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Modern HindiGrammar
Omkar N. Koul
Modern Hindi Grammar
Omkar N. Koul
Modern Hindi Grammar
Omkar N. Koul
2008Dunwoody Press
Sections
« prev | next »- 1.1. Area and Its Speakers
- 1.2. Dialects and Classification
- 1.4. Linguistic Characteristics
- 1.5. Status
- 1.6. Grammars in Hindi
- 2.1. Phonological Units (Segmental)
- 2.1.1. Distinctive Segments
- Vowels
- Consonants
- 2.1.2. Description of Phonemes
- 2.1.2.1. Vowels
- 2.1.2.2. Consonants
- 2.1.2.3. Distribution of Phonemes and Allophones
- 2.2. Phonotactics
- 2.2.1. Vowel Sequences
- 2.2.2. Consonant Clusters
- 2.2.2.1. Word-initial Consonant Clusters
- 2.2.2.2. Word-medial Consonant Clusters
- 2.2.2.3. Word-final Consonant Clusters
- 2.2.3. Syllable Structure
- 2.3. Suprasegmental Features
- 2.3.1. Nasalization
- 2.3.2. Length
- 2.3.3. Stress
- 2.3.4. Intonation
- 2.3.5. Juncture
- 2.4. Morphophonemics
- 2.4.1. Loss of Phoneme
- 2.4.2. Addition of Phoneme
- 2.4.3. Alternations
- 3.1. Nouns
- 3.1.1. Noun Inflection
- 3.1.1.1. Gender
- 3.1.1.2. Number
- 3.1.1.3. Case
- 3.1.2. Postpositions
- 3.1.2.1. The Postposition nao ne
- 3.1.2.2. The Postposition kao ko
- 3.1.2.3. The Postposition sao se
- 3.1.2.4. The Postposition maoM mẽ
- 3.1.2.5. The Postposition pr par
- 3.1.2.6. The Postposition ka ka
- 3.1.2.7. Compound Postpositions
- 3.1.3. Noun Derivation
- 3.1.3.1. Nouns from Nouns
- 3.1.3.2. Nouns from Adjectives
- 3.1.3.3. Nouns from Verbs
- 3.1.4. Noun Compounds
- 3.1.4.1. Noun-Noun Compounds
- 3.1.4.2. Copulative Compounds
- 3.1.4.3. Reduplicated Compounds
- 3.1.4.4. Partially Duplicated Compounds
- 3.1.4.5. Superordinate Compounds
- 3.1.4.6. Complex Compounds
- 3.1.4.7. Hybrid Compounds
- 3.1.4.8. Adjective-Noun Compounds
- 3.1.4.9. Modifier-Noun Compounds
- 3.2. Pronouns
- 3.2.1. Personal Pronouns
- 3.2.2. Demonstrative Pronouns
- 3.2.3. Relative Pronouns
- 3.2.4. Reflexive Pronouns
- 3.2.5. Interrogative Pronouns
- 3.2.6. Indefinite Pronouns
- 3.2.7. Oblique Forms of Pronouns
- 3.2.8. Compound Pronouns
- 3.3. Adjectives
- 3.3.1. Inflected
- 3.3.2. Uninflected
- 3.3.3. Types of Adjectives
- 3.3.4. Degree of Adjectives
- 3.3.5. Derivation of Adjectives
- 3.3.6. Numerals
- 3.3.6.1. Cardinals
- 3.3.6.2. Ordinals
- 3.3.6.3. Fractions
- 3.3.6.4. Multiplicatives
- 3.3.6.5. Approximation
- 3.3.6.6. Aggregation
- 3.4. Verbs
- 3.4.1. The Verb hona:
- 3.4.2. Main Verbs
- 3.4.2.1. Intransitive Verbs
- 3.4.2.2. Transitive Verbs
- 3.4.2.3. Ditransitive Verbs
- 3.4.2.4. Causative Verbs
- 3.4.2.5. Dative Verbs
- 3.4.2.6. Conjunct Verbs
- 3.4.2.7. Compound Verbs
- 3.4.3. Tense
- 3.4.4. Aspect
- 3.4.4.1. Habitual Aspect
- 3.4.4.2. Progressive Aspect
- 3.4.4.3. Perfective Aspect
- 3.4.5. Mood
- 3.4.5.1. Indicative Mood
- 3.4.5.2. Imperative Mood
