Tleoiies of Woil:

How We Design and

Manage Woil
By David }oyce
www.ileoiiesofwoil.com
Copyiigli :oi by David }oyce.
All iiglis ieseived.
Tlis maieiial, oi any paii ileieof, may noi
be iepioduced, oi iiansmiiied, in any
foim oi by any means, eleciionic,
meclanical, ploio-copying, iecoiding oi
oi lei wi se, wi i loui pi i oi wi i i i en
peimission.
Image: Man in a lead, Fiiis Allefeldi, Added: Api , :oi, coloi illusiiaiion Copyiigli
:oi HilingAiiisi, All Riglis Reseived. www.lilingaiiisi.nei
!
"#$% '
Oiigins of ile Design and
Managemeni of Woil
(
')%$*+,-%.*)
By David }oyce
Image: Man in a lead, Fiiis Allefeldi, Added: Api , :oi, coloi illusiiaiion Copyiigli
:oi HilingAiiisi, All Riglis Reseived. www.lilingaiiisi.nei
Tleoiies of Woil:
How We Design and
Manage Woil
INTRODUCTION
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
/
ool aiound ile oiganisaiion you aie in now,
oi ilinl aboui oiganisaiions you lave woiled
in duiing youi caieei, low was ii all designed,
low is ii managed?
Tlinl aboui ii, lool aiound you, is ileie a
manual ilai people followed? Wlai ileoiies
aie used foi ile woil, ile people wlo do ile
woil, and ile way woil is done?
ii
Tlese quesiions lave ofien come io my mind
iliougloui my caieei, as I woiled in a vaiieiy
of oiganisaiions, obseiving; common paiieins,
common siiuciuies, common meilods,
common ileoiies in use, and common
dysfunciions.
I obseived ilese commonaliiies ieplicaied
acioss indusiiies, domains, and couniiies.
Replicaied in oiganisaiions piivaie and public,
laige and small, fiom esiablisled companies io
siaiiups.
Tlis led io a need io undeisiand ile ioois of
low we design and manage woil; wlai I call
ile pievailing ileoiy of woil.
Tlis ileoiy of woil las become ile accepied
noim, almosi undiscussable; ii is jusi ile way
we do ii, ile way we lave always done ii; wly
would we do anyiling dieieni?
In my quesi foi undeisianding ile ioois of
ilese noims, ii las iequiied ieseaicl, a loi of
ii.
Wli l s i i es eai cli ng i le des i gn and
managemeni iiuisms ilai aie accepied as ile
noim, I was suipiised io fnd ilai many weie
invenied a long, long iime ago, yei laven'i
been ieinvenied, and aie iaiely quesiioned.

ii
www.sysiemsilinling.co.ul Copyiigli Vanguaid Consuliing Limiied
L
/ 0
INTRODUCTION
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
Tlis seemed odd io me, as ovei ilai same iime
peiiod, many oilei ilings lave been invenied,
oi indeed ieinvenied, wlicl piqued my
cuiiosiiy.
Part I
Paii I is ileiefoie eniiiled "Oiigins of ile
Design and Managemeni of Woil".
In Paii I, I will uncovei ile lisioiy of wlai we
cuiienily accepi as ile noims foi designing
and managing woil, looling ai eacl of ile
main pioiagonisis; pioneeis, inveniois,
inuenceis and implemenieis of a colleciion
of ideas: ideas ilai solved pioblems ai
dieieni poinis in iime
:
in ile eiglieenil,
nineieenil and eaily iweniieil ceniuiies, ilai
aie siill veiy mucl in use ioday, and seem
iemailably impeivious io clange.
Part II
In ile laiei paii of my caieei I became awaie
of a veiy dieieni ileoiy foi designing and
managing woil ilai las emeiged in ile Easi,
specifcally in }apan, and wanied io iiy and
uncovei low iley lave biolen fiee of ile pasi.
Since ile iqyos ileie lave been many siudies
of }apanese oiganisaiions, Toyoia being one of
ile mosi well lnown, bui wlai weie ile
oiigins?
Tleie aie many sioiies, bui wlai aciually
lappened?
Tleie las been mucl wiiiien aboui ile
"}apanese Miiacle", and innovaiions made
wiilin }apanese companies sucl as Toyoia;
giving biiil io "Lean".

:

(o-A biief lisioiy of Wesiein managemeni ilougli, Copyiigli Vanguaid
Consuliing Limiied
1 2
INTRODUCTION
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
Tleie las, in coniiasi, been fai less wiiiien
aboui ile oiigins of ile ilinling belind ile
"miiacle" and ii's innovaiions.
Some claim ilai "ii was all Deming", oi ilai
somelow ile }apanese became enligliened,
and ileiefoie, of ileii own accoid, esclewed
ile dominani Wesiein managemeni ilinling.
Tliougl exiensive ieseaicl, I believe I lave
been able io uncovei ile oiigins of low ile
}apanese, and laiei ile Taiwanese and
Clinese, weie able io move beyond ile
mindsei ilai is siill so pievaleni in ile Wesi
ioday. Some lave called ilis ile iliid
indusiiial ievoluiion.
Paii II is ileiefoie eniiiled "Beyond Oui
Mindsei".
In Paii II, I aim io uncovei an alieinaiive
ileoiy of woil ilai las emeiged in ile Easi.
I will lool io answei quesiions sucl as; wlai
exacily lappened in }apanese managemeni
afiei ile end of ile Second Woild Wai? Wlai
exacily weie }apanese managemeni iaugli,
and wlai did ile iecipienis ilinl? Wlo weie
ile main pioiagonisis, inveniois, inuenceis
and implemenieis in moving beyond ile
Wesiein mindsei?
Part III
Tleie lave been many alieinaiive ileoiies of
woil oeied since ile Second Woild Wai,
lowevei, as discussed, ouiside of ile Easi ile
pievailing ileoiy of woil las iemained.
In iqS:, Di. W. Edwaids Deming publisled a
bool called Oui of ile Ciisis, ciiiicising ile
pievailing ileoiy of managemeni, and oeiing
an alieinaiive ileoiy.
34
5
INTRODUCTION
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
Ii is my belief ilai we aie siill in ilai ciisis.
Paii III is ileiefoie eniiiled "Tle Deming
Tleoiy".
In Paii III, I will expand on lis Sysiem of
Piofound Knowledge; Tle Tleoiy of a Sysiem,
Tle Tleoiy of Vaiiaiion, Tle Tleoiy of
Knowledge and Tle Tleoiy of Psyclology.
I will also discuss Deming's i( poinis foi
managemeni and ile y deadly diseases and
obsiacles.
I lave closen io examine Deming's woil as ii
ciiiiques ile conveniional Wesiein ileoiy of
woil discussed in paii I, and ii inuenced and
subsequenily diew upon ile Easiein ileoiy of
woil discussed in paii II.
Discoveries
Tlese endeavois lave ialen an enoimous
amouni of ieseaicl. In ile piocess, I lave, in
my view, made many inieiesiing discoveiies.
Tlese discoveiies I wanied io slaie.
As ile ieadei, you will see ilai I lave diawn
upon ile woil of many auilois, academics,
sclolais, publisleis, insiiiuies, and individuals
io combine ileii woil, and ilai of my own,
inio wlai I believe is a colesive and
inieiesiing sioiy. My inspiiaiion foi ilis
appioacl was Wilipedia.
I lave "ioad iesied" some of ilis maieiial, in
boil ile Wesi and ile Easi, and ileie seems
io be genuine inieiesi in iis conieni; validaiing
my suipiise ai wlai I lave discoveied aboui
wlai we iale foi gianied as ile noim.
3! 33
INTRODUCTION
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
The purpose of this work
I close a webisode foimai foi ilis ebool, as
some people lile io iead conieni, wlilsi oileis
piefei io lisien io audio. Some people may lile
io speed iead, oileis speed lisien. Some
people would piefei io waii uniil ile eniiie
bool is publisled, wlilsi oileis aie lappy io
iead eacl paii, oi peilaps jusi a page oi iwo.
Tle webisode foimai allows foi all ilese needs
io be mei.
I also wanied io male ilis woil "open-
souice", so ilai iis conienis could easily
spiead; I am noi inieiesied in maling money
fiom ii, I am moie inieiesied ilai noiling
inlibiis a ieadei fiom ieading ii.
Wly do ilis? Peilaps foi ile people involved
in ile woild of woil ioday, oi people eiilei
siudying, oi soon io eniei woil, ii will be in
some way, of benefi.
I lope you enjoy ii, and fnd ii siimulaiing
enougl, ilai peilaps ii males you cuiious io
quesiion ile siaius quo, oi iniiigues you io
wani io leain moie, oi peilaps inspiies you io
go and iiy someiling dieieni and clallenge
cuiieni noims.
Tlis bool las been a laboui of love, wiiiien in
my spaie iime; ai weelends, on ile iiain io
and fiom woil, in ile evenings wlen mosi
people aie unwinding fiom a laid day ai woil,
laie inio ile nigli wlen ile iesi of ile family
was asleep, ai an aiipoii, on a plane; anywleie
I could giab a few momenis.
I'm aciually in }apan speeding along on a
bullei iiain io Toyoia Ciiy as I wiiie ilis
iniioduciion!
If you enjoy wlai you lave iead, ilen peilaps
you could pass a linl on io some of youi
colleagues and fiiends.
3( 36
INTRODUCTION
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
Content
Tle conieni is splii inio iliee paiis wiil
clapieis (webisodes) wiilin eacl. Clapieis foi
eacl paii will be publisled on ile boolslelf.
Tle conienis of ile bool will giow ovei iime,
as I peiiodically publisl a new clapiei.
A lisi of design and managemeni concepis will
also be lisied below eacl clapiei foi easy
iefeience.
You may peisonally fnd some conieni moie
inieiesiing ilan oileis, and as a iesuli you
may cloose io slaie ceiiain conieni (even a
paiiiculai page) wiil oilei people. Tlis is
easily done by copying ile URL.
I'm inieiesied in feedbacl, wlicl peilaps you
may cloose io piovide in ile commenis
seciion below.
! Iniioduciion
! Pieface
! Paii I: Oiigins of ile Design and
Managemeni of Woil
! Paii II: Beyond Oui Mindsei
! Paii III: Tle Deming Tleoiy
! Conclusion

