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oHk;oyf=unfhv#if -
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[lI &Sif;vif;pGm awG@jrif=u&rnfjzpfonf?

(u) etz ppftkyfpk . rSm;,Gif;aompDrHcef@cJGr_


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tp&Sdonfh etz axmufwdkifrsm;jzifh vufzufukefonfrsm;wGif&Sdaom vufzufrSefor#udk odrf;qnf;zsufqD;
cJh=uonf? tcsK@dvufzufom;rsm;rSm e*dkrl&if; t&nftaoG;aumif;+yD; t0ga&miforf;aeaomfvnf; ta&;,ljcif;
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vufzufaps;uGufodk@wifydk@onfhvufzufrsm;wGif xdkqdk;aq;rsm;udk toHk;jyK+yD; a&mif;0,faeonfudk pwifawG@&Sd

©2009 wtmif; (yavmif) vkyfief;tzJG@ rS xkwfa0onf? 7


vufzufzsufykd; ppftkyfpkudkifwG,faomvufzufjy\ema=umifh 'kuQa&mufaeaom vufzufawmifolrsm;

cJhonfrSm ESpfESpfausmf&Sd+yD[k etz tm%mydkifrsm;udk,fwdkif 0efcHajymqdkcJhaomfvnf; rnfonfh }udKwifpHkprf; ppfaq;


owday;r_rsm;r# rjyKvkyfcJhacs?

usef;rma&;umuG,f&efta=umif;jycsufjzifh t0ga&mifqdk;aq; Auramine O yg vufzufrsm;udk ydwfyifvdkufonfrSm


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vmbfpm;aom etz ppftkyfpk. pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_ESifh bufvdkufaom Oya'taumiftxnfazmf usifhoHk;r_rsm;a=umifh
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etz ppftkyfpk. vuf&SdusifhoHk;aeonfh pD;yGm;a&;pHepft& tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh tqufpyf&Sdaom vkyfief;&Sifrsm;rSm
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&yftoD;oD;udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyfpdk;rdk;xm;=uonf? vufzufvkyfief;wGifvnf; etzESifhywfoufonfh
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etz ppftkyfpkrS rEWav;-vm;&SLd; um;vrf;0ef;usif&Sd trsm;


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aEG&moDum;vrf;om&Sdaomyavmifa'oonf vrf;yef;quf
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tjcm;a'orS t"du rSDcdktm;xm;ae&aom yavmifa'oonf vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;ysufavh&Sdonfh rdk;&moDumv

©2009 wtmif; (yavmif) vkyfief;tzJG@ rS xkwfa0onf? 8


vufzufzsufykd; ppftkyfpkudkifwG,faomvufzufjy\ema=umifh 'kuQa&mufaeaom vufzufawmifolrsm;

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4-2) etz . Oya'a=umif;t& ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_rsm;


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rwfv (29) &ufae@wGifvnf; qdk;aq;yg0ifI pm;oHk;


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etz wdk@ vufzufpdkrsm;udkzsufqD;aeyHk/ jynfwGif; Weekly eleven *sme,frS jyefvnful;,lazmfjyonf?

©2009 wtmif; (yavmif) vkyfief;tzJG@ rS xkwfa0onf? 9


vufzufzsufykd; ppftkyfpkudkifwG,faomvufzufjy\ema=umifh 'kuQa&mufaeaom vufzufawmifolrsm;

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©2009 wtmif; (yavmif) vkyfief;tzJG@ rS xkwfa0onf? 10


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zsufqD;cJhonf? pkpkaygif;vufzuftdwf (600) ajrjrKyfjcif;/ &Gmokd@ jyefvnfwifykd@jyD; ajr=oZmvkyfckdif;jcif;rsm;
jyKvkyfcJh+yD; ‚if; vufzufrsm;rSm oufwrf;=um+yD; vufzufrsm;[k OuUXrS ajym=um;cJhonf?

ausmufrJ+rdK@&SdtydwfcH&onfh oufwrf;=um; vufzufqdkifykdifrSmvnf; ‘'DvkdygyJ 'DESpfuawmh ta&mif;yg;w,f/ 0,f


vufusw,f 'gawmifvufvDaemf/ +yD;awmh qkd;aq;eJ@ywfoufvkd@ *sme,frSm awmifygvmao;w,f/ wpfa,muf
urS vm+yD;awmhrppfaq;=unfhbJeJ@ qkdifemrnfudktydwfcH&wJhtxJ xnfhxm;w,f? qkdifudkvm+yD; owday;cJh
ao;w,f/ 'DvkdygbJ rajymcsifawmhbl; 'DtkyfcsKyfrSKatmufrSm &Sdaeawmh’ [kajymjyonf?

‘jrefrmawG&Jh ae@pOfpm;oHk;r_rSmygwJh vufzufudk qdk;aq;awGygw,fqdk+yD; tckrS FDA xa=unmw,fqdk awmh


t&ifurppfcJhvdk@vm;? 'grSr[kwf aemufydkif;rS aq;qdk;vm=uwmvm;? bmrSoJoJuGJuGJ rod&bl;? bmjzpfvnf;
qdkawmh FDA Xme&Sdwmvnf;=um+yDav? vufzufqdkwmvnf;usaemfwdk@ &kd;&mtpm;taomuftjzpf pm;wm
=umvS+yD? tckrSawG@w,fajymw,f? bmha=umifhvJ? qufoG,far;jref;awmhvnf; tawG@rcHbJa&Smifaew,f?
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ywfouf I &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; vkyfaqmifr_r&Sda=umif;udk jynfwGif; owif;axmuf wpfOD;u ajym=um;cJhonf?

