1

1.1
1-54
.
1. :
. Bohr
. Planck Bohr
. Maxwel Planck
. .
2. :
i) :
.
.
.
. .
ii) :
.
.
.
. .
3. E = hf (E = h)
i) :
.
.
.
. .
ii) f ( ):
9

.
.
.
. .
4.
f1, L
f2, L
f3.
:
. f1 = f2 + f3

. f3 = f1 + f2

. f2 = f1 + f3

. f1 < f2 + f3.

5. , L L
f1, f2, f3
1, 2, 3 .
i) f1, f2 f3 :
. f1 < f2 < f3

. f2 < f1 < f3

. f1 < f3 < f2

. f2 < f3 < f1

ii) 1, 2 3 :
. 2 > 3 > 1

. 2 > 1 > 3

. 1 > 2 > 3

. 1 > 3 > 2.

6.
mv.
, :
.
.
.
. .

10

7. :
:
. Heisenberg
.
.
. .
8. :
.
.

.
. Bohr.
9. p- :
. 1

. 3

. 5

. 7

10. L
:
.

. .

11. 2s 3s :
.

. .

12. 2s 2p :
.

. .

13. p :
.
.
.

11

. .
14. :
.
.
.
. .
15. 2p
i) :
.

ii) :
.

. .

16. 3d :
.
.
.
. ,
.
17. py :
.
.
.
. .
18. :
.
.
. ,
. , , .

12

19. n = 2, l = 1, ml = 0
:
.

. .

20. :
.
.
.

. .
21. 2
r
:

13

22. 1s :
.
. 1s
.
. , .
23. 2p 3s 2p 3s:
. 3s < 2p

. 3s 2p

. 3s > 2p

. .

24. 3d
4p :
. n + l 3d
.

. d p
. n + l ,
3d.
25. px, py pz
1, 2 3 . :
. 1 < 2 < 3

. 1 = 2 = 3

. 1 > 2 > 3

. .

26. :
.
. Pauli
. Hund
. .

14

27.
: i) n = 3, l = 2 , ii) n =2, l = 1, ml = -1
iii) n = 3, ms = -1/2 :
. 18, 4 18

. 10, 6 14

. 10, 2 9

. 10, 2 14.

28. ms = -1/2
:
. Pauli
.
.
. Hund.
29.

L :
. 2s1 2p1 2p1 2pz1

. 2s2 2p2

. 2s2 2p1 2p1

. 2p2 2p1 2pz1.

30. 2p.
spin :
. 3/2

. 0

. 1/2

. -1/2

31.
2p ,
:
.

. .

32. ,
7
s, :
. 7

. 13

. 19

15

. 29.

33. ( = 8)
:
.

34.
(21Sc):
. 1s2 2s2 2p6 2d10 3s1
. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3
. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 4s2
. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d2 4s1.
35.
( = 8) :
1s

2s

2p

( )
( )
( )
( )

( )
( )
( )
( )

( )
( )
( )
( )

( )
( )
( )
( )

( )

(I)

( )

(II)

( )
( )

(III)
(IV)

i) Hund:
. (II) (IV)

. (II)

. (I) (III)

. (IV)

ii) :
. (I), (II) (III)

. (IV)

. (I), (III (IV)

iii) Pauli:
. (I)

. (III)

. (II)

. (IV).

16

36. (I) (IV):

3s

3p

( )
( )
( )
( )

( )
( )
( )
( )

( )
( )
( )
( )

()
( )
( )
()

(I)
(II)
(III)
(IV)

( = 15) :
. (I)

. (II)

. (III)

. (IV)

. .

37.
(9F) ;
. 1s2 2s2 2p5

. 1s2 2s1 2p6

. 1s2 2s2 2p6

. 1s1 2s1 2p7.

38. :
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
2

(I)

(III)

(IV)

(V)

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
1s 2s 2p
1s 2s 2p
1s 2s 2p

(II)

12Mg

:
. (I) (IV)
. (III)
. (II) (V)
. (III) (V) .

17

2+

9F1

39. 3 .. :
. 10
.
.
. .
40. Al (Z = 13) :
. 3 3 ..
. 3 13 ..
. 3 III ..
. 2 III ..
41. p .. :
. p
. p
. p-
. p .
42. [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5 :
. 4 5 ..
. 4 17 ..
. 5 4 ..
. 7 5 ..
43. 1 (IA) ..
i) :
.

ii) :
. ns1

. ns1 ns2

. ns2

. ns1 np1 nd1.

