
h thng k lng hn init 6 (0) v hn reboot (halt).
shutdown r now = init 6 = reboot
shutdown h now = init 0 = halt
Bi thc hnh trn lp:
1. Qu trnh np h iu hnh: MBR, bootsector. GRUB thay th MBR
2. Hot ng ca GRUB:
a. Th mc /boot/grub/
b. GRUB ln nn c chia lm 2 phn: stage 1 nhng vo MBR ri tm n v ti stage
2
c. Khi grub c ti n s c file grub.conf thc thi lnh
3. Lm hng GRUB v ci li GRUB bng Linux rescue
4. ------------ht 40 pht----------------5. S lc v 2 lnh: kernel root= v initrd
6. Xc nh tham s cho kernel v initrd partition cha /boot/grub
a. Trng hp 1: partition /boot c t ring find /grub/stage1
b. Trng hp 2: partition /boot khng c t ring find /boot/grub/stage1
7. Xc nh tham s cho root= find /sbin/init
8. Mt cch khc xc nh lun c 2 ci l: linux rescue ri xem file /etc/mtab
9. Ci t Linux vi partition / trn LVM hoc RAID

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y l mt bi ca bn tho Gio trnh Nhp mn Qun tr H thng Linux ang vit d. Trn Huy Thng tranhuythang@gmail.com,
Rt mong bn c c th tham gia vit nt phn cn li ca cun sch. Bn c c th ng li mt phn hay ton b tp bn tho ny nhng cn ghi
r ngun v thng bo tm ngi vit tip ny. Nu ng li vi nh thng mi th xin nhn trc cho tc gi.

(Ti cho rng bi ny rt nn dy trc khi bt tay vo cc thao tc qun tr mng. Bi ny c


ng trn mng vi bt danh khc l T Nguyn.)

Bi 10. To mng o bng VMware Workstation


Bi 1. Khi nim FOSS v *nix..............................................................................................................9
I. FOSS..........................................................................................................................................................14
1. S hu tr tu..............................................................................................................................................................14
S hu tr tu (intelectual property)..........................................................................................................................14
S hu cng (public domain)....................................................................................................................................14
i ngc vi s hu tr tu l s hu cng........................................................................................................14
Khi s hu tr tu tr thnh s hu cng..............................................................................................................14
Copyright (bn quyn) ..........................................................................................................................................15
Thng hiu (trademark)..........................................................................................................................................16
2. Phn loi phn mm theo quyn ca ngi s dng..................................................................................................16
EULA v cc quyn ca ngi s dng....................................................................................................................16
Proprietary softwares hay FOSS...............................................................................................................................17
Disclaimer of warranty (chi b bo m)................................................................................................................18
3. Free/Open source softwares (FOSS)..........................................................................................................................18
a. nh ngha Free/Open source softwares................................................................................................................18
Free software........................................................................................................................................................18
Open source software...........................................................................................................................................19
Free softwares vs Open source.............................................................................................................................20
b. FOSS v chuyn min ph.................................................................................................................................21
FOSS th min ph ?.............................................................................................................................................21
FOSS thng mi ?..............................................................................................................................................22
c. Cc mu giy php FOSS......................................................................................................................................22
4. Cc giy php FOSS kiu public domain: BSD, MIT, Apache.................................................................................24
BSD (copycenter)......................................................................................................................................................24
MIT licence...............................................................................................................................................................25
Apache.......................................................................................................................................................................26
5. Cc giy php FOSS kiu weak copyleft: LGPL v Perl (cha vit)........................................................................26
6. Giy php (strong) copyleft: GPL (cha xong).........................................................................................................26
tng ca giy php GPL:.....................................................................................................................................26
ngha ca giy php GPL: ....................................................................................................................................26
p dng cc iu khon ca GPL.............................................................................................................................27
7. M hnh pht trin phn mm FOSS (cha vit).......................................................................................................27
8. M hnh kinh doanh phn mm FOSS (cha vit)....................................................................................................27
9. Nhng quan nim sai lm thng thy v FOSS (cha vit)....................................................................................27

II. *nix...........................................................................................................................................................27
1. Gii thiu UNIX, BSD...............................................................................................................................................27
UNIX.........................................................................................................................................................................28
BSD...........................................................................................................................................................................28
2. UNIX v UNIX-like (*nix)........................................................................................................................................29
3. Chun POSIX (SUS)..................................................................................................................................................29
4. Nhn Linux v D n GNU.......................................................................................................................................30
5. Linux distribution.......................................................................................................................................................30

Bi 2. B tc kin thc v HDD. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD (cha xong)............................................33


1. Hiu v HDD.............................................................................................................................................37
1.a. Cu trc vt l ca HDD.........................................................................................................................................37
1.b. Cu trc logic ca HDD..........................................................................................................................................38
1.c. Qu trnh khi ng OS ca my tnh.....................................................................................................................38

2. Cng c my o hc thc hnh Linux. Mt s ch v Vmware Workstation.............................38


3. Cc cch c c mt bn Linux distro v trng hp ca Redhat. .............................................38
4. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD..........................................................................................................................38
4.a. Ci t Linux...........................................................................................................................................................38
4.b. Ci t FreeBSD.....................................................................................................................................................38
4.c. T ng ha qu trnh ci t..................................................................................................................................38

161/193

5. Vn multi OS.......................................................................................................................................38

Bi 3. Lm quen vi Linux command..................................................................................................39


1. ng nhp v tt my..............................................................................................................................43
2. Kernel, Shell.............................................................................................................................................44
3. Virtual Console v Terminal...................................................................................................................45
4. Lnh trong Linux.....................................................................................................................................45
a. Cch vit lnh.............................................................................................................................................................45
b. Thc thi executable file..............................................................................................................................................46
c. Dng mt lnh............................................................................................................................................................46
c. Shell script..................................................................................................................................................................46
d. Metacharacters...........................................................................................................................................................47
e. Help............................................................................................................................................................................47
f. History........................................................................................................................................................................48

5. su...............................................................................................................................................................48
6. Lm vic vi file v th mc trn *nix...................................................................................................48
a. Cu trc file v th mc ca Linux khc vi ca Windows......................................................................................48
b. ng dn th mc ca Linux k hiu /, thi quen TAB, th mc . ~...................................................................49
Hy cn thn vi du /...............................................................................................................................................49
Th mc home, th mc hin hnh, th mc ~ . .. ................................................................................................50
Mun nhanh th bm TAB hoc TAB TAB..............................................................................................................50
Khi tn file, th mc cha k t c bit...................................................................................................................50
c. Lnh ls l, xem thng tin v file, th mc.................................................................................................................51
d. Cc lnh xem, to mi, xa, di chuyn, i tn file v th mc................................................................................52
Hin th ni dung file................................................................................................................................................52
To th mc mi.......................................................................................................................................................52
To file mi...............................................................................................................................................................52
i tn/di chuyn file v th mc.............................................................................................................................52
Copy file v th mc.................................................................................................................................................52
Xa file hoc th mc...............................................................................................................................................53
e. Midnight Commander (mc)........................................................................................................................................53
f. Link.............................................................................................................................................................................53
g. Archive v Compress file...........................................................................................................................................53
h. Tm kim file v th mc...........................................................................................................................................54

7. Filesystem Hierarchy standard...............................................................................................................55


8. Trong *nix, mi th u l file. ..............................................................................................................57
9. Redirection v xargs................................................................................................................................58
a. Redirect stdin, stdout, stderr to file............................................................................................................................58
b. Pipe v kt hp vi grep, wc, sort, less......................................................................................................................60
c. xargs...........................................................................................................................................................................61

10. VIM editor..............................................................................................................................................61


11. Regular expression.................................................................................................................................62

Bi 4. Devices - Filesystems Mounting..............................................................................................64


1. Device........................................................................................................................................................68
a. Peripheral device v Driver........................................................................................................................................68
Peripheral device.......................................................................................................................................................68
Phn loi device: block, character, virtual................................................................................................................68
Driver........................................................................................................................................................................69
b. Device file (special file).............................................................................................................................................69
c. S dng storage device...............................................................................................................................................71

2. Filesystem.................................................................................................................................................71
a. Filesystem ca block device.......................................................................................................................................71
b. Format........................................................................................................................................................................71
i) fdisk edit partition table......................................................................................................................................71
ii) mkfs (make filesystem).........................................................................................................................................72

3. Mounting..................................................................................................................................................73
a. Lnh mount................................................................................................................................................................73

162/193

b. file cu hnh /etc/fstab................................................................................................................................................74


c. file cu hnh /etc/mtab................................................................................................................................................75

4. Hai partition c bit ca Linux.............................................................................................................75


5. dd v loop device......................................................................................................................................76
a. Lnh dd.......................................................................................................................................................................76
b. loop device.................................................................................................................................................................77

6. Mt s thao tc khc vi storage device.................................................................................................78


7. Thc hnh vi Vmware...........................................................................................................................78

Bi 5. Install softwares..........................................................................................................................81
I. RPM..........................................................................................................................................................85
I.1 Tn file package v tn software..............................................................................................................................85
I.2 RPM database v rpm tool........................................................................................................................................86
I.3 Install........................................................................................................................................................................86
I.4 Query........................................................................................................................................................................87
I.5 Upgrade.....................................................................................................................................................................88
I.6 Erase.........................................................................................................................................................................88
I.7 Verify........................................................................................................................................................................88

II. DEB (cha vit).......................................................................................................................................89


III. Ci t phn mm t source code........................................................................................................89

Bi 6. Qun tr user. File permission...................................................................................................92


1. Qun tr user............................................................................................................................................96
1.1 Users.........................................................................................................................................................................96
1.2 Group.......................................................................................................................................................................98
1.3 Reset password ca root...........................................................................................................................................99

2. File permission.......................................................................................................................................100
Ch s hu, nhm ch s hu mc nh......................................................................................................................101
Thay i ch s hu, nhm ch s hu bng lnh chown, chgrp................................................................................101
Thay i quyn truy cp r, w, x vi cc i tng u, g, o...........................................................................................101
SUID, SGID, sticky bit................................................................................................................................................103
Set UID v Set GID cho file kh thi........................................................................................................................103
Set GID cho th mc...............................................................................................................................................104
Sticky bit.................................................................................................................................................................105
K hiu SUID, SGID, Sticky bit bng ch s .........................................................................................................105

3. Quota.......................................................................................................................................................106
1-Ci t phn mm quota......................................................................................................................................106
2-Mount partition vi thuc tnh usrquota..............................................................................................................107
3-Khi to quota database trn partition bng lnh quotacheck.............................................................................107
4-enable (disable) quota bng quotaon (quotaoff)..................................................................................................108
5-t limit, grace cho user bng lnh edquota........................................................................................................108
6-Xem li thng tin v quota...................................................................................................................................109
7-Th nghim quota................................................................................................................................................109

Bi 7. Advanced partitioning: RAID & LVM.....................................................................................111


I. Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks................................................................................................115
1. Khi nim RAID......................................................................................................................................................115
2. Thit lp v s dng RAID......................................................................................................................................117
3. Xem thng tin v array.............................................................................................................................................118
4. Qun l disk trong array...........................................................................................................................................119
5. Hy RAID array.......................................................................................................................................................119
6. File /etc/mdadm.con.................................................................................................................................................120
7. Stripe hay Linear......................................................................................................................................................120

II. Logical Volume Management..............................................................................................................120


1. Thit lp LVM.........................................................................................................................................................120
Thit lp v s dng LV..........................................................................................................................................120
Enable LVM............................................................................................................................................................122
LVM on RAID (cha xong)....................................................................................................................................122
2. Xem thng tin v volume.........................................................................................................................................123
Khi nim PE, LE....................................................................................................................................................123