30
INTRODUCTION
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
Tliougloui paii I and paii II I will build a iimeline of impoiiani evenis we will lave discussed.
Tlis iimeline will siaii wiil ile Wesi, ilen move io ile Easi, and fnally ile iwo will be oveilaid
iogeilei so ilai you, ile ieadei, can see ilose evenis ilai occuiied in isolaiion, in paiallel, and as a
iesuli of diieci inuence fiom eacl oilei.
31
INTRODUCTION
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
Eacl webisode will coniain a Bibliogiaply,
wleie I lisi all of ile many many aiiicles,
bools, papeis, leiieis, inieiviews, emails and
inieinei aiiicles I lave ieseaicled and diawn
upon foi ilis ebool.
I lave ialen gieai caie io ciie ile souice(s) of
maieiials used and slow piovenance. If I lave
missed someiling ilen ii was eniiiely
uninieniional, so please lei me lnow and I will
coiieci ile eiioi.
To male ii easiei foi you ile ieadei in ieims
of ow, and undei ile ieims of Faii Use, I
lave ialen wlai I believed io be ile mosi
salieni poinis fiom ilese maieiials.
Tleiefoie, mucl of ile conieni fiom ile
vaiious souices is noi ieplicaied leie.
As ile Bibliogiaply lisis all ile souices I
iecommend ileii ieading, slould you wani io
lnow moie deiail foi any paiiiculai subjeci I
covei.
intention
My inieniion is noi io leciuie you wiil ilis
bool.
In Malcolm Gladwell's bool Tle Tipping
Poini: How Liiile Tlings Can Male a Big
Dieience, le desciibes a iype of peison called
a Maven:
o person wbo is constontly onJ persistently
involveJ in qotberinq onJ sborinq informotion,
witbout expectinq o reworJ, wbere tbeir moin
motivotion is to eJucote onJ belp.
i
I place myself, and ilis woil, fimly in ilai
caiegoiy.

i
Tle Tipping Poini: How Liiile Tlings Can Male a Big Dieience, Malcolm Gladwell,
Liiile Biown, :ooo
"
"
!4 35
"$78#-7
!!
Tleoiies of Woil:
How We Design and
Manage Woil
By David }oyce
Image: Man in a lead, Fiiis Allefeldi, Added: Api , :oi, coloi illusiiaiion Copyiigli
:oi HilingAiiisi, All Riglis Reseived. www.lilingaiiisi.nei
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
iganisaiions aie iypically designed and
siiuciuied as iop down lieiaiclies, wiil an
oiganisaiional clain of command; ile classic
oig claii.
Foi laigei oiganisaiions iley ofien lave mulii
di v i s i ona l s i i uc i ui e s , wi i l f e de i a l
deceniializaiion; foi example by pioduci, by
indusiiy, oi by couniiy.
Tle iop-down peispeciive is esseniially an
inieinal view.
ii
Tle oiganisaiional woild is designed in ile
boaidioom, and ile paiis of ile oiganisaiion
opeiaie on ile basis of needing io seive ile
puiposes sei by ilose above.
i:

ii
www.sysiemsilinling.co.ul Copyiigli Vanguaid Consuliing Limiied

i:
Tle Vanguaid Guide io Undeisianding youi Oiganisaiion as a Sysiem,
Copyiigli :ooi, Vanguaid Consuliing Limiied
O
Image: On ile Higl Claii, Added Feb i, :oi Copyiigli :oi HilingAiiisi,
All Riglis Reseived. www.lilingaiiisi.nei]media.deiails.plp?
mediaID=MDExZTgMGRiNTVmZg===.UeIScRYsp}Y
!6
Organisational norms
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
Hieiaiclies encouiage ile view ilai people
aie ileie io seive ile boss.
i(
Hieiaicly also piovides ile means foi
allocaiing blame, usually desciibed as
"accouniabiliiy".
Top-down ilinling is conceined wiil "male
and sell"; ile oiganisaiion deieimines ile
pioduci, oi seivice, ilai ile cusiomei will
ieceive, and ilen goes aboui maileiing,
selling, and seivicing ii.
:o
Tleie aie fiequeni disagieemenis aboui low
well ile pioducis and seivices will meei
cusiomei needs, wiil ilose closesi io ile
cusiomei ofien wiiloui a voice compaied io
ilose above maling ile decisions.

i:
Tle Vanguaid Guide io Undeisianding youi Oiganisaiion as a Sysiem,
Copyiigli :ooi, Vanguaid Consuliing Limiied

i(
Vanguaid Guide io Piocess Mapping Copyiigli :ooi, Vanguaid Consuliing Limiied
Image: Vision and iealiiy, Added Feb i(, :oi Copyiigli :oi HilingAiiisi,
All Riglis Reseived. www.lilingaiiisi.nei]media.deiails.plp?mediaID=
MTgyZTgMGRiNTVmZg===.Ue}FRxYsp}Y
!0
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
In many oiganizaiions, iigid unii boundaiies,
funciional silos, and poliiical fefdoms lampei
ile iapid iealignmeni of slills and asseis.
:
Tlis occuis as ii's common foi woil io be
designed in funciional specialisms io manage
ile dieieni aciiviiies.
ii
Howevei, ilese funciions iale on a life of ileii
own, paiiiculaily because of ile measuiemeni
sysiem.
i:
Ii also encouiages people io woil only wiilin
ileii funciional boundaiies, and noi io be
conceined wiil wlai is lappening elsewleie.
i(
Ii's a ileoiy based on ile exisiing siiuciuie of
businesses, foi example sales, opeiaiions, HR,
IT, eic.
i

i
Misiales Coniaci Ceniei Manageis Male, Tiipp Babbiii
www.cusiomeimanagemeniiq.com]opeiaiions]aiiicles]-misiales-coniaci-ceniei-
manageis-male]