4-3) t0ga&mif qdk;aq;ESifh ywfoufI ppftpdk;&. vkyfaqmifajz&Sif;r_rsm;


vufzuft0ga&mifqdk;aq;ESifh ywfoufI vm;&SdK;wdkif;rSL; ESifh a'ocHtm%mydkifrsm;u 4if;wdk@e,fajrtwGif;
vufzufpm;okH;ol/ vufzufjcHykdif&Sif/ vufzufpkdvkyfief;&Sif/ vufzufajcmufvkyfief;&Sif/ tcsKdajcmufvkyfief; &Sif
ponfhukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tm;ac:,ljyD; tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyf=uygonf? odk@aomf ppftpdk;&taejzifh Oya' xkwfjyefr_rsm;
jyKvkyf+yD; 4if;wdk@. epfemcsufESifh qdk;aq;ESifhywfoufonhftydkif;wGifvnf; ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh ,ae@xdwdkif xda&muf
onfh ynmay;aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm; wpHkw&mvkyfaqmifay;r_ rawG@&Sd&bJ vpfvsL&SLxm;=uonf?

vm;&_d;+rdK@wGif vufzuftxGufwdk;ap&eftwGuf ynmay;aqG;aEG;r_rsm;jyKvkyfay;onf[k arv (28) &ufae@ xkwf


ppftpdk;&. owif;pmwGif azmfjyxm;aomfvnff; t0ga&mifqdk;aq;ESifh ywfoufI wpHkw&m vkyfaqmifaqG;aEG;

©2009 wtmif; (yavmif) vkyfief;tzJG@ rS xkwfa0onf? 11


vufzufzsufykd; ppftkyfpkudkifwG,faomvufzufjy\ema=umifh 'kuQa&mufaeaom vufzufawmifolrsm;

ay;r_rsm;ESifh vufzufawmifolrsm;}uHKawG@ae&aom vuf&Sdjy\emrsm;udkajz&Sif;Edkifrnfh enf;vrf;rsm; aqG;aEG;cJhjcif;


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ay;wm? trsKd;tpm;awGu qdkif}uD;rSma&mif;aewJhypPnf;awGbJ? ypPnf;rSm axmufcHcsufawGxnfh&dkufxm;w,f?
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tcsKd@vufzuf trSwfwHqdyfrsm;udk jyefvnfa&mif;cscGifhjyKcJhygonf?

t"duvBufxkwfvkyfonfh vBufawmifolrsm;rSm t0ga&mifqdk;aq;ESifh ywfoufI rod&Sd=uonfhtjyif 4if;.


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xdk@a=umifh tpdk;&onf vufzufwGif qdk;aq;yga=umif;udk taxmuftxm;ESifhwuG zsufqD;oifhonfrsm;tm;
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xdxda&mufa&muf ynmay;r_rsm; ,ae@tcsdefxd rjyKvkyfao;acs?

5) vufzufjy\em. aemufqufwGJqdk;usKd;rsm;

5-1) a'ocH yavmifjynfolrsm;tajcae


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ydkif;rSI =o*kwfvukeftxd yHkrSef0ifaiGrsm;jzifh pm;0wfaea&;
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uJhodk@ yHkrSef0,f,ljcif;rjyKEdkif=ubJ vkyfief;&Sifukefonfrsm;xH taºu;EHGepfae=u&onf?

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vkyfief;&Sifrsm;xH taºu;wifae=u&onf? vufzufajcmufjyKvkyf&mwGif aiGt&if;tESD;r&Sdjcif;a=umifh vufzuf
awmifolxuf0ufausmfwdk@rSm aiGwdk;rsm;jzifh pm;aomuf=u&onf? “&Gufpdrf;oGif;&ifawmh usrwkd@twGuf oufom
ygw,f? &Gufpdrf;oGif;+yD;&if wae@om&wJh vufzufzkd;udk qef/ qDwkd@ wcgwnf;,lvkd@&ygao;w,f? tckawmh
vufzufajcmufvkyfawmh (3-4) &uf avmufrSom a&mif;vkd@&wmjzpfwJhtwGuf aiGwdk;eJ@}udKwifacs;xm;+yD;rS
pm;&wmaygh ” [lI vufzuf+cHydkif&SifwOD;rS ajymjycJhonf? vufzuf+cHydkif&Sif - tifwmAsL; trSwf 23

©2009 wtmif; (yavmif) vkyfief;tzJG@ rS xkwfa0onf? 12


vufzufzsufykd; ppftkyfpkudkifwG,faomvufzufjy\ema=umifh 'kuQa&mufaeaom vufzufawmifolrsm;

vufzufawmifolrsm;rSm vufzuf&moDr[kwfaom &moDwGif ukefonf/ vkyfief;&Sif}uD;xH }udKwifaiG,lxm;+yD; qef/


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onfhjyif vufzufrsm;pGm zsufqD;cH&aoma=umifh awmifolrsm;vkdtyfaom ukefypPnf;rsm;udkvnf; r0,f,lEdkif=uyg?

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qef/ qD/ qm; awmif;awmhvnf; vkHvkHavmufavmufray;Ekdifbl;? +yD;cJhwJhESpfu taºu;awG rqyfEkdifwJhtjyif 'DESpfyg
taºu;xyfwif&ygw,f? t&ifESpfawGu pkxm;wJq h J}G udK;awmif [kdwpfae@urS oGm;aygifvkduf&w,f? 'DESpfawmfawmf
av;tcufawG h&w,f” [k&ifzGifhjyonf? vufzufcl;orm; - tifwmAsL; trSwf 04
“vufzufawmifoleJ@ vufzuf+cHydkif&SifawG vufzufray:cifrSm }udK,lxm;wJh qef/ }udKokH;aiGawGukd a=uatmif
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ay;xm;ygw,f? cgwdkif;qkd&if tckay;wJh ykdufqHyrm% avmufqkd a&$zDcsdefrSmwif a=uatmifqyfEkdifygw,f? 'DESpfawmh
wpf0ufawmifa=uatmifray;Ekdifao;wJholawGursm;w,f” vufzuf ukefonf - tifwmAsL; trSwf 13

