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Combat Veteran Domestic Crisis Response:Law Enforcement De-Escalation Options
June 17, 2009By: Jerry Lavely, Scott Neil, and Rich Miller 
Sponsored by the McCormick Foundation
NYPD Emergency Services Unit preparing for a crisis situation.
 
Introduction
“All combat is strengthened, but irregular warfare with its ambiguity, no end in sight feeling, and horrific targeting of civilians, which ground troops observe up close, as well as the constant 360º threat environment from unseen enemy, produces uniquecircumstances resulting in an unusual number of mental wound casualties.” 
—Brig. Gen. David L. Grange (USA, ret.)Since the attacks of September 11 2001, almost 1.7 million military personnel have beendeployed to combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Of those 1.7 million, about onethird, or approximately 450,000 have been deployed multiple times.
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These patrioticservicemen and women represent active duty, reserve and National Guard volunteerswhose lives have been forever changed by the experiences they encountered whileengaged in combat operations. Compounding this challenge is the irregular nature of this conflict—no front or rear lines—characterized by the adversary often disguisinghimself within the neutral population, and using asymmetric tactics such as ImprovisedExplosive Devices (IEDs) to wage war upon U.S. and coalition forces.As a result, much like any war, military personnel have experienced severe stressorsand trauma that manifest themselves in troubling ways and make the challenge of re-integrating into domestic society a difficult, but necessary task. Whether thesemanifestations are categorized classically as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), or are simply the natural outgrowth of sustained combat deployments, the statistics of returning veterans facing serious re-integration challenges involve, not only the veteransand the military, but our society as a whole. On the positive side, communitieswelcoming back veterans can be cognizant of both documented causal distress factorsand successful ways to assist returning veterans transition back to civilian life. On thenegative side, society is also being cautioned of the alarming rate of veteran suicides,domestic violence, and other behavior-related infractions.Recent media reports have highlighted the role that military service has played in policeshootings, suicides, homicides and other crimes. However, these reports are reactive innature and only highlight the sensational incident, possible causal factors, penalty and/or tragic result of the incident. Rare are the reports that suggest positive ways to isolatecausal variables and provide mitigation strategies or preventive programs. Even apreliminary discussion of this issue becomes controversial and creates a defensiveposture among veterans groups who do not want to improperly typecast a majority of law-abiding veterans as threats to society. However, avoiding a serious discussion andfocused dialogue on real issues and statistical trends misses an opportunity to create aproactive approach to preventative programs and de-escalation strategies for thoseveterans who are encountering re-integration challenges and crises. And, when theseopportunities are missed, an increased likelihood for flashpoints and crises persist,which increases the likelihood of isolated, and often extreme veteran incidents.Comparatively, veteran incidents are statistically lower than violent encounters within
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general population categories. In today’s all volunteer military, the demographic of service members reflects a high caliber of responsible citizens in which any elevatedtrend is indicative of problem issues. The increase in veteran incidents is due to the lackof successful proactive programs being in place, and represents a unique threat to lawenforcement because of increased proficiency in urban combat tactics, techniques andprocedures (TTPs).Furthermore, the recent attention on veteran issues has created renewed discussionsabout PTSD and resulted in officials pledging increased resources for more “studies” onthe issue. However, these “studies” rarely provide “solutions.” Due to the nature of thecombat veteran and the underlying personal factors explored in this paper, expansivestudies and programs that don’t actually reach the affected person are often ineffective.The goal of this paper is to provide a “solution” to a very important issue of veteran re-integration—law enforcement response to crisis. As awareness increases and affectedcommunities come together, it is believed that this model for “solutions - not studies”becomes a catalyst for other effective veteran and first responder programs.
Scope
This report documents recent “converging conditions” for returning veterans indicatinghigher risk for stress-related disorders and difficulty readjusting to civilian life. Itextrapolates these conditions to identify increasing situations whereby law enforcementpersonnel will be called to respond to veterans in crisis whose military training andcombat experience may be hazardous to law enforcement responders. The study thenidentifies causal factors of military veteran stress-related conditions to provide focusareas that psychologists identify as underlying themes in many veteran related EDPs(emotionally disturbed persons). The report addresses combat-related stress conditionsin its entire complexity and not just strictly measured PTSD criteria. It examines many of the causal factors in these conditions such as isolation, alienation, loss of meaning, andstigmatized approaches to treatment and juxtaposes these factors with proven hostagenegotiation techniques taught by New York City Police Department’s (NYPD)Emergency Services Unit (ESU) Hostage Negotiation instructors and clinical advisors.Within this comparison, several elements emerge which can be optimized to createdialogue, rapport, and common reference points for application of negotiation and de-escalation principles. Case studies of successful application of these techniques areexplored to provide a template for consideration for future training and operational use.Finally, recommendations are made to implement training techniques and operationalprinciples for expanded utilization to counter increased risk that may be encountered bylaw enforcement personnel in these situations. The report also leverages research inpost-combat related veteran issues to provide recommendations on preventive programsthat may reduce the risk of crisis encounters due to increased peer outreach andefficacy of returning combat veterans.
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