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Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 1

Design of steel-bridges
Overview of key content of EN 1993-Eurocode 3
Illustration of basic element design g
G. Hanswille, W. Hensen, M. Feldmann, G. Sedlacek
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 2
LIST OF CONTENTS
1. The European Standard Family and Steel bridges 1. The European Standard Family and Steel bridges
2. Load assumptions for steel bridges
3. Modelling of steel bridges
4. Specification of bearings
5. Choice of steel
6 D i f b id l t 6. Design of bridge elements
6.1. Stability rules
6 2 Fatigue rules 6.2. Fatigue rules
6.3. Rope structures
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 3
CROSS SECTION OF A BOX GIRDER BRIDGE WITH AN
ORTHOTROPIC DECK
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 4
HASELTALBRCKE SUHL
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 5
NAVIGATION THROUGH STANDARDS
actions
EN 1990
Safety aspects
Load combination EN 1991-1-1
EN 1991-2
Self-weight
Traffic actions
actions

G
/
Q
-values
y p
EN 1990-A2
EN 1991-1-4
EN 1991-1-5
Wind actions
Thermal actions
EN 1993 1 1
f
design
EN 1993-1-1
Imperfections
EN 1993-2
EN 1993-1-8
EN 1993-1-11
General
Connections
Ropes
EN 1993-1-5
EN 1993-1-5
EN 1993 1 9 Fatigue
Stability of plates
Seismic design EN 1998-3
EN 1337
p
Bearings
EN 1993-1-9 Fatigue
Materials EN 10025
Prefabrication EN 1090-2
execution
Welding
Corrosionprotection EN 1090-2
EN 1090-2
Site work
Tolerances EN 1090-2
EN 1337
product
CE-marking EN 1090-2 Inspection EN 1090-2
product
conformity
CE marking
Traceability EN 1337-6
EN 1090 2 Inspection
Maintenance EN 1337-10
EN 1090 2
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 6
SURVEY OF THE EUROCODES
EN 1990
Eurocode: Basis of Design
Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures
1-1 Self weight
EN 1991
Eurocode 2: Concrete structures
Eurocode 3: Steel structures
EN 1992 to EN 1996
1 1 Self weight
1-2 Fire Actions
1-3 Snow
1-4 Wind
1-5 Thermal Actions
Eurocode 3: Steel structures
Eurocode 4: Composite structures
Eurocode 5: Timber structure
Eurocode 6: Masonry structures
1 5 Thermal Actions
1-6 Construction Loads
1-7 Accidential Actions
2 Traffic on bridges
3 Loads from cranes
EN 1997 and EN 1998
3 Loads from cranes
4 Silo loads
EN 1997 and EN 1998
Eurocode 7: Geotechnical Design
Eurocode 8: Design in seismic areas
EN 1999 EN 1999
Eurocode 9: Aluminium structures
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 7
1. THE EUROPEAN STANDARD FAMILY AND STEEL BRIDGES
hEN
product standards
EN 1090 Part 2
EN 1090 Part 1 Delivery Conditions for prefabricated steel components
Eurocode: EN 1990 Basis of structural design
product standards
for steel materials,
semi- finished
products etc.
EN 1090 Part 2
Execution of
steel structures
Eurocode 1: EN 1991 Actions on structures
Eurocode 3: EN 1993 Design rules for steel structures
e
m

f
o
r

r
e
s

HSS up to
S700
1.12
a
r
d

s
y
s
t
e
l

s
t
r
u
c
t
u
S
t
a
n
d
a
s
t
e
e
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 8
1. THE EUROPEAN STANDARD FAMILY AND STEEL BRIDGES
actions
Safety aspects
Load combination Self-weight
Traffic actions

G
/
Q
-values
Wind actions
Thermal actions
Imperfections
G l
designer
design
Imperfections
General
Connections
Ropes
Fatigue
Stability of plates
Seismic design
Bearings
Fatigue
ti
Materials
Prefabrication
execution
Welding
Corrosionprotection
Site work
Tolerances
product
CE-marking Inspection
contractor
product
conformity
g
Traceability
p
Maintenance
Tasks for designer and contractor
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 9
1. THE EUROPEAN STANDARD FAMILY AND STEEL BRIDGES
1-5 Plate buckling 1-5 Plate buckling
EN 1993-Part 1-1 General rules EN 1993-Part 1-1 General rules
1-5 Plate buckling
EN 1993-Part 1-1 General rules
1-9 Fatigue 1-9 Fatigue
1-8 Connections 1-8 Connections
1-9 Fatigue
1-8 Connections
1-11 Rope structures 1-11 Rope structures
1-10 Choice of material 1-10 Choice of material
1-11 Rope structures
1-10 Choice of material
EN 1993-Part 2 Steel bridges EN 1993-Part 2 Steel bridges EN 1993-Part 2 Steel bridges
A C R d ti f th t i l t A C R d ti f th t i l t
Annex B Requirements for expansion joints Annex B Requirements for expansion joints
Annex A Requirements for bearings Annex A Requirements for bearings
A C R d ti f th t i l t
Annex B Requirements for expansion joints
Annex A Requirements for bearings
Annex C Recommendations for orthotropic plates Annex C Recommendations for orthotropic plates Annex C Recommendations for orthotropic plates
Design rules for steel bridges in Eurocode 3
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 10
1. THE EUROPEAN STANDARD FAMILY AND STEEL BRIDGES
Limit State Concept
ULS E
d
s R
d
SLS E
d
s C
d
SLS E
d
s C
d
Fatigue Ao
E
s Ao
c
Choice of material
b d f t h i based on fracture mechanics
(EN 1993-1-10)
Stability of members and plates
Si l l f bi d Single -value for combined
actions,
FEM-methods
(EN 1993-1-1) (EN 1993-1-5)
Fatigue assessments unless
recommended details are used
(EN 1993-2) (EN 1993-1-9)
Basic features of design rules for bridges
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 11
2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
900 kN
500 kN
2 kN 275 kN
11,0 m 11,0 m
Load-model LM1
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 12
2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
1000 kN
12
600 kN
300 kN
6
3
11,0 m
3
Load-model LM1 (draft German NA)
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 13
2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
Statistical distribution of characteristics of vehicle
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2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
Modelling of vehicles and surfaces
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 15
2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
Modelling of bridges
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 16
2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
Load-model and simulations
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 17
2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
Dynamic effects Dynamic effects
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 18
2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
K 210 K 138
Reference bridges for reliability analysis
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2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
Definition of target |-value
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2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
P ro b abi l i s ti c d es i gn E C 1 - P ar t 2 L o ad M o d el
L M
M W
Q re q u ire d
W

