GASES & THEIR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

The Physical Properties of Gases

Chemistry in your Future While scuba-diving with some friends, you surface to find that one of the party is barely conscious and appears to be in pain. The group had been exploring a reef 150 feet below the surface and didnt notice when this person surfaced much earlier than the rest. Three of you immediately force this diver back down 100 feet and slowly bring him up in stages of 50 feet, staying at each depth for about 30 minutes. At the end of the process, he is fully recovered. The certified divers in the group knew how to handle the emergency, but you are the only one who studied chemistry and can explain what occurred. It has to do with the material in Chapter 5.

Air Bags
Impact trips a sensor that activates the reaction:

The gaseous product of the reaction occupies 450 times more space than does the solid reactant.

Pressure Defined
Gas molecules are in constant motion, colliding with each other and with the walls of their container. The sum of ALL these collisions is called pressure.

A Swarm of Particles
The air around us is a mixture of gases, tasteless, odorless and invisible We can feel its effects, and we depend on it every moment of our existence. Its a swarm of molecules not unlike a swarm of gnats

Pressure
Pressure is directly proportional to the number of gas molecules in the air; pressure can change.

Pressure and Weather

High atmospheric pressure redirects storms (sign of fair weather). Low atmospheric pressure tends to draw storms in (sign of rainy weather). Changes in pressure are responsible for wind.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GASES

Some Important Industrial Gases

Name - Formula
Methane (CH4) Ammonia (NH3) Chlorine (Cl2)

Origin and use

Natural deposits; domestic fuel From N2 + H2 ; fertilizers, explosives Electrolysis of seawater; bleaching and disinfecting Liquified air; steelmaking High-temperature decomposition of natural gas; plastics

Oxygen (O2) Ethylene (C2H4)

The Three States of Matter

Br2 can exist as a gas (A), liquid (B), or solid (C) if p & T are the right values.

Important Characteristics of Gases

1) Gases are highly compressible
An external force compresses the gas sample and decreases its volume, removing the external force allows the gas volume to increase.

2) Gases are thermally expandable

When a gas sample is heated, its volume increases, and when it is cooled its volume decreases.

3) Gases have low viscosity

Gases flow much easier than liquids or solids.

4) Most Gases have low densities

Gas densities are on the order of grams per liter whereas liquids and solids are grams per cubic cm, 1000 times greater.

5) Gases are infinitely miscible

Gases mix in any proportion such as in air, a mixture of many gases.

Substances That Are Gases under Normal Conditions

Substance Helium Neon Argon Hydrogen Nitrogen Nitrogen Monoxide Oxygen Hydrogen Chloride Ozone Ammonia Formula He Ne Ar H2 N2 NO O2 HCL O3 NH3 MM(g/mol) 4.0 20.2 39.9 2.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 36.5 48.0 17.0

Pressure of the Atmosphere

Called atmospheric pressure, or the force exerted upon us by the atmosphere above us.

A measure of the weight of the atmosphere pressing down upon us. Pressure = Force Area Measured using a barometer - A device that can weigh the atmosphere above us.

Effect of Atmospheric Pressure on Objects at the Earths Surface

In left diagram, p inside can = p outside can. In right, air is removed (pinside < poutside) and can collapses.

A Mercury Barometer

measures atmospheric pressure

The Mystery of the Suction Pump

When you drink through a straw, you create a lower p above liquid, and the atmosphere pushes the liquid up.

Manometers are used to measure gas pressure in an expt.

Differential manometers. (a) Both columns are at the same height because both sides are exposed to the atmosphere; (b) the stopcock on the left is closed, and the stopcock on the right is open to the atmosphere. The difference in heights is a direct measure of the difference in pressure between the flask on the left and the atmospheric pressure.

Common Units of Pressure

Unit pascal (Pa); kilopascal(kPa) atmosphere (atm) millimeters of mercury ( mm Hg ) torr pounds per square inch ( psi or lb/in2 ) bar Atmospheric Pressure 1.01325 x 105 Pa 101.325 kPa 1 atm* 760 mmHg* 760 torr* 14.7 lb/in2 1.01325 bar Scientific Field SI unit; physics, chemistry Chemistry Chemistry, medicine, biology Chemistry Engineering Meteorology, chemistry, physics

Gas Property Relationships

Fundamental properties of gases:
Pressure Amount (measured in moles, represented by n) Volume (usually expressed in liters) Temperature (expressed in Kelvins)

If one of these properties is changed, the others will also change.