163/193

Xem thng tin bng pvdisplay, vgdisplay, lvdisplay .............................................................................................123


3. Qun l cc volume..................................................................................................................................................124
Disable/Remove volume.........................................................................................................................................124
Thm vo/Rt ra/Hon chuyn PV.........................................................................................................................124
Resize LV................................................................................................................................................................124
4. Cc mc linh tinh khc:...........................................................................................................................................125

Bi 8. Qun l process, daemon..........................................................................................................126


I. Tin trnh................................................................................................................................................130
I.1 Tin trnh l chng trnh khi n ang c thc thi.............................................................................................130
Tin trnh cha, tin trnh con. S ID ca tin trnh..................................................................................................131
Phn b CPU v u tin (s nice) ca tin trnh................................................................................................131
Trng thi ca tin trnh..........................................................................................................................................131
Ch s hu ca tin trnh........................................................................................................................................132
Cc signal m tin trnh bt.....................................................................................................................................132
I.2 Cc thao tc vi tin trnh.......................................................................................................................................132
In ra trng thi cc tin trnh bng lnh ps..............................................................................................................132
Theo di cc tin trnh bng lnh top (hoc prstat, topas)......................................................................................133
Tm kim mt tin trnh..........................................................................................................................................135
iu chnh s nice ca tin trnh.............................................................................................................................135
I.3 Signal v lnh kill, killall, pkill...............................................................................................................................135
Lnh kill..................................................................................................................................................................135
Lnh killall v pkill.................................................................................................................................................136
I.4 Cc tin trnh c tng tc. Ch background, foreground.................................................................................136

II. Qun l daemon....................................................................................................................................138


Cc daemon nm u ?.............................................................................................................................................138
Trc tip bt/tt daemon..............................................................................................................................................138
/etc/rc.d/rc[0-6].d tp daemon cho mi run level......................................................................................................139
Cc cng c qun l daemon.......................................................................................................................................140

III. Lp lch (scheduling)...........................................................................................................................142


cron...............................................................................................................................................................................142
System cron jobs..........................................................................................................................................................142
User cron jobs..............................................................................................................................................................143
at...................................................................................................................................................................................143

Bi 9. Qu trnh khi ng (grub, kernel, init) v tt my ca Linux..............................................144


I. GRUB......................................................................................................................................................148
1. Chc nng ca GRUB..............................................................................................................................................148
2. Qu trnh ti GRUB.................................................................................................................................................149
3. Ci li GRUB...........................................................................................................................................................150
4. File grub.conf (menu.lst)..........................................................................................................................................151

II. Np h iu hnh t GRUB.................................................................................................................152


Truy xut device...........................................................................................................................................................153
Qui c k hiu device ca GRUB..........................................................................................................................153
Truy xut file ca GRUB........................................................................................................................................153
Ti nhn Linux.............................................................................................................................................................154
Ba lnh ti nhn Linux: kernel, root, initrd........................................................................................................154
Ti nhn Linux th cng ........................................................................................................................................155
Ti nhn FreeBSD ..................................................................................................................................................156
Np bootloader ca cc h iu hnh khc..................................................................................................................156

III. init.........................................................................................................................................................157
1./sbin/init chy v c file /etc/initab.........................................................................................................................157
2./etc/inittab..................................................................................................................................................................157
3.Thc thi cc script khi to h thng trong th mc /etc/rc.d..................................................................................158

IV. Tt my.................................................................................................................................................159

Bi 10. To mng o bng VMware Workstation..............................................................................161


1. Ni my tht/ my o vo cc switch o...............................................................................................165
1.1 Ni my tht vi cc switch o:.............................................................................................................................165
a. Ni NIC tht vo switch o:................................................................................................................................166
b. Ni NIC o trn my tht vo switch o:............................................................................................................166
1.2 Ni my o vi switch o: ....................................................................................................................................168

164/193

2. VMnet0 (Bridged mode) v Virtual Bridge..........................................................................................168


3. VMnet1 (Host only mode) v Virtual DHCP server............................................................................169
4. VMnet8 (NAT mode) v Virtual NAT device......................................................................................172
5. VM team v LAN segment....................................................................................................................175
6. T to mng WAN bng VMware Workstation..................................................................................175

Bi 11. B tc kin thc v TCP/IP....................................................................................................176


I. Khi nim mng my tnh. Phn cng mng v Giao thc mng (cha vit)...................................180
II. Mng LAN v WAN (cha vit)..........................................................................................................180
III. TCP/IP (cha vit)...............................................................................................................................180
IV. a ch IP..............................................................................................................................................180
a ch IP theo cch phn lp A, B, C (c)..................................................................................................................181
Subnet...........................................................................................................................................................................182
Tnh nhm vi a ch IP.........................................................................................................................................183
a ch loopback......................................................................................................................................................184
IP trn Internet, IP tnh, IP ng v ICANN...........................................................................................................184
a ch IP ring (private IP)....................................................................................................................................185

Bi 12. Configure card mng (cha xong)........................................................................................186


Ci t driver cho card mng.......................................................................................................................................190
Lnh ifconfig................................................................................................................................................................191
Hin th trng thi ca card mng...........................................................................................................................191
Gn a ch IP cho card mng.................................................................................................................................191
Gn a ch IP alias cho card mng.........................................................................................................................192
Bt tt card mng.....................................................................................................................................................192
B cng c ip...............................................................................................................................................................192

Ti liu tham kho...............................................................................................................................193


Ngoi chc nng to my o, VMware Workstation cn cho php ngi dng to ra cc mng o gia
my tht, cc my o v mng ngoi ca my tht. Bi vit ny s gip bn hiu v mng o trong
VMware Workstation 5,6 c th t xy dng mng LAN/WAN cho ring mnh phc v vic hc
networking (rt hu ch cho nhng ai khng c thit b hc thc hnh mng).
Di y chng ti s coi nh bn to c cc my o ri v i lun vo vic cu hnh mng o.

1. Ni my tht/ my o vo cc switch o
VMware Workstation cung cp cho ngi dng 10 switch o VMnet i (i= 0, 1, 8, 9) lm cng c
cho cc my giao tip vi nhau (my tht vi my o, my o vi my o hay my o vi mng ngoi
ca my tht). Ngi dng s ni cc card mng (NIC) ca my tht hay my o vo cc virtual
switch ny to thnh mt hay nhiu mng LAN o theo mun. Cc switch VMnet0, VMnet1,
VMnet8 cn c ni sn vi mt vi thit b o c bit khc (virtual bridge, virtual DHCP server,
virtual NAT device) s c ni n cc phn sau. (Trong thc t c th dng dy mng ni trc
tip 2 my li vi nhau nhng trong VMware nu 2 my mun giao tip c vi nhau vn phi ni
vo cng mt switch no )

1.1 Ni my tht vi cc switch o:


Ngi dng c th ni cc NIC tht (trn my tht) sn c vo cc swtich o hay cng c th dng
VMware to ra thm cc NIC o (trn my tht) ri ni chng vo cc switch o.

165/193

a. Ni NIC tht vo switch o:

Hnh 1: Ni cc NIC tht hay NIC o ca my tht vo cc switch o

2 NIC tht 3Com EtherLink v Intel PRO c ln lt ni vo 2 switch VMnet5 v VMnet3


2 NIC o VMware Network Adapter VMnet 1,8 c to sn v t ng ni vo 2 switch VMnet1,8
Ngi dng to thm NIC o VMware Network Adapter VMnet 6 v c t ng ni vo switch
VMnet6

Trong VMware chn Edit Virtual Network Setting Host Virtual Network Mapping (xem hnh
1), ti mi combo box ca cc switch o, ngi dng c th chn mt NIC tht ni vo (d nhin
mt NIC ch c th c ni vo nhiu nht l mt switch). Ring switch VMnet0, NIC tht s khng
c ni trc tip vo switch m phi ni thng qua mt virtual bridge iu ny s c ni n
phn 2.

b. Ni NIC o trn my tht vo switch o:


VMware cho php to ra cc NIC o (VMware Network Adapter VMnet i) trn my tht ni cc
NIC o ny vo cc switch o. Mi mt NIC o loi ny khi c to ra th c ni sn vo mt
switch tng ng, khng thay i c. V d: ni my tht vo switch o VMnet6 , ngi dng c
th dng NIC tht ni vo nhng nu mun dng NIC o ni vo switch ny th ngi dng
buc phi to ra NIC o VMware Network Adapter VMnet 6. Khi c to ra th NIC o ny lun
c ni vo switch VMnet6, nu mun ni vo switch VMnet3 (chng hn) th ngi dng phi to
thm NIC o VMware Network Adapter VMnet 3.
to thm hoc cu hnh cc NIC o loi ny, chn Edit Virtual Network Setting Host Virtual
Adapters (xem hnh 2) sau la chn cc thao tc Add/ Remove/ Disable/ Enable.

166/193

Hnh 2: To thm hoc g b cc NIC o trn my tht

Sau khi ci t VMware, VMware cng to sn cho bn 2 NIC o l VMware Network Adapter
VMnet1 (ni vi switch VMnet1) v VMware Network Adapter VMnet 8 (ni vi switch VMnet8)
(trong Window c th thy trong Control Panel\ Network Connection), nu khng mun bn c th
remove chng.
Ch v ch c 10 switch o nn ti a ngi dng to c 10 NIC o trn my tht. VMware cng
ch cho php hoc l mt NIC tht hoc l mt NIC o (trn my tht) c ni vo mt switch m
khng th c 2 NIC cng ni vo switch.

167/193

1.2 Ni my o vi switch o:

Hnh 3: Ni NIC o ca my o vo cc switch o

Cng vic ny rt n gin, bn ch cn m my o ra ri chn VM Setting (xem hnh 3). to


thm cc NIC o bm Add, ni mt NIC o sn c vi mt switch no bn nh du
o Custom: Specific virtual network
ri chn switch cn ni. Ba cn li:
o Bridged: Connected directly to the physical network
o Host only: A private network shared with the hosts
o NAT: Used to share the hosts IP address
Ln lt tng ng vi cc switch VMnet0, VMnet1, VMnet8 l cc switch c bit s c tho lun
k ngay di y.

2. VMnet0 (Bridged mode) v Virtual Bridge


Bn nn dng switch VMnet0 nu my tht ca bn nm trong mt mng LAN v bn mun cc my
o tham gia vo mng LAN ny nh th n l my tht. iu ny c thc hin bng mt bridge o
3 cng ni vi switch VMnet0 (xem hnh 4) (v th m VMware gi kiu mng o ny l Bridged
mode).

168/193

Hnh 4: VMware t ng ni NIC tht vo switch VMnet0 qua mt bridge o


Ngi dng c cm gic ng ni vt l ra mng ngoi xut pht t bridge o ch khng phi t NIC tht

Nu my tht c NIC tht th NIC tht s c ni vi bridge o (nu khng c NIC tht th bridge o
tr thnh v ngha). Vic ni ny l hon ton do VMware lm t ng, bn c th khng cn quan
tm nhng cng c cu hnh li theo mnh c. Trong Edit\ Virtual Network Setting\ Host Virtual
Network Mapping (xem hnh 1), ti combo box ca VMnet0 bn c th ch Bridged to an
automatically chosen adapter VMware t chn NIC tht u tin c th thng vi mng ngoi
hoc bn cng c th ch r ra NIC tht no s c ni vi bridge (nu c nhiu NIC tht).
Nu NIC tht c mt ng dy ni vi mng vt l ngoi (ni vo mt mng LAN hay ni vo mt
modem ADSL c NAT c bt chng hn) th VMware s to ra mt c ch ngi dng c cm
gic nh ng dy ni vt l vi mng ngoi khng phi xut pht t NIC tht m xut pht t
bridge o. C ch ny phi m bo NIC tht khng nhng ch gi/nhn cc gi tin t/n my tht
m cn gi/nhn cc gi tin t/n my o nm trong my tht, tuy nhin bi vit ny s khng i su
vo tm hiu.