=
G G
re q u y
Q d
M
W f
M

1 0 , 1
=
M
G G
M
Q d

where
L M
Q Q Q d
M M
=
3 5 , 1
=
G

LM
Q
Q d
Q
M
M
=
Definition of
Q
-value
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 21
2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES

Q
-values from LM1
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 22
2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
Effect of modification: a
Q1
q
1K
= 9 8 kN/m
Effect of modification: a
Q2
q
2K
= 2,5 5 kN/m
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 23
2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
Forecast of freight-volume
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 24
2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
Development of permits for heavy vehicles
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 25
2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
Results of WIM-measurements in NL
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 26
2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
Fatigue load model specified in EN 1991


480 kN

Traffic Category Number of heavy vehicles N
1: 2-Lane Highways with a high rate of
heavy vehicles
2 10
6
/ a
Number of expected trucks
per year for a single lane
heavy vehicles
2: Highways and roads with a medium
rate of heavy vehicles
0,5 10
6
/ a
3: Main roads with a low rate of heavy
vehicles
0,125 10
6
/ a
4: Country roads with a low rate of
heavy vehicles
0,05 10
6
/ a
heavy vehicles
Fatigue loading model FLM 3
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 27
2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
e
s
Mf fat Ff
o o
/
max
A s A
c
w
i
t
h
e
s
s

r
a
n
g
e
safety factor
for fatigue strength
reference fatigue strength
at 2 10 cycles
6
s
s
m
e
n
t

w
l
i
t
u
d
e

s
t
r
e
damage equivalence factor
representing the spectrum
maximum stress range from
E C 1 -2 loadmodel
crack size a
critical
crack
size a
crit
g
u
e

a
s
s
e
s
t
a
n
t

a
m
p
l
safety factor
for fatigue load
damage equivalent
impact factor
detectable
crack
size a
p
t

f
o
r

f
a
t
i
g
l
e
n
t

c
o
n
s
t
time
size a
0

Ff
=1,00

Mf
=1,00 1,15 for damage tolerance

Mf
=1,25 1,35 for safe life method
Inspection interval
C
o
n
c
e
p
e
q
u
i
v
a
l
Assessment method for FLM 3
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 28
2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
Fatigue details welded attachments and stiffeners
EN 1993-1-9 - Fatigue resistance
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 29
2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
Required moment of inertia from ULS and fatigue design for detail
category 71


= 1,0

ULS
2
m
/
m
]


= 0 , 8

ULS
Fatigue
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

W
/
L

[
c
m
2
M
o
m
e
n
t

o
f

R
e
s
i
Span L [ m]
Span limits for fatigue design
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 30
2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
J oint for hanger
Alternatives for joints of hangers:
ti i d j i t optimised joint:
continuously increasing stiffness (K90)
low curvature from bending
end of hanger with hole and inclined cut
l t t d f h f low stresses at end of hanger for
K50
ratio of inclined cut and connecting plate
avoiding of stress peak at end of
hhanger
Recommendations for durable detailing
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 31
2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
Hanger connection for arch bridges
1
2
3
4
Substitution of fatigue checks for critical details
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 32
2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
Standard orthotropic steel deck with continuous stringers with
cope holes in the web of the cross beam
Substitution of fatigue checks by structural detailing
rules rules
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 33
2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
Structural detailing for deck plate
connection of deck plate to troughs p g
75
12
HV HV
HV
14
300 300 300
design life load model 4
without layer <10 years
asphaltic
sealing
PmB 45
30 - 50 years
fr t =12 mm
PmB 45
thermosetting
resin
PmB 25
70 - 90 years
Recommended details of orthotropic deck
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 34
2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
Structural detailing for cross beams
h
75
12
T
t
Steg
T
25
>0,15 h
T
h
QTr
Steg
t
Ltrough
= 6 mm
t
web
= 10 - 16 mm; verification of net web section required
h
crossbeam
700 mm
crossbeam
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 35
2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
Potential positions of cracks in the asphalt layer
Durability of asphalt layer
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 36
2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
Steel bridges serviceability limit state
Requirements for the minimum stiffness of stringers
g
i
r
d
e
r
s

5
q g
depending on the distance between crossbeams
b
e
t
w
e
e
n

c
r
o
s
s

g
a

[
m
]

4
A
B
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

b
0
3
1000 5000 15000 20000 10000
second moment of area I
B
of the stringers including deckplate [m
4
]
Condition for curve A
1
> 1,20m
I
B
2

