10 Chem Chapter 5 the Periodic Table

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The Periodic TableReading the Periodic Table-The modern periodic table has 112 squares-The

element symbol

is in the center of the square-The

atomic number

is above the element symbol on the square-The

atomic mass

is below the element’s symbol on the square-The

electron configuration

is under the atomic mass in thesquareElements with similar properties are aligned in vertical columns called

groups or families

Horizontal rows on the table are called

periods

The periodic table has 7 periods and 18 labeled groupsLabeling and Naming Groups The IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)proposed that the groups be designated by the numerals 1 through 18 The groups at the left and right sides of the periodic table showparticularly strong resemblances among their members, so they arefrequently referred to by family names.Group 1A are called the

alkali metals

Group 2A are called the

alkaline earth metals

The elements in group 7A are called

halogens

The elements in group 18 are called the

noble gases

Metals, Nonmetals, and Semimetals

Metal

-Have a characteristic of luster or shine-Good conductors of heat and electricity-Typically solids at room temperature-Most metals are malleable

Nonmetals

-Do not possess metallic luster-Most are poor conductors

-Many are gases at room temperature, some are solid-Some are colored while others are not, some exist as soft solidsand others form hard solids-Carbon (Diamond) is the hardest natural substance found onearth

Semimetals

-Also called metalloids-Share some properties of metals and some of nonmetalsElectron Configuration and the Periodic Table-

Valence Electrons

are responsible for an atom’s chemicalbehavior and are its outermost electrons-To write

abbreviated electron configurations,

we write thesymbol of the nearest noble gas with the lower atomic numberand the valence electrons that the noble gas has The – Block Elements

The

s-block elements

-Composed of Hydrogen, helium , and elements of groups 1A and2A-The s-block contains groups that can hold a maximum of 2electrons

The p-block elements

-The p-block is 6 elements wide because p orbital can hold up to 6electrons-P-block lasts from group 3A to group 8A

The d-block elements

-This block takes up the middle of the table-The d-block can hold up to 10 electrons

The f-block elements

-The 28 elements placed below the main body of the periodictable-Also known as the inner transition metalsPeriodic Trends

Atomic Radius-The

atomic radius

is the distance from the center of an atom’snucleus to its outermost electron-

Atoms get larger going down a group.

This is because theprincipal quantum number of the outermost electrons increases.Electrons with a larger principal quantum number are found inorbital that extend farter away from the nucleus, which makesthe atomic radius larger.-

Atoms get smaller moving from left to right across eachperiod.

The outer electrons of atoms (left to right) are increasingattracted to the nucleus. A stronger attractive force shrinks theelectrons’ orbital and makes the atom smaller.Ionization Energy-An atom’s

ionization energy

is the energy needed to removeone of its electrons-Ionization energy is a reflection of how strongly an atom holdsonto its outermost electron-

Ionization energies decrease as you move down a group

-

Ionization energies increase as you move from left toright across a period

Successive Ionization Energies-The energy required to remove the first electron from an isolatedatom is called the

first ionization energy

(or simply ionizationenergy)-In order to remove electrons beyond the first electron, it is calledsecond ionization energy, third ionization energy for the thirdelectron, and so forth-Ionization energies show that an atom holds the electrons in itsnoble gas inner core much more strongly that it holds its valenceelectronsElectron Affinity-

Electron Affinity

is the energy change that occurs when itgains an extra electron-There isn’t a specific trend for electron affinity unless you lookthat their electron configurations-Using both electron affinity and ionization energies you can gainan important principle about atoms, a principle that is the octet

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