3. VMnet1 (Host only mode) v Virtual DHCP server


Nh ni phn 1 ngay khi ci t xong, VMware to sn cho bn NIC o trn my tht l
VMware Network Adapter VMnet1 ni lun vo switch VMnet1, do nu bn ch mun cc my o
giao tip vi my tht (m khng cn thng vi mng ngoi ca my tht) th bn ch vic ni NIC ca
cc my o vo switch VMnet1 (xem hnh 5). Kiu ni mng my tht vi my o ny VMware gi l
Host only, c th thc hin host only vi cc switch cn li nhng trc bn phi to cc NIC o
cho my tht (xem hnh 2).

169/193

Hnh 5: Switch VMnet1 c ni sn vi mt virtual DHCP server v NIC o VMware Network Adapter VMnet1
C th g DHCP server ny ra cng nh to thm cc DHCP server khc ni vo cc switch cn li

Switch VMnet1 c mt im c bit l n lun c ni vi mt virtual DHCP server (do VMware


cung cp). Sau khi ci t VMware to sn cho ngi dng 2 Virtual DHCP server v mc nh ni
vi switch VMnet1 v switch VMnet 8, nu cn bn cng c th t to thm cc virtual DHCP server
cho cc switch khc hoc g b cc virtual DHCP server khi cc switch bng cch vo Edit\ Virtual
Network Setting\ DHCP (xem hnh 6).

Hnh 6: To thm/ G b cc virtual DHCP server cho cc switch VMnet 1,6,8

DHCP settting dialog, bn c th thit lp di a ch IP cp pht (Start IP , End IP) nhng Subnet,
Netmask b m. Mun thit lp 2 ny, vo vo Edit Virtual Network Setting Host Virtual Network
Mapping, sau chn switch cn thit lp, bm vo

chn Subnet

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cu hnh cho virtual DHCP server ti tab DHCP bn chn Properties sau t di a ch IP cn
gn, thi gian gn (xem hnh 7). Ch phn ch Subnet v Netmask b m nn bn phi quay
li hnh 1 bm vo nt

th mi thit lp c.

Virtual DHCP server lun dng a ch lp C gn cho cc my: My tht lun l <net>.1, DHCP
server lun l <net>.254, cc my o trong switch thng nm trong di <net>.3 - <net>.253, NAT
device (xem phn 4) (nu c) lun l <net>.2.
Nu bn to DHCP server cho switch VMnet0 (xem phn 3) th cc my mng ngoi ca my tht
c th b nh hng.

Hnh 7: Cu hnh cp pht a ch IP cho virtual DHCP server

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4. VMnet8 (NAT mode) v Virtual NAT device

172/193

Hnh 8: Switch VMnet8 c ni sn vi: NIC o VMware Network Adapter VMnet8, virtual DHCP server, virtual NAT
device. Cc my o s c NAT thng qua gateway l virtual NAT device.

Bn nn dng switch VMnet8 ny nu mun chia s a ch IP ca my tht cho cc my o bi


switch VMnet8 lun c ni vi mt (theo cch gi ca VMware l) virtual NAT device (xem
hnh 8). My tht lc ny va c th ni vo switch VMnet8 thng qua VMware Network Adapter
VMnet 8 c to sn, li va c th lm gateway cho cc my trong mng ca switch VMnet8.

Hnh 9: Mc nh NAT device c ni sn vi switch VMnet8, nhng c th g ra v ni vo cc switch


khc

173/193

V nguyn tc bn c th cho
rng VMware cng s t to ra
mt NIC o trn my tht (nh
l 2 NIC o VMware Network
Adapter VMnet 1 v 8) lm
gateway ri NAT gia gateway
ny v NIC tht nhng trn thc
t VMware khng lm nh
vy, thay vo n to ra mt
virtual
NAT
device
lm
gateway. L d nhin NAT
device cng phi c a ch IP
nh NIC vy nhng bn khng
th cu hnh n nh mt NIC
c. (Trong Windows nu vo
Control
Panel\
Network
Connection bn s khng tm
thy NAT device ny)

Hnh 10: t a ch IP cho gateway (NAT device) v cu hnh NAT


service

cu hnh NAT device bn vo Vo Edit\ Virtual Network Setting\ NAT (xem hnh 9)
Theo mc nh NAT device c ni sn vi switch VMnet8 nhng bn cng c th ni n vi mt
swtich khc. Tuy nhin ch c ng mt virtual NAT device c to ra trn my tht th nn ti mt
thi im NAT device ny cng ch c ni vi mt switch no thi. iu ny dn n vic nu
bn c 2 LAN segment v mun NAT cho c 2 LAN segment ny cng mt lc th khng th thc hin
c. C th g NAT device khi switch bng cch chn Diable.
cu hnh cho gateway (tc l NAT device) bn chn Edit (xem hnh 10)

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5. VM team v LAN segment

Hnh 11: Cc my ngoi ni vi cc switch, nu trong cng mt VM Team c th ni vo cng mt LAN


segment.

C mt cch cc my o giao tip c vi nhau m khng cn n cc virtual switch l add cc


my o vo mt Team ri to LAN segment cho Team bng cch: m Team, vo Edit Team setting,
chn LAN segment. Nu bn cha bit LAN segment ngha l g th c th hnh dung nh th ny: cc
my nm trong cng mt LAN segment cng ta nh cc my cng ni vo mt switch vy. Mi mt
LAN segment hon ton c lp vi my tht cng nh cc LAN segment khc. VMware cng khng
t ng cung cp cc DHCP server cho LAN segment, nu mun bn phi t to ly.
Trn mt my bn c th to ra nhiu NIC ri ni cc NIC ny vi LAN segment hoc cc virtual
switch to ra cc mng LAN theo mun. V d xem hnh 11, cc my WinXP, Win98, NIC1 ca
WinServer thuc v LAN segment LAN1, cc my RedHat5, FreeBSD, NIC4 ca WinServer thuc v
LAN segment LAN2, cc my Ubuntu, Solaris 10, NIC3 ca WinServer thuc v LAN segment
VMnet5.

6. T to mng WAN bng VMware Workstation


Nu bn nm c cc thao tc vi NIC v switch o, bn s thy vic to ra mt mng WAN rt
n gin. Vn vi v d hnh 11, bn c 3 LAN segment l LAN1, LAN2, VMnet5, my WinServer
c cc NIC ni vi cc segment ny v mt NIC ni vo switch VMnet0 (Bridged) c th thng ra
mng ngoi. Bn ch cn cu hnh hoc ci t chc nng router cho my WinServer l bn c mt
mng WAN nh. Trn mng WAN ny bn c th ci t thm cc Web server, DSN server
c mt mng Intranet.
Tm li nu bn mun thc hnh mng m khng c nhiu my tnh cng nh cc network device th
VMware Workstation l mt gii php tt.

175/193

y l mt bi ca bn tho Gio trnh Nhp mn Qun tr H thng Linux ang vit d. Trn Huy Thng tranhuythang@gmail.com,
Rt mong bn c c th tham gia vit nt phn cn li ca cun sch. Bn c c th ng li mt phn hay ton b tp bn tho ny nhng cn ghi
r ngun v thng bo tm ngi vit tip ny. Nu ng li vi nh thng mi th xin nhn trc cho tc gi.

Bi 11. B tc kin thc v TCP/IP


Bi 1. Khi nim FOSS v *nix..............................................................................................................9
I. FOSS..........................................................................................................................................................14
1. S hu tr tu..............................................................................................................................................................14
S hu tr tu (intelectual property)..........................................................................................................................14
S hu cng (public domain)....................................................................................................................................14
i ngc vi s hu tr tu l s hu cng........................................................................................................14
Khi s hu tr tu tr thnh s hu cng..............................................................................................................14
Copyright (bn quyn) ..........................................................................................................................................15
Thng hiu (trademark)..........................................................................................................................................16
2. Phn loi phn mm theo quyn ca ngi s dng..................................................................................................16
EULA v cc quyn ca ngi s dng....................................................................................................................16
Proprietary softwares hay FOSS...............................................................................................................................17
Disclaimer of warranty (chi b bo m)................................................................................................................18
3. Free/Open source softwares (FOSS)..........................................................................................................................18
a. nh ngha Free/Open source softwares................................................................................................................18
Free software........................................................................................................................................................18
Open source software...........................................................................................................................................19
Free softwares vs Open source.............................................................................................................................20
b. FOSS v chuyn min ph.................................................................................................................................21
FOSS th min ph ?.............................................................................................................................................21
FOSS thng mi ?..............................................................................................................................................22
c. Cc mu giy php FOSS......................................................................................................................................22
4. Cc giy php FOSS kiu public domain: BSD, MIT, Apache.................................................................................24
BSD (copycenter)......................................................................................................................................................24
MIT licence...............................................................................................................................................................25
Apache.......................................................................................................................................................................26
5. Cc giy php FOSS kiu weak copyleft: LGPL v Perl (cha vit)........................................................................26
6. Giy php (strong) copyleft: GPL (cha xong).........................................................................................................26
tng ca giy php GPL:.....................................................................................................................................26
ngha ca giy php GPL: ....................................................................................................................................26
p dng cc iu khon ca GPL.............................................................................................................................27
7. M hnh pht trin phn mm FOSS (cha vit).......................................................................................................27
8. M hnh kinh doanh phn mm FOSS (cha vit)....................................................................................................27
9. Nhng quan nim sai lm thng thy v FOSS (cha vit)....................................................................................27

II. *nix...........................................................................................................................................................27
1. Gii thiu UNIX, BSD...............................................................................................................................................27
UNIX.........................................................................................................................................................................28
BSD...........................................................................................................................................................................28
2. UNIX v UNIX-like (*nix)........................................................................................................................................29
3. Chun POSIX (SUS)..................................................................................................................................................29
4. Nhn Linux v D n GNU.......................................................................................................................................30
5. Linux distribution.......................................................................................................................................................30

Bi 2. B tc kin thc v HDD. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD (cha xong)............................................33


1. Hiu v HDD.............................................................................................................................................37
1.a. Cu trc vt l ca HDD.........................................................................................................................................37
1.b. Cu trc logic ca HDD..........................................................................................................................................38
1.c. Qu trnh khi ng OS ca my tnh.....................................................................................................................38

2. Cng c my o hc thc hnh Linux. Mt s ch v Vmware Workstation.............................38


3. Cc cch c c mt bn Linux distro v trng hp ca Redhat. .............................................38
4. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD..........................................................................................................................38
4.a. Ci t Linux...........................................................................................................................................................38
4.b. Ci t FreeBSD.....................................................................................................................................................38
4.c. T ng ha qu trnh ci t..................................................................................................................................38

5. Vn multi OS.......................................................................................................................................38

Bi 3. Lm quen vi Linux command..................................................................................................39


176/193

1. ng nhp v tt my..............................................................................................................................43
2. Kernel, Shell.............................................................................................................................................44
3. Virtual Console v Terminal...................................................................................................................45
4. Lnh trong Linux.....................................................................................................................................45
a. Cch vit lnh.............................................................................................................................................................45
b. Thc thi executable file..............................................................................................................................................46
c. Dng mt lnh............................................................................................................................................................46
c. Shell script..................................................................................................................................................................46
d. Metacharacters...........................................................................................................................................................47
e. Help............................................................................................................................................................................47
f. History........................................................................................................................................................................48

