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OSTEOSARCOMADefinition:
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a malignant primary neoplasm of bone composed of a malignantconnective tissue stroma with evidence of malignant osteoid, bone or cartilage formation.
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Osteosarcoma is a cancerous (malignant)bone tumor that usuallydevelops during the period of rapid growth that occurs in adolescence, asa teenager matures into an adult.
A.K.A:
Osteogenic Sarcoma
Incidence:
 
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More common in male adolescents
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Common occurs between ages 10 and 25 years old
Risk and Predisposing Factors:
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The cause is not known.
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In some cases, osteosarcoma runs in families, and at least one gene hasbeen linked to increased risk.
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This gene is also associated with familialretinoblastoma,a cancer of theeye that occurs in children. Presence of certain rare, inherited cancers,such as the following:
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Li-Fraumeni syndrome - a rare family predisposition to multipletypes of cancers (such as soft tissue sarcomas, breast cancer,brain tumors, osteosarcoma, leukemia, melanoma, cancer of theadrenal cortex, and others) caused by a mutation in a gene - thep53 tumor-suppressor gene - that normally curbs cancer.
o
retinoblastoma - a malignant tumor of the retina that usually occursin children younger than 4 years old.
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teenage growth spurts
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being tall for a specific age
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previous treatment with radiation for another cancer, especially at a youngage or with high doses of radiation
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presence of a benign (non-cancerous) bone disease
Manifestations:
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Localized pain at the site of the tumor 
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Swelling, warmth, and redness caused by the vascularity of thetumor 
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Cough
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Dyspnea
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A child may limp or suffer a pathologic fracture
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Trauma may call attention to a pre-existing tumor 
 
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Bone fracture (may occur after what seems like a routinemovement)
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Bone pain 
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Limitation of motion
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Pain when lifting (if the tumor is in the arm)
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Muscle atrophy
Stages of osteosarcoma
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Once osteosarcoma has been found, more tests may be done to find out if cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. This is called staging.
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At present, there is no staging system for osteosarcoma.
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Instead, most patients are grouped depending on whether cancer is foundin only one part of the body (localized disease) or whether the cancer hasspread from one part of the body to another (metastatic disease).
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The following groups are used for osteosarcoma:
1.Localized osteosarcoma
The cancer cells have not spread beyond the bone or nearbytissue in which the cancer began.
2.Metastatic osteosarcoma
The cancer cells have spread from the bone in which thecancer began to other parts of the body. The cancer mostoften spreads to the lungs. It may also spread to other bones.
In multifocal osteosarcoma, tumors appear in 2 or morebones, but have not spread to the lungs.
3.Recurrent
Recurrent disease means that the cancer has come back(recurred) after it has been treated. It may come back in thetissues where it first started or it may come back in another part of the body. Osteosarcoma most often recurs in thelung. When osteosarcoma recurs, it is usually within 2 to 3years after treatment is completed. Later recurrence ispossible, but rare.
Different types of osteosarcoma
There are many different types of osteosarcoma that are quite different innatural history and their potential for lethal growth. The “grade” is a termused to indicate the level of aggressive growth and potential for metastasis, usually based upon the appearance of the tumor under microscopic analysis.
1.
Classical or conventional high grade central type
 
which accounts for 90% of all osteosarcomas.
By far the most common osteosarcoma.Several other unusual high grade types:
 
2.Telangiectatic3.Small cell
4.
Secondary
(associated with another pre-existing disease such asPaget’s disease or prior radiation exposure) type.There are low grade types of osteosarcoma too.
5.Surface or juxtacortical low grade osteosarcoma
also known by the names parosteal or periostealosteosarcoma6.Low grade central osteosarcoma.Pathophysiology:A.Osteosarcoma occurs mainly in the metaphyses of long bones, sites of active epiphyseal growth.
Distal femur 
Proximal tibia
Proximal humerusB.As a tumor of mesenchymal cells, osteosarcoma demonstrates productionof osteoid cells.C.It is a bulky tumorthat extends beyond the bone the bone into a soft tissue.D.This may encircle the bone and destroy the trabeculae of affected area.E.Osteosarcoma disseminates through bloodstream, usually to the lung.F.Other sites of metastatic spread include other bones and visceral organs
Diagnostic Studies:
High grade mesenchymal tumor
Distal femurProximal tibiaProximal humerus
Formation of osteoidLungs, bones, visceralorgans
 
Metastasize through bloodstreams
Bulky tumor thatdestroys trabeculae of diseased area
Predisposing Factors
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Lovely Abanilla

thnx po.. helps me a lot

reply09 / 27 / 2010
tiffany0818

rem14_rb26n2yahoo.com

reply08 / 19 / 2010
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