The Gas Laws

Boyles Law : P - V Relationship

Pressure is inversely proportional to volume k k P= or V = or PV=k V P Change of conditions problems if n (mol of gas) and T (in Kelvin) are constant P2V2 = k P1V1 = k k = k Then :

P1V1 = P2V2

Pressure increases with depth & decreases with Height Ascending to quickly increases volume of gas in lungs leading to ailment called bends.

Experimental results for Boyles Law

Charles Law - V - T- Relationship

Temperature is directly related to volume T proportional to Volume : T = kV Change of conditions problem: or T1 / V1 = T2 / V2 Since T/V = k
T1 V1 = T2 V2 T1 = V1 x T2 V2

or:

NOTE: Temperatures must be expressed in Kelvin to avoid negative values.

Experimental Results of Charles Law

Avogadros Law - Amount and Volume

The amount of gas (moles) is directly proportional to the volume of the gas. n = kV nV or
For a change of conditions problem we have the initial conditions, and the final conditions, and we must have the units the same.

n1 = initial moles of gas n2 = final moles of gas n1 n2 = V1 V2 or:

V1 = initial volume of gas V2 = final volume of gas n1 = n2 x V1 V2

An Experiment to Study the Relationship between the Volume and the Amount of a Gas

Avogadros law

The volume of a gas is directly proportional to the amt. (mol) of gas

Gay-Lussacs Law - Temperature and Pressure

The volume of a gas confined in an insulated cylinder will remain the same when its Kelvin temperature is doubled if, at the same time, the pressure also is doubled.

Change of Conditions, with No Change in the Amount of Gas

PxV = constant T Therefore for a change of conditions :

P1 x V1 T1

P2 x V2 T2

Calculations

Change of Conditions: Problem - I A gas sample in the laboratory has a volume of 45.9 L at 25 oC and a pressure of 743 mm Hg. If the temperature is increased to 155 oC by pumping (compressing) the gas to a new volume of 3.10 ml what is the pressure?

Change of Conditions: Problem - I

P1= 743 mm Hg x 1 atm/ 760 mm Hg = 0.978 atm P2 = ? V1 = 45.9 L V2 = 3.10 ml = 0.00310 L T1 = 25 oC + 273 = 298 K T2 = 155 oC + 273 = 428 K

Change of Conditions: Problem I continued

P1 x V1 T1 P2 x V2 T2

( 0.978 atm) ( 45.9 L) P2 = ( 298 K)

P2 (0.00310 L) ( 428 K) = 21000 atm

( 428 K) ( 0.978 atm) ( 45.9 L) ( 298 K) ( 0.00310 L)

Change of Conditions: Problem II A weather balloon is released at the surface of the earth. If the volume was 100 m3 at the surface ( temp = 25 oC, P = 1 atm ) what will its volume be at its peak altitude of 90,000 ft where the temperature is - 90 o C and the pressure is 15 mm Hg ?

Change of Conditions: Problem II

Initial Conditions V1 = 100 m3 T1 = 25 oC + 273.15 = 298 K Final Conditions V2 = ? T2 = -90 oC + 273.15 = 183 K mm Hg/ P2 = 760 15 mm Hgatm P2 = 0.0198 atm

P1 = 1.0 atm

Change of Conditions: Problem II continued

P1 x V1 T1 V2 =

P2 x V2 T2 V2 =

P1V1T2 T1P2 =

( 1.0 atm) ( 100 m3) ( 183 K) ( 298 K) ( 0.0197 atm)

V2 = 3117.2282 m3 = 3,100 m3 or 30 times the volume !!!

Change of Conditions: Problem III

How many liters of CO2 are formed at 1.00 atm and 900 oC if 5.00 L of propane at 10.0 atm, and 25 oC is burned in excess air? C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O(g)
25 oC + 273 = 298 K 900 oC + 273 = 1173 K

Change of Conditions: Problem III continued

V1 = 5.00 L P1 = 10.0 atm T1 = 298K P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 V2 =
( 1.00 atm) ( 298 K)

V2 = ? P2 = 1.00 atm T2 = 1173 K V2 = V1P1T2/ P2T1 = 197 L

( 5.00 L) (10.00 atm) (1173 K)

VCO2 = (197 L C3H8) x (3 L CO2 / 1 L C3H8) =

Avogadros Law: Volume and Amount of Gas Problem IV:

Sulfur hexafluoride is a gas used to trace pollutant plumes in the atmosphere, if the volume of 2.67 g of SF6 at 1.143 atm and 28.5 oC is 2.93 m3, what will be the mass of SF6 in a container whose volume is 543.9 m3 at 1.143 atm and 28.5 oC?