1 heavy traffic lane
2 web of main girder or
longitudinal girder

Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 37
2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
Verification to
Plate buckling
longitudinal edge
x
Definition of a plated
Verification to
web breathing
longitudinal edge
e
l

w
i
d
t
h

e

e
d
g
e

x
b
2
1

Definition of a plated
element
sub-
panel
s
t
i
f
f
e
n
e
d

p
a
n
e
t
r
a
n
s
v
e
r
s
e
b
G

a
G

a
1
a
4
a
3
a
2

stiffened panel length
y
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 38
2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 39
3. MODELLING OF STEEL BRIDGES
Shear lag effect
b
=
=
+
GS
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 40
3. MODELLING OF STEEL BRIDGES
Subdivision of a moment-distribution to elements with standard shape
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 41
3. MODELLING OF STEEL BRIDGES
|-factor for shear lag
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 42
3. MODELLING OF STEEL BRIDGES
Differences in modelling
Modelling for ULS Modellingfor fatigue
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 43
3. MODELLING OF STEEL BRIDGES
Differences in modelling
Fatigue effects on web stiffeners
Modelling for ULS
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 44
3. MODELLING OF STEEL BRIDGES
Differences in modelling
Frame and distorsional effects
Modelling for ULS
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 45
4. SPECIFICATION FOR BEARINGS
Design principles for individual bearings
- Permission of movements minimizing the reaction forces
- No tensile forces
N i ifi t di t ib ti f f t th b i - No significant redistribution of forces to other bearings
from accomodation to installation tolerances
- Specification of installation conditions with details p
of construction sequence and time variable conditions
- Measure to avoid unforeseen deformation of the bearings
(non uniformcontact) (non uniform contact)
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 46
4. SPECIFICATION FOR BEARINGS
Construction documents
Bearing plan (drawing of the bearing system)
Bearing installation drawing (structural details)
Bearing schedule (characteristic values fromeach Bearing schedule (characteristic values from each
action, design values from combination of action)
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 47
4. SPECIFICATION FOR BEARINGS
sliding rolling deforming
displace-
ment
rotation
Functional principles of bearings
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 48
4. SPECIFICATION FOR BEARINGS
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 49
4. SPECIFICATION FOR BEARINGS
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 50
4. SPECIFICATION FOR BEARINGS
No. Action Eurocode
R f t t t T DIN EN 1991 1 5 2004 07
Actions for permanent and transient design situations
Reference to temperature T
0
DIN EN 1991-1-5:2004-07
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Self-weight
Dead loads
Prestressing
Creep concrete
DIN EN 1991-1-7:2007-02
DIN EN 1991-1-7:2007-02
DIN EN 1992-1:2005-10 and
DIN EN 1994-2:2006-07
DIN EN 1992-1:2005-10
1.5 Shrinkage of concrete DIN EN 1992-1:2005-10
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Traffic loads
Special vehicles
Centrifugal forces
Nosing forces
Brake and acceleration forces
DIN EN 1991-2:2004-05
DIN EN 1991-2:2004-05
DIN EN 1991-2:2004-05
DIN EN 1991-2:2004-05
DIN EN 1991-2:2004-05
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2 12
Footpath loading
Wind on structure without traffic
Wind on structure with traffic
Range uniform temperature
Vertical temperature difference
Horizontal temperature difference
Soil Settlements
DIN EN 1991-2:2004-05
DIN EN 1991-4:2005-07
DIN EN 1991-4:2005-07
DIN EN 1991-1-5:2004-07, 6.1.3 and 6.1.5
DIN EN 1991-1-5:2004-07, 6.1.4 and 6.1.5
DIN EN 1991-1-5:2004-07, 6.1.4 and 6.2
DIN EN 1997 1:2009 09 2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
Soil Settlements
Bearing resistance/friction forces
Replacement of bearing
Pressure and suction from traffic
Wind during erection
Construction loads
DIN EN 1997-1:2009-09
DIN EN 1337, Part 2 to 8
DIN EN 1991-2:2004-05
DIN EN 1991-2:2004-05
DIN EN 1991-4:2005-07 and
DIN EN 1991-1-6:2005-09
DIN EN 1991-1-6:2005-09
2.18 Accidental actions DIN EN 1991-1-7:2007-02
- For transient design situations reduction of variable actions due to limited duration EN 1991-2, 4.5.3. For steel
bridges also actions from installation of hot asphalt according to technical project specifications.
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 51
4. SPECIFICATION FOR BEARINGS
Actions in accidental design situations
Specifications according to EN 1991-2
Limitation of bridge movements by structural measures Limitation of bridge movements by structural measures,
e.g. stop devices at abutments
Actions in seismic design situations
Specifications according to EN 1998-1 and EN 1998-2
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 52
4. SPECIFICATION FOR BEARINGS
Determination of design values of movements and bearing forces
Principles
C bi i di EN 1990 6 5 3 2 (2) i h i l f di - Combination according to EN 1990, 6.5.3.2 (2) with partial factors according to
EN 1990, A.2 and particular rules for climatic temperature effects
- Movements due to creep and shrinkage by multiplying mean values in Movements due to creep and shrinkage by multiplying mean values in
EN 1992-2 and EN 1994-2 by a factor of 1.35
- Verification of static equilibrium (uplift of bearings) and anchoring devices
b l i 0 05 G i by applying 0.05 G
K
spanwise
- Consideration of deformations of foundation, piers and bearings in the
modelling of the structure, see EN 1991-2, 6.5.4.2 g
- Use of 2nd order theory for accounting for deformations of piers after
installation of bearings if required by EN 1992-1-1, 5.8.2 (6).
For calculation of pier deformations k =0 5 may be applied to geometric For calculation of pier deformations k
y
= 0,5 may be applied to geometric
member imperfections in EN 1992-1-1, 5.2.
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 53
4. SPECIFICATION FOR BEARINGS
Determination of design values of movements and bearing forces
Maximum and minimum constant temperature component:
Climatic temperature effects
T
ed min
=T
0
-
F
AT
N con
- AT
0
T
ed, min
T
0

F
AT
N,con
AT
0
T
ed, max
=T
0
+
F
AT
N,exp
+AT
0
additional safety element
charact. Values EN 1991-1-5, 6.1.3.3
partial factor
F
=1,35 partial factor
F
1,35
reference temperature during installation of the bearings, e.g. +10C
Table E.4: Recommended values for AT
0
AT [C]
Case Installation of bearing
AT
0
[C]
steel bridges composite bridges concrete bridges
1
Installation with measured Temperature and with correction
Resetting with bridge set at T
0
0 0 0
2
Installation with estimated T
0
and without correction by
10 10 10 2
0
resetting with bridge set T
0
10 10 10
3
Installation with estimated temperature T
0
and without
correction by resetting and also one ore more changes in
position of the fixed bearing
25 20 20
AT
d
=T
ed max
- AT
ed min
AT
d
T
ed,max
AT
ed,min
For non-linear behaviour stepwise determination
AT
d
=
F
AT
N
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 54
4. SPECIFICATION FOR BEARINGS
Reaction forces at fixed points resulting form resistance of the bearing system
For sliding bearings:
( )