- 3.4.5.3. Subjunctive Mood
- 3.4.6. Voice
- 3.4.7. Non-finite Verb Forms
- 3.4.7.1. Infinitives
- 3.4.7.2. Participles
- 3.4.7.2.1. Imperfective Participles
- 3.4.7.2.2. Perfective Participles
- 3.4.7.2.3. Conjunctive Participles
- 3.5. Adverbs
- 3.5.1. Types of Adverbs
- 3.5.2. Expressions of Time
- 3.5.2.1. General Time Expressions
- 3.5.2.2. Time of Day
- 3.5.2.3. Period of Day
- 3.5.2.4. Days of the Week
- 3.5.2.5. Months of the Year
- 3.5.2.6. Year
- 3.5.2.7. Seasons
- 3.5.3. Frequentative
- 3.6. Particles
- 3.6.1. The Particle Bar bhi: ‘also’
- 3.6.2. The particle hI hi:
- 3.6.3. The Particle tao to
- 3.6.4. The Particle tk tak ‘up to’
- 3.6.5. The Particle Bar bhar
- 3.6.6. The Particle maa~ ma:tr
- 3.7. Connectives
- 3.7.1. Mono-morphemic
- 3.7.2. Poly-morphemic
- 3.7.3. Phrasal
- 3.8. Interjections
- 4.1. Structure of Phrases
- 4.1.1. Noun Phrase
- 4.1.2. Postpositional Phrases
- 4.1.3. Adjectival Phrases
- 4.1.4. Adverbial Phrases
- 4.2. Structure of Clauses
- 4.2.1. Subordinate Clauses
- 4.2.2. Noun Clauses
- 4.2.2.1. Finite Noun Clauses
- 4.2.2.1.1. The ik ki Complement Clauses
- 4.2.2.1.2. Direct and Indirect Speech
- 4.2.2.1.3. Non-finite Noun Clause
- 4.2.3. Relative Clauses
- 4.2.3.1. Restrictive and Non-restrictive Clauses
- 4.2.3.2. Non-finite Relative Clauses
- 4.2.3.3. Finite Relative Clauses
- 4.2.4. Adverbial Clauses
- 4.2.4.1. Adverbial Clauses of Time
- 4.2.4.2. Manner Clauses
- 4.2.4.3. Purpose Clauses
- 4.2.4.4. Cause Clauses
- 4.2.4.5. Condition Clauses
- 4.2.4.6. Concession Clauses
- 4.2.4.7. Result Clauses
- 4.3. Sentence Construction
- 4.3.1. Copular Sentences
- 4.3.2. Verbal Sentences
- 4.3.2.1. Direct Object
- 4.3.2.2. Indirect Object
- 4.3.2.3. Other Types of Verb Argument
- 4.3.3. Negation
- 4.3.3.1. Sentential Negation
- 4.3.3.2. Constituent Negation
- 4.3.3.3. Double/Multiple Negation
- 4.3.3.4. Negation and Coordination
- 4.3.3.5. Negation and Subordination
- 4.3.4. Interrogative
- 4.3.4.1. Yes-No Questions
- 4.3.4.1.1. Neutral Yes-No Questions
- 4.3.4.1.2. Leading Questions
- 4.3.4.2. Question-Word Questions
- 4.3.4.3. Echo-Questions
- 4.3.4.3.1. Yes-No Echo-Questions
- 4.3.4.3.2. Question-Word Echo-Questions
- 4.3.4.4. Answers
- 4.3.5. Imperatives
- 4.3.5.1. Unmarked or True Imperatives
- 4.3.5.2. Prohibitive Imperatives
- 4.3.5.3. Degrees of Imperatives
- 4.3.6. Anaphora
- 4.3.7. Reflexives
- 4.3.8. Reciprocals
- 4.3.9. Equatives
- 4.3.10. Comparison
- 4.3.11. Superlatives
- 4.3.12. Coordination
- 4.3.12.1. Coordination and Accompaniment
- 4.3.12.2. Structural Constraints
- 5.1. Animals, Birds, and Insects
- 5.2. Flowers, Fruits, and Vegetables
- 5.3. Jewels, Metals, and Minerals
- 5.4. Miscellaneous Items
- 5.5. Body Parts
- 5.6. Occupations
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