,cifESpfESifh ,ckESpf vufzufaps;ESKef; E_dif;,SOfcsufjy Z,m;


pOf vufzuftrsdK;tpm; ESifh ta&twGuf 2008 ckESpfwGif 2009 ckESpfwGif rSwfcsuf
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3 &Gupf dr;f 1 yd\m 500 - 1000 350 - 700
4 tcsKdajcmuf 1 yd\m 4000 - 6000 3000 - 4000
5 vufzufc;l c 1 yd\m 200 - 300 usyf 100 - 150 usyf
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erfhcrf;+rdK@wGifvnf; tpdk;&u vufzufqkd;aq;onf usef;rma&;udk xdcdkfufapEdkifonf[k a=ujimjyD;aemufydkif;wGif


vufzufaps;usaoma=umifh rdrdwdk@ vufzuf+cHtm; ypf+yD;rD;aoG;zkwfjcif;/ w&kwfjynfwdk@ oGm;a&muftvkyfvkyfudkif
jcif; rsm;jym;vmum vufzuf+cHvkyfief; wckwnf;jzifh toufarG;0rf;a=umif;jyK&ef cufcJ=uyfwnf;v#uf&Sdonf?

©2009 wtmif; (yavmif) vkyfief;tzJG@ rS xkwfa0onf? 13


vufzufzsufykd; ppftkyfpkudkifwG,faomvufzufjy\ema=umifh 'kuQa&mufaeaom vufzufawmifolrsm;

“tvkyftqifrajyawmh usaemf&Jh om;/orD; (7) OD;xJu t&G,fa&muf+yD;tvkyfvkyfEdkifwJh om; (3)a,muf ESihf orD;
(1) a,mufxJu om;ESpfa,mufu w&kwfjynfbufxGuf+yD; tvkyf&Smvkyf=u&ygw,f? vufzuf cl;pm;awmhvnf;
rvHkavmufawmhbl;av? 'D&GmxJrSm tvkyfr&Sd/ vufzufcl;p&mr&SdbJ tvkyfvufrJhjzpfolawG ta,muf 70
avmuf&Sdr,fvkd@cef@rSef;ygw,f” vufzuffvkyfom;wOD;ajymjycJhonf? vufzuf cl;orm; - tifwmAsL; trSwf 04

vufzufvkyfief;wckwnf;jzifh toufarG;0rf;a=umif;jyK&ef tvGefcufcJvSaoma=umifh erfhqef/ refwkefESifh erfhcrf;


a'o&Sd vufzufawmifolrsm;onf zm;uef@wGifausmufwl;jcif;/ w&kwfjynfwGiftvkyform;vkyfjcif; tp&Sdonfh
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a&G@ajymif;tvkyform; wpfodef;cef@&Sd&m ,ck 2009 ckESpftwGif; vufzufawmifolrsm;wpfaomif;cef@ tjcm;a'oodk@
tvkyfvkyf&ef xyfrHxGufcGm=uonf[k rdrdwdk@tzJG@rS owif;tcsuftvufaumufcH&&Sdygonf?

c) ynma&;tajctae

yavmifrdbjynfolrsm;taejzifh rdrdwkd@. om;orD;rsm;tm; ynmoif=um;Ekdif&eftwGuf vufzufvkyfief;ay: rSDcdk


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tv,fwef;ausmif;rsm;&Sdaomfvnf; txufwef;ausmif;rsm;rSm +rdK@e,frsm;wGifom&Sdygonf? xdk@jyif rdrdwdk@a'owGif
wuUokdvfr&Sdjcif;a=umifh wuUodkvfqufwufEdkif&eftwGuf tjcm;+rdK@}uD;rsm;odk@ oGm;a&mufoif,l&ygonf?
vufzuft0ga&mifqkd;aq; &dkufcwfr_'%fa=umifh 2009 ckESpf twGif;ynma&;udk OD;pm;ay;&onfxuf pm;0wfaea&;
jy\emudk OD;qHk;ajz&Sif;ay;&onfhtwGufa=umifh om;/ orD;wdk@. ynma&;udk vspfvsL&_=u&onff?

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awGtwGuf ynma&;xuf ae@pOfpm;okH;zkd@twGuf ykdta&;}uD;
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‘uav;ynma&;eJ@yufoufvkd@ uav; 4 a,muf&Sd+yD; t=uD;


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bl;qkdawmht&rf;cufcJvmygw,f’ vufzuf+cHydkif&Sif - tifwmAsL; trSwf 07

vufzufaps;E_ef;raumif;onfhtwGufa=umifh ausmif;rxGufoifhaomvli,frsm; ausmif;xGufcJh&ygonf?? tv,f


wef;ausmif;+yD;aom ausmif;ol/om;rsm;onf rdbrsm;u +rdK@ay:wGif txufwef;ausmif; qufwufEkdif&ef raxmufyHh
ay;Ekdifjcif;/ ausmif;p&dwf}uD;rm;jcif;wkd@a=umifh tcsKd@aom rdom;pkrsm;rSm,if;wkd@. om;/ orD;rsm;tm; ausmif;xGuf
cdkif;+yD; rdbESifhtwl rdom;pk pm;0wfaea&;jy\emudk ajz&Sif;ay;ae&ygonf? 2009 ckESpftwGif; erfhqef+rdK@e,f&Sd
aus;&Gmrsm;wGif ausmif;tyfESHonfh &mcdkifE_ef; 30 cef@avsmhus+yD;/ tjcm;+rdK@odk@ wqifhwdk;wufa&mufrnfh ausmif;ol
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awmifolrsm;tm; awG@qHkar;jref;csufrsm;t& od&Sd&ygonf?