+ +
ki i Qi ki Q k G
Q Q G
0 1
( )
| |
)
`


+ +
+ =
k G r
ki i Qi ki Q k G a
k Q H
G
Q Q G
Q F
d
inf ,
0 1 sup ,
1

Forces from
l ti d
other variable actions
vertical actions of traffic load
self weight, deadloads
acceleration and
braking
self weight, dead loads
coefficient of friction according EN 1337-1, 62.
For PTFE sliding bearings
max
=0,03
For elastomeric bearings
)
`



+ =
inf , , inf inf
sup , , sup sup
1
d q
d q
k Q H
A G
A G
Q F
d
c
c

Shear deformations of the bearings


forces from
acceleration
and braking
i l l f h d l
Shear deformations of the bearings
according EN 1337-3
plan shear area of bearings
nominal values of shear modulus
G
sup
=1,05 N/mm
2
G
inf
=0,75 N/mm
2
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 55
Choice of material Choice of material
5. CHOICE OF MATERIAL
Assumption for a
0
|
|

| 10 2
f a a
6 3
c o A
initial crack
fatigue loading
|
.

\
=
4
f a a
0 d
a
0
a
d
design crack
initial crack
Safety assessment based on fracture mechanics
K
appl d
s K
mat d appl,d mat,d
K
mat,d
(T
27J
, T
Ed
)
K
appl,d
(member shape, a
d
,
1
o
Ed
)
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 56
5. CHOICE OF MATERIAL
Toughness-temperature - Load-strain-diagram
Design situations in the upper-shelf region B and the transition region A of the
toughness-temperature diagram
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 57
5. CHOICE OF MATERIAL
Assessment scheme
K*
appl,d
s K
mat,d
T
Ed
> T
Rd
Transformation
Safety assessment based on temperature
T
Ed
=AT
min
+AT
r
+AT
o
+AT
R
[AT
c
+AT
cpl
] T
Rd
=T
100
T
Ed
> T
Rd
Resistance
Action side
Assessment scheme
Ed min r o R
[
c cpl
]
Rd 100
Influence of material toughness
T
100
=T
27J
18 [C]
lowest air temperature in combination
with o
Ed
:
T
min
=-25 C
min
radiation loss:
AT
r
=- 5 C
influence of stress, crack imperfection
and member shape and dimension:
] C [
70
10
25
b
20
k
K
ln 52 T
4 1
eff
6 R
appl

(
(
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

A
o
(

additive safety element:


AT
R
=+7 C (with | =3,8)
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 58
5. CHOICE OF MATERIAL
Choice of material to EN 1993-1-10
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 59
5. CHOICE OF MATERIAL
National quality tests
AUBI-test according to SEP 1390 (1996)
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 60
5. CHOICE OF MATERIAL
trend analysis for the AUBI correlation
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 61
5. CHOICE OF MATERIAL
Choice of material given in Table 3.1 of EN 1993-2
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 62
5. CHOICE OF MATERIAL
Example: Thick plates for the composite Elbebridge Vockerode (EN 1993-1-10)
Bridge system and construction
Cross section
Span
Upper chord
Support Support
Plate thickness for S355 J 2G3
Upper chord
Bottom plates
75 75 115 135 115 85 85 60 60 60 115 140 145 140 115 60 60 60 8585 115135 115 75 75 145
Constructionat supports
125,28
p
40
30 70 30 70 70 95 45 70 95 45
40
50 70 50
40
70
40
Construction at supports
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 63
5. CHOICE OF MATERIAL
Bridge St. Kilian
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 64
5. CHOICE OF MATERIAL
Bridge St. Kilian
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 65
5. CHOICE OF MATERIAL
Cast node for the bridge St. Kilian
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 66
5. CHOICE OF MATERIAL
Cast node for the bridge St. Kilian
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 67
5. CHOICE OF MATERIAL
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 68
6. DESIGN OF BRIDGE-ELEMENTS
6.1 STABILITY RULES
E
d
Common design rules for column, lateral torsional, plate and shell buckling
l
k
E
d
E
d
s
k
E
d
E
d
r
t E
d
E
d
E
d
/2
a
b
column buckling lat. tors. buckl. plate buckling shell buckling
( ) _ _
o
o

o
o
= = =
=
=
crit
k ult
crit
k
crit d crit
k d k ult
R
R
R E
R E
, ,
E
d
/2
0,60
0,80
1,00
1,20

a0
a
b
c
d
0 60
0,80
1,00
1,20

a
b
c
d
EN 1993-1-1 EN 1993-1-1
0 6
0,8
1,0
1,2
[
-
]
a0
EN 1993-1-5
0 6
0,8
1,0
1,2

EN 1993-1-6
crit crit crit d crit
0,00
0,20
0,40
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
_

0,00
0,20
0,40
0,60
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
_

0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
_
p [ -]
_
p

b
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0

M
k ult
M
k
d
1
R
E

_o
s

_
s
,
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 69
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Column buckling
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 70
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Column buckling curves
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 71
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Selection of buckling curves
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 72
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Test evaluation weak axis buckling
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 73
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Test evaluation weak axis buckling
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 74
6.1 STABILITY RULES

M
-values according to EN 1990 Annex D
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 75
6.1 STABILITY RULES
European buckling curve 2nd order theory with imperfection
d
!
d
R E =
N
k
!
d
R E =
l
N
crit
d pl
d
N
N
,
=
( )
d d
o _ , =
crit
pl
N
N
=
( ) o _ , =
pl k
N , R _ =
M
pl d
d
N
R