44. d
:

18

. 21Sc

. 30Zn

. 19K

. .

45. s ..
i) :
.

. .

ii) :
. ns1

. ns1 ns2

. ns2

. 1s1 2s2.

46. d .. :
.
.
.
. .
47. ns2, np6
i) :
. (1)

. (18)

. (2)

. (16)

ii) :
.

. .

48. ( = 19), Ti (Z = 22), Cu (Z = 29) As (Z = 33)

:
. Ti, Cu As

. Cu As

. Ti Cu

. .

19

49. :
.

.
.
.
.
50. SO3 :

51. :
.

. .

52. (CHCH) :
.

. .

53. :
.
.
.
. , .
54. (CH2=CH2) :
.

. .

20

1.2
1.
: Heisenberg, Bohr, Schrndinger, Planck, De Broglie, Einstein.

.

.

.............................

.............................

.............................

.............................

2. 1, 2, 3 4
n 1, 2, 3 4.

:
-2,1810-18 , -1,0910-18 , -2,4210-19 , -5,4510-19 , -1,3610-19 , -7,110-19
1 = .............J, 2 = .............J, 3 = .............J, 4 = .............J

21

3. (II)
(I),
(III).
(I)

(II)

(III)

. 0

1. 2p

. 1

. 1

2. 5f

. 2

. 2

3. 3s

. 3

. 3

4. 1s

. 4

. 4

5. 3d

. 5

4. (I)
.
(II)
( I),
(III).
(I)

(II)

(III)

. -2

1. l

. - /2

2. ml

. 2

3. n

. 3

4. ms

5.
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 18
,
, .
L

22

6. (II)
(I)
, (III)
.
(I)

(II)

(III)

. 3

1. 2

. 1

. 4

2. 3

. 2

. 9

3. 4

. 3

. 16

. 4

7. (II)
(
I),
( III) .
(I)

(II)

(III)

. 1

1. L

. 1

2. s

. 3

3. p

. 4

4.

. 5

5. d

. 9

8.
2, 8, 10, 18, 26, 32, 42.
..

23

9. (II)
.
(II) ( I) ( III)
.. .
(I)
..

(II)

(III)

- e

..

. 1

1. Mg 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2

. 1

. 2

2. He 1s2

. 2

. 3

3. Ti

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d2 4s2

. 3

. 4

4.

[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5

. 4

. 5

. 17
. 18

10. (I)
,
(II).
(I)

(II)

. K ()

1. [Rh] 7s2

. Ar ( )

2. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1

. Zr ( d ..)

3. [Kr] 4d2 5s2

. Ga ( 13 ..)

4. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

. Ra ( 2 ..)

5. [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1

24

11.
.. (I)
(II).
F
Ti

Kr
Sn

Ce
Rf

A.
.
.
.
.
.

(I)
F
Ti
Ce
Sn
Rf
Kr

.
.
.
.
.
.

(II)
[ ]3d24s2
[ ]2s22p5
[ ]4s24p6
[ ]5s25p2
[ ]4f26s2
[ ]6d27s2

12. ..

..
, , , , , .
() .. ()
(),
.
()
e . s
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

()

25

()
..
s
p
d
f

13. (I)
(II)
.
(I)

(II)

. C3H4

1. 6 2

. CH4

2. 2

. H2O

3. 5 1

. C2H4

4. 3

. NH3

5. 4
6. 5 3
7. 1 2.

14. (I)
( II) .
(I)

(II)

. CH4

1.

. C2H2

2.

. C2H4

3. ,

. C3H6

4. , .

1.3
26

1. 3d, 2p, 5s, 4p, 5f, 3p, 4d, 4s 2s

.
2. n, l, ml
ms ,
, . , , , .
3. 1 ( = 21), 2 ( = 11), 3 ( = 15),
4 ( = 31), 5 ( = 17), 6 ( = 8).
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 6

.
4.
:
) n = 2 ) n = 3, ml = 1 ) n = 4, l = 1 ) n = 1, ms = 1/2 ) n = 3, l = 2
, , , z.
, , , z .
5.
:
i) n = 3 l = 2
ii) n = 3 l = 1 ms = +1/2
iii) n = 4 l = 1
iv) n = 1 ml = 0
v) n = 2 ms = +1/2
vi) n = 3, ml = -2 ms = -1/2 .
, , , , .

27

6.