©2009 wtmif; (yavmif) vkyfief;tzJG@ rS xkwfa0onf? 14


vufzufzsufykd; ppftkyfpkudkifwG,faomvufzufjy\ema=umifh 'kuQa&mufaeaom vufzufawmifolrsm;

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5-2) vufzufa&mif;0,fr_ESifh xkwfvkyfr_ tajctae


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(u) vufzufawmifolESifh tvkyform;rsm;. tajctae


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rsm;tzsufqD;cH&aoma=umifh }udKaiGrxkwfay;Edkifjcif;/ vufzuf0,frnfh ukefonfrsm;enf;yg;vmjcif;/ 0,f,laom
ukefonfrsm;vnf; t0ga&mifqdk;aq;tm;ta=umif;jyI aps;ESdrfay;jcif;rsm;ESifh &ifqdkif=u&onf?

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ajcmufaps;rSmvnf; ododomomusqif;um vufzufawmifolrsm; 'kuQa&muf=u&ygonf?

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qdk;aq;a=umifh vufzufrsm;cl;qGwf&ma'o erfhqef/
erfhcrf;+rdK@/ refwkH+rdK@rsm;tjyif vufzufpuf&kHrsm; &Sd&m
a'ojzpfonfh ausmufrJ+rdK@wGifvnf; tvkyform;
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vufzufqdk;aq;a=umifh vufzufaps;ESKef;rsm; usqif;


+yD; refwkef+rdK@rS vufzuf yGJ&kHrsm;tm;vHk;eD;yg; ydwfcJh
=u&+yD;/ vufzuftcsdKajcmufpuf&kH (6) &kH ydwfvkduf
&onf? vufzufnGef@rsm;a0qmaeaom cl;qGwfolrJh vufzufcif;

©2009 wtmif; (yavmif) vkyfief;tzJG@ rS xkwfa0onf? 15


vufzufzsufykd; ppftkyfpkudkifwG,faomvufzufjy\ema=umifh 'kuQa&mufaeaom vufzufawmifolrsm;

vufzufawmifolrsm;onf vufzuf&moDcsdefwGif vufzuf+cHaygif;wifjcif;/ vufzufxGufcsdefwGif toHk;jyK&rnfh


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}udKwif&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH=u&onf? ,ckuJhodk@ vufzuf aps;uGufysuof nfhtcsdefwGif }udKwifjyifqifr_rsm;rSm tv[\
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r&wma=umifh cl;c 100 usyf qkdawmh olwkd@twGufvnf; vkH;0rukdufbl; vufzuf 4 ykHrSm 1 ykH avmufu
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vufzuf+cHydkif&Sif - tifwmAsL; trSwf 08

(c) vufzufpm;okH;olrsm;. tajctae


vufzufawmifolrsm;onf udk,fh+cHxGufvufzufrsm;udkom
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rsm;t=um; jyif;xefaom &dkufcwfr_r&SdcJhay?

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pGm=umvm+yDjzpfojzifh usef;rma&;twGuf txl;pdk;&drfr_rsm;jzpf=u&ouJhodk@ vufzufpm;aomfvnf; rnfonfh
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ta&;,lajz&Sif;&ef vdkvm;=uonf? odk@aomf vufzufwGif usef;rma&;udkxdkcdkufaponfh t0ga&mifqdk;aq; yg0if
onf[k a=unm+yD;aemufydkif; vufzufpm;oHk;r_ odompGmavsmhusvmcJhonf?

(*) vufzufukefonfvkyfief;&Sifrsm; tajctae


,ckESpftwGuf ppftpdk;&. t0ga&mifqdk;aq; a=unmcsuaf =umifh vufzufukefonfrsm; vufzuf yd\mcsdef
ESpfodef;cef@ zsufqD;cH&aoma=umifhrsm;pGmtxdem=uonf? xkd@jyif vufzuftxGufESKef; tvGefenf;yg;jcif;/ aps;ESKef;
tqrwefusqif;oGm;jcif;wdk@a=umifh vufzufta&mif;t0,f vkyfukdifolrsm; vkyfief;&yfwef@vkeD;yg;jzpfaeygonf?
t0ga&mifqdk;aq;*&ufa=umifh vkyfzufukefonftenf;qHk; xuf0ufcef@ vufzufpuf&Hk/ vufzufyJG&Hkvkyfief;rsm;
qufvufrvnfywfEdkifawmhyJ &yfem;cJh&onf?

©2009 wtmif; (yavmif) vkyfief;tzJG@ rS xkwfa0onf? 16


vufzufzsufykd; ppftkyfpkudkifwG,faomvufzufjy\ema=umifh 'kuQa&mufaeaom vufzufawmifolrsm;

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wdk@wGifvnf; vufzuf aps;ESKef;uGm[aeonf udkawG@&Sd&ygonf?

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vufzufajcmufrsm;0,fjyD; okdavSmifxm;+yD; jyefa&mif;&onfhtcsdefwGif vufzufaps;E_ef;usaejcif;a=umifh vufzuf
ukefonfrsm; }uD;rm;aom qkH;&SLH;r_rsm;}uHKawG@=u&onf?

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aps;uGufysufI ydwfxm;&onfh erfhqef&Sd vufzufpuf&Hk

vufzufukefonfrsm; taejzifh vufzuftxGufenf;jcif;/ t0,fenf;I aps;enf;jcif;wdk@a=umifh a&$zDcsdef rwkdifrD


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t0,fvkyf&wm cufcJr_awGe@Jh &ifqkdif=u&ygw,f? 'DESpfvufzuf 0,f,l&wJh yrm%vnf; t&rf;avSsmhw,f/ cgwkdif;
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©2009 wtmif; (yavmif) vkyfief;tzJG@ rS xkwfa0onf? 17


vufzufzsufykd; ppftkyfpkudkifwG,faomvufzufjy\ema=umifh 'kuQa&mufaeaom vufzufawmifolrsm;

6) ed*Hk;csKyft}uHjyKcsuf
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wdkufwGef;vdkufygonf?