_
=
Consequences:
E E Option 1:
M
k
d
R
R

=
d M d
E E . =
M
crit
d crit
N
N

= ,
0 , 1 =
M

Option 1:
Option 2:
Option 3:
2
2
0
1
1
_

=
M
d
e e
_
Option 4:
Equivalence of buckling curves and 2
nd
order theory
M
d
M

_
_
=
*
Option 5:
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 76
6.1 STABILITY RULES
| _
d

d
|
d
_
_
_
d
g =

M
-values for 2
nd
order analysis
0,5 0,685 0,870 0,477 0,661 0,895 1,03
1,0 1,136 0,597 0,953 1,082 0,627 1,05
1 5 1 846 0 342 1 43 1 734 0 369 1 08 1,5 1,846 0,342 1,43 1,734 0,369 1,08
2,0 2,806 0,209 1,906 2,605 0,228 1,09
3,0 5,476 0,10 2,859 5,039 0,109 1,09
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 77
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Imperfections for members with various boundary conditions
EI
C
N
Ed
N
Ed

a
1

x
N
Ed
N
Ed
x

2
o x t

x
crit
Ed
Ed
d 0 e
crit
max , crit
crit
d 0 ini
N
N
e M
e
q' '
q' '
=
q
q
' '
o
= q
/
/
x
sin
N
1
1
N e M
x
sin e
Ed
Ed d 0 e
d 0 ini
t
=
t
= q
max , crit
2
crit
Ed
EI
N
1
q
o

N
1
crit
Ed

Use of buckling mode as imperfection


Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 78
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Example for a column on elastic supports Example for a column on elastic supports
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 79
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Column buckling Lateral torsional buckling
1
M
M
N
N
Ed Ed
= +
1
M
M
N
N
Fl
Fl
Ed y
Fl
Fl
Ed
= +
,
M N
Rk y Rk pl , ,
M N
Fl
Rk y
Fl
Rk pl , ,
1
M
1
1
e
M
N
M
M
M
M
Ed z
Fl
Rk y
Fl
crit
crit z
Ed z
Rk z
Ed z
=

+
,
*
, ,
,
,
,
1
N
N
1
1
M
e N
N
N
Ed Rk , y
*
Ed
Rk , pl
Ed
=

+
M
crit z,
N
crit
Fl
Rk , pl
Fl
Rk , y
M
*
N
M
2 , 0 e |
.
|

\
|
o =
Rk , pl
Rk , y
N
*
N
M
2 , 0 e |
.
|

\
|
o =
( ) 1
1
1
2 , 0
*
2 2
2
=

=
+
M
M
M
Fl
M
M M
_

o _ _

1
1
1
2 , 0
2
N
N
N
N N
=
_
|
.
|

\
|

o =
o _ + _
1
M
M
Fl
_
2
2
1

_
+
=
( ) ( )
2
( ) ( )
2
2 0 1 5 0 + o + = , ,
Equivalence of flexural and lateral torsional buckling
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 80
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Comparison of LTB-curves
1,0
_
LT
Lateral torsional buckling
for GI
T
=oo
Lateral torsional
buckling for a beam
HEB 200
B b
Bc a
0 0
Bc b
0,0
0,0 1,0 2,0

LT
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 81
6.1 STABILITY RULES
k
k ult
E
R
=
,
o
1. Input parameters:
Procedure for lateral torsional buckling assessments using the buckling curves:
d
E
d
crit
crit
E
R
= o
critt
k ult
o
o

,
=
o
o
o
o =
crit
*
crit *
2. Modificationof imperfectionfactor:
critt
*
crit
o
D
I G
( ) | |
2 *
2 0 1 5 0 o | + + =
where is determinedwithout effect of
3. Use of flexural bucklingcurve:
( ) | | 2 , 0 1 5 , 0 o | + + =
4 Assessment for designpoint x
2 2
1
| |
_

=
1
,
>
M
k ult

_o
4. Assessment for designpoint x
d
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 82
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Comparison of laterial torsional buckling curves
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 83
6.1 STABILITY RULES
check:
crit
k ult
o
o

,
=
( ) o _ _ ,
*
=
check:
Determination of design point x
d
1
,
>

M
k ult

o _
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 84
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Example: Portal frame
1068
kneepoint Lateral support
3 4
24012
8000
1
2 5
6
24015
0
5565
24012
24012
S 355 J2 G3
0
1 6
7
5505
24015
24420
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 85
6.1 STABILITY RULES
1 55
Moment distribution[kNm]
o
ult,k,min
=1,55
o
ult,k
(x
d
)=1,94
Distributionof compressionforces [kN]
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 86
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Example: Modal out-of-plane deformation o
crit
=1.85
x
d
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 87
6.1 STABILITY RULES
1. Calculation with extreme value o
ult,k,min 2. Calculation design point x
d
55 . 1
,
=
k ult
o
94 . 1
,
=
k ult
o
85 . 1 =
crit
o
84 . 1
*
=
crit
o
,
915 . 0
85 . 1
55 . 1
= =
408 . 0 49 . 0
85 . 1
54 . 1
*
*
= = = o
o
o
o
crit
crit
05 . 1
85 . 1
94 . 1
= =
crit
( ) | | 064 . 1 2 . 0 1 5 . 0
2 *
= + + = o |
LT
50 . 0 622 . 0
2
1
2
> = =