5. su...............................................................................................................................................................48
6. Lm vic vi file v th mc trn *nix...................................................................................................48
a. Cu trc file v th mc ca Linux khc vi ca Windows......................................................................................48
b. ng dn th mc ca Linux k hiu /, thi quen TAB, th mc . ~...................................................................49
Hy cn thn vi du /...............................................................................................................................................49
Th mc home, th mc hin hnh, th mc ~ . .. ................................................................................................50
Mun nhanh th bm TAB hoc TAB TAB..............................................................................................................50
Khi tn file, th mc cha k t c bit...................................................................................................................50
c. Lnh ls l, xem thng tin v file, th mc.................................................................................................................51
d. Cc lnh xem, to mi, xa, di chuyn, i tn file v th mc................................................................................52
Hin th ni dung file................................................................................................................................................52
To th mc mi.......................................................................................................................................................52
To file mi...............................................................................................................................................................52
i tn/di chuyn file v th mc.............................................................................................................................52
Copy file v th mc.................................................................................................................................................52
Xa file hoc th mc...............................................................................................................................................53
e. Midnight Commander (mc)........................................................................................................................................53
f. Link.............................................................................................................................................................................53
g. Archive v Compress file...........................................................................................................................................53
h. Tm kim file v th mc...........................................................................................................................................54

7. Filesystem Hierarchy standard...............................................................................................................55


8. Trong *nix, mi th u l file. ..............................................................................................................57
9. Redirection v xargs................................................................................................................................58
a. Redirect stdin, stdout, stderr to file............................................................................................................................58
b. Pipe v kt hp vi grep, wc, sort, less......................................................................................................................60
c. xargs...........................................................................................................................................................................61

10. VIM editor..............................................................................................................................................61


11. Regular expression.................................................................................................................................62

Bi 4. Devices - Filesystems Mounting..............................................................................................64


1. Device........................................................................................................................................................68
a. Peripheral device v Driver........................................................................................................................................68
Peripheral device.......................................................................................................................................................68
Phn loi device: block, character, virtual................................................................................................................68
Driver........................................................................................................................................................................69
b. Device file (special file).............................................................................................................................................69
c. S dng storage device...............................................................................................................................................71

2. Filesystem.................................................................................................................................................71
a. Filesystem ca block device.......................................................................................................................................71
b. Format........................................................................................................................................................................71
i) fdisk edit partition table......................................................................................................................................71
ii) mkfs (make filesystem).........................................................................................................................................72

3. Mounting..................................................................................................................................................73
a. Lnh mount................................................................................................................................................................73
b. file cu hnh /etc/fstab................................................................................................................................................74
c. file cu hnh /etc/mtab................................................................................................................................................75

4. Hai partition c bit ca Linux.............................................................................................................75

177/193

5. dd v loop device......................................................................................................................................76
a. Lnh dd.......................................................................................................................................................................76
b. loop device.................................................................................................................................................................77

6. Mt s thao tc khc vi storage device.................................................................................................78


7. Thc hnh vi Vmware...........................................................................................................................78

Bi 5. Install softwares..........................................................................................................................81
I. RPM..........................................................................................................................................................85
I.1 Tn file package v tn software..............................................................................................................................85
I.2 RPM database v rpm tool........................................................................................................................................86
I.3 Install........................................................................................................................................................................86
I.4 Query........................................................................................................................................................................87
I.5 Upgrade.....................................................................................................................................................................88
I.6 Erase.........................................................................................................................................................................88
I.7 Verify........................................................................................................................................................................88

II. DEB (cha vit).......................................................................................................................................89


III. Ci t phn mm t source code........................................................................................................89

Bi 6. Qun tr user. File permission...................................................................................................92


1. Qun tr user............................................................................................................................................96
1.1 Users.........................................................................................................................................................................96
1.2 Group.......................................................................................................................................................................98
1.3 Reset password ca root...........................................................................................................................................99

2. File permission.......................................................................................................................................100
Ch s hu, nhm ch s hu mc nh......................................................................................................................101
Thay i ch s hu, nhm ch s hu bng lnh chown, chgrp................................................................................101
Thay i quyn truy cp r, w, x vi cc i tng u, g, o...........................................................................................101
SUID, SGID, sticky bit................................................................................................................................................103
Set UID v Set GID cho file kh thi........................................................................................................................103
Set GID cho th mc...............................................................................................................................................104
Sticky bit.................................................................................................................................................................105
K hiu SUID, SGID, Sticky bit bng ch s .........................................................................................................105

3. Quota.......................................................................................................................................................106
1-Ci t phn mm quota......................................................................................................................................106
2-Mount partition vi thuc tnh usrquota..............................................................................................................107
3-Khi to quota database trn partition bng lnh quotacheck.............................................................................107
4-enable (disable) quota bng quotaon (quotaoff)..................................................................................................108
5-t limit, grace cho user bng lnh edquota........................................................................................................108
6-Xem li thng tin v quota...................................................................................................................................109
7-Th nghim quota................................................................................................................................................109

Bi 7. Advanced partitioning: RAID & LVM.....................................................................................111


I. Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks................................................................................................115
1. Khi nim RAID......................................................................................................................................................115
2. Thit lp v s dng RAID......................................................................................................................................117
3. Xem thng tin v array.............................................................................................................................................118
4. Qun l disk trong array...........................................................................................................................................119
5. Hy RAID array.......................................................................................................................................................119
6. File /etc/mdadm.con.................................................................................................................................................120
7. Stripe hay Linear......................................................................................................................................................120

II. Logical Volume Management..............................................................................................................120


1. Thit lp LVM.........................................................................................................................................................120
Thit lp v s dng LV..........................................................................................................................................120
Enable LVM............................................................................................................................................................122
LVM on RAID (cha xong)....................................................................................................................................122
2. Xem thng tin v volume.........................................................................................................................................123
Khi nim PE, LE....................................................................................................................................................123
Xem thng tin bng pvdisplay, vgdisplay, lvdisplay .............................................................................................123
3. Qun l cc volume..................................................................................................................................................124
Disable/Remove volume.........................................................................................................................................124
Thm vo/Rt ra/Hon chuyn PV.........................................................................................................................124

178/193

Resize LV................................................................................................................................................................124
4. Cc mc linh tinh khc:...........................................................................................................................................125

Bi 8. Qun l process, daemon..........................................................................................................126


I. Tin trnh................................................................................................................................................130
I.1 Tin trnh l chng trnh khi n ang c thc thi.............................................................................................130
Tin trnh cha, tin trnh con. S ID ca tin trnh..................................................................................................131
Phn b CPU v u tin (s nice) ca tin trnh................................................................................................131
Trng thi ca tin trnh..........................................................................................................................................131
Ch s hu ca tin trnh........................................................................................................................................132
Cc signal m tin trnh bt.....................................................................................................................................132
I.2 Cc thao tc vi tin trnh.......................................................................................................................................132
In ra trng thi cc tin trnh bng lnh ps..............................................................................................................132
Theo di cc tin trnh bng lnh top (hoc prstat, topas)......................................................................................133
Tm kim mt tin trnh..........................................................................................................................................135
iu chnh s nice ca tin trnh.............................................................................................................................135
I.3 Signal v lnh kill, killall, pkill...............................................................................................................................135
Lnh kill..................................................................................................................................................................135
Lnh killall v pkill.................................................................................................................................................136
I.4 Cc tin trnh c tng tc. Ch background, foreground.................................................................................136

II. Qun l daemon....................................................................................................................................138


Cc daemon nm u ?.............................................................................................................................................138
Trc tip bt/tt daemon..............................................................................................................................................138
/etc/rc.d/rc[0-6].d tp daemon cho mi run level......................................................................................................139
Cc cng c qun l daemon.......................................................................................................................................140

III. Lp lch (scheduling)...........................................................................................................................142


cron...............................................................................................................................................................................142
System cron jobs..........................................................................................................................................................142
User cron jobs..............................................................................................................................................................143
at...................................................................................................................................................................................143

Bi 9. Qu trnh khi ng (grub, kernel, init) v tt my ca Linux..............................................144


I. GRUB......................................................................................................................................................148
1. Chc nng ca GRUB..............................................................................................................................................148
2. Qu trnh ti GRUB.................................................................................................................................................149
3. Ci li GRUB...........................................................................................................................................................150
4. File grub.conf (menu.lst)..........................................................................................................................................151

II. Np h iu hnh t GRUB.................................................................................................................152


Truy xut device...........................................................................................................................................................153
Qui c k hiu device ca GRUB..........................................................................................................................153
Truy xut file ca GRUB........................................................................................................................................153
Ti nhn Linux.............................................................................................................................................................154
Ba lnh ti nhn Linux: kernel, root, initrd........................................................................................................154
Ti nhn Linux th cng ........................................................................................................................................155
Ti nhn FreeBSD ..................................................................................................................................................156
Np bootloader ca cc h iu hnh khc..................................................................................................................156

III. init.........................................................................................................................................................157
1./sbin/init chy v c file /etc/initab.........................................................................................................................157
2./etc/inittab..................................................................................................................................................................157
3.Thc thi cc script khi to h thng trong th mc /etc/rc.d..................................................................................158

IV. Tt my.................................................................................................................................................159

Bi 10. To mng o bng VMware Workstation..............................................................................161


1. Ni my tht/ my o vo cc switch o...............................................................................................165
1.1 Ni my tht vi cc switch o:.............................................................................................................................165
a. Ni NIC tht vo switch o:................................................................................................................................166
b. Ni NIC o trn my tht vo switch o:............................................................................................................166
1.2 Ni my o vi switch o: ....................................................................................................................................168

2. VMnet0 (Bridged mode) v Virtual Bridge..........................................................................................168


3. VMnet1 (Host only mode) v Virtual DHCP server............................................................................169

179/193

4. VMnet8 (NAT mode) v Virtual NAT device......................................................................................172


5. VM team v LAN segment....................................................................................................................175
6. T to mng WAN bng VMware Workstation..................................................................................175

Bi 11. B tc kin thc v TCP/IP....................................................................................................176


I. Khi nim mng my tnh. Phn cng mng v Giao thc mng (cha vit)...................................180
II. Mng LAN v WAN (cha vit)..........................................................................................................180
III. TCP/IP (cha vit)...............................................................................................................................180
IV. a ch IP..............................................................................................................................................180
a ch IP theo cch phn lp A, B, C (c)..................................................................................................................181
Subnet...........................................................................................................................................................................182
Tnh nhm vi a ch IP.........................................................................................................................................183
a ch loopback......................................................................................................................................................184
IP trn Internet, IP tnh, IP ng v ICANN...........................................................................................................184
a ch IP ring (private IP)....................................................................................................................................185

Bi 12. Configure card mng (cha xong)........................................................................................186


Ci t driver cho card mng.......................................................................................................................................190
Lnh ifconfig................................................................................................................................................................191
Hin th trng thi ca card mng...........................................................................................................................191
Gn a ch IP cho card mng.................................................................................................................................191
Gn a ch IP alias cho card mng.........................................................................................................................192
Bt tt card mng.....................................................................................................................................................192
B cng c ip...............................................................................................................................................................192

Ti liu tham kho...............................................................................................................................193

