Theeff ectsof metaisinwater andwastewater range from
beneficialthroughtroublesometodangerouslytoxic.Some met-
aisareessential toplantandanimalgrowthwhile othersmay
adversely aff ectwater consumers,wastewater treatmentsystems,
andreceiving waters.The benef its versustoxicity of somemetais
dependon theirconcentrationsinwaters.
Preliminary treatment is of tenrequired to present themetaIsto
the analyticalmethodologyinanappropriate formoAltemative
methods forpretreatmentof samplesarepresented inSection
3030.Metaismaybedeterminedsatisfactorily by a varietyof meth-
ods,with the choice of ten depending ontheprecision andsen-
sitivityrequired.Part 3000 describes colorimetricmethodsas
wellasinstrumental methods,i.e.,atomic absorptionspectrom-
etry,includingf tame,electrothermal(f umace),hydride,and cold
vapor techniques;ftame photometry;inductivelycoupled plasma
emissionspectrometry;inductively coupled plasmamass spec-
trometry, andanodic stripping voltammetry.Flameatomic ab-
sorption methodsgenerallyare applicableat moderate (0.1-to
10-mglL) concentrationsincleanandcomplex-matrix samples.
Electrothermal methodsgenerallycan increase sensitivityif ma-
trixproblemsdonotinterf ere.Inductively coupled plasmaemis-
siontechniques areapplicable overabroad linear range and are
especiallysensitive forref ractory elements.Inductivelycoupled
plasmamassspectrometryof f erssignif icantlyincreasedsensi-
tivity forsome elements (aslowas0.01
/ LglL)
inavarietyof
environmental matrices.Flamephotometrygives good resultsat
higher concentrationsf orseveralGroup 1and 11elements.An-
odic strippingoff ershighsensitivityf orseveralelementsin
relatively clean matrices.Colorimetricmethods are applicableto
specificmetal determinationswhereinterferencesareknown not
tocompromise methodaccuracy;thesemethodsmayprovide
speciation inf ormationfor some metais. Table 3010:1 liststhe
methodsavailableinPart3000 for each metal.
a.Dissolved met a I s:
Thosemetaisinan unacidif iedsample
thatpassthrougha
0 .45 -/ Lm
membranefilter.
b.Sus pend ed met a I s:
ThosemetaIsinan unacidif iedsample
thatareretainedby a
0 .4 5-/Lm
membranefilter.
C.
T otal met a I s:
The concentrationof metaisdetermined in an
unfilteredsampleaf ter vigorousdigestion,or the sum of the
concentrationsof metaisin the dissolved and suspended frac-
tions.Notethat total metaisaredef ined operationally by the
digestion procedure.
d .Acid -extract ablemeta I s:
The concentrationof metaIsin
solutionaf tertreatmentof an unfilteredsample with hot dilute
mineralacid. Todetermine either dissolvedor suspended metais,
filtersampleimmediatelyafter collection.Donot preservewith
aciduntilaf ter filtration.
TABLE3010:1.
ApPLlCABLEMETHODSFORELEMENTALANALYSlS
Flame Flame
Inductively
AtomicAtomicElectrotherma1
Hydride/ Co1d
CoupledICPlMass Anodic
Absorption
AbsorptionFlameAtomic
Vapor Atomic
Plasma
Spectrometry
Stripping
Alternative
Element
(Direct) (Extracted)Photometry
AbsorptionAbsorption(lCP) (ICPIMS)Vo1tammetry
Methodst
A]uminum3111D3111E 3113B3120A3125
3500-AI.B
Antimony 311lB3113B3120A 3125
Arsenic
3]]3B 3]]4B
3120A 3125
3500-As.B
Barium31]JD
3111E
3]]3B
3120A 3125
Beryllium
311JD
3111E3113B3120A 3125
Bismuth311lB
3113B3125*
Boron
3]20A
3125*4500-B.B,C
Cadmium311lB311lC
3]]3B
3]20A3125
3]30B
Calcium
31]lB,D
3111E3120A 3125*
3500-Ca.B
Cesium
3]]IB
3125*
Chromium311lB
3111C3113B3120A 3125
3500-Cr.B,C
Cobalt3111B
31JlC
3113B3120A 3125
Copper311lB
3111C3113B
3120A3125 3500-Cu.B,C
Gallium
3113B3125*
Germanium
3]]3B
3]25*
Gold311lB
31]3B
3125*
lndium3]]3B
3125*
lridium
311lB
3125*
3-1
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Compendium of methods for the microbiological examination of foods