| |
_
225 . 1 =
LT
|
50 . 0 59 . 0 > = _
2
2
+

| |
_
00 . 1 88 . 0
10 . 1
55 , 1 622 . 0
< =

M
ult

o _
contact splice sufficient
_
00 . 1 04 . 1
10 . 1
94 . 1 59 . 0
,
> =

M
k ult

o _
contact splice sufficient
M

Check of out-of-plane stability


Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 88
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Example: Composite bridge
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 89
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Example: Cross-section of the composite bridge
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 90
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Example: Moment distribution critical for out-of-plane stability of main girders
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 91
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Example: cross-beam at supports
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 92
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Example: intermediate cross-beam all 7,50 m
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 93
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Example: o
crit
-values and modal out-of-plane deformations
critical area
critical area
critical area
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 94
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Example: Input for o
ult,k
-values
295
330
250
180
critical areas
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 95
6.1 STABILITY RULES
in field at point P1 at support (point P1)
Checks for lateral-torsional buckling
in field at point P1 at support (point P1)
83 , 1
180
330
k , ult
= = o
184 , 1
250
295
k , ult
= = o
8576 , 8
crit
= o
45 , 0
8576 , 8
83 , 1
= =
489 , 17
crit
= o
26 , 0
489 , 17
184 , 1
= =
37 , 8
*
crit
= o
72 , 0 76 , 0
86 , 8
37 , 8
*
= = o
,
20 , 15
*
=
crit
o
66 , 0 76 , 0
49 17
20 , 15
*
= = o
69 , 0 = |
82 , 0 = _
49 , 17
554 , 0 = |
96 , 0 = _
00 , 1 37 , 1
10 , 1
89 , 1 82 , 0
M
k , ult
> =

o _
00 , 1 03 , 1
10 , 1
184 , 1 96 , 0
M
k , ult
> =

o _
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 96
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Column-like behaviour:
Column buckling and plate buckling
imposed loads
on loaded edge
resulting displacements o
i
at loaded edge
Plate-like behaviour:
resulting loads
on loaded edge
imposed displacement o
on loaded edge
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 97
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Example: Torsional buckling according to EN 1993-1-1
3 3

9
3 3
t b
C
M

=
t
b
I
M
3
4
3
=
Column:
M
3
( ) v
t

+
= =
1 2
; sin
E
G
e
x
A
/
x
b
y
A w
t
sin =
Plate:
2
2
M
M M
cr
i
I G EC
N
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
/
t
N
crit
( ) v + 1 2 e
/ b
0 = H H
a i
o o
A
N
crit
cr
= o
A
crit
cr
= o
( )
( ) ( )
(
(
(
(

+ |
.
|

\
|

=
_
_
/
_
v
t
v
t
v
1
6
1
1 12
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
b
b
t E
( )

( )
(
(
(

+
|
.
|

\
|

=
_
/
_
v
t
t
v
1
6
1 12
2
2
2
2
2
2
b
b
t E
(
(
(
(
(
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
=
_
/
o
o
k
e
b
429 , 0
2
(
(
(
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
o =
o
_
/
k
e
b
429 , 0 9 , 0
2
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 98
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Torsional buckling column-like behaviour plate-like behaviour
compression compression compression
stress
compression
strain
A
N
N
= o
E A
N
N

= c
response response response
strain
response
stress c o
( ) f 1 _ o =
bending
geometric strain effect:
|
|

| N N
( )
y M
f 1 _ o =
( )
2
2
2
2
1
2
4
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
crit
crit crit o
geom
N
N
N
N
N
N
b
s
l
e
s
t
c
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 99
6.1 STABILITY RULES
_
_
~
2
1+
= k
column buckling plate buckling
y
f 1
y
f 1
y
f k
bending
bending
_
y
f _
y
f _
compression
bending
compression
( ) 1
1
1
2 0
*
=

+
_
_o _ ( ) _
_
_o _ =

+
2 0
*
1
1
b s
d
=
2 0
b s
d
<
7 0
assumption: assumption:
( ) 1
1
1
2 . 0
*
= +

o _ _
2 . 0
0
=
7 . 0
0
=

_
1
=
1
_ =
( ) 1
1
1
2 . 0
*
* * *
=

+
_
o _ _
( )
1 _
_ =
*
1
( ) 1
1
1
2 . 0
2
*
=

+
_
_o _
( ) | |
2
*
2 . 0 1 5 . 0 o | + + =
2
2
| |
_
+
=
| |
_
+
=
2
( ) | | o | + + = 2 . 0 1 5 . 0
*
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 100
6.1 STABILITY RULES
_ _
*
Column buckling curve and plate buckling curve
_ _ , ,
Euler
Winter
2
22 . 0


=
2
1

( ) 7 . 0
0
*
= _
_ Column buckling

Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 101


6.1 STABILITY RULES
x
c
Stress- and strain-controlled plate buckling
x
imperfect
x
o
x
c x x
E c o = perfect
imperfect
imperfect
x x
E c o =
x
c
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 102
6.1 STABILITY RULES
4
| | b
Modification of imperfection factor
2
2
*
1
1

+
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
a
b
a
b
crit
crit
o
o
crit
o
*
crit
o
column plate
b
a
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 103
6.1 STABILITY RULES
crit
crit
o
o
*
Interaction between column buckling and plate buckling _ =
*
_
crit
o
plate
column
column buckling
Winter
( ) ( )
c c c
2 _ _ + =
1 0 ; 1
,
,
s s =
o
o

c cr
p cr
*
,
,
crit
crit
c cr
p cr
o
o
o
o
=
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 104
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Hybrid cross-section due to different stress-limits
yieldplateau
resultingforce
yieldplateau
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 105
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Yielding effect in hybrid cross-sections
Method 1
Method 2
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 106
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Method 1
Yielding effect in bending
Method 2
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 107
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Extension of method 2
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 108
Choice of material Choice of material
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Methods in bridge design
Method 1
Use of effective cross-section
Method 2
Use of stress-limit
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 109
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Method 1
l t b kli f t t
Method 2
l b l l t b kli plate buckling for stress components global plate buckling
( ) Ed o t o o
x
o

( )
crit Ed Ed z Ed x
Ed o t o o , , ,
, ,
x
crit o
o
,
glob

o
z
o

z
crit o
o
,
z
t

t
o
, crit
t
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 110
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Method 1 Method 2
Plate-buckling coefficients
Method 1 Method 2
_,
for rigid
end post
w
_