I. Khi nim mng my tnh. Phn cng mng v Giao thc mng (cha
vit)
II. Mng LAN v WAN (cha vit)
III. TCP/IP (cha vit)
IV. a ch IP
Mi host mun tham gia mng IP th phi c mt card mng c th gi/nhn cc gi tin. Mi card
mng u c gn mt s 32 bit gi l a ch IP. Tng t nh khi nim a ch nh trong thnh
ph, a ch IP ca mt card mng, cng c coi l a ch IP ca mt my tnh trn mt mng c
dng xc nh v tr ca my tnh trn mng.
Mi mt gi tin khi c gi i n s c ng thm a ch IP ca host gi v a ch IP ca host
nhn (ni chnh xc hn l ca card mng host gi/nhn). Da vo a ch IP m cc router s
chuyn gi tin n ng ni cn n.
Nu host c nhiu card mng tham gia nhiu mng IP th lc host s c nhiu a ch IP v n
tr thnh router. a ch IP l khi nim cho card mng, ch khng phi cho my tnh.
a ch IP gm 32 bit c phn lm 4 cm, mi cm 8 bit, ngn cch nhau bng du chm. d
hiu vi con ngi, ngi ta thng chuyn mi cm 8 bit thnh s thp phn, v v c 8 bit nn gi
tr mi con s ny nm t 0 n 255 (=28-1).
V d 1: mt a ch IP c th c vit 2 dng tng ng
Nh phn:
1100000 . 10100000 . 10001000 . 00011100
0
Thp phn:
192
.
160
.
136
.
28
V d 2: a ch 192.0.256.0 l a ch khng hp l ch 256 n vt qu gii hn 255.
Mi mt host trn Internet u thuc v mt mng IP no (ri mng IP ny mi c ni vo cc
router ca Internet). a ch IP cng th hin iu ny, n c phn lm 2 phn: Network ID v Host
ID. Ngi ta dnh mt s bit u tin trong 32 bit a ch IP ch Network ID, nhng bit cn li
180/193

lm Host ID. Network ID xc nh mng no m host thuc v, Host ID xc nh host l im


no trong mng. Nhng host m IP c phn Network ID ging nhau th nm cng mng vi nhau.
th hin L bit u tin ca a ch IP c dng lm Network ID ngi ta thm k hiu /L vo sau
a ch IP. v d a ch IP trn y, gi s ngi ta dng 16 bit u tin lm Network ID do
a ch ny nn c ghi li thnh 192.160.136.28/16.
Mt cch khc ch ra s bit lm Network ID l dng thm 32 bit gi l subnet mask (hay net mask)
km theo a ch IP. Subnet mask c cu trc nh a ch IP tc l cng c chia lm 4 cm, mi
cm 8 bit v ngoi dng nh phn cng c vit di dng thp phn. Subnet mask gm mt lot cc
bit u l 1, cc bit cn li l 0. S cc bit 1 (nm u) bng s bit c dng lm Network ID trong
a ch IP.
V d 1: subnet mask cho 192.160.136.28/16 l 255.255.0.0 hay
11111111. 11111111.00000000.00000000
T a ch IP v subnet mask c th tnh ra c phn Network ID ca a ch IP.
C 2 cch phn ra phn no l Network ID, phn no l Host ID: thi k u ngi ta dng cch
phn a ch thnh cc lp A, B, C nhng cch ny lng ph ti nguyn IP, sau ngi ta dng kiu
CIDR trong c s dng thm subnet mask, nh di y:

a ch IP theo cch phn lp A, B, C (c)


Trong cch phn ny, phn Network ID chim 1, 2 hay 3 cm 8 bit tri nht ca a ch IP v ngi ta
gi cc a ch IP ny ln lt thuc cc lp A, B, C. Du hiu phn bit 3 lp A, B, C ny l (cc) bit
u tin ca a ch IP l 0, 10 hay 110.
Cc a ch IP cn li (lp D, E) c dnh ring cho cc mc ch c bit.
Lp A:

Network ID

Host ID

Lp B:

Network ID

Host ID

Lp C:

Network ID

Lp

Cc
Bit
u
tin
1

Host ID

Di a ch ca lp

Subnet mask
S mng c S Host c th
hoc dng a
th c
c trong mi
ch (N: Network
Mng ca lp
ID, H: Host ID)
A
1.0.0.0 - 126.255.255.255 (*)
255.0.0.0
27 2 = 126 224 2 =
N.H.H.H
(*)
16777216 (**)
14
B
10
128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
255.255.0.0
2 = 16384 216 2 =
N.N.H.H
65536 (**)
21
C
110
192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255
255.255.255.0 2 =
28 2 = 254
N.N.N.H
2097152
(**)
D
1110 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
Dng multicast
E
1111 240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255
Khng c dng n
*
( ) Phi tr i 2 v byte 0 khng c dng lm Network ID lp A, di a ch bt u bng byte 127
c dnh ring lm di a ch loopback.
(**) Phi tr i 2 v Host ID vi tt c cc bit 1 c dnh ring lm a ch broadcast, Host ID vi tt
c cc bit 0 c dnh ring lm a ch mng.
Khi gn a ch IP, hy cha ra a ch mng v a ch broadcast
181/193

Mi mng c mt di a ch IP, cc my trong mng s c gn cc a ch IP trong di ny tr 2 a


ch IP u v cui c dng vo mc ch c bit:
- a ch IP u di c phn Host ID ton cc bit 0 dng lm a ch mng. a ch mng
c lu tr trong router.
- a ch IP cui di c phn Host ID ton cc bit 1 dng lm a ch broadcast. Khi mt my
mun gi gi tin n tt c cc my trong mng n s dng a ch ch l a ch broadcast.
V d 1: Xt mt mng lp C c Network ID l 192.1.7 (do k hiu l 192.1.7.0/24), di a ch ca
mng ny gm 256 a ch t 192.1.7.0/24 n 192.1.7.255/24.
1100000 . 00000001 . 00000111 . xxxxxxxx
0
192
.
1
.
7
.
[0-255]
a ch 192.1.7.0 c dng lm a ch mng, a ch 192.1.7.255 c dng lm a ch broadcast
nn cc my trong mng ch nhn cc a ch IP trong khong 192.1.7.1 n 192.1.7.254. Thm ch
cng ca router ni vi mng ny cng khng c nhn a ch 192.1.7.0 hoc 192.1.7.254, n s
nhn, ch hn 192.1.7.1 nh trn hnh v.
(chn hnh v 1 router ni vi switch trong cardmangj ca router l 192.1.7.1 vo y)
Theo cch dng tng khi 8 bit u lm a ch mng th mt mng thuc lp A hoc lp B c s host
trong mng ln n 16 triu hoc 65 nghn trong khi trn thc t mt cng ty c trung bnh ch cn
mt mng n c vi trm my nn nu cp c mt mng kiu ny cho cng ty th s v cng lng ph
a ch IP. Gii quyt vn ny ngi ta dng k thut subnet nh di y.

Subnet
tng ca k thut subnet (chia thnh mng con) l chia mi mng thuc lp A, B, C thnh nhiu
mng con nh hn bng cch dch chuyn mt s bit trong phn Host ID a vo lm Network ID.
Gi s ly thm n bit, lc ny s bit cho Network ID s tng thm n do c 2n mng con, s bit cho
Host ID s gim i n v do s host trong mi mng con s gim i 2n ln so vi tng s host trong
mng ban u.
V d 2: xt mng lp C ni v d trn 192.1.7.0/24, c di a t 192.1.7.0 n 192.1.7.255.
chia mng ny thnh 4 mng con cn dch chuyn 2 bit ca Host ID vo lm Network ID. Lc
mng con s c 26 bit trong a ch IP lm Network ID hay subnet mask ca mng con l 11111111.
11111111. 11111111.11000000 hay 255.255.255.192.
Host ID ban u
Network ID ban u
192.1.7.0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 . a b x y z t u v
Network ID sau khi subnet

Host ID sau khi subnet

Gi 2 bit dch chuyn l ab th ab nhn mt trong 4 gi tr 00, 01, 10, 11.


6 bit cn li xyztuv lm Host ID, bin thin t 000000 n 111111 to ra a ch IP ca cc host trong
mng con, c tt c 26 = 64 a ch.
- a ch ng vi xyztuv = 000000 l a ch mng cng l a ch u tin ca di a ch ca
mng con.
- a ch ng vi xyztuv = 111111 l a ch broadcast trong mng cng l a ch cui cng ca
di a ch ca mng con.
Vi ab = 00 ta c mng con th nht.
- a ch u tin ng vi abxyztuv = 00000000 l
11000000.00000001.00000111.00000000/26 hay 192.1.7.0/26
- a ch cui cng ng vi abxyztuv = 00111111 l
11000000.00000001.00000111.00111111/26 hay 192.1.7.63/26
Vy mng con th nht c di a ch nm trong khong 192.1.7.0/26 192.1.7.63/26. Tr i 2 a ch
u, cui th cc host trong mng con th nht ny c th nhn cc a ch IP t 192.1.7.1/26
192.1.7.62/26.
Vi ab = 01 ta c mng con th hai.

182/193

a ch u tin ng vi abxyztuv = 01000000 l


11000000.00000001.00000111.01000000/26 hay 192.1.7.64/26
- a ch cui cng ng vi abxyztuv = 01111111 l
11000000.00000001.00000111.01111111/26 hay 192.1.7.127/26
Vy mng con th nht c di a ch nm trong khong 192.1.7.64/26 192.1.7.127/26. Tr i 2 a
ch u, cui th cc host trong mng con th hai ny c th nhn cc a ch IP t 192.1.7.65/26
192.1.7.126/26.
Bn c thc hin nt vi cc mng con th ba, th t. Tng kt li
Mng ban u 192.1.7.0/24 c chia thnh 4 mng con:
Mng
a ch broadcast
a ch mng
a ch IP gn cho cc host
con th
ca mng
1
192.1.7.0/26
192.1.7.1/26 - 192.1.7.62/26
192.1.7.62/26
2
192.1.7.64/26
192.1.7.65/26 - 192.1.7.126/26 192.1.7.126/26
3
192.1.7.128/26 192.1.7.129/26 - 192.1.7.191/26 192.1.7.191/26
4
192.1.7.192/26 192.1.7.193/26 - 192.1.7.254/26 192.1.7.254/26
S mng cho vic subnet ny nh th no ?
Hnh ?? l s ca mng 192.1.7.0/24 ban u. C th chia mng ny thnh 4 mng nh s
hnh ?? hoc hnh ??.
(Chn 2 ci hnh mng chia lm 4 vo y, c ni Internet
Mt ci hnh l my ci router ni ui nhau kh l lng v thm c ci )
V d 3: Vn xt mng lp C ni v d trn 192.1.7.0/24. Chia th no c c cc mng con m
mi mng c khong 25 my.
Mng 192.1.7.0/24 c khong 256 my, nu dng n bit ca Host ID lm Network ID th s lng
mng con l 2n, s lng my trong mi mng con l 256/2n. mi mng c khong 25 my th ti
u nht l chn n = 3, lc c 8 mng, mi mng c 32 a ch IP.
Dng thm 3 bit nn tng cng dng 27 bit trong a ch IP lm Network ID trong cc mng
con. Ni cch khc subnet mask ca mng con l
11111111. 11111111. 11111111.11000000 hay 255.255.255.224.
Nh vy t mng 192.1.7.0/24 ta chia thnh 8 mng con:
Mng
a ch broadcast
a ch mng
a ch IP gn cho cc host
con th
ca mng
1
192.1.7.0/27
192.1.7.1/27 192.1.7.30/27
192.1.7.31/27
2
192.1.7.32/27
192.1.7.33/27 192.1.7.62/27
192.1.7.63/27
3
192.1.7.64/27
192.1.7.64/27 192.1.7.94/27
192.1.7.95/27
4
192.1.7.96/27
192.1.7.97/27 192.1.7.126/27
192.1.7.127/27
5
192.1.7.128/27 192.1.7.129/27 192.1.7.158/27 192.1.7.159/27
6
192.1.7.160/27 192.1.7.161/27 192.1.7.190/27 192.1.7.191/27
7
192.1.7.192/27 192.1.7.193/27 192.1.7.222/27 192.1.7.223/27
8
192.1.7.224/27 192.1.7.225/27 192.1.7.254/27 192.1.7.255/27
V ci s 2 router ni vi nhau vo y, gii thch mi router ch c ti a 4 cng thi.
Gii hn s bit cho Network ID
Tng s bit cho Network ID khng c nh hn 8. L do l ngi ta ch subnet cc mng lp A, lp
B, lp C trong mng lp A c s bit cho Network ID thp nht v l 8.
Tng s bit cho Network ID khng c ln hn 30. L do l s bit cho Host ID m nh hn 2 tc l
bng 1 th s a ch IP c th c trong mng ch bng 2 m mi mng mt 2 a ch IP dng lm
a ch mng v a ch broadcast do s khng th cn a ch IP gn cho cc my trong mng.
Nhng a ch IP nh 1.1.10.10/6 hoc 204.1.192.1/31, nhng subnet mask nh 240.0.0.0 u l
khng hp l.