:
Repiinied by peimission of Haivaid Business Review. Exceipi fiom Moon Slois foi
Managemeni by Gaiy Hamel, issue Febiuaiy :ooq. Copyiigli :ooq by ile Haivaid
Business Sclool Publisling Coipoiaiion; all iiglis ieseived.
Image: blocls illusiiaiion, Added: May :i, :oi, Copyiigli :oi HilingAiiisi, All Riglis
Reseived. www.lilingaiiisi.nei]media.deiails.plp?mediaID=
NTIzMWU(OTBlYjUiZmY==.UeInSxYsp}Y

ii
www.sysiemsilinling.co.ul Copyiigli Vanguaid Consuliing Limiied

i:
Tle Vanguaid Guide io Undeisianding youi Oiganisaiion as a Sysiem,
Copyiigli :ooi, Vanguaid Consuliing Limiied

i(
Vanguaid Guide io Piocess Mapping
Copyiigli :ooi, Vanguaid Consuliing LimiiedVanguaid Consuliing Limiied
!2
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
Tle wliie and blue collai woilfoice populaie
sucl oiganisaiions, wiil a cleai division of
laboui; woileis and manageis.
Aiop ilem all aie Diieciois and Managing
Diieciois.
Manageis oiganise, iley co-oidinaie, iley
command, iley coniiol.
Eacl level of managemeni uses a command
and coniiol siyle of managemeni, as iaugli in
managemeni sclools and ile pievailing
managemeni liieiaiuie.
In mosi languages, if you go io ile ilesauius,
and you lool ai ile synonym foi ile woid
"manage," ile numbei one synonym is
"coniiol."
i6

i6
Leading by Leiiing Go - Clailene Li wiil Gaiy Hamel
www.innovaiionexcellence.com]blog]:oii]oS]iy]leading-by-leiiing-go-clailene-li-
wiil-gaiy-lamel]
Image: woiling in ile iowei, Blacl and wliie illusiiaiion, Added: Mai o, :oi
Copyiigli :oi HilingAiiisi, All Riglis Reseived.
www.lilingaiiisi.nei]media.deiails.plp?mediaID=
ODlZTgMGRiNTVmZg===.UeIj-xYsp}Y
!5
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
Piedominanily decision maling is sepaiaied
f iom woil, deci si on mali ng bei ng
managemeni's job.
Tleie is a sepaiaiion of planning veisus
doing. Manageis decide, woileis do.

ii
www.sysiemsilinling.co.ul Copyiigli Vanguaid Consuliing Limiied
Image: 9*:) ;7++*), Piovided by Clailoiie Pell, Vanguaid

:
Repiinied by peimission of Haivaid Business Review.
Exceipi fiom Moon Slois foi Managemeni by Gaiy Hamel, issue Febiuaiy :ooq.
Copyiigli :ooq by ile Haivaid Business Sclool Publisling Coipoiaiion; all iiglis
ieseived.
As ii las been siaied "Mosi manageis give ile
same decision maling oppoiiuniiies io
suboidinaies, as paienis leiiing clildien 'diive'
fiom ile baclseai".
Command and coniiol sysiems ieeci a deep
misiiusi of employees' commiimeni and
compeience.
:
Tiadiiional coniiol sysiems ensuie ligl levels
of compliance.
:
The separation of decision-making from
the work is the cornerstone of command
and control thinking.
ii
}oln Seddon - Occupaiional Psyclologisi
6! 63
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
In many oiganisaiions lnowledge woil is
viewed as a iepeiiiive, ieadily coniiolled and
manufaciuiing-lile business;

male oui plans

inio iealiiy, use youi ingenuiiy wlilsi
ieiaining accouniabiliiy.
Auiociaiic managemeni sei pioduciiviiy
iaigeis, some use managemeni by feai;
oiganisaiional discipline, do as you aie iold.
Oilei manageis aie "enligliened" and
advocaie boiiom up managemeni oi
"empoweimeni" piogiams. Tley asl foi
impiovemeni ideas via sia suggesiion
sclemes, and encouiage oiganisaiional ieam
spiiii.
Tlis gives ile appeaiance of gianiing
auiloiiiy io employees wiiloui aciually
ielinquisling powei io ilem.
Tlis "empoweimeni" ilen leads io
endullmeni, wlicl is ile condiiion ideniifed
by Iia Sloi as ile opposiie of empoweimeni.
i
Empowerment is preoccupotion of monoqers wbo
Jesiqn systems tbot Jisempower people onJ tben
senJ tbem on empowerment proqrommes.
:yq
obseives }oln Seddon.

Lengwell, Dean, "Agile Sofiwaie Requiiemenis", Addison-Wesley, :oii.

i
Dew }, Rooi cause analysis: Tle seven deadly sins of qualiiy managemeni. qualiiy
Piogiess. 6(q): Sepiembei :oo.
"

:yq
www.sysiemsilinling.co.ul Copyiigli Vanguaid Consuliing Limiied
Image: Good life, cai, coloi illusiiaiion, Added: Api , :oi, Copyiigli :oi
HilingAiiisi, All Riglis Reseived. www.lilingaiiisi.nei]media.deiails.plp?
mediaID=NTYxMWU(OTBlYjUiZmY==.UeIjclYsp}Y
"
6( 66
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
Tle iiouble is ile measuies in use; budgei,
pioduciiviiy, siandaids, aciiviiy and so on,
don'i ieveal wlai is going on.
Tley aie "ieai view miiioi" views of ile
oiganisaiion.
i:
Tle iop-down, lieiaiclical view of ile
oiganisaiion is manifesi in ile way ii uses
measuies.
i:
Today, manageis male decisions aboui ile
woil based upon aibi iiaiy daia l i le
measuies of budgei, seivice levels, seivice
siandaids, aciiviiy measuies, pioduciiviiy,
siandaids, Seivice Level Agieemenis (SLAs),
and iaigeis, all of wlicl aie unielaied io wlai
ile cusiomei values.
ii
Tle main puipose of measuiemeni is
budgeiaiy coniiol; ile oiganisaiion musi meei
iis plan.
i:
To meei ile pl ans, managemeni sei
pioduciiviiy iaigeis based upon ilese
measuies.

ii
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i:
Tle Vanguaid Guide io Undeisianding youi Oiganisaiion as a Sysiem,
Copyiigli :ooi, Vanguaid Consuliing Limiied
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HilingAiiisi, All Riglis Reseived.
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6/ 60
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
Tleie is a focus on consisiency, wiil audiiing
and compliance ensuing.
Specialised ioles aie cieaied, job desciipiions
aie wiiiien, people aie iold io do ileii besi.
Tleie is a focus on eciency; woiling smaiiei
noi laidei. Tleie is a focus on cosi; cleapei
and fasiei.
Maximise uiilizaiion is seen as a ley levei; ile
moie ilings we siaii, ile moie we fnisl. Tle
belief is ilai if all iesouices aien'i fully uiilized
on papei, ilen iley won'i be fully uiilized in
piaciice. Unless we leep ilem fully loaded,
iley will jusi be idleis goes ile ilinling.

Some oiganisaiions employ eciency expeiis,

using iime and moiion siudies io impiove
pioduciiviiy.
Oiganisaiions employ siandaidisaiion,
si andai d pi ocesses, si andai d i i mes,
benclmailing, besi piaciices and fiamewoils,
as meilods io impiove pioduciiviiy.
Image: Spieadsleei expeiis in ile iowei, Added Feb i, :oi Copyiigli :oi HilingAiiisi,
All Riglis Reseived. www.lilingaiiisi.nei]media.deiails.plp?mediaID=
ODRlODlwZGIiNWZm=.UeI_SlYsp}Y

Lengwell, Dean, "Agile Sofiwaie Requiiemenis", Addison-Wesley, :oii.