6-1) jynfolvlxk ESifhvkyfief;&Sifrsm;


• jynfol@usef;rma&;udktEW&m,fjzpfapEdkifaom t0ga&mif;qdk;aq; (Auramine O) tm; vufzuf
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0kdif;0ef;I yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf=u&ef?
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• vufzufyGJ&kHESifh vkyfief;&Sifrsm;taejzifh rdrdukd,fusdK;pD;yGg;wpfckwnf;twGuf vufzufaps;uGufudk xdef;csKyf
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6-2) wtmif; (yavmif) EkdifiHa&; tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh a'ocHacgif;aqmif


• yavmifEdkifiHa&;tiftm;pk tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ a'ocHacgif;aqmif;rsm;taejzifh yavmifjynfolrsm; }uKHawG@
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6-3) etz ppftpdk;&


• t0ga&mifqdk;aq;a=umifh qkH;&SKH;epfemoGm;aom vufzufawmifolrsm;ESifh ukefonfrsm;udk oifhav#mfr#w
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xda&mufpGmyl;aygif;aqmif&GufoGm;&ef?

6-4) EkdifiHwum rdom;pkrsm;


• vufzufjy\emrsm;a=umifh twd'kuQa&muf+yD; pm;0wfaea&; usyfwnf;aeaom jynfolrsm;tm; xdxd
a&mufa&muf 0dkif;0ef;ulnDaxmufyHhay;&ef?
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tusKd;pD;yGm;tm; t=uyfudkifvkyfaqmifonfh enf;vrf;rsm; toHk;rjyK&efESifh vufzufjy\emukd rSefuefpGm
ajz&Sif;Ekdif&eftwGuf etz ppftpkd;&tm; EdkifiHwumrdom;pkrS 0dkif;0ef; zdtm;ay;&ef?

©2009 wtmif; (yavmif) vkyfief;tzJG@ rS xkwfa0onf? 18


vufzufzsufykd; ppftkyfpkudkifwG,faomvufzufjy\ema=umifh 'kuQa&mufaeaom vufzufawmifolrsm;

aemufqufwJG

(u) awG@qHkar;jref;csufrsm;

1) vufzuf+cHydkif&Sif - tifwmAsL; trSwf 07

2007 wkef;uawmh 1 yd\ukd usyf 5000 &ygw,f? cl;c 1 yd\mukd 500usyf ay;&w,f? rESpfu
vufzufaps;ESKef; 1500usyf 'DESpf2009 a&$zDcsdefrSmawmh 1 yd\ukd 1500 &w,f? 'gayr,fh a&$zDcsdef+yD;wmeJ@ 1yd\ukd
900 ESifh 1000=um;yJ&awmhw,f? cl;cvnf; 1 yd\ukd 100ESifh 150=um; txday;&w,f? cl;ay;r,fhvlr&Sdvkd@ vl 4
OD;yJiSm;&w,f? tcufcJawmh trsKd;rsKd;}uHKawG@ae&w,f? vufzufajcmufudk yGJ&HkqDoGif;wJhtcsdefrSm yGJ&Hku csufcsif;}uD;
aiGray;Edkifbl;? yGJ&HkawGvnf; wqifhjyefydk@&w,f? olwdk@rSmvnf 0ifaiGvnfywfr_ odyftqifrajybl;? vufzuf
tqif;ta&mifvSrS a&mif;vdk@&w,f? wcsKd@yGJ&HkawGu csdefcGifhuvnf;}uD;w,f? vufzufa&mif;wm &_H;w,f?
vufzufaps;E_ef;vnf;raumif;/ vufzufvJtxGufenf;awmh pm;0wfaea&;jy\emudk rajz&Sif; Ekdifygbl;?
uav;vnf; av;a,muf&Sdw,f? wa,mufawmh tdrfaxmifusoGm;+yD? wa,mufu 10 wef; wuf&r,f? 10wef;
wufwJhwa,mufudkawmh ausmif;axmufyHhay;Ekdifw,f? 2a,mufudkawmh qufvuf+yD; ausmif;rxm;Edkifbl;?
yavmif vlrsKd;awGvnf; vufzufudk t"dutm;udk;+yD; vkyfudkifpm;aomuf=uw,fqdkawmh vufzufaps; raumif;
awmh yavmifvlrsKd;twGufawmh t&rf;udk cufcJygw,f?

2) vufzuf+cHydkif&Sif - tifwmAsL; trSwf 21

2007-2008 wkef;u a&$zDcsdefrSmqdk&if vufzufajcmuf yd\m 150 &ygw,f? 'DESpf vufzufajcmuf


yd\60 avmufyJ&ygw,f? 2007wkef;u vufzufajcmuf 1yd\mudk 5000usyf&w,f? 2008wkef;u 2000
usyf&w,f? 2009ckESpf a&$zDcsdef rdk;vGwfvufzufudk 1500usyf &w,f? o}uFef+yD;awmh vufzufajcmufaps;E_ef;
1000ESifh 900 txdavmufyJ&ygw,f? awmifay:rSm aew,fqkdawmh +rdK@qif;+yD; yGJ&Hkudk wkduf&dkufoGif;zdk@qkdwmvnf;
odyf+yD; rvG,fbl;? yGJpm;wqifh oGif;awmh wcsKd@ yGJpm;awGu csdefcGif}uD;w,f? t&rf;udk epfemw,f?
'DESpfydkufqHvnf; t&rf;udkcufcJygw,f? yGJpm;awGu ydkufqHudk }udKray;awmhbl;? vufzufaps; raumif;
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b,fvdk qufxm;&rSefawmif rodawmhygbl;? qdk;aq;roHk;awmh qdk;aq;ta=umif;udk r=um;zl;bl;?

