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DIRK BENEDICT R. MIRANDABSN III MAAM EVENGELINE MARAGINOTCHEMIN 
1.) What are chemical bonds? Name 3 kinds of chemical bonds anddescribe each based on their nature.
A
chemical bond
is the physical process responsible for the attractive interactionsbetween atoms and molecules, and that which confers stability to diatomic andpolyatomic chemical compounds.
A. Ionic Bonding
In ionic bonding, electrons are completely transferred from oneatomto another. In theprocess of either losing or gaining negatively charged electrons, the reacting atomsform ions. The oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other by electrostaticforces, which are the basis of theionic bond. For example, during the reaction of sodium with chlorine:sodium (on the left) loses its onevalence electronto chlorine (on the right),resulting ina positively charged sodiumion(left) and a negatively charged chlorine ion(right).The reaction of sodium with chlorine
B. Covalent Bonding
The second major type of atomic bonding occurs whenatomsshareelectrons. As opposed to ionic bonding in which a complete transfer of electrons occurs, covalentbonding occurs when two (or more)elementsshare electrons. Covalent bonding occursbecause the atoms in thecompoundhave a similar tendency for electrons (generally togain electrons). This most commonly occurs when two nonmetals bond together.Because both of the nonmetals will want to gain electrons, the elements involved willshare electrons in an effort to fill theirvalence shells. A good example of acovalent bondis that which occurs between two hydrogen atoms. Atoms of hydrogen (H) have
 
onevalence electronin their firstelectron shell. Since the capacity of this shell is two electrons, each hydrogen atom will "want" to pick up a second electron. In an effort topick up a second electron, hydrogen atoms will react with nearby hydrogen (H) atomsto form the compound H
2
. Because the hydrogen compound is a combination of equallymatched atoms, the atoms will share each other's single electron, forming one covalentbond. In this way, both atoms share the stability of a fullvalenceshell.
C. Hydrogen bond
In some ways this is an especially strong example of a permanent dipole, as above.However, in the hydrogen bond, the hydrogen proton comes closer to being sharedbetween target and donor atoms, in athree-center two-electron bondlike that indiborane. Hydrogen bonds explain the relatively high boiling points of liquids like water,ammonia, and hydrogen fluoride, compared with their heavier counterparts in the sameperiodic tablecolumn.
2.) What is the octet rule?
The
octet rule
is a simplechemical rule of thumbthat states thatatomstend to combine in such a way that they each have eightelectronsin theirvalence shells, giving them the sameelectronic configurationas anoble gas. The rule is applicable to the main-group elements, especiallycarbon,nitrogen,oxygen, and thehalogens, but also to metals such assodiumormagnesium. In simple terms, molecules or ions tend to be most stable when the outermostelectron shellsof their constituent atoms contain eight electrons.
 
3.) Mention the most common anion and cat-ions
of 00

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