61 62
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
People believe sia need io be ianled (bell
cuived) and iewaided. Moiivaiion sclemes
need io be used, as do bonus sclemes;
paymeni by iesulis. Tleie is a belief caiioi and
siicl moiivaiion geis iesulis.
Tlis las become so pievaleni in oui woiling
lives ilai we ofien no longei iecognize ilem
foi wlai iley aie; managemeni appioacles
designed upon a paiiiculai ileoiy of luman
belavioui.
i6
Sadly, foi woil ilai iequiies even iudimeniaiy
cogniiive slill ilese don'i woil.
iy
Moiivaiion is oui desiie as luman beings io
do ilings.

iy
RSA Animaie - Diive: Tle suipiising iiuil aboui wlai moiivaies us, Dan Pinl

i6
Moiivaiion Iniiinsic, engagemeni fiee, Howaid Clail,
Copyiigli Vanguaid Consuliing Limiied
www.ilesysiemsilinlingieview.co.ul]index.plp?pg=iS8baclio=i8uiwlsioiyid=:

iS
Sysiems Tlinling and ile Tliee Musleieeis - Deming's SoPK Paii I, Eiic Cliisiiansen,
oS]oq]:oii www.piocessexcellenceneiwoil.com]meilodologies-
siaiisiical-analysis-and-iools]columns]sysiems-ilinling-and-ile-iliee-musleieeis]
In ioday's oiganisaiions, ii is assumed
employees aie moiivaied by exieinal faciois,
wlai is called exiiinsic moiivaiion, sucl as
moneiaiy iewaids and iaigeis,
iy
oi piizes,
gi ades , pay f oi pei f oi mance, s al es
commissions, inceniive pay, and siocl
opiions.
iS
Anoi le i popul a i me i lod i s us i ng
managemeni by numbeis]objeciives; quoias,
zeio defecis, focus on liiiing quaiieily
fnancial numbeis, ievenue iaigeis.
iS
And fnally compeiiiion; individual cosi]piofi
cenieis, peif oimance ievi ews, gioup
compeiiiions, individual gioup]ianlings.
iS
(4 65
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
Taigeis, bonuses, policies and pioceduies,
one-io-ones, paymeni-by-iesulis, and
inspeciion, aie all a pioduci of ile command
and coniiol logic.
i6
Eacl one of ilese iools is designed io pusl
woileis io woil laidei oi io iegulaie ileii
belavioui.
i6
Manageis aie iaugli, and believe, ilai ileii
job is io manage people and manage
budgeis.
ii
Manageis assume people can male
ile dieience.
i:
Tle iiadiiional eilic is io manage ile
success of ile business iliougl managing
budgeis and sia ai all levels.
ii
Unfoiiunaiely, many oiganisaiions compiise
unengaged employees.
(

i6
Moiivaiion Iniiinsic, engagemeni fiee, Howaid Clail,
Copyiigli Vanguaid Consuliing Limiied
www.ilesysiemsilinlingieview.co.ul]index.plp?pg=iS8baclio=i8uiwlsioiyid=:

(
Adapiive Leadeislip Acceleiaiing Enieipiise Agiliiy - }im Higlsmiil
Accoiding io a Toweis Peiiin Global
Woilfoice siudy publisled in :ooy-oS, "Only
one in fve of ile global woilfoice is fully
engaged." One in fve isn'i enougl io powei a
ciiiical iiansfoimaiion.
(

i:
Tle Vanguaid Guide io Undeisianding youi Oiganisaiion as a Sysiem,
Copyiigli :ooi, Vanguaid Consuliing Limiied

ii
www.sysiemsilinling.co.ul Copyiigli Vanguaid Consuliing Limiied
Image: ;%.-< #)+ -#$$*%, gifi sei, illusiiaiion, Added: Api iq, :oi, Copyiigli :oi
HilingAiiisi, All Riglis Reseived. www.lilingaiiisi.nei]media.deiails.plp?
mediaID=MzMiZTgMGRiNTVmZg===.UeMpTlYsp}Y
(! (3
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
Oiganisaiions lool io uiilise economies of
scale, and woil in baicl, as a means of saving
money.
Manageis budgei, iley foiecasi; managemeni
by numbeis, you will leai ilem say "I musi
meei my numbeis!"
Managemeni plan, cieaiing i, :, and yeai
plans, iesouice plans, and piojeci plans in
Ganii claiis. Tley believe ilai confoimance
io a plan is ley, even ilougl, long-iange
planning is of limiied value.
:
Buieauciaiic ileoiy and adminisiiaiive ileoiy
aie in use, as aie oiganisaiional iules,
oiganisaiional iegulaiions, oiganisaiional
policies and oiganisaiional pioceduies.
Mosi compani es si i i ve i o maxi mi ze
slaieloldei wealil.
:
In many oiganisaiions ileie is a fnance
depaiimeni dominaiion, wiil ile CFO ile
mosi impoiiani peison beyond ile CEO.
Tleie is a focus on cosi ieduciion, a focus on
diiving down unii cosis.
Tleie aie oiganisaiional fnancial coniiols,
foiecasiing and planning aciiviiies, budgeiing
cycles, fnancial iaiios, sia iemuneiaiion,
cusiomei fnancing, and fianclise sysiems.
Coipoiaie goveinance siiuciuies ofien
exaceibaie conici by piomoiing ile inieiesis
of some gioupslile senioi execuiives and
ile piovideis of capiial - ai ile expense of
oileis.
:

:
Repiinied by peimission of Haivaid Business Review.
Exceipi fiom Moon Slois foi Managemeni by Gaiy Hamel, issue Febiuaiy :ooq. Copyiigli
:ooq by ile Haivaid Business Sclool Publisling Coipoiaiion; all iiglis ieseived.
(( (6
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
Ve expect our suppliers to improve tbeir
performonce yeor on yeor. For exomple reJuce
costs, improve quolity, improve on our supplier
evoluotion system.
Tbis is usuolly monifest os o squeeze on suppliers,
on ottempt to reJuce costs. ln some coses it is no
more tbon supplier obuse.
ii
Seivice guaianiees, seivice siandaids, and
ilei i associ aied buieauciaci es, aie
manifesiaiions of a coniiaciual aiiiiude io
cusiomeis.
i:
As }oln Seddon siaies:
ToJoy tbe orqonisotion is often Jriven by
SlAs witb customers onJ suppliers.
Decision mokinq is boseJ upon meetinq tbese
oqreements.
Tbe supplier is responsible for tbe quolity of
tbeir proJuct or service.
Tbis is impossible, becouse tbe customer is
olwoys involveJ in tbe service, or proJuct tbe
customer mokes use of.
Vben o customer comploins tbey ore tolJ
tbe orqonisotion met tbeir controctuol
obliqotions.

ii
www.sysiemsilinling.co.ul Copyiigli Vanguaid Consuliing Limiied

i:
Tle Vanguaid Guide io Undeisianding youi Oiganisaiion as a Sysiem,
Copyiigli :ooi, Vanguaid Consuliing Limiied
"
Image: Compiomise - iwo men veision, illusiiaiion, Added: Api iq, :oi, Copyiigli
:oi HilingAiiisi, All Riglis Reseived.
www.lilingaiiisi.nei]media.deiails.plp? mediaID=MjExMWU(OTBlYjUiZmY=
=.UeIazRYsp}Y
"
(/ (0
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
Up io now, you may be ilinling ilai I lave
jusi siaied ile obvious, siaied wlai you lave
expeiienced in oiganisaiions on low woil is
designed and managed.
Bui wleie did ilis ileoiy of woil; low we
design and manage woil, come fiom?
Tliougl my ieseaicl, wlai I lave found
inieiesiing, is eveiyiling I lave lisied so fai;
ile conveniional ileoiy of woil, lasn'i
clanged since ileii inveniion in ile
eiglieenil, nineieenil and eaily iweniieil
ceniuiies.
an outdated theory of work
Gieai innovaiions occuiied in ile pasi, bui
lave since noi been ieinvenied. In faci iley
appeai io be iemailably impeivious io
clange.
Monoqement is unJoubteJly one of bumonkinJ's
most importont inventions.
Monoqement wos oriqinolly inventeJ to solve two
problems. tbe frst qettinq semi-skilleJ employees
to perform repetitive octivities competently,
Jiliqently, onJ e[ciently, tbe seconJ coorJinotinq
tbose e[orts in woys tbot enobleJ complex qooJs
onJ services to be proJuceJ in lorqe quontities.
ln o nutsbell, tbe problems were e[ciency onJ
scole, onJ tbe solution wos bureoucrocy, witb its
bierorcbicol structure, coscoJinq qools, precise
role Jefnitions, onJ eloborote rules onJ
proceJures.
For more tbon o bunJreJ yeors, oJvonces in
monoqement, tbe structures, processes, onJ
tecbniques useJ to compounJ bumon e[ort, bove
belpeJ to power economic proqress. ...
:
As Gaiy Hamel poinis oui:
"