( ) 13 . 0
*
= o _
l
o
k l
o
p
p
x
x
crit
ult
x
o
o
o
o
o

,
,
=
z
crit
ult
z
o
o
o
o
o

,
,
=
global crit
k ult
glob
,
,
o
o
=
z
crit o ,
x
crit
ult
t
t
t
o
o

,
,
=
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 111
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Cross-sectionassessment
Method 1: Effective cross-section for o
x
0 , 1
f
yd
xEd
1
s =
o
q
yk
f
f 1 1
Rd
yk
yd
f
f

= 1 , 1
Rd
=
Reductionfactor
(for )
( )
0 , 1
3 553 , 0
2
p
p
s
+
=

Slenderness
Effective web

= =
1
b
b b
w
c eff 0 <
Effective flange
f eff t
b b =
,
Pi , x
yk
p
f
o
=
Critical stress
eff eff eff eff
b b b b 6 , 0 4 , 0
2 , 1 ,
= =
( ) ( ) ( )
o
+ + + + +
=
1 1 112 , 0 1
16
k
2
43 , 0 =
o
k 1 =
Critical stress
e Pi , x
k o o
o
=
( )
2 2
2
st
2
e
1 b 12
t E

t
o

=
1 1 > >
fr
fr
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 112
6.1 STABILITY RULES
rigidend
flexible end
t
Method 1: Resistance to shear t
flexible end post
post
post
cr
yk
w
f
t
=
3
rigid end post
reduction factor
3
f
t h V
yd
w w w Rd , bw
= _
Ed
V
w
_
83 , 0
w
< 1.0 1.0
08 1 83 0 < s / 83 0
/ 83 , 0
Rd , bw
Ed
3
V
V
= q
08 , 1 83 , 0
w
< s
w
/ 83 , 0
w
/ 83 , 0
08 , 1
w
>
( )
w
7 , 0 37 , 1 +
w
/ 83 , 0
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 113
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Method 1 Method 2
Assessment for plate buckling
1
k , ult glob
>
o _
Method 1 Method 2
Interaction
1
M
, g
>

interaction
1
(

s
o
= q
Ed
| | 1 1 2 1
1
1
2
3
,
,
1
3
1
s q
(
(

+ q

`
s = q
s = q
Rd pl
Rd f
Rd
Ed
y
M
M
V
V
f
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 114
6.1 STABILITY RULES
German National Annex
- Method 1 only applicable to girders without longitudinal
stiffners
- The use of Method 1 should be supplemented by - The use of Method 1 should be supplemented by
checking global buckling with Method 2 for
characteristic load level and
k
E
10 , 1
M
=
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 115
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Example: cross-section check for a composite bridge
Cross-section at support
Cross-section at midspan
stresses o:
MNm 25 , 107 M
Ed
=
MN 47 , 7 V
Ed
=
stresses o:
109 5 , 98
t
h
w
w
< =
<345MPa
stresses o:
192 151< =
w
w
t
h
MNm 1 , 56 M
Ed
=
MN 0 , 1 V
Ed
=
<295MPa
MN 31 117 M
stresses t:
78 , 5 k =
t
51 5 98 > =
w
h
80 , 5 k =
t
stresses t:
MNm 31 , 117 M
Rd , f
=
MN 14 , 8 V
Rd , bw
=
51 5 , 98 > =
w
t
MPa 6 , 112
cr
= t
33 , 1
w
=
675 , 0
w
= _
MNm 6 , 135 M
Rd , pl
=
MN 44 , 4 V
Rd , bw
=
5 , 0
44 , 4
0 , 1
3
< = q
4 , 51 151> =
w
w
t
h
MPa 2 , 48
w
= t
03 , 2
w
=
50 , 0
w
= _
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 116
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Panel plate buckling check with method 2
=83 Mpa
94 , 0
3 . 187
176
=
+

= 13 , 3
2560
8000
= = o MPa
e
6 . 19 = o
= 23
o
k = = MPa
cr
8 . 450 6 . 19 23 o 55 , 2 = o
o
crit
= 6
t
k = = MPa
cr
6 . 117 6 . 19 6 t 42 , 1 = o
t
crit
888 . 0
1 1
4
1
4
1 1
2
1
2
,
2
,
2
,
=
(
(

o
+
o

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
o
+
+
o
+
=
o
t o o o crit crit crit cr crit
127 . 1 =
crit
o
f
56 . 1
3
2
2
,
=
+
=
k
k E
E
y
k ult
f
t o
o
18 , 1
crit
k , ult
= =
o
o

( ) | | 15 . 1 80 . 0 13 . 0 1 5 . 0 = + + = |
00 . 1 03 . 1
10 . 1
56 . 1 73 . 0
,
> =

M
k ult w

o _
73 . 0
1
2
=
+
=
| |
_
w
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 117
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Verification of stiffened web plate for launching, Bridge Oehde
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 118
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Stiffened web panel and loading
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 119
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Use of method 2 for stress-assessment
kNm M 3 , 44 max = MPa 240 220 68 152 s = = o
kNm M 83 , 2 max = MPa 240 240 176 64 = = = o
Stiffener :

Webplate:

Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 120
6.1 STABILITY RULES
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 121
6. DESIGN OF BRIDGE-ELEMENTS
6.2 FATIGUE RULES
Standardized Whler- curve for welded details
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 122
6.2 FATIGUE RULES