Avogadros Law: Volume and Amount of Gas

Plan: Since the temperature and pressure are the same it is a V n problem, so we can use Avogadros Law to calculate the moles of the gas, then use the molar mass to calculate the mass of the gas. Solution: Molar mass SF6 = 146.07 g/mol
2.67g SF6 = 0.0183 mol SF6 146.07g SF6/mol 3 543.9 m = 0.0183 mol SF6 x = 3.39 mol SF6 3 2.93 m

n2 = n1 x V2 V1

mass SF6 = 3.39 mol SF6 x 146.07 g SF6 / mol = 496 g SF6

Boyles Law : Balloon Problem V:

A balloon has a volume of 0.55 L at sea level (1.0 atm) and is allowed to rise to an altitude of 6.5 km, where the pressure is 0.40 atm. Assume that the temperature remains constant (which obviously is not true), what is the final volume of the balloon?

Boyles Law : Balloon

P1 = 1.0 atm V1 = 0.55 L P2 = 0.40 atm V2 = ?

V2 = V1 x P1/P2 = (0.55 L) x (1.0 atm / 0.40 atm) V2 = 1.4 L

Charles Law Problem

Problem VI:
A sample of carbon monoxide, a poisonous gas, occupies 3.20 L at 125 oC. Calculate the temperature (in oC) at which the gas will occupy 1.54 L if the pressure remains constant.

Charles Law Problem

V1 = 3.20 L V2 = 1.54 L T1 = 125oC = 398 K T2 = ? 1.54 L T2 = 398 K x 3.20 L = 192 K

T2 = T1 x ( V2 / V1) T2 = 192 K
o

C = K - 273.15 = 192 - 273 o C = -81.2oC

Ideal Gases
An ideal gas --a hypothetical gas whose properties (P, V, and T) are completely described by the ideal gas equation (or ideal gas law) The ideal gas equation is:

PV= nRT
R = Ideal, Universal, or Molar gas constant R = 0.08206 L atm mol-1 K-1

Boyles, Charles & Avogadros Laws are all combined into a single statement called the Ideal Gas law. law

Evaluation of the Ideal Gas Constant, R

Ideal gas Equation PV = nRT R = PV nT

at Standard Temperature and Pressure, the molar volume = 22.4 L P = 1.00 atm (by definition) T = 0 oC = 273.15 K (by definition) n = 1.00 moles (by definition)

R=

(1.00 atm) ( 22.414 L) = 0.08206 L atm ( 1.00 mole) ( 273.15 K) mol K

or to three significant figures R = 0.0821 L atm mol K

Gas Law Calculations

Gas Law: Solving for Pressure

Problem 1: (ydi)
Calculate the pressure in a container whose volume is 87.5 L and it is filled with 5.038kg of xenon at a temperature of 18.8 oC.

Gas Law: Solving for Pressure

Plan: Convert all information into the units required, and substitute into the ideal gas equation ( PV= nRT ). Solution:
nXe = 5038 g Xe = 38.37014471 mol Xe 131.3 g Xe / mol

T = 18.8 oC + 273.15 K = 291.95 K PV = nRT P= P = nRT V

(38.37 mol )(0.0821 L atm)(291.95 K) = 10.5108 atm 87.5 L (mol K) = 10.5 atm

Ideal Gas Calculation - Nitrogen Problem 2: (ydi)

Calculate the pressure in a container holding 375 g of nitrogen gas. The volume of the container is 0.150 m3 and the temperature is 36.0 oC.

Ideal Gas Calculation - Nitrogen

n = 375 g N2 (28.0 g N2 / mol) = 13.4 mol N2 V = 0.150 m3 x 1000 L / m3 = 150 L T = 36.0 oC + 273.15 = 309.2 K PV = nRT P = nRT/V P= ( 13.4 mol) ( 0.08206 L atm/mol K) ( 309.2 K)
150 L

P = 2.26 atm

The Atmosphere: What is in it?

The Earths carbon atoms travel a constant cycle through the atmosphere, from air to plants and animals and back to the air again.

 Nitrogen
Tasteless, colorless, nonflammable, relatively inert Nitrogen compounds are a limiting factor in plant growth.

Oxygen
Oxygen reacts with glucose during respiration.

Carbon dioxide
Central to plant growth through photosynthesis

Argon, neon, and helium

Chemically unreactive

The Atmosphere: A Layered Structure

The Carbon Cycle

Four Sections of the Atmosphere

Troposphere
All Earth-bound life exists and all weather phenomena occur here. Ozone exists here as a pollutant.

Stratosphere
Contains UV absorbing ozone. Ozone is a natural and necessary component of this section.

Mesosphere and Ionosphere

Falling stars and the aurora borealis occur here.