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TRANSDISCIPLINARITY – HISTORY, METHODOLOGY, HERMENEUTICS
∗
1.The war of definitions
a.
How transdisciplinarity was born
The word itself first appeared in France, in 1970, in the talks of Jean Piaget, ErichJantsch and André Lichnerowicz, at the international workshop “Interdisciplinarity –Teachingand Research Problems in Universities”, organized by theOrganization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), in collaboration with the French Ministry of NationalEducation and University of Nice
1
.In his contribution, Piaget gives the following description of transdisciplinarity:"Finally, we hope to see succeeding to the stage of interdisciplinary relations a superior stage,which should be "transdisciplinary", i.e. which will not be limited to recognize theinteractions and or reciprocities between the specialized researches, but which will locatethese links inside a total system without stable boundaries between the disciplines"
2
.Thisdescription is vague, but has the merit of pointing to a new space of knowledge “withoutstable boundaries between the disciplines”. However, the idea of a “total system” opens thetrap of transforming transdisciplinarity in a super- or hyperdiscipline, a kind of “science of sciences”. In other words the description of Piaget leads to a closed system, in contradictionwith his own requirement of the instability of boundaries between disciplines. The key-pointhere is the fact that Piaget retained only the meanings “across” and “between” of the Latin prefix
trans
, eliminating the meaning “beyond”. In such a way, transdisciplinarity is just anew, but “superior” stage, of interdisciplinarity. I think that Piaget was fully conscious of thisalteration of transdisciplinarity, but the intellectual climate was not yet prepared for receivingthe shock of contemplating the possibility of a space of knowledge
beyond 
the disciplines.The proof is that, in his introduction to the Proceedings of the workshop, Pierre Duguethonestly recognizes that some experts wanted, in preliminary meetings, to see the word
 
Séminaire à l'EHESS, cycle "Histoire et prospective du paradigme de la complexité", Paris, 19 mars 2008.
1
Apostel et al., 1972.
2
Piaget, 1972, p. 144.
1
 
“transdisciplinarity” in the title of the workshop, but authorities of the OECD refused to doso, because they were afraid to confuse some representatives of the member countries
3
.In his contributions, Erich Jantsch, an Austrian thinker living in California, falls in thetrap of defining transdisciplinarity as a hyperdiscipline. He writes that transdisciplinarity is“the coordination of all disciplines and interdisciplines of the teaching system and theinnovation on the basis of a general axiomatic approach”
4
. He clearly situatestransdisciplinarity in the disciplinary framework. However, the historical merit of Jantsch wasto underline the necessity of inventing an axiomatic approach for transdisciplinarity and alsoof introducing values in this field of knowledge.Finally, the approach of André Lichnerowicz, a known French mathematician, isradically mathematical. He sees transdisciplinarity as a transversal play, in order to describe“the homogeneity of the theoretical activity in different sciences and techniques,independently of the field where this activity is effectuated”
5
. And, of course, this theoreticalactivity can be formulated, he thinks, only in mathematical language. Lichnerowicz writes:“The Being is put between parentheses and it is precisely this non-ontological character whichconfers to mathematics its power, its fidelity and its polyvalence.”
6
The interest of Lichnerowicz for transdisciplinarity was accidental, but his remark about the non-ontologicalcharacter of mathematics has to be remembered.I described in some detail the three different positions of Piaget, Jantsch andLichnerowicz concerning transdisciplinarity, because they can be found again, a quarter of acentury later, in what I call “the war of definitions”. The word “war” does not belong to thetransdisciplinary vocabulary. But I use it on purpose, because it appeared in the issue “Guerreet paix entre les sciences: disciplinarité et transdisciplinarité / War and Peace BetweenSciences: Disciplinarity and Transdisciplinarity” of a French magazine. In this issue, one of the authors asked for the interdiction of the word “transdisciplinarity”.
7
His desire wasobviously not satisfied.I would like to add, in this discussion about the incipient phase of transdisciplinarity, thename of Edgar Morin. A short time after the Nice meeting, Morin begins to use the word“transdisciplinarity” and he even leads a transdisciplinary laboratory in human sciences, in theframework of a prestigious French research institution. It is true that Morin did not give a
3
Duguet, 1972, p. 13.
4
Jantsch, 1972 a, p. 108. The same ideas are expressed in Jantsch, 1972 b.
5
Lichnerowicz, 1972, pp. 130-131.
6
 
 Ibid 
., pp. 127.
7
Alain Caill
é
, in “Guerre”, 1996.
2
 
definition of transdisciplinarity. For him, transdisciplinarity was in fact, at that period of time,
indisciplinarity
- a kind of messenger of the freedom of thinking, a go-between discipline. b.
Beyond disciplines
I proposed the inclusion of the meaning “beyond disciplines” in 1985
8
and I developedthis idea over the years in my articles and books and also in different official internationaldocuments. Many other researchers over the world contributed to this development of transdisciplinarity. A key-date in this development is 1994, when the Charter of Transdisciplinarity
9
was adopted by the participants at the First World Congress of Transdisciplinarity (Convento da Arrábida, Portugal).This idea did not come from heaven or just from the pleasure of respecting theetymology of the word
trans
, but from my long practice of quantum physics. For an outsider,it might seem paradoxical that it is from the very core of exact sciences that we arrive at theidea of limits of disciplinary knowledge. But from inside, it provides evidence of the fact that,after a very long period, disciplinary knowledge has reached its own limitations with far reaching consequences not only for science, but also for culture and social life.The crucial point here is the status of the Subject (see my
Manifesto of Transdisciplinarity
).The meaning “beyond disciplines” leads us to an immense space of new knowledge. Themain outcome was the formulation of the methodology of transdisciplinarity. It allows us alsoto clearly distinguish between multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity.
Multidisciplinarity
concerns itself with studying a research topic in not just onediscipline only, but in several at the same time. Any topic in question will ultimately beenriched by incorporating the perspectives of several disciplines. Multidisciplinarity brings a plus to the discipline in question, but this “plus” is always in the exclusive service of thehome discipline. In other words, the multidisciplinary approach overflows disciplinary boundaries while its goal remains limited to the framework of disciplinary research.
 Interdisciplinarity
has a different goal than multidisciplinarity. It concerns the transfer of methods from one discipline to another. Like multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity overflowsthe disciplines, but its goal still remains within the framework of disciplinary research.
8
Nicolescu, 1985.
9
“Charter”.
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