1. . - .

.


. .

,
/

.

/ . .

.

/
.

-
.


.
,
-.

.
-

, .
-
.
.

.
.


.



-.






.
Q q
().
. ,



Q=const
: ,
.

,




/
.

F =K

Qq
,N
r2

:
Q q
, [C]
r- / [m]
K-

K=

1
4

4-


.
-
/ [C2/
(Nm2)]

F =

Qq
,N
4 r 2

.
,


.
,
/ .
E=F/q [V/m] ( )

-
.

2. . .
.

.

:

.


,


.


:
1-
,

.

.
2-
,


.

.
3-
-
.

-
,

()
,



.

:
,

.
, ,
,
, .
.

.

.
,


.
.
,
-
.

,
,
.
.

3. . - .
,
. .
. .
.
. , .

.
.


(, ,
.) .

,
, .




...

.
.
, ,
.
.,
,
.

.
.

.

, .
,

. R
[]

R =

l
s

-

.
l- ,
s- .

. .

() (L),
.
-

()

.

.


.

,
.
,

. .

.

,
.



.

.

- ,

.



.
.

. .

.

.

:
...
.


. I=E/R
:

.


. I=I.

:
...
.



..
=IR

4. .
. .
. .

. I,
U
R

,

.



.

.


.

, .
,

. R
[]

l
R =
s

-

.
l- ,
s- .


. I=U/R

.

:
...
.


. I=E/R
:

.


. I=I.

:
...
.



..
=IR

6.
- ,
.

Ql>Qc
P-
Ql
Qc
S-

Im
2
Um
U =
2
E
E= m
2
I=

I =

U =
E =

S =

i1=Im1 sin(t+1)
i2=Im2 sin(t+2)
-
.

Im
i


i.

.
.
Im

I m = I12m + I 22m + I1m I1m cos(1

tg =

p = p A + p B + pC

I1m sin 1 + I 2 m sin 2

I1m cos 1 + I 2 m cos 2

p A = U m sin t I m sin i=Im

t sin(t+)

p B = U Lm sin(t +

Um

pC = U Cm sin(t

Em

B = m sin (t

) I

m sin

-
m

eit, -

.
it
j

) I sin t

-



... ,
2/3,
.

... :

ec

P 2 +Q 2 =UI

Im

P = S cos =UI cos

Q = S sin =UI sin

= m sin t

.
P
(W).

.
P=UI

,

,
,
.
1-





.
i=i1+i2++in

5. .
. .

.



:
- ,
, ... .

.
.
- -
-

.
m.
-
-
,




,
.


()

= A

. jt =

= A j (+t ) =

2
)
3

2
= m sin (t +
)
3

7.
. .
.
.

(,, ...)


.



;


,
- .


.
Im
/ i t
: i=Im sin(t+)

. -
,
.



/ .

,
.

= A cos( +t ) + j A sin( +t )
,
,




.
-

I = I m j (t +)

=U j
U

= R j 00
R

L = 2fL = X L

XL XC
,
, UL=IXL
UC =IXC


.

p=UIsin2t
C

i = I m sin(t +

I m =CU m
1
U
XC =
=
C
I

p = ui = U m sin tI m sin(t +

= UI sin 2t

.



.
f=0, ,

.

,
.
Ua=UL=I==0
UC
,

)=

WCm

CU 2
=
2

d-
,
.
C- UC
.
0-

R,L,C

8.
R,
L, .


R,L,C.
.

f0 =

ua = RI m sin t

u L = X L I m sin(t + ) = U Lm sin(t + )
u Um
2
2
i= =
sin t = I m sin t

R
R
uC = X C I m sin(t ) = U Cm sin(t )

2

i= u
.


.
.

I =

U
R

1
2 CL

UC

f = .

f=0
,

2
> 0
2 d2

L = 0

U = U a + (U L U C ) 2 =

,

UL=U


f=0

=I

R2 +( X L X C )

f =

Z = R2 +( X L X C )

:

2d2
< 0
2

C = 0

p = p A + p L + pC

9.
.