Tnh nhm vi a ch IP
T mt a ch IP v subnet mask v d 13.3.174.68 v 255.255.255.260 (hoc ngn gn hn l t a
ch IP 192.1.10.180/27) cn tnh ra a ch mng cha IP ny ? Cch lm cho con ngi l bn dng
cc bit ca 1 subnet mask ln a ch IP tm ra cc bit no l Network ID. Cch lm ca my l thc
hin php ton AND:
183/193

a ch mng = Subnet mask AND a ch IP


a ch IP
00001101.00000011.10101110.0100010 13.3.174.68
0
Subnet mask 11111111.11111111.11111111.1110000 255.255.255.260
0
a ch mng 00001101.00000011.10101110.0100010 13.3.174.64
0
Vi cc mng con ca mng lp C c th tnh nhm s a ch IP trong mng theo cng thc:
S a ch IP trong mng = 256 byte cui cng ca subnet mask
V d: mt mng con c subnet mask l 255.255.255.128 s a ch IP c th c ca mng con ny
l 256-128 = 128.
Bi subnet mask c khun dng mt dy cc bit 1 lin nhau v mt dy cc bit 0 lin nhau nn 4 byte
subnet mask s c dng: 1 hoc 2 hoc 3 s 255 v byte cui cng ch nhn mt trong cc gi tr: 252,
248, 240, 224, 192, 128.
V d 2: nhng subnet mask nh 255.192.240.0, 255.255.255.204, 255.255.96.0 l nhng subnet mask
khng hp l.

a ch loopback
a ch loopback l a ch c dng 127.x.x.x/8, ph bin nht l 127.0.0.1. a ch loopback, ng
nh tn gi loopback c ngha l ln vng li, l a ch m khi mt card mng (chnh xc hn l
phn mm TCP/IP) gi gi tin n a ch ny th card mng nhn c ngay chnh gi tin (d
nhin lc ny vi a ch ngun l a ch loopback).
Thc s, khi ng gi gi tin gi n a ch 127.x.x.x, phn mm TCP/IP khng h chuyn gi tin
xung tng card mng m gi n li tng network do m thnh chuyn tng network ngay khi gi
i th nhn c lun. V khng lin quan n card mng nn vic gi/nhn gi tin n/t 127.0.0.1
hon ton do phn mm TCP/IP thc hin. y l l do v sao ngi ta dng lnh ping 127.0.0.1
test xem phn mm TCP/IP c li g khng.
Linux cn lm hn mt card mng o (tc l dng phn mm, khng phi phn cng) tn l lo (vit tt
ca loopback) c gn a ch 127.0.0.1

IP trn Internet, IP tnh, IP ng v ICANN


a ch IP nh phn u ta ni l a ch ca mt my trong mt mng IP v n cng c dng lm
a ch ca my trn Internet.
Nu mng ca cng ty khng cn kt ni vi Internet th ngi qun tr c th t gn a ch IP cho
cc my trong mng ty . Nhng nu cng ty ca bn cn mt my tnh cha website ca cng ty v
a ln Internet (tc l lm web server) th lc bn cn mt a ch IP c nh trn Internet.
a ch IP gm 32 bit nn c tng cng 232 a ch IP, tuy nhiu nhng khng p ng nhu cu
thc t v a ch IP rt cn kit !! T chc phi li nhun ICANN (The Internet Corporation for
Assigned Names and Numbers) ng ra qun l vic cp pht a ch IP. ICANN phn phi a ch IP
cho 3 t chc cp di l: ARIN phn phi a ch IP cho chu M v mt s phn ca chu Phi,
RIPE phn phi a ch IP cho chu u v mt s nc xung quanh, APNIC phn phi a ch IP cho
chu . Tip n cc t chc ny li phn phi a ch IP cho cc nh mng ISP (Internet Service
Provider) v cc nh mng ISP s phn phi a ch IP cho cc t chc cn IP. Nu bn mun mt
my tnh c a ch IP trn Internet th phi ng k vi mt ISP no .
Khi bn ng k c mt a ch IP trn Internet t mt ISP v my tnh ca bn c ni vo
mng ca ISP c gn a ch IP th a ch c gi l a ch IP tnh (static IP). a ch ny l
c nh, khi bn bt my hay tt my a ch IP vn c ginh ring ra cho ring my ca bn.
nh rng my no tham gia Internet u cn a ch IP nhng nu tt c cc my tnh kt ni Internet
u c IP tnh th rt lng ph bi khng phi my tnh no cng c bt 24/24. tit kim a ch
IP cc ISP ch gn a ch IP cho cc my ang bt cn cc my ang tt th khng c gn a ch
IP. Cch gn a ch IP ny c gi l gn ng a ch IP. Theo cch ny, khi mt my kt ni vi
mng ca ISP c bt ln n c gn mt a ch IP, khi tt i a ch IP ny c gii phng v
gn cho my khc, ln sau bt ln n s c gn mt a ch khc. a ch IP kiu ny c gi l a
ch IP ng (dynamic IP).
a ch IP ring v c ch NAT
184/193

Nu cng ty ca bn c nhiu my tnh mun kt ni Internet cng lc nhng ch c cp mt a ch


IP trn Internet th gii php y l dng chung a ch IP qua c ch NAT. tng ca c ch ny
l router gateway ca mng cng ty (cn gi l mng ring) c cu hnh sao cho cc gi tin ca
nhng my trong mng khi qua router c router sa li a ch IP ngun thnh a ch IP ca router
khin cho mng Internet nhn cc gi tin ca nhng my trong mng ring nh th n xut pht t
router. Khi mng Internet cn gi tr li th n gi n router. Router c c ch nh du cc gi tin
bit c mt gi tin c gi i/nhn c l xut pht t/n ch l my no trong mng ring
do cc my trong mng ring vn c th gi/nhn cc gi tin n/t chnh xc my ngoi Internet.
Mt vn pht sinh l do a ch IP ca cc my trong mng ring c gn ty v c th trng vi
mt a ch IP no trn mng. Khi mt my trong mng ring gi gi tin n a ch trng hp
ny s b coi l gi i trong mng ring m khng phi l gi ra ngoi mng ring. Gii quyt vn
ny ngi ta t ra mt di a ch IP ch dnh ring cho mng ring v khng c dng lm a
ch IP trn Internet.

a ch IP ring (private IP)


Cc a ch IP di y khng c dng lm a ch IP trn Internet. N ch c dng gn cho
cc my trong mng ring thng vi Internet qua c ch NAT.
a ch mng ring Di a ch
10.0.0.0/8
10.0.0.1 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0/12
172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0/16
192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255
Cc a ch ny c gi l private IP (a ch IP ring) v ngi ta cng gi cc a ch IP c th
dng lm a ch IP trn Internet l public IP (a ch IP cng cng).
Khi router gateway nhn c cc gi tin c a ch ch trong di trn n s khng chuyn ra ngoi
mng.
C ch NAT bng cng
Trong c ch ny router gateway sa li a ch cng ca cc gi tin g t my trong mng ring
thnh mt a ch cng khc m router nh. Khi gi tin tr li n router gateway th da theo s cng
ca gi tin v bng lu gi cc cng m router bit c gi tin cn c chuyn vo my no trong
mng ring. C th hn xt v d sau:
Gi s bn ch c ng mt a ch IP thc trn Internet l 221.18.5.10 trong khi bn cn thng c mt
mng LAN ra Internet. Lc ny bn buc phi cu hnh router gateway thc hin c ch NAT.
Tuy a ch 221.18.5.10 l a ch lp C nhng bn hon ton c th t IP cho cc my trong mng
LAN thuc di a ch ring lp A l 10.0.0.0/8.
Router ca mng LAN ny c mt cng lm gateway c IP l 10.0.0.1, mt cng ni vi Internet nn
c IP l 221.18.5.10.
Xt my 10.0.0.2, t cng 5555 n gi gi tin n my 152.19.39.9 trn Internet. Router s bc tch
v sa li gi tin ny n c a ch IP ngun l a ch IP ca cng router thng ra Internet
221.18.5.10 v cng ngun l 4890 (mt s do router sinh ra).
Khi my 152.19.39.9 nhn c gi tin, n tr li bng cch gi gi tin n 221.18.5.10 vi cng ch
l 4890.
Khi nhn c gi tin router s tra bng NAT ca mnh v thy cng 4890 tng ng vi my
10.0.0.2 nn n s sa li gi tin m n nhn c cho thnh c a ch IP ch l 10.0.0.2, cng ch
l 5555 tc l gi li cho my 10.0.0.2.
Gi s my 10.0.0.3 cng t cng 5555 gi gi tin n my 152.19.39.9. Lc gi tin n router, router
s sa li a ch cng ngun khc i, ch hn 8241. V khi my 152.19.39.9 gi gi tin n router vi
cng 8241 th qua tra bng NAT router s nhn ra y l gi tin cho my 10.0.0.3 ch khng phi
10.0.0.2.
kt thc phn ny ta gii thch v sao li cc my trong mng ring li phi dng a ch IP ring.
Gi s c mt my c a ch trn Internet l 10.0.0.3 trng vi mt a ch trong mng ring. Lc
my 10.0.0.1 mun gi gi tin cho my trn Internet th s b hiu nhm l gi gi tin cho my trong
cng mng ring v do gi tin khng c router a ra ngoi. y l l do ti sao a ch ca
mng ring phi khng c dng lm a ch IP trn Internet hay ni cch khc ngi ta phi cha ra
mt s a ch IP lm a ch ring.

185/193

y l mt bi ca bn tho Gio trnh Nhp mn Qun tr H thng Linux ang vit d. Trn Huy Thng tranhuythang@gmail.com,
Rt mong bn c c th tham gia vit nt phn cn li ca cun sch. Bn c c th ng li mt phn hay ton b tp bn tho ny nhng cn ghi
r ngun v thng bo tm ngi vit tip ny. Nu ng li vi nh thng mi th xin nhn trc cho tc gi.