:
Repiinied by peimission of Haivaid Business Review.
Exceipi fiom Moon Slois foi Managemeni by Gaiy Hamel, issue Febiuaiy :ooq. Copyiigli
:ooq by ile Haivaid Business Sclool Publisling Coipoiaiion; all iiglis ieseived.
(1 (2
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
However, tbe evolution of monoqement bos
troceJ o clossic S-curve.
After o fost stort in tbe eorly twentietb
century, tbe poce of innovotion qroJuolly
JeceleroteJ onJ in recent yeors bos sloweJ
to o crowl.
:
A quesiion we now lave io asl is; wly is ilai?
"

:
Repiinied by peimission of Haivaid Business Review.
Exceipi fiom Moon Slois foi Managemeni by Gaiy Hamel, issue Febiuaiy :ooq. Copyiigli
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(5
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
Image: =#$> ?#@7A, www.managemeniexclange.com]siies]defauli]fles]feaiuies]lamel-
leadsloi.jpg
Tliougl oui oiganisaiions, goveinmeni, and
educaiional insiiiuiions, we lave educaied
manageis io ilinl in ways ilai aie
subopiimal.
io
Managemeni, lile ile combusiion engine, is a
maiuie ieclnology ilai musi now be
ieinvenied foi a new age.
:
Tlis will noi be easy. As Gaiy Hamel poinis
oui:
Equipping organisations to tackle the future
would require a management revolution no
less momentous than the one that spawned
modern industry.
:
Di Gaiy Hamel

io
Fii foi ile Fuiuie, Vanguaid Educaiion, Copyiigli Vanguaid Consuliing Limiied

:
Repiinied by peimission of Haivaid Business Review.
Exceipi fiom Moon Slois foi Managemeni by Gaiy Hamel, issue Febiuaiy :ooq. Copyiigli
:ooq by ile Haivaid Business Sclool Publisling Coipoiaiion; all iiglis ieseived.
03
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
Foi sucl a ievoluiion io occui, execuiives and
expeiis musi fisi admii ilai iley've ieacled
ile limiis of |conveniionalj Managemeni; ile
indusiiial age paiadigm buili aiop ile
piinciples of siandaidizaiion, specializaiion,
li ei ai cly, coni i ol , and pi i macy of
slaieloldei inieiesis.
:
Tley musi face ile faci ilai iomoiiow's
busi ness i mpeiaii ves l i e ouisi de ile
p e i f o i ma nc e e nv e l o p e o f i o d a y ' s
buieauciacy-infused managemeni piaciices.
:
}oln Galbiaiil eloquenily poinis oui oui
pioblem, and piovides some insigli inio wly
ilese conveniional ileoiies aie so impeivious
io clange.

:o
en.wiliquoie.oig]wili]}oln_Kenneil_Galbiaiil

:i
Economics, Peace and Laugliei (iqyi), p. o
Image: en.wilipedia.oig]wili]File:9*:)_B7))7%:_=#AC$#.%:_iq((.jpg]
Faced wi th the choice bet ween changing
ones mind and proving there is no need
to do so, almost everybody gets busy on
the proof.
:o :i
}oln Kenneil Galbiaiil - Economisi

:
Repiinied by peimission of Haivaid Business Review.
Exceipi fiom Moon Slois foi Managemeni by Gaiy Hamel, issue Febiuaiy :ooq. Copyiigli
:ooq by ile Haivaid Business Sclool Publisling Coipoiaiion; all iiglis ieseived.
06
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
panaceas and fads
Panaceas ilai piomise mucl, and puipoii io
be ile nexi big iling lave aiiived since ile
eaily design and managemeni innovaiions.
Tle lisi of ilese panaceas is endless.
Eacl lave lad many followeis, piaciiiioneis,
dedicaied confeiences, suppoiiing iools,
expeiis, guides, coacles, faciliiaiois, case
siudies desciibing successful implemeniaiions,
papeis and bools.
Tley come and go, ofien ending up as fads;
failing io aclieve ileii iniended ouicomes
6

and bowing oui io ile nexi panacea.
All ile ieseaicl and expeiience slow ilai ile
laiesi panacea does no beiiei ilan iis
piedecessois.
6

6
www.sysiemsilinling.co.ul]membeis]libiaiy]sysiemsi.asp
Copyiigli Vanguaid Consuliing Limiied
00
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
Hamel oeis an explanaiion:
All too often, scholars have been content
to codify best practice instead of looking
beyond i t.
:
Di Gaiy Hamel
A gioup of sclolais and business leadeis
assembled in May :ooS io lay oui a ioadmap
foi ieinveniing managemeni.
:
Tley weie looling io answei iwo quesiions;
Wlai is ii aboui ile way laige oiganizaiions
aie managed, siiuciuied, and led ilai will
mosi impeiil ileii abiliiy io iliive in ile
decades alead?
Wlai soiis of clanges will be needed in
managemeni piinciples and piaciices io
build companies ilai aie iiuly fi foi ile
fuiuie?
:

:
Repiinied by peimission of Haivaid Business Review.
Exceipi fiom Moon Slois foi Managemeni by Gaiy Hamel, issue Febiuaiy :ooq.
Copyiigli :ooq by ile Haivaid Business Sclool Publisling Coipoiaiion; all iiglis ieseived.
Image: =#$> ?#@7A, www.managemeniexclange.com]siies]defauli]fles]feaiuies]
lamel-leadsloi.jpg
01
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
Tle iesulis of ileii discussions weie publisled Gaiy Hamel, in ile Febiuaiy oq issue of ile Haivaid
Business Review aiiicle eniiiled "Moon Slois foi Managemeni".
: moon slois weie cieaied, wiil geneial agieemeni ilai ile fisi io aie ile mosi ciiiical.
:

:
Repiinied by peimission of Haivaid Business Review. Exceipi fiom Moon Slois foi
Managemeni by Gaiy Hamel, issue Febiuaiy :ooq. Copyiigli
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Image: iesiless iype, Desciipiion: Ambiiion and iesulis, Added: Feb i, :oi, Copyiigli
:oi HilingAiiisi, All Riglis Reseived.
www.lilingaiiisi.nei]media.deiails.plp? mediaID=MjllODlwZGIiNWZm=.
UeIXqBYsp}Y
/4
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
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:
Repiinied by peimission of Haivaid Business Review.
Exceipi fiom Moon Slois foi Managemeni by Gaiy Hamel, issue Febiuaiy :ooq. Copyiigli
:ooq by ile Haivaid Business Sclool Publisling Coipoiaiion; all iiglis ieseived.
/!
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
In my view, ile elevenil moon sloi is also
ciiiical; "Diamaiically ieduce ile pull of ile
pasi" wleie, exisiing managemeni sysiems
ofien mindlessly ieinfoice ile siaius quo.
:
Tle faci ilai ileie aie so many panaceas,
poinis io a peiceived need io clange, yei
clange, susiainable clange, iaiely lappens.
Ovei and ovei again impiovemenis aie
ilwaiied by commonly-lnown bui illusive
foices.
6
As Cliis Aigyiis suggesied in :oio:
Hove we been ostounJeJ by new levels of
orqonizotionol performonce onJ creotivity?
ls tbe worlJ beolinq tbrouqb internotionol
leorninq onJ cooperotion?
Anyone fomilior witb recent bistory knows tbe
Jisoppointinq, even soJ, onswers to tbese
questions.
q