Ei
n
D D
Damage equivalence

= =
Ri
Ei
i
N
D D

o A
=
6 3
3
Ei EI
n

o A
6 3
10 2
C
Damageequivalence:
Ei
3
Ei Ei
3
e
n n =

o A o A
3
1
Ei
Ei
3
Ei
e
n
n
(
(

o A
o A
Ei
n
(


Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 123
6.2 FATIGUE RULES
Reservoir-counting method
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 124
6.2 FATIGUE RULES
Case 1
Various design situations
Case 2
M difi d
Case 3
Modified
Whler curve
for using the
Miner-rule
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 125
6.2 FATIGUE RULES
Representations of fatigue spectrum
spectrum for design
after vibrations
cut off
cut off
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 126
6.2 FATIGUE RULES
Distribution of weights of heavy vehicles
total weight type 1 total weight type 2 total weight type 1 total weight type 2
total weight type 3
total weight type 4
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 127
6.2 FATIGUE RULES
Load-models for fatigue checks of road bridges
FLM 3
Main structure
Detailed FLM 4
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 128
6.2 FATIGUE RULES
Safety-plan for damage tolerant design
( ) ( )
1
5 3
A A ( ) ( )
4
1
10 5 10 2
6
3
6
3
s

|
|
.
|

\
|

o A
o A
+

|
|
.
|

\
|

o A
o A
=

Mf
D
Ej Ej Ff
Mf
c
Ei Ei Ff
n n
D
inspection intervals
4
1
1
1 1
5
=
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
n
Mf Ff
( )
1
4
5

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
Mf Ff
n
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
. \
f f
( )
. \
Mf Ff
0 . 1 =
Mf Ff
3 1 4 = = n
f f
15 . 1 =
Mf Ff
35 . 1 =
Mf Ff
1 1
15 . 1
4
5
~ = n
0 1
35 . 1
4
5
~ = n
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 129
6.2 FATIGUE RULES
Mean value m
Characteristic value: m 1 645 o Characteristic value: m 1,645 o
Design value:
C t l f ti
15 1 2 2
5

Control of actions
No control of actions
15 , 1 2 2
5
= = =
Mf N
35 , 1 50 , 4 5 , 4
5
= = =
Mf N
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 130
6.2 FATIGUE RULES
Assessment procedures
c
E Ff
o A
s o A
2
Use of -values
( )
Crossing of FLM3
Mf
E Ff

s o A
2
4 3 2 1
=
( )
min max 2
o o = o A
E
g
stress history
ti th d
effects of
other lanes
counting method
Miner-rule
design life
other lanes
2 E
o A
span length
traffic composition
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 131
6.2 FATIGUE RULES

1
value from simulations with Auxerre traffic
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 132
6.2 FATIGUE RULES
Example: Fatigue assessment for a composite bridge
=1.947 =1.947
=1.90 =1.715 =1.90
31.3
23.6
1
22
stress ranges (o
max
o
min
) at lower flange st ess a ges (o
max
o
min
) at o e a ge
Transverse weld from stiffener: 1
2
Butt weld of flange:
MPa
E
80 5 . 59 3 . 31 9 . 1
2
< = = o A
MPa
E
77 8 . 44 6 . 26 9 . 1
2
< = = o A
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 133
6.2 FATIGUE RULES
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 134
6. DESIGN OF BRIDGE-ELEMENTS
6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES
Rope-structures - Stayed cable bridges
Definition
Any prestress is generated by preloading y p g y p g
Preloading is a process to impose
forces or
deformations
The effects of preloading may be
i ti f t ( t ) variations of stresses (prestress)
variations of deformations
other variations of permanent stage
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 135
6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES
1a) Prestressing by internal 1b) Prestressing of trusses by
Examples for preloading processes


1a) Prestressing by internal
tendons
1b) Prestressing of trusses by
cables in hollow sections

1c) Prestressing by external


tendons
1d) Prestressing of joints
subjected to tension or friction

Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 136


6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES
2) Prestressing by propping
4) Prestressing by imposed deformation
Examples for preloading processes
d
steel
d
steel
cast of concrete
cast of concrete
composite
composite
phase 1 phase 2 phase 1
3) Prestressing by sequence of casting concrete
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 137
6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES
5a) Prestressing of 5b) Prestressing of
Examples for preloading processes
) g
cable structures
) g
arches by string-elements

bow-string


5c) Prestressing of guyed
masts
5d) Prestressing of cable
stayed structures


Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 138
6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES
Principles
f It is possible to define the preloading or prestressing
process by all necessary steps including controls
It is not possible to define prestress as an effect of prestressing
or preloading in a general way, that covers all cases
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 139
6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES
Example for the applicability of prestress
stress before prestresses:
0 , 0 = Al q
o
stress immediately after prestressing:
prestress:
l q A , 0
o
0 0 0 0 0 A A A A
=
l l l l
o o o p es ess
0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 = A A A = A l q l q l l q
o o o
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 140
6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES
o
f

c
a
b
i
l
i
t
y

o
n
-
a
p
p
l
i
c
r

t
h
e

n
o
n
m
p
l
e

f
o
r
s
t
r
e
s
s

E
x
a
m

p
r
e
s
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 141
6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES
Conclusion
P in EN 1990
a) preloading or prestressing process leading to a
structural shape or behaviour as required
b) prestress in specific cases where defined
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 142
6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES
Treatment of preloading and prestressing processes in the
construction phase
Target: attainment of the required structural form
and distribution of effects of (G+P)
Conclusion: calculation with characteristic values, linear
material law:
stress limitations and prestressing of cables.
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 143
6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES
Treatment of preloading and prestressing processes in the
construction phase
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 144
6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES
Treatment of preloading and prestressing processes in the
service phase
Target: ULS verification on the basis of:
permanent actions
G
(G+P) pe a e ac o s
G
(G )
permanent from resulting from (G+P)
imperfections of the form
variable actions {Q + Q } variable actions
Q
{Q
K1
+
0
Q
Q2
}
C l i C l l ti ith th t f i t d Conclusion: Calculation with the permanent form associated
with the effect from
G
(G+P)
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 145
6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES
Treatment of preloading and prestressing processes in the
service phase
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 146
6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES
Treatment at counterflexure points
Treatment at counterflexure points, or where the action
effects from(G+P) are limited (e g by decompression): effects from (G+P) are limited (e.g. by decompression):
AG = oG, where 0,05 s o s 0,10
applied to influence surfaces.
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 147
6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES
Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010 148
7. ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING STEEL BRIDGES

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