3) vufzuf+cHydkif&Sif - tifwmAsL; trSwf 22


wcsKd@aom &GmeD;em;awGu vufzufpdk vkyfaewkef;ygyJ? &Gufpdrf;aps;E_ef;u raumif;bl;av? b,ftcsdef
yJa&mif;a&mif; a&mif;vdk@&w,f? xm;vdk@&w,f? 'gayr,fh vufzufpdkvnf; aps;E_ef;raumif;ygbl;? rESpfwkef;u
rEWav;/ ausmufrJwdk@ ydk@xm;wJh vufzufu trsm;qHk; &H_;w,f? wcsKd@qkd&if odef; 20avmuf &H_;w,f? a&mif;vdk@
rxGufwJh vufzufpdkudk yGJ&HkawGu jyefvmo,fcdkif;w,f? awmifay:udk jyefo,f&ifvnf; a&mif;vdk@r&ovdk xm;p&m
ae&mvJr&Sd/ um;cyJukefw,fqkdawmh vufzufudk jyefr,lvm=ubl;?

©2009 wtmif; (yavmif) vkyfief;tzJG@ rS xkwfa0onf? 19


vufzufzsufykd; ppftkyfpkudkifwG,faomvufzufjy\ema=umifh 'kuQa&mufaeaom vufzufawmifolrsm;

vufzufpdk a&mif;wJhpepfuvnf; cufcJygw,f? vufzufpdkudk rEWav;/ ausmufrJwdk@ ydk@wJhtcgrSm yGJ&HkawGu


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t&rf;ukefw,f? +yD;awmh wjcm;vufzufvSw,fqkd&if udk,fhvufzufudk aps;ESdrf+yD; ay;xm;w,f? usrwdk@vnf;
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vHk;0roHk;ao;ygbl;? rEWav;/ ausmufrJwkd@ydk@wJh yGJpm;awGuawmh toHk;jyKwmawG@w,f? rsm;aomtm;jzifh yGJ&Hk/
yGJpm;xHrSwqifh qkd;aq;udktoHk;jyK=uygw,f? ta&mifydkvSatmifyg? 'gayr,fh 'D 2009 rSmawmh qkd;aq; toHk;
rjyK=uawmhygbl;? wcsKd@qdk&if rEWav;wkd@ausmufrJwdk@ ydk@xm;wJh[mudk yGJ&HkawGu qkd;aq;rsm; xnfhxm;+yD;vmqdkawmh
pdk;&drfcsufvnf;&Sdw,f? olwdk@ydk@wkef;u rqdk;xm;=ubl;?

4) vufzufpuf&Hkydkif&Sif - tifwmAsL; trSwf 02


,ckESpftwGuf vufzufpdk rpvkyf&ao;ygbl;? rdk;usrS vkyfjzpfrSmyg? tckavmavmq,fawmh tajcmuf
awGyJ awmfawmftvkyfjzpfw,f? yGJ&kHwkdif; tpkdtwGuf tvkyfrp&ao;ygbl;? ausmufrJrSmu vufzufpkda&m/
tajcmufa&m aygif;vkyfwJhyGJ&kHawmfawmfrsm;&Sdygw,f?
tppfaq;awmh bmrSr&Sdao;ygbl;? OD;wkd@vnf; vufzufqdk;aq;eJ@yufowfvkd@ tpnf;ta0;xkdif+yD;+yD?
b,fyGJ&kHukdrS ppfaq;wmrawG@&ao;ygbl;? vmawmh vmr,fvkd@ajymw,f? c&u/ OuUXawGeJhvnf; awG@qkH+yD;
tpnf;ta0;vkyfzkd@&Sdygw,f? tjynfhtpkHodcsif&if ukefpnf'kdif/ pm;aomufukefESifh ywfoufwJhukefonf}uD;rsm;toif;
ukd oGm;a&mufar;jref;vkd@&ygw,f?

5) vufzufpuf&Hkydkif&Sif - tifwmAsL; trSwf 04

'DESpftcsKdajcmufaps;r&Sdwma=umifh puf&kHukdydwfxm;vkduf&wmyg? ausmufrJyJ&G kHawGrSmvnf; vufcHxm;


ayr,fh b,ftcsdef vufzufudk jyefa&mif;&rSefrodbl;? puf&kHtvkyfrjzpfawmh t&ifwkef;u tvkyform;awG tvkyf
vufrJh jzpfoGm;wmaygh? ykHrSefvkyfae=u tvkyfrjzpfawmh v,fvkyfief;yJ ajymif;vkyfvkduf&wmaygh? awmif,m vnf;
vkyfxm;w,f? ajymif;zl;+cHa&m vkyfxm;w,f?
puf&kHukdawmifa&mif;zkd@awmifajymxm;w,f? 0,folvnf;r&Sdaobl;? tvkyfrjzpfrSefodawmh b,folrS
vnf;r0,fcsif;=ubl;? a&$zDra&mifcif wjcm;aom yGJ&HkqD qefeJ@ atmufoHk;aiGawG }udKawmif;vnf; r&bl;? cgwkdif;
ESpfqkd&if a&$zDOD;rwkdifcifrSm vufzuf+cH&SifawGukd qef/ qD/ qm;wkd axmufyHh ay;wmEdkifcJhygw,f? 'DESpftpuwnf;u
tcsKdajcmufaps; tajctaeraumif;awmh ray;Edkif=ubl;? tenf;tusO;fay;xm;wmawmh&dSygw,f? &Gufpdrf;
r0,fjzpfawmh tJ'Dtaºu;awGudk jyefr&ao;bl;?
+yD;cJhwJhESpfwkef;u tcsKdajcmufukd ausmufrJrSmykd@ xm;wm&Sdw,f? yd\mcsdefaygif; (8000)ausmf&Sdw,f?
cg;uefaESmif;ykdif;vufzufawGyJjzpfygw,f? 'DESpfa&$zDcsdef rwkdifcifav;rSmyJ a&mif;xkwfvkdufw,f? t&if; u
(xkwfvkyfcaygif;) 1700 usyfavmufusayr,fh tck 1300 aps;eJ@yJ a&mif;xkwfvkduf&w,f? aiGvnf; tukefr&
ao;bl;? odef; ( 70 )yJ &ygao;w,f? aiGt&rf;cufcJw,f?