6
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Copyiigli Vanguaid Consuliing Limiied

:
Repiinied by peimission of Haivaid Business Review.
Exceipi fiom Moon Slois foi Managemeni by Gaiy Hamel, issue Febiuaiy :ooq.
Copyiigli :ooq by ile Haivaid Business Sclool Publisling Coipoiaiion; all iiglis
ieseived.

q
By peimission of Oxfoid Univeisiiy Piess www.oup.com
Oiganizaiional Tiaps: Leadeislip, Culiuie, Oiganizaiional Design by Cliis Aigyiis
(:oio) (ySw fiom Clp.6 "Siiengilening New Appioacles" pp.iq-iqy
Ve must now osk some borJ questions.
Given oll tbe oJvice from literolly bunJreJs of
books onJ tbousonJs of orticles tbot bove
oppeoreJ over tbe post JecoJes bove we
witnesseJ o owerinq of new forms of bumon
potentiol?
"
"
/( /6
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK

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By peimission of Oxfoid Univeisiiy Piess www.oup.com
Oiganizaiional Tiaps: Leadeislip, Culiuie, Oiganizaiional Design by Cliis Aigyiis
(:oio) (ySw fiom Clp.6 "Siiengilening New Appioacles" pp.iq-iqy Image: www.glbasic.com]public-adminisiiaiion]-:$.D-#$E>$.D]
Mucb of tbe future proqress on leoJersbip
culture onJ orqonizotionol Jesiqn is inbibiteJ
by Trops.
Proctitioners ore owore of tbese limits.
Unfortunotely tbey oppeor to byposs tbem.
Tbis is olso true witb scbolors.
Botb qroups oppeor to be unowore tbot tbe
consequence of tbeir respective byposs
strenqtbens Trops.
Tbere is o puzzle embeJJeJ in tbe list of moon
sbots". On tbe one bonJ, tbe list mokes qooJ
sense. lmplementinq tbese recommenJotions
successfully woulJ qo o lonq woy to ocbievinq
tbe objectives of tbe conference. .
q
The world continues apace and we make
incremental technological improvements
here and there - but on the big questions
we move not an inch.
We are stuck. In fact, we are trapped.
q
Cliis Aigyiis Piofessoi Emeiiius
Haivaid Business Sclool
Traps
Aigyiis goes onio explain ile powei, ubiquiiy,
and uniniended consequences of being
iiapped:
"
//
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
One reoson wby tbe porticiponts ot tbis
prestiqious conference coulJ present tbese
r e c omme nJe J moon s bot s wi t b s uc b
unselfconsciousness coulJ be our collective
Jecision to treot our inobility to octuolly ocbieve
tbese results os unJiscussoble.
Ve bove collectively JeciJeJ to rule Jiscussion of
tbe power onJ ubiquity of Trops o[ limits.
lt moy be unfoir to coll tbem nove, yet we must
point out tbot tbose wbo overlook tbe power onJ
ubiquity of Trops will fnJ tbeir prescriptions for
cbonqe continuously unJermineJ.
Rulinq tbe Jiscussion of Trops o[ limits mokes
leorninq in ony Jeep sense obout ourselves, our
orqonizotions, onJ our society olmost impossible
- onJ so protects tbe stotus quo even wben we oll
recoqnize tbot cbonqe is neeJeJ onJ urqent. .
q
On tbe otber bonJ, l suqqest tbot tbe moon sbots
tbe conference-qoers come up witb ore not news
to mony proctitioners onJ reseorcbers wbo
ottenJ university or compony executive proqroms
or tbose wbo keep up to Jote witb tbe current
literoture.
KnowleJqeoble people bove been collinq for tbese
reforms onJ otbers for ot leost tbree JecoJes.
Yet bere we bove tbese recommenJotions from o
recent conference of prestiqious executives,
consultonts, venture copitolists presenteJ os if
mony of tbeir peers boJ not been workinq
ossiJuously on ocbievinq tbese results for yeors.
How con tbis be?
Vby JiJ tbe conference orqonizers not Jirect tbe
enerqy onJ ottention of reseorcbers onJ
executives to beqin to cbonqe tbe stotus quo so
tbot tbese moon sbots coulJ be ocbieveJ?


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/1 /2
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
A qreot Jeol of tbe tbeory onJ proctice of
orqonizotionol reseorcb over tbe post few
JecoJes bos been unoble to cbonqe tbis
situotion.
q
"
Aigyiis's ileoiy is ilai oiganisaiional Tiaps
aie of oui own maling; being iiapped by oui
own belavioui manifesied fiom oui beliefs.
In addiiion io ilis view, ii is my view ilai
fisily, oui lacl of lnowledge of wleie oui
ileoiies in use foi designing and managing
woil oiiginaie, and secondly, ilai ilese
ileoiies weie invenied io solve dieieni
pioblems foi a dieieni age, boil lindei oui
abiliiy io iecognise ilai we aie iiapped and
lindei us fiom peiceiving a need foi clange.
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By peimission of Oxfoid Univeisiiy Piess www.oup.com
Oiganizaiional Tiaps: Leadeislip, Culiuie, Oiganizaiional Design by Cliis Aigyiis
(:oio) (ySw fiom Clp.6 "Siiengilening New Appioacles" pp.iq-iqy
/5
Image: Man in a lead, Fiiis Allefeldi, Added: Api , :oi, coloi illusiiaiion Copyiigli
:oi HilingAiiisi, All Riglis Reseived. www.lilingaiiisi.nei
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
The Western Management Trap
Bui wly lool io ile Easi?
Mosi managemeni ileoiies lave developed in
ile Uniied Siaies by Ameiicans.
iq
In ile yeais following ile Second Woild Wai,
ile Uniied Siaies dominaied ile global
business woild compleiely - ii was ile majoi
souice of capiial, ile lome of advanced
manufaciuiing, and ile souice of mosi majoi
ieclnological developmenis.
y

Ii piovided ile besi qualiiy managemeni
educaiion, and ii was ile souice of all ile
laiesi managemeni ilinling.
y
As a iesuli, Ameiican ileoiies of woil i.e.
ile basic fiamewoils and assumpiions we use
io iall aboui ile piaciice and

iq
Fiom Adlei. Inieinaiional Dimensions of Oiganizaiional Belavioi, E. :ooS
Souil-Wesiein, a paii of Cengage Leaining, Inc. Repioduced by peimission.
www.cengage.com]peimissions

y
Managemeni ideology: Tle lasi basiion of Ameiican legemony, }ulian Biilinslaw,
Managemeni :.o Labnoies Issue :i }anuaiy :oi:
piofession of managemeni; oui undeilying
beliefs aboui wlai managemeni is iiying io
aclieve; and low ii goes aboui aclieving ii
y
,
deiived fiom ileii Euiopean ioois, aie now
dominani.
Tlis managemeni ideology, enduies piimaiily
because ileie is no viable alieinaiive.
Considei a few basic facis.
Ai London Business Sclool, one of ile iop
business sclools ouiside Noiil Ameiica, moie
ilan qo pei ceni of ile faculiy gained ileii
PlDs in Noiil Ameiica. Tle same is
esseniially iiue ai Insead (Fiance), IESE
(Baicelona), ile Indian Sclool of Business
(Hydeiabad), and CEIBS (Slanglai).
y
2! 23
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK

y
Managemeni ideology: Tle lasi basiion of Ameiican legemony, }ulian Biilinslaw,
Managemeni :.o Labnoies Issue :i }anuaiy :oi:

iq
Fiom Adlei. Inieinaiional Dimensions of Oiganizaiional Belavioi, E. :ooS
Souil-Wesiein, a paii of Cengage Leaining, Inc. Repioduced by peimission.
www.cengage.com]peimissions
Image: ieinveniingmanagemeni.com]fles]C.$<.)D:#F.jpg
The entire business world is seemingly in
thrall to the dominant American ideology
of management. America may have lost i ts
lead in other areas of business, but i t still
holds sway in this one, vi tal area.
y
}ulian Biilinslaw Piofessoi of Siiaiegic and
Inieinaiional Managemeni, London Business Sclool
Tle iop managemeni jouinals, fiom Foiiune
io Haivaid Business Review io Adminisiiaiive
Science Quaiieily, aie all based in Noiil
Ameiica.
Tle iop managemeni consuliancies, fiom
McKinsey io BCG, Bain and Booz 8 Co., all
lave deep Ameiican ioois.
y
Railei ilan being applicable woildwide,
many iiadiiional models eeciively guide
ilinling and aciion only wiilin ile Ameiican
coniexi wiilin wlicl iley weie developed.
iq
2(
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
Mosi moiivaiion ileoiies in use ioday weie
developed in ile Uniied Siaies by Ameiicans
and aboui Ameiicans.
iq
Unfoiiunaiely, many Ameiicans as well as
manageis fiom oilei couniiies lave iieaied
Ameiican ileoiies as ile besi oi only way io
undeisiand moiivaiion. Tley aie neiilei.
q

Ameiican moiivaiion ileoiies - ioo ofien
assumed io ieeci univeisal values - lave
fai l ed io piovi de consi sienil y useful
explanaiions foi belavioi ouiside ile Uniied
Siaies. Manageis musi ileiefoie guaid
againsi imposing domesiic Ameiican
managemeni ileoiies on ileii global
business piaciices.
iq
We coniinue io see ile piinciples of
slaielol dei capi i al i sm, piof essi onal
buieauciacy and pioduciive eciency as
naiuial, ineviiable and benefcial. Bui iley can
- and slould - be clallenged.
y
Eveiyone can see ilai ile balance of powei in
ile business woild is slifiing io ile Easi. We
now lool io Asia as a souice of fnance, foi
advanced manufaciuiing, foi ieclnological
innovaiion and foi well-educaied woileis.
y
Is ii lilely ilai we will in fuiuie lool io Asia as
a souice of managemeni ideology?
y
As we will discuss in ilis bool, a dieieni
ileoiy of woil las alieady aiisen in }apan,
wlicl laiei inuenced Taiwan and Clina.
Peilaps ii is alieady leie.

iq
Fiom Adlei. Inieinaiional Dimensions of Oiganizaiional Belavioi, E. :ooS
Souil-Wesiein, a paii of Cengage Leaining, Inc. Repioduced by peimission.
www.cengage.com]peimissions

y
Managemeni ideology: Tle lasi basiion of Ameiican legemony, }ulian Biilinslaw,
Managemeni :.o Labnoies Issue :i }anuaiy :oi:
2/ 20
PREFACE
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
The problem to solve
Bui wly clange? Suiely ii all, well, jusi woils
doesn'i ii?
Siudies lave slown ilai lalf a ceniuiy ago,
ile life expeciancy of a fim in ile Foiiune oo
was aiound y yeais. Now ii's less ilan i yeais
and declining even fuiilei.
S
As iime las piogiessed, scieniifc siudies lave
slown ilai ile impaci of command and
coniiol is deiiimenial io boil woileis and ile
peifoimance of oiganisaiions.
i6
In my view, io move beyond ileoiies
oiiginaiing in ile eiglieenil, nineieenil and
eaily iweniieil ceniuiies, io avoid ile nexi
panacea, and io escape Aigyiis's Tiaps, we
need io undeisiand ile ioois of ile cuiieni
ileoiy of woil, and ilen ieeci wly ii is so
impeivious io clange.

::
www.biainyquoie.com]quoies]auilois]w]w_edwaids_deming.liml

i6
Moiivaiion Iniiinsic, engagemeni fiee, Howaid Clail,
Copyiigli Vanguaid Consuliing Limiied
www.ilesysiemsilinlingieview.co.ul]index.plp?pg=iS8baclio=i8uiwlsioiyid=:
Image: Russian Deming Insiiiuie deming.iu]AbouiDeming]foio_pages]G7@.)E_BWi.jpg
Its not necessary to change.
Survi val is not mandatory.
::
Di. W. Edwaids Deming