25Mn,

11Na,

7N,

14Si

42Mo

.
7. 16S, 10Ne, 12Mg, 35Br

.
8. 18
1 ( = 21), 2 ( = 8), 3 ( = 36), 4 ( = 15), 5 ( = 37)
6 ( = 31) ..
.
9. s, p, d f ..
.
10. C2H4, HBr, C2H6, H2S, CHCl3 C2H2
.

1.4 -
.
, .
1. Bohr
.
2. Planck f : = hf ( = h).
3. Planck h = 6,62610-34J.

28

4.
L
.
5.
.
6. .
7.
.
8. n = 2 l = 0
.
9.
.
10. ( = 7)
.
11. s (
) p.
12. s (, ) p
.
13.
2s 2p.
14.
1s .

29

15. 3p 4s .
16. ( = 4)
, Hund, : 1s2

2s2

( ) ( )
17. .
18. s .. s .
19. d ..
20.
20. p .. 6 .
21. s2 p6.
22.
, s ..
23. [e] 3s2 3p5 17.
24. ( = 26) d ..
25. ( = 57) .
26. (POCl3)
.
27. ,
p .

30

28.
.
29. .
30. .
31. HF HCl .

1.5
1. Bohr
....................... .....................
..................... ............................... .
2. Planck
................................................,
h ...............................................................
................... ........................................................... .
3.
..................... ..................... .
........................................... ,
.......................................... .

31

4. de Broglie .........................................................
= .................... .
5. ........................... .................... , ......................................................
................................... .
6. n = 2
....................... ,
n = 3 ............................. .
7. , ...........................................

......................................................... , ..........................................................
..................................................................... .
8. n = 3, l = 1
n = 4 , l = 3 .....................
................... .
9. .......................................... ,
...................................... ................................
................................................................ .
10. p ..................
.................. ,
...................................... .
11. Li (Z = 3)
............................... . ....................
................................ , ..................................................... .
12. .......................
.......................................................... ,

32

 ..............................................
....................................................... .
13. 1s, 2p, 3d 4f
............ , .............. , ............... ................ .
14. ........... ..........
.
15. K, L, M :
) .............. , ................ , ...............
...............
) ............... , ................. , ...............
.................. .
) .............. , .............. , ..............
.................. .
16.
.................... ......................................... .
, .. ................. ....................,
,
...............................
..................................................... .
17. 1s22s22px22py2
............................................................. .
................................. .
18.
( = 7) Hund ........................................
.................................................. .
19. .............
3sx,
3sx3py ....... , y ........ . .

33

20. 18 ...............
................................................
................. ..............
..................
............... ................. .
21. d .. ..........
............. ............... .
22. s ............. ..................... ,
............................. .................................. ..
23. f .. ..............
.................. ..................... ..
24. :

Ca , (Z = 20)
Si , (Z = ........ )
As , (Z = ....... )
..... , (Z = ........ )
Sc , ( Z = ....... )

..

..

..

..............

............

.........

..........

............

.........

..........

3s 3p

..................
1

.....s
2

4s

15

.........

.............

..........
.........

25. f .. ............ ,
............. . f ..............
........................................ ,
..................... ........................................ .
26. ..
........... ................... , .........
......... .

34

27. Lewis
CH4O, CHCl3, H2SO4, H3PO4 HClO2
.......... , ............. , .............. , .............. ,
.................. .
28. SO3 .............
........................... .......................
(),
............. .
29. ................................... spin
................................................... .
30. ........................................
................................... .
31. HF ( F = 9) 1s ..........
F .................... ,
........................... .

1.6
1.
-

Bohr -2,1810 18 J.

35


L , .
2. Heisenberg.
3. n = 2
;
4. n = 3
l = 1 .
5. ( )
( = 8) : ) )
.
6.
spin
( = 6) 1.
7. .

.
8. 2s 2p .
9.

Br
(Z = 35)
.

10.
Cr (Z = 24)
.

36

11.
As (Z = 33)
.
12.
.
13.
( ) 4
p .
14. s ..;
15.
17 ..;
16.
.. ..;
17. d ..;
d
.. .
18. 18 ..
;
19. .. ..
.
20. 6 ..
;

37

21. ,
Lewis, ;

;
22.
Cl; 1 17.
23. Lewis HClO HClO3.
1, 17 8.
24. (-F )3 P(-Cl )5
Lewis.
25.
;
26. ( = 1) F ( = 9)
HF
HF
. HF

;
27. H2, H2O, O2, CH2=CH2 CH4
; : H: 1, C: 6, O: 16.
28. ;
29. ;
30.
CHC-CH3. ;

38

1.7
1.
;
;
2. ( = 5)
ms = +1/2 spin;
;
3. s ,

. .
4. 4s, 4p
3d .