6) vufzufpm;oHk;ol - tifwmAsL; trSwf 01


usruawmh vufzufpkd0,f+yD;rS ukd,fh[mukd ESyfpm;w,f? trsm;tm;jzifh vG,fiif;vufurSm 0,fygw,f?
qkd;aq;qkdwJh toH=um;awmh a=umufrdao;w,f? &efukef/ rEWav;wifrubl; 'DrSmvnf; *&ufawmfawmf

©2009 wtmif; (yavmif) vkyfief;tzJG@ rS xkwfa0onf? 20


vufzufzsufykd; ppftkyfpkudkifwG,faomvufzufjy\ema=umifh 'kuQa&mufaeaom vufzufawmifolrsm;

&kdufoGm;w,f? ydwfckdif;wJh qkdifawGawmif&dSw,f? +cdrf;ajcmufw,f 0if+yD;ppfaq; wmawmhr=um;bl;? owif;pmrSmyJ


ygwmyg? wcsKd@qkd&if qkd;aq;ta=umif;udk odawmif rodygbl;?
'gayr,fh usruawmhukd,fh[mukd ESyfpm;w,fqkdawmh tEW&m,fuif;ygw,f? t}uHjyKcsif wmuawmh
vufzufaumif; pm;csif&if qkd;aq;rokH;bJ vkyf=unfh&r,f/ pm;okH;olvnf;t}udKufawG@atmif ajymif;vkyf=unf@ayg?
'gqkdtm;vkH; tqifajyrSmyg?

7) vufzufpm;oHk;ol - tifwmAsL; trSwf 03


erfhqef+rdK@e,frSm t"duvufzufxGuf&Sd&m a'ojzpfwJhtwGuf udk,fh+cHxGufvufzufukdom pm;okH;wm
rsm;w,f? &,f'Drdwfudk 0,f,lpm;okH;wmawmh r&SdoavmufygbJ? tenf;tusOf;avmufawmh &Sdw,f? rEWav;/
&efukef/ jrefrmjynfatmufykdif;om pm;okH;ol trsm;qkH;jzpfygw,f? Oyrm &,f'Drdwf r[kwfwJhyd\csdefeJ@
0,f,lpm;okH;wmrsKd;r&SdbJ txkwfxkyf+yD;omjzpfwJh &,f'Drdwfukdom 0,f,lpm; oHk;avh&Sdw,f?
tpkd;&u vufzufpkdrSm t0ga&mifqkd;aq;a=umifh usef;rma&;xdapEkdifw,fvkd@ twdtvif; a=unmcJhayr,fh
erfhqefe,fol/om;twGufawmh trsm;tm;jzifh pkd;&drf;jcif;/ a=umuf&GH@jcif;/ odyfr&Sd=uwm ukdawG@&ygw,f? bmjzpf
vkd@vJqkdawmh 'DvdkbJpm;vmcJhwm ESpfaygif;renf;awmhygbl;? tckcsdefxd 'Dvufzuf qkd;aq;a=umifh usef;rma&;
xdckduf&wmrsKd; wpfpkHwpf&mrawG@&ovkdygbJ? wpfcsKd@olawGawmh tenf;i,f pkd;&drf;r_awGawmh &Sd=uwmawG@&ygw,f?
t"du 0,f,lpm;okH;wJhwHqdyfuawmh t&D;awmif/ a&$jynfpH/ a&$wkwf/ 0gqkdawGyJ jzpfygw,f? pkd;&drf;ol
wpfcsKd@awGu txkwfxkyf+yD;om vufzufxkwfukd xyf0,f,lpm;okH;zdk@ wGef@aeayr,fh wpfcsKd@usawmh 0,fpm;p+rJygyJ?
'DvufzufpkdxJrSm bmaq;rSrxnfhbJ obm0ta&mifudk tokH;jyK&if ykdaumif;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh ta&mifvS
atmifaq;xnfhr,fqkd&ifawmif pm;okH;vkd &wJhaq;rsKd; xnfhoifhygw,f?