S
www.foibes.com]siies]sievedenning]:oii]ii]iq]peggy-noonan-on-sieve-jobs-
and-wly-big-companies-die]
My lypoilesis is, ilai ile siaiiing poini is
undeisianding ile ileoiies in use by ilose
ilai design and manage, oiganisaiions,
leading io cuiiosiiy, leading io clange.
Wly? I will leave ii io Deming wlo las
ile fnal woid in ilis iniioduciion...
21 22
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
dedicaie ilis e-bool io my clildien, Kaylal
and Aiden, in ile lope ilai iley will come io
live and woil in an age wleie iley aie fiee of
ile slaclles of ile pasi, and io my loving wife
Elaine foi lei unending suppoii in ile
cieaiion of ilis woil.
My ilanls go io ile many auilois, academics,
sclolais, publisleis, insiiiuies, illusiiaiois
and individuals wlo lave lindly lei me
iefeience ileii woil fiee of claige. Tleie aie
ioo many io lisi leie, bui you will see eacl of
ileii names, and ileii woils, in ile
bibliogiaply seciion.
David }oyce :oi
I
25
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
"#$% '
Oiigins of ile Design and
Managemeni of Woil
In oui fisi clapiei of paii I, we will siaii io
discuss ile oiigins of ile design and
managemeni of woil, siaiiing wiil iis eaily
beginnings.
13
H.CA.*E$#I:>
1(
Image: Man in a lead, Fiiis Allefeldi, Added: Api , :oi, coloi illusiiaiion Copyiigli
:oi HilingAiiisi, All Riglis Reseived. www.lilingaiiisi.nei
By David }oyce
Tleoiies of Woil:
How We Design and
Manage Woil
BIBLIOGRAPHY NOTES
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
i
Tle Tipping Poini: How Liiile Tlings Can Male a Big
Dieience, Malcolm Gladwell, Liiile Biown, :ooo
: Exceipi fiom Moon Slois foi Managemeni by Gaiy
Hamel, issue Febiuaiy :ooq.
Copyiigli :ooq by ile Haivaid Business Sclool
Publisling Coipoiaiion; all iiglis ieseived. Repiinied
by peimission of Haivaid Business Review.
Lengwell, Dean, "Agile Sofiwaie Requiiemenis",
Addison-Wesley, :oii.
( Higlsmiil, }im, Adapiive Leadeislip Acceleiaiing
Enieipiise Agiliiy
Sysiems ilinling, lean pioduciion and aciion
leaining, }oln Seddon, Simon Caullin, Aciion
Leaining: Reseaicl and Piaciice, Volume (, Issue i,
:ooy
6 www.sysiemsilinling.co.ul]membeis]libiaiy]
sysiemsi.asp Copyiigli Vanguaid Consuliing
Limiied
y Managemeni ideology: Tle lasi basiion of Ameiican
legemony, }ulian Biilinslaw, Managemeni :.o
Labnoies Issue :i }anuaiy :oi:
S www.foibes.com]siies]sievedenning]:oii]ii]iq]
peggy-noonan-on-sieve-jobs-and-wly-big-
companies-die]
q Oiganizaiional Tiaps: Leadeislip, Culiuie,
Oiganizaiional Design by Cliis Aigyiis (:oio) (ySw
fiom Clp.6 "Siiengilening New Appioacles" pp.
iq-iqy By peimission of Oxfoid Univeisiiy Piess
www.oup.com
io Fii foi ile Fuiuie, Vanguaid Educaiion, Copyiigli
Vanguaid Consuliing Limiied
ii www.sysiemsilinling.co.ul
Copyiigli Vanguaid Consuliing Limiied
i: Tle Vanguaid Guide io Undeisianding youi
Oiganisaiion as a Sysiem, Copyiigli :ooi,
Vanguaid Consuliing Limiied
i Misiales Coniaci Ceniei Manageis Male, Tiipp
Babbiii www.cusiomeimanagemeniiq.com]
opeiaiions]aiiicles]-misiales-coniaci-ceniei-
manageis-male]
i( Vanguaid Guide io Piocess Mapping, Copyiigli
:ooi, Vanguaid Consuliing Limiied
1/ 10
BIBLIOGRAPHY NOTES
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
i
Dew }, Rooi cause analysis: Tle seven deadly sins of
qualiiy managemeni. qualiiy Piogiess. 6(q):
Sepiembei :oo.
i6
Moiivaiion Iniiinsic, engagemeni fiee, Howaid
Clail, Copyiigli Vanguaid Consuliing Limiied
www.ilesysiemsilinlingieview.co.ul]index.plp?
pg=iS8baclio=i8uiwlsioiyid=:
iy RSA Animaie - Diive: Tle suipiising iiuil aboui
wlai moiivaies us, Dan Pinl
iS Sysiems Tlinling and ile Tliee Musleieeis -
Deming's SoPK Paii I, Eiic Cliisiiansen, oS]oq]:oii
www.piocessexcellenceneiwoil.com]meilodologies-
siaiisiical-analysis-and-iools]columns]sysiems-
ilinling-and-ile-iliee-musleieeis]
iq Fiom Adlei. lnternotionol Dimensions of
Orqonizotionol Bebovior, E. :ooS Souil-Wesiein,
a paii of Cengage Leaining, Inc. Repioduced by
peimission. www.cengage.com]peimissions
:o en.wiliquoie.oig]wili]}oln_Kenneil_Galbiaiil
:i Tle New Yoil Times Magazine (iqyo-o6-oy)
:: www.biainyquoie.com]quoies]auilois]w]
w_edwaids_deming.liml
: (o-A biief lisioiy of Wesiein managemeni ilougli,
Copyiigli Vanguaid Consuliing Limiied
11 12
BIBLIOGRAPHY IMAGES
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
J*$< K*A7D, www.managemenisiudyguide.com]images]
funciional_foieman.jpg
;%.-< #)+ -#$$*%, gifi sei, illusiiaiion, Added: Api iq, :oi,
Copyiigli :oi HilingAiiisi, All Riglis Reseived.
www.lilingaiiisi.nei]media.deiails.plp?mediaID=
MzMiZTgMGRiNTVmZg===.UeMpTlYsp}Y
L*@I$*@.D7 - iwo men veision, illusiiaiion, Added: Api iy,
:oi, Copyiigli :oi HilingAiiisi, All Riglis Reseived.
www.lilingaiiisi.nei]media.deiails.plp?
mediaID=MjExMWU(OTBlYjUiZmY= =.UeIazRYsp}Y
=**+ A.87, cai, coloi illusiiaiion, Added: Api , :oi,
Copyiigli :oi HilingAiiisi, All Riglis Reseived.
www.lilingaiiisi.nei]media.deiails.plp?
mediaID=NTYxMWU(OTBlYjUiZmY==.UeIjclYsp}Y
HA*-<D illusiiaiion, Added: May :i, :oi, Copyiigli :oi
HilingAiiisi, All Riglis Reseived.
www.lilingaiiisi.nei]media.deiails.plp?
mediaID=NTIzMWU(OTBlYjUiZmY==.UeInSxYsp}Y
J*$<.)E .) %:7 %*F7$, Blacl and wliie illusiiaiion, Added:
Mai o, :oi Copyiigli :oi HilingAiiisi, All Riglis
Reseived.
www.lilingaiiisi.nei]media.deiails.plp?
mediaID=ODlZTgMGRiNTVmZg===.UeIj-xYsp}Y
9*:) ;7++*), Piovided by Clailoiie Pell, Vanguaid
G$ =#$> ?#@7A, managemeniexclange.com]siies]defauli]
fles]feaiuies]lamel-leadsloi.jpg
9*:) B7))7%: =#AC$#.%:, en.wilipedia.oig]wili]
File:}oln_Kenneil_Galbiaiil_iq((.jpg]
L:$.D M$E>$.D, glbasic.com]public-adminisiiaiion]cliis-
aigyiis]
G$N J O+F#$+D G7@.)E, Russian Deming Insiiiuie
deming.iu]AbouiDeming]foio_pages]Deming_BWi.jpg
9,A.#) H.$<.)D:#F, ieinveniingmanagemeni.com]fles]
biilinslaw.jpg
P#>A*$, commons.wilimedia.oig]wili]
File:F._Tayloi_ai_iSy.jpg PD-US
New macline slop ai Q.+R#A7 ;%77A Company seen fiom
ile galleiy, ca. iSSy, Midvale Company Ploiogiapls (iSS -
iq), Kleel Ceniei, Coinell Univeisiiy
P.@.)E J*$<7$D, Pioduciion Company: Piesenied by
}ames S. Peilins in collaboiaiion wiil Di. Lillian M.
Gilbieil 8 Di. Ralpl M. Baines
www.aiclive.oig]deiails]OiiginalFilm_: Tlis movie is paii
of ile colleciion: Pielingei Aiclives, Cieaiive Commons
license: Public Domain
54 15
BIBLIOGRAPHY IMAGES
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
HA.)+ A7#+.)E %:7 CA.)+, B8W illusiiaiion, Added Api iq,
:oi, B8W illusiiaiion, Copyiigli :oi HilingAiiisi, All
Riglis Reseived.
www.lilingaiiisi.nei]media.deiails.plp?
mediaID=NDQxMWU(OTBlYjUiZmY==.UeIjxxYsp}Y
K7D%A7DD %>I7, Desciipiion: Ambiiion and iesulis, Added:
Feb i, :oi, Copyiigli :oi HilingAiiisi, All Riglis
Reseived.
www.lilingaiiisi.nei]media.deiails.plp?
mediaID=MjllODlwZGIiNWZm=.UeIXqBYsp}Y
S.D.*) #)+ $7#A.%>, Added Feb i(, :oi Copyiigli :oi
HilingAiiisi, All Riglis Reseived.
www.lilingaiiisi.nei]media.deiails.plp?mediaID=
MTgyZTgMGRiNTVmZg===.Ue}FRxYsp}Y
T) %:7 ?.E: L:#.$, Added Feb i, :oi Copyiigli :oi
HilingAiiisi, All Riglis Reseived.
www.lilingaiiisi.nei]media.deiails.plp?mediaID=
MDExZTgMGRiNTVmZg===.UeIScRYsp}Y
;I$7#+D:77% 7UI7$%D .) %:7 %*F7$, Added Feb i, :oi
Copyiigli :oi HilingAiiisi, All Riglis Reseived.
www.lilingaiiisi.nei]media.deiails.plp?
mediaID=ODRlODlwZGIiNWZm=.UeI_SlYsp}Y
Q#) .) # :7#+, Fiiis Allefeldi, Added: Api , :oi, coloi
illusiiaiion Copyiigli :oi HilingAiiisi, All Riglis
Reseived. www.lilingaiiisi.nei www.lilingaiiisi.nei]
media.deiails.plp?mediaID=
ODMwMWU(OTBlYjUiZmY==.UeMlSlYsp}Y
5! 53
W. Edwaids Deming
Malcolm Gladwell
}oln Seddon
Iia Sloi
Gaiy Hamel
}oln Galbiaiil
Cliis Aigyiis
}ulian Biilinslaw
David }oyce
5( 56
INDEX OF NAMES
THEORIES OF WORK:
HOW WE DESIGN AND MANAGE WORK
"#$% '
Oiigins of ile Design and
Managemeni of Woil
Eaily Beginnings
L:#I%7$ T)7
Image: Man in a lead, Fiiis Allefeldi, Added: Api , :oi, coloi illusiiaiion Copyiigli
:oi HilingAiiisi, All Riglis Reseived. www.lilingaiiisi.nei
5/
By David }oyce
Tleoiies of Woil:
How We Design and
Manage Woil