Bi 12. Configure card mng (cha xong)


Bi 1. Khi nim FOSS v *nix..............................................................................................................9
I. FOSS..........................................................................................................................................................14
1. S hu tr tu..............................................................................................................................................................14
S hu tr tu (intelectual property)..........................................................................................................................14
S hu cng (public domain)....................................................................................................................................14
i ngc vi s hu tr tu l s hu cng........................................................................................................14
Khi s hu tr tu tr thnh s hu cng..............................................................................................................14
Copyright (bn quyn) ..........................................................................................................................................15
Thng hiu (trademark)..........................................................................................................................................16
2. Phn loi phn mm theo quyn ca ngi s dng..................................................................................................16
EULA v cc quyn ca ngi s dng....................................................................................................................16
Proprietary softwares hay FOSS...............................................................................................................................17
Disclaimer of warranty (chi b bo m)................................................................................................................18
3. Free/Open source softwares (FOSS)..........................................................................................................................18
a. nh ngha Free/Open source softwares................................................................................................................18
Free software........................................................................................................................................................18
Open source software...........................................................................................................................................19
Free softwares vs Open source.............................................................................................................................20
b. FOSS v chuyn min ph.................................................................................................................................21
FOSS th min ph ?.............................................................................................................................................21
FOSS thng mi ?..............................................................................................................................................22
c. Cc mu giy php FOSS......................................................................................................................................22
4. Cc giy php FOSS kiu public domain: BSD, MIT, Apache.................................................................................24
BSD (copycenter)......................................................................................................................................................24
MIT licence...............................................................................................................................................................25
Apache.......................................................................................................................................................................26
5. Cc giy php FOSS kiu weak copyleft: LGPL v Perl (cha vit)........................................................................26
6. Giy php (strong) copyleft: GPL (cha xong).........................................................................................................26
tng ca giy php GPL:.....................................................................................................................................26
ngha ca giy php GPL: ....................................................................................................................................26
p dng cc iu khon ca GPL.............................................................................................................................27
7. M hnh pht trin phn mm FOSS (cha vit).......................................................................................................27
8. M hnh kinh doanh phn mm FOSS (cha vit)....................................................................................................27
9. Nhng quan nim sai lm thng thy v FOSS (cha vit)....................................................................................27

II. *nix...........................................................................................................................................................27
1. Gii thiu UNIX, BSD...............................................................................................................................................27
UNIX.........................................................................................................................................................................28
BSD...........................................................................................................................................................................28
2. UNIX v UNIX-like (*nix)........................................................................................................................................29
3. Chun POSIX (SUS)..................................................................................................................................................29
4. Nhn Linux v D n GNU.......................................................................................................................................30
5. Linux distribution.......................................................................................................................................................30

Bi 2. B tc kin thc v HDD. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD (cha xong)............................................33


1. Hiu v HDD.............................................................................................................................................37
1.a. Cu trc vt l ca HDD.........................................................................................................................................37
1.b. Cu trc logic ca HDD..........................................................................................................................................38
1.c. Qu trnh khi ng OS ca my tnh.....................................................................................................................38

2. Cng c my o hc thc hnh Linux. Mt s ch v Vmware Workstation.............................38


3. Cc cch c c mt bn Linux distro v trng hp ca Redhat. .............................................38
4. Ci t Linux, FreeBSD..........................................................................................................................38
4.a. Ci t Linux...........................................................................................................................................................38
4.b. Ci t FreeBSD.....................................................................................................................................................38
4.c. T ng ha qu trnh ci t..................................................................................................................................38

5. Vn multi OS.......................................................................................................................................38

Bi 3. Lm quen vi Linux command..................................................................................................39


186/193

1. ng nhp v tt my..............................................................................................................................43
2. Kernel, Shell.............................................................................................................................................44
3. Virtual Console v Terminal...................................................................................................................45
4. Lnh trong Linux.....................................................................................................................................45
a. Cch vit lnh.............................................................................................................................................................45
b. Thc thi executable file..............................................................................................................................................46
c. Dng mt lnh............................................................................................................................................................46
c. Shell script..................................................................................................................................................................46
d. Metacharacters...........................................................................................................................................................47
e. Help............................................................................................................................................................................47
f. History........................................................................................................................................................................48

5. su...............................................................................................................................................................48
6. Lm vic vi file v th mc trn *nix...................................................................................................48
a. Cu trc file v th mc ca Linux khc vi ca Windows......................................................................................48
b. ng dn th mc ca Linux k hiu /, thi quen TAB, th mc . ~...................................................................49
Hy cn thn vi du /...............................................................................................................................................49
Th mc home, th mc hin hnh, th mc ~ . .. ................................................................................................50
Mun nhanh th bm TAB hoc TAB TAB..............................................................................................................50
Khi tn file, th mc cha k t c bit...................................................................................................................50
c. Lnh ls l, xem thng tin v file, th mc.................................................................................................................51
d. Cc lnh xem, to mi, xa, di chuyn, i tn file v th mc................................................................................52
Hin th ni dung file................................................................................................................................................52
To th mc mi.......................................................................................................................................................52
To file mi...............................................................................................................................................................52
i tn/di chuyn file v th mc.............................................................................................................................52
Copy file v th mc.................................................................................................................................................52
Xa file hoc th mc...............................................................................................................................................53
e. Midnight Commander (mc)........................................................................................................................................53
f. Link.............................................................................................................................................................................53
g. Archive v Compress file...........................................................................................................................................53
h. Tm kim file v th mc...........................................................................................................................................54

7. Filesystem Hierarchy standard...............................................................................................................55


8. Trong *nix, mi th u l file. ..............................................................................................................57
9. Redirection v xargs................................................................................................................................58
a. Redirect stdin, stdout, stderr to file............................................................................................................................58
b. Pipe v kt hp vi grep, wc, sort, less......................................................................................................................60
c. xargs...........................................................................................................................................................................61

10. VIM editor..............................................................................................................................................61


11. Regular expression.................................................................................................................................62

Bi 4. Devices - Filesystems Mounting..............................................................................................64


1. Device........................................................................................................................................................68
a. Peripheral device v Driver........................................................................................................................................68
Peripheral device.......................................................................................................................................................68
Phn loi device: block, character, virtual................................................................................................................68
Driver........................................................................................................................................................................69
b. Device file (special file).............................................................................................................................................69
c. S dng storage device...............................................................................................................................................71

2. Filesystem.................................................................................................................................................71
a. Filesystem ca block device.......................................................................................................................................71
b. Format........................................................................................................................................................................71
i) fdisk edit partition table......................................................................................................................................71
ii) mkfs (make filesystem).........................................................................................................................................72

3. Mounting..................................................................................................................................................73
a. Lnh mount................................................................................................................................................................73
b. file cu hnh /etc/fstab................................................................................................................................................74
c. file cu hnh /etc/mtab................................................................................................................................................75

4. Hai partition c bit ca Linux.............................................................................................................75

187/193

5. dd v loop device......................................................................................................................................76
a. Lnh dd.......................................................................................................................................................................76
b. loop device.................................................................................................................................................................77

6. Mt s thao tc khc vi storage device.................................................................................................78


7. Thc hnh vi Vmware...........................................................................................................................78

Bi 5. Install softwares..........................................................................................................................81
I. RPM..........................................................................................................................................................85
I.1 Tn file package v tn software..............................................................................................................................85
I.2 RPM database v rpm tool........................................................................................................................................86
I.3 Install........................................................................................................................................................................86
I.4 Query........................................................................................................................................................................87
I.5 Upgrade.....................................................................................................................................................................88
I.6 Erase.........................................................................................................................................................................88
I.7 Verify........................................................................................................................................................................88

II. DEB (cha vit).......................................................................................................................................89


III. Ci t phn mm t source code........................................................................................................89

Bi 6. Qun tr user. File permission...................................................................................................92


1. Qun tr user............................................................................................................................................96
1.1 Users.........................................................................................................................................................................96
1.2 Group.......................................................................................................................................................................98
1.3 Reset password ca root...........................................................................................................................................99

2. File permission.......................................................................................................................................100
Ch s hu, nhm ch s hu mc nh......................................................................................................................101
Thay i ch s hu, nhm ch s hu bng lnh chown, chgrp................................................................................101
Thay i quyn truy cp r, w, x vi cc i tng u, g, o...........................................................................................101
SUID, SGID, sticky bit................................................................................................................................................103
Set UID v Set GID cho file kh thi........................................................................................................................103
Set GID cho th mc...............................................................................................................................................104
Sticky bit.................................................................................................................................................................105
K hiu SUID, SGID, Sticky bit bng ch s .........................................................................................................105

3. Quota.......................................................................................................................................................106
1-Ci t phn mm quota......................................................................................................................................106
2-Mount partition vi thuc tnh usrquota..............................................................................................................107
3-Khi to quota database trn partition bng lnh quotacheck.............................................................................107
4-enable (disable) quota bng quotaon (quotaoff)..................................................................................................108
5-t limit, grace cho user bng lnh edquota........................................................................................................108
6-Xem li thng tin v quota...................................................................................................................................109
7-Th nghim quota................................................................................................................................................109

Bi 7. Advanced partitioning: RAID & LVM.....................................................................................111


I. Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks................................................................................................115
1. Khi nim RAID......................................................................................................................................................115
2. Thit lp v s dng RAID......................................................................................................................................117
3. Xem thng tin v array.............................................................................................................................................118
4. Qun l disk trong array...........................................................................................................................................119
5. Hy RAID array.......................................................................................................................................................119
6. File /etc/mdadm.con.................................................................................................................................................120
7. Stripe hay Linear......................................................................................................................................................120

II. Logical Volume Management..............................................................................................................120


1. Thit lp LVM.........................................................................................................................................................120
Thit lp v s dng LV..........................................................................................................................................120
Enable LVM............................................................................................................................................................122
LVM on RAID (cha xong)....................................................................................................................................122
2. Xem thng tin v volume.........................................................................................................................................123
Khi nim PE, LE....................................................................................................................................................123
Xem thng tin bng pvdisplay, vgdisplay, lvdisplay .............................................................................................123
3. Qun l cc volume..................................................................................................................................................124
Disable/Remove volume.........................................................................................................................................124
Thm vo/Rt ra/Hon chuyn PV.........................................................................................................................124

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Resize LV................................................................................................................................................................124
4. Cc mc linh tinh khc:...........................................................................................................................................125

Bi 8. Qun l process, daemon..........................................................................................................126


I. Tin trnh................................................................................................................................................130
I.1 Tin trnh l chng trnh khi n ang c thc thi.............................................................................................130
Tin trnh cha, tin trnh con. S ID ca tin trnh..................................................................................................131
Phn b CPU v u tin (s nice) ca tin trnh................................................................................................131
Trng thi ca tin trnh..........................................................................................................................................131
Ch s hu ca tin trnh........................................................................................................................................132
Cc signal m tin trnh bt.....................................................................................................................................132
I.2 Cc thao tc vi tin trnh.......................................................................................................................................132
In ra trng thi cc tin trnh bng lnh ps..............................................................................................................132
Theo di cc tin trnh bng lnh top (hoc prstat, topas)......................................................................................133
Tm kim mt tin trnh..........................................................................................................................................135
iu chnh s nice ca tin trnh.............................................................................................................................135
I.3 Signal v lnh kill, killall, pkill...............................................................................................................................135
Lnh kill..................................................................................................................................................................135
Lnh killall v pkill.................................................................................................................................................136
I.4 Cc tin trnh c tng tc. Ch background, foreground.................................................................................136

II. Qun l daemon....................................................................................................................................138


Cc daemon nm u ?.............................................................................................................................................138
Trc tip bt/tt daemon..............................................................................................................................................138
/etc/rc.d/rc[0-6].d tp daemon cho mi run level......................................................................................................139
Cc cng c qun l daemon.......................................................................................................................................140