5. Pauli
:
)

)
L .
6.
2p ;


39

 2p,
.
7. : 1s22s22p63s23p5.
) ;
) ;
) ,
.
8. :
) d ..
) 13 ..
) 4 ..
9. ..
s p.
.

40

10. 2 , 13
18 ..
;
3 ..
11.
.
; .
12. Lewis (H2CO3)
.
: C: 6, H: 1, O: 8.
13. HCl
;
;
: Cl: 17, H: 1.
14. ;
,
.
.
15. s
, s p, p ;

;
16.

.

41

1.8
1.
1,2108 kHz,
410-2m.
c = 3108 m/s Planck
-

h = 6,610 34 Js.
2. Bohr



-

v = 2,18106 ms 1, :
) L
) de Broglie
L.
-

: h = 6,62610 34Js, me = 9,110-31Kg.

3.
:
) p .
)
..
4. i) ,

(n = 3).
ii) ,
:
) p
) 3p .

42

5. 1, 2
3 :
) 1 p
) 2
) 3 f.
6. ,
spin
1.
) .
)
.
7.

i) .
ii)
:

) l = 1, ) ml = -1, ) l = 1 ml = -1.

8. :
) n = 3 l = 2
) n = 2 ml = 1
) n = 4, l = 3 ms = +1/2
) l = 1 ms = +1/2.
9. ( = 25)
:
) l = 0,

) ml = -1,

) n = 3 ) ms = +1/2.

10.

43


2 ( ).
) .
)
.
11. spin
7/2.
) .
) ( 92),
.
12. :
) 1 2

) 3 4p.
13. , :
,

2
L

17 p

.
) , .
) Lewis
3.
) ,


.
14. 1, 2, 3, 4
( )
s, p, d, f ..
44

15. 1 2 1 2 (2 > 1)
1 ..
) .. 1 2.
) 3 3 = 2 + 16
.. 2, 1, 2 3
1, 2 3.
16. , , ,
..
.
) ..
, , .
)
.. .
17. 1, 2, 3, 4 5
13, 5, 2, 6 14
n 3.
) 1, 2, 3, 4 5.
) ..
.
) , .
;
18. ,
.
..
.

1.9
1

45

 :
: 15 ( )
:
............................................ ..............................................
........ ........ .......................... ...................

:
1. d ,
:
. n = 3, l = 3

. n = 3, l = 2

. n = 2, l = 2

. n = 3, l = 2, ml = 1.

.
: 3

2.
:
.
.
.
.
. , .
.
: 3
3. (I)
(II) .
(I)

(II)

. K

. 18

. L

. 9

. M

. 8
46

. N

. 4
. 2
. 16
. 1

- ......

- .......

- .......

- ........ .
: 8

4.
L.
;
: 4 + 2 = 6
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

47

:
: 15 ( )
:
............................................ ..............................................
........ ........ .......................... ...................

:
1. .
-
................................... .
.........................................
....................................... .
...........................................................
........................................................................
........................................ ,
.......................................... .
: 5

48

2. As
(Z = 33);
,
.
) As;
) p As ;
) As;
: 3 + 23 = 9
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
3. 6s, 3d 4p
.
: 6
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

49

:
: 15 ( )
:
............................................ ..............................................
........ ........ .......................... ...................

:
1. 1s2 :
. 1 2 ..
. 2 1 ..
. 1 16 ..
. 1 18 . ..

: 3
2. 13 ..
:
. ns2 np1

. ns2 np1 nd10

. ns2 np6 nd5

. nf13.

: 3

50

3. ) s ..;
) p d
..;
: 3 + 3 = 6
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
4. ) ..
Sr (Z = 38 ).
)
.. Sr.
: 4 + 4 = 8
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

51

Bohr - -
-
Lewis -

: 45 ( )
:
............................................ ..............................................
........ ........ .......................... ...................

1
1.

.
: 3
..........................................................................................................................

2. .
Ge (Z = 32) ................. , ...................
.......................... ..
: 2

52

3.
.

---

O=C=O

CHCH

CH3-CH=CH2

................

.............

............

...................

.................

.............

...........

...................
: 2

2
1. .
) 3d 4s.
) ( = 1) .
: 2+ 2 = 4
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

53

2. .
) (HClO)
) (H2SO4)
: H: 1, Cl: 17, O: 8, S: 16.
: 1,5 + 1,5 = 3
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

3
:
)

s ..
: 3+ 3 = 6

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

54