8) vufzufukefonff - tifwmAsL; trSwf 05


usaemfwdk@ t&ifwkef;qdk&if atmf&riftkdqkdwJhpum;vkH;udk r=um;zl;olawGrsm;w,f? t&ifu tac:ta0:
uawmh t0ga&mifqkd;aq;vkd@yJ odxm;ygw,f? t0ga&mifqkd;aq;rSmvnf; (2) rsKd;&Sdygw,f? wrsKd;u t0wf
txnfxJ toHk;jyKzdk@/ aemufwrsKd;uawmh pm;aomufukefxJokH;wJhqkd;aq;jzpfygw,f? t0ga&mif qkd;aq; udkawmh
toHk;jyKw,f? 'gayr,fh t0ga&mifqkd;aq;xJrSm atmf&riftkd "mwfygae w,fqkdwm vHk;0 rodcJhygbl;?
tyGifhvif;qkH;ajym&r,fqkd&if qkd;aq;ESpfrsKd;xJrSm ESpfrsKd;pvkH;udktokH;jyKcJhzl;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh trsm;qkH;okH;
wmuawmh t0wftxnfxJxnfhwJh t0gqdk;aq;udk toHk;jyKwm rsm;ygw,f? tJ'Daq;ukd okH;&jcif; ta=umif;
ESpfrsKd;&Sdygw,f?
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yJqdkawmh toHk;jyKvdk@&w,faygh? aps;E_ef;ay: rlwnf+yD;0,foHk;&wmyJ? ppftpdk;& 'Dqdk;aq;udk pm;aomufukefxJokH;vkd@
r&bl;? atmf&riftkd"mwfygovdk vlawG&Jh usef;rma&;udkxdckdufapw,f/ pwmawG pwifokH;pGJuwnf;u ppftpdk;&u
}udKwiftoday;jcif;/ usef;rma&;t&ppfaq;ay;jcif; wpkHw&mr&SdcJhygbl;? usaemfwkd@vnf; usef;rma&; xdcdkufEkdifvdk@
vH;k 0rodcJhbl;? usaemfwdk@oHk;vmwmvJ ESpfaygif;(20)ausmfaewmawmif ppftpkd;&u 'Dqdk;aq;[m rokH;oifhwJhaq;
jzpfw,f qkdwm b,fwkef;urS today;ajym=um;jcif;r&Sdawmh qufvuftokH;jyK vmwmyJ?
'kwd,tcsufuawmh 'Dt0ga&mifqkd;aq;[m wjcm;qkd;aq;awGxuf aps;oufomwm wykdif;/ wpfaygif
okH;&if vufzuf (4) tdwfavmuf tqkd;cHw,f? wjcm;qkd;aq;awGusawmh aps;ESKef;u xuf0uf avmuf}uD;wJhtjyif
wpfaygifudk vufzuf(2)tdwfavmufom tqkd;cHw,fvkd@erfhqefyGJpm;}uD;wOD;uajymygw,f?
,cifu okH;pGJvmcJhwm }udKwiftoday;jcif;r&SdbJ bma=umifh tckrS ppftpdk;&awG vSsyfwjywf a=ujim
vkdufvJqkdwm pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;ygw,f? tckvdk bmrS !_dE_dif;aqG;aEG;r_ r&SdbJ v#yfwjywf a=unm vkdufjcif;[m
vufzufvkyfief;&Sif/ vufzuf+cHykdif&Sif/ vufzufeJ@ ywfouf+yD; toufarG;0rf;ausmif; jyK=uwJh olawGudkom

©2009 wtmif; (yavmif) vkyfief;tzJG@ rS xkwfa0onf? 21


vufzufzsufykd; ppftkyfpkudkifwG,faomvufzufjy\ema=umifh 'kuQa&mufaeaom vufzufawmifolrsm;

t&rf;udkepfemygw,f? pm;okH;olawG rpm;&JawmhbJ e,fbufawGrSm ta&mif; t0,fjyKvkyfwJh udk,fpm;vS,fawGyg


ta&mif;t0,fudk &yfqkdif;+yD; vufzufaps;vnf; w[kef;xdk; avsmhusvmygw,f?

(c) rSDjirf;udk;um;onfhpmwrf;rsm;
1) vlawG@ar;jref;csufrsm;
2) r,fwdk@yavmifta=umif;odaumif;p&m - rdkif;tk%f;cdkif
3) acwf+ydKif tGefvdkifr*~Zif;
4) rZdÆr tGefvdkifr*~Zif;
5) {&m0wD tGefvdkifr*~Zif;
6) etz jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm

aus;Zl;rSwfwrf;vTm
“vufzufzsufydk;”tpD&ifcHpmwGif vufzufjy\emESifh pyfvsO;fI
etz ppftkyfpk. vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;onfh wbufowfudkifwG,fr_a=umifh
'kuQ trsKd;trsKd;ESifh &ifqdkifae=u&aom vufzufawmifolrsm;/ vufzuf
vkyfief; &Sifrsm;/ vufzufpm;oHk;olrsm;ESifh oufqdkif&m tm%mydkifwdk@.
toHudk enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh pGef@pm;IaumufcHcJh=uaom wtmif;
(yavmif) tvkyftzJG@rS vli,farmifr,frsm;udk yxrOD;pGm aus;Zl;wif&Sd
a=umif; azmfjyvdkygonf? tpD&ifcHpmjzpfajrmuf&eftwGuf tbufbufrS
ulnDyHhydk;ay;=uolrsm;/ ulnDaqmif&Gufay;=uolrsm;/ ppfwrf;aumuf&ef
&HyHkaiGtjyif t}uHaumif;rsm;yg axmufyHhulnDay;onfh BRC ESifh rdrdwdk@
cHpm; csufrsm; udk &J0HhpGmxkwfazmfajymqdkcJh=uaom yavmif rdbjynfolrsm;
tm;vHk;udk tav;teuf *k%fjyKrSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf?

&nfnGef;csuf (0JrS,modk@)
a&S@rsufESmzHk;yHk - vufzufajcmuftwGuf vufzufvSef;aeonfhawmifolrsm;/ vufzuf+cHxJrS
uav;i,f/ zsufqD;rnfhvufzufrsm;/ t&omaumif;vufzufxGufonfh yavmifawmifwef;jym?

aemufrsufESmzHk;yHk - vufzufzsufrnfhtm%mydkifwdk@pka0;&m (erfhqef)/ vufzufukefonfaygufp


vufzuf0,faepOf/ zsufqD;rnfhvufzufrsm;/ vufzufawmifolrsm; vufzufcl;oGm;pOf?

©2009 wtmif; (yavmif) vkyfief;tzJG@ rS xkwfa0onf? 22


vufzufzsufykd; ppftkyfpkudkifwG,faomvufzufjy\ema=umifh 'kuQa&mufaeaom vufzufawmifolrsm;

wtmif; (yavmif) vkyfief;tzJG h


qufoG,f&ef vdyfpm
P.O Box 191 , Maesod P.O
Maesod, Tak Province 63110 Thailand
Phone: (66) 084 817 2525, (66) 084 817 3936

©2009 wtmif; (yavmif) vkyfief;tzJG@ rS xkwfa0onf? 23

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