III. Lp lch (scheduling)...........................................................................................................................142


cron...............................................................................................................................................................................142
System cron jobs..........................................................................................................................................................142
User cron jobs..............................................................................................................................................................143
at...................................................................................................................................................................................143

Bi 9. Qu trnh khi ng (grub, kernel, init) v tt my ca Linux..............................................144


I. GRUB......................................................................................................................................................148
1. Chc nng ca GRUB..............................................................................................................................................148
2. Qu trnh ti GRUB.................................................................................................................................................149
3. Ci li GRUB...........................................................................................................................................................150
4. File grub.conf (menu.lst)..........................................................................................................................................151

II. Np h iu hnh t GRUB.................................................................................................................152


Truy xut device...........................................................................................................................................................153
Qui c k hiu device ca GRUB..........................................................................................................................153
Truy xut file ca GRUB........................................................................................................................................153
Ti nhn Linux.............................................................................................................................................................154
Ba lnh ti nhn Linux: kernel, root, initrd........................................................................................................154
Ti nhn Linux th cng ........................................................................................................................................155
Ti nhn FreeBSD ..................................................................................................................................................156
Np bootloader ca cc h iu hnh khc..................................................................................................................156

III. init.........................................................................................................................................................157
1./sbin/init chy v c file /etc/initab.........................................................................................................................157
2./etc/inittab..................................................................................................................................................................157
3.Thc thi cc script khi to h thng trong th mc /etc/rc.d..................................................................................158

IV. Tt my.................................................................................................................................................159

Bi 10. To mng o bng VMware Workstation..............................................................................161


1. Ni my tht/ my o vo cc switch o...............................................................................................165
1.1 Ni my tht vi cc switch o:.............................................................................................................................165
a. Ni NIC tht vo switch o:................................................................................................................................166
b. Ni NIC o trn my tht vo switch o:............................................................................................................166
1.2 Ni my o vi switch o: ....................................................................................................................................168

2. VMnet0 (Bridged mode) v Virtual Bridge..........................................................................................168


3. VMnet1 (Host only mode) v Virtual DHCP server............................................................................169

189/193

4. VMnet8 (NAT mode) v Virtual NAT device......................................................................................172


5. VM team v LAN segment....................................................................................................................175
6. T to mng WAN bng VMware Workstation..................................................................................175

Bi 11. B tc kin thc v TCP/IP....................................................................................................176


I. Khi nim mng my tnh. Phn cng mng v Giao thc mng (cha vit)...................................180
II. Mng LAN v WAN (cha vit)..........................................................................................................180
III. TCP/IP (cha vit)...............................................................................................................................180
IV. a ch IP..............................................................................................................................................180
a ch IP theo cch phn lp A, B, C (c)..................................................................................................................181
Subnet...........................................................................................................................................................................182
Tnh nhm vi a ch IP.........................................................................................................................................183
a ch loopback......................................................................................................................................................184
IP trn Internet, IP tnh, IP ng v ICANN...........................................................................................................184
a ch IP ring (private IP)....................................................................................................................................185

Bi 12. Configure card mng (cha xong)........................................................................................186


Ci t driver cho card mng.......................................................................................................................................190
Lnh ifconfig................................................................................................................................................................191
Hin th trng thi ca card mng...........................................................................................................................191
Gn a ch IP cho card mng.................................................................................................................................191
Gn a ch IP alias cho card mng.........................................................................................................................192
Bt tt card mng.....................................................................................................................................................192
B cng c ip...............................................................................................................................................................192

Ti liu tham kho...............................................................................................................................193


my ni mng c th iu u tin l my phi c card mng (network interface card NIC)
hot ng c. Ta ch quan tm n card mng Ethernet, tn ca nhng card mng ny trn Linux c
dng ethx, v d eth0 l card mng th 1, eth1 l card mng th 2.

Ci t driver cho card mng


Sau khi lp t card mng vo my, bn phi ci driver cho card mng nhng thng Linux t ng
lm vic ny cho bn. Khi khi ng my, chng trnh kudzu (trn Redhat) s d tm phn cng
mi c lp t, nu pht hin c card mng mi lp n s tm driver thch hp trong th vin driver
card mng ca Linux ti: /lib/modules/release/kernel/drivers/net
Nhn vo trong th mc ny bn s bt gp cc file c tn nh: e1000.ko, smc-ultra.ko,
3c-59x.ko, r8189.ko y chnh l driver ca cc hng quen thuc nh Intel, SMC, 3Com,
Realtek. Trong trng hp Linux khng c sn driver, bn buc phi t tm driver t pha nh sn xut
v ci theo hng dn ca h.
Thng tin v vic d tm cc thit b phn cng khi Linux khi ng c th c hin th bng lnh
dmesg (xem thm mc ??). C th dng lnh ny xem h thng c bao nhiu card mng:
[root@localhost Desktop]# dmesg|grep eth
eth0: registered as PCnet/PCI II 79C970A
eth1: registered as PCnet/PCI II 79C970A
eth0: link up
eth1: link up
eth0: no IPv6 routers present

eth1: no IPv6 routers present


v d ny h thng c 2 card mng l eth1, eth2.
Nu dng dmesg m khng thy c eth0, eth1 th card mng ca bn c vn v bn khng th i
tip cc phn sau c !
C 3 cch: ifconfig mt lnh n, ip tp cng c, sa trc tip file text cu hnh

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Lnh ifconfig

Hin th trng thi ca card mng


hin th trng thi ca card mng ethX dng lnh ifconfig ethX, nu khng c tham s g th
lnh s hin th trng thi ca tt c cc card mng.
[root@localhost video]# ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:C6:AC:DF
inet addr:192.168.255.132 Bcast:192.168.255.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fec6:acdf/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:679 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:172 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:76397 (74.6 KiB) TX bytes:21727 (21.2 KiB)
Interrupt:19 Base address:0x2000
eth1

Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:C6:AC:E9


inet addr:192.168.255.134 Bcast:192.168.255.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fec6:ace9/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:669 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:180 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:74293 (72.5 KiB) TX bytes:26371 (25.7 KiB)
Interrupt:19 Base address:0x2080

lo

Link encap:Local Loopback


inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:480 (480.0 b) TX bytes:480 (480.0 b)

ngha ca cc dng trn:


Eth1, eth2, lo l tn cc card mng. lo l card mng loop back o.
Link encap: giao thc c card mng dng. Trn mng LAN th lun l Ethernet hoc Local
Loopback, trn mng WAN c th l PPP.
HWaddr: a ch MAC ca card mng.
inet addr: a ch IP v4 ca card mng.
Bcast: a ch broad cast ca mng cha card mng ny
Mask: subnet mask ca mng cha card mng ny
inet6 addr: a ch IP v6 ca card mng
UP v RUNNING: card mng ang hot ng
RX packets hoc RX bytes (R: received): s packet/byte nhn
TX packets hoc TX bytes (T: transmitted): s packet/byte gi

Gn a ch IP cho card mng


Gn a ch IP cho card mng eth0, trng hp n gin nht l:
ifconfig eth0 192.1.7.129
ifconfig c th hiu c a ch 192.1.7.129 l a ch lp C, v t tnh c subnet mask l
255.255.255.0, a ch broadcast l 192.1.7.255 nn bn khng cn phi ch ra.
Trong trng hp bn thc hin subnet ch hn /27, lc ny bn buc phi t tnh v gn subnet mask,
broadcast:
ifconfig eth0 192.1.7.129 netmask 255.255.255.224 broadcast
192.1.7.159
Gn a ch IP v6 cho card mng eth0:
ifconfig eth0 inet6 add 2001:DB8::3/64
Thm ch c th gn li a ch MAC
ifconfig eth0 hw ether BA:D1:da:d1:20:04
191/193

Gn a ch IP alias cho card mng


Mt card mng c th c gn nhiu hn mt a ch IP, cc a ch IP thm ny c gi l a ch
IP alias. Khi bn c quyn la chn cho mt gi tin i ra khi card mng s mang a ch IP ngun
l a ch IP alias no ca card mng. Khi test h thng, c th ngi ta cn nhiu card mng nhng
khng mun mua thm m to nhiu a ch IP alias trn mt card mng.
phn bit cc a ch IP alias hy thm :n vo sau tn card mng, v d eth0:0, eth0:1
ch 2 a ch IP alias ca card mng eth0.
[root@localhost Desktop]# ifconfig eth0:0 192.1.7.163 netmask 255.255.255.224
broadcast 192.1.7.191
[root@localhost Desktop]# ifconfig eth0:1 192.1.7.193 netmask 255.255.255.224
broadcast 192.1.7.223
[root@localhost Desktop]# ifconfig
eth0
Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:C6:AC:DF
inet addr:192.1.7.129 Bcast:192.1.7.159 Mask:255.255.255.224
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fec6:acdf/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:2516 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:654 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:269304 (262.9 KiB) TX bytes:90229 (88.1 KiB)
Interrupt:19 Base address:0x2000
eth0:0

Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:C6:AC:DF


inet addr:192.1.7.163 Bcast:192.1.7.191 Mask:255.255.255.224
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
Interrupt:19 Base address:0x2000

eth0:1

Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:C6:AC:DF


inet addr:192.1.7.193 Bcast:192.1.7.223 Mask:255.255.255.224
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
Interrupt:19 Base address:0x2000

[...]
[root@localhost Desktop]# ifconfig eth0:0
eth0:0
Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:C6:AC:DF
inet addr:192.1.7.163 Bcast:192.1.7.191 Mask:255.255.255.224
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
Interrupt:19 Base address:0x2000

Bt tt card mng
- Tt (down) card mng ethX bng lnh ifconfig ethX down hoc ifdown ethX
- Bt (up) card mng ethX bng lnh ifconfig ethX up hoc ifup ethX
Khi c bt ln, card mng s c cu hnh theo file /etc/network/interfaces (Ubuntu),
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ethn (Redhat),
/etc/sysconfig/network/ifcfg-nnn (SUSE) (xem mc ??).
Khi bn thay i file cu hnh li card mng, nhng thay i c hiu lc th phi tt i ri bt li
card mng.

B cng c ip
Cng c ip ra i sau v nhiu chc nng hn ifconfig, c bit chc nng routing m ifconfig
khng c nhng mc ny ta cha xt n chc nng ny.
Gn a ch IP cho card mng
Hin th thng tin v card mng:

192/193

Ti liu tham kho


Sch v Free/Open source softwares:
[1] Understanding Open Source and Free Software Licensing, 1st edition. Andrew M. St. Laurent.
O'Reilly Media, 2004
[2] Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution, 1st edition. Susan Walton. O'Reilly
Media, 1999.
Sch v Linux:
[1] Beginning the Linux Command Line, 1st edition. Sander Vugt. Apress, 2009.
[2] UNIX and Linux System Administration Handbook, 4th edition. Evi Nemeth, Garth Snyder,
Trent R. Hein, Ben Whaley. Prentice Hall, 2010.
[3] Linux Administration: A Beginner's Guide, 5th edition. Wale Soyinka. McGraw-Hill Osborne
Media, 2008.
[4] Pro Linux System Administration, 1st edition. James Turnbull, Peter Lieverdink, Dennis Matotek.
Apress, 2009.
[5] Special Edition Using Linux System Administration. Danesh, Gautam Das. Que, 2000
[6] RHCE Red Hat Certified Engineer Linux Study Guide (Exam RH302). Michael H. Jang.
Certification Press, 2007.
[7] LPIC -1,2: Linux Professional Institute Certification Study Guide: Exams 101, 102, 201, 202,
2nd Edition. Sybex
Sch v VmWare Workstation:
VMware Workstation 6.0 Users Manual

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