R,L,C.
-
.
.


m
,

,

,
.
m

=0

p A = U m sin t I m sin t
p L = U Lm sin(t +
pC = U Cm sin(t

eL = Em sin(t
u L = U m sin(t +
Em =U m = LI m
U
I =
XL

)
)

) I sin t

) I sin t

P = S cos =UI cos

Q = S sin =UI sin
S =

P 2 +Q 2 =UI

tg =

X L XC
=0
R

X=XL-XC=0
XL=XC

10.

R-L R-C

.

Z = R 2 + (X L - X C ) 2 = R


I=U/R

, I=U/R

,

 .

i=0 i=I.

...

L = L

i
t

U


iR L

i
U = iR + L
t

i = I (1 e )
I=U/R,
=L/R [s]
.

:

i =

U
R

/


,
.

u
i =C C
t

,


/

u
U = CR c + uc
t
C = U (1 e

U
e
R

L = Ue

uL
/
L

L ,
i in

P = 3IU cos
-
.

11. -.
.
.- ..

-



... ,
2/3,
.


...
,
2/3.

- .
,,. -
... .

-

-

L=U/R
UC=U

i = Ie

=RC [s]-

in =

/
OA, OB, OC
U.
/
.
/
AA, BB CC
.
/

U = 3U

.



1 . 2


.

...
.

,

i
R
= t
t
L

i = Ie

=I

.
(
)


.

.


,

.
.
/



.

12. . .
. .
. -
,
.

F, /
,
. ,


.
F=BIl ()
I- e
, l ()-
.
- .



. .
. F

-
, .
,

,
( 90 )
.


. : F=BIl sin
- /
. .
.
, /
,
.
F=Bqv
q-
v-

B=

,
t=4.5
.

U =U
I

= 3I

p = 3U I cos

,
.. =

F
, T ( )
Il

-
.

I,

l, sin

r l

B=
- .

L = Ue

Q = 3UI sin

Il sin
r2

.
,





. .,
.

H=

I
I A
= ,[ ]
2r l m

.
,


.
,
.
. (
) .

 ,

,
. .

.

.
=sn
. (...) Fm
,


.


.
Fm=IN

( ),
..
,
.

,

.

,

Br .
Ph
Ph=f(Bm104)n V10-1, W
-

f-
1 [1/s]
Bm- .
V-


:
,
. (

) .

.


.

, .
-
.

.


. .


.

i =1

13. . . . .
. .
...
/
. .
. -,


,

.
.

,
,

-
.


-,


,

,
.
.

,

-
.
.
,

.
.

,
.
, .
.
.

. ,
.

,
,


.

=0

. ,

.
:
.

. .

.


.
15. . -
.

.


.
w1
w2


.
U1
W1
,


.


.

...
( )


. ,


,
...
...
.

1 w1
=
2 w2

. ,

.

NI
l
NI
B =
l
NI
NI
=
S=
l
RM
H =

/ - -,

. I=U/R ,
, ,

.
. . .
. ,
-

...
,

U1

.
w2

Z,
...


. .

16. -

.

- ,


.
.
-
.

,
-.

,
.

...
.
,
,


.


,
-
.




w1=w2

I1 I2 (
).

I0


.
.
I0

I
()
I
().



,
.

,

- ... 1

E
X0 = 1
I

-...

R0 =

U1. 1 /
I1

/
.

E1
Ia

.
-

,

-.

I
pM = pM 1
I1 H
U
u K % = 1k 100
U 1H

Z 0 = R02 + X 02
-
.

,


.
X0 R0
,
. ...
.

- 3
-

-
U2
/ - U2 I2
e 2 .
,
,

2 .
U2

. -I2 R2 ,
- I2 .


-I2 X2 e
I2

,

.

...
2
X0

I=E1/X0, 90

,
I=E1/R0,
.

. I0

-I2 I0
I1
1

I1R1 I1X 1 ,

.


I1 ,
.

.
.. ()

;

U1k ,
.
.
U1k
(3-10) % U1H


,


p

17. ...

()

U1
I10

. 0- .
.
. I10
.



.
.. =-w (d/dt)
0

...
. .
0=msint

.:
1=4,44w1fm
2=4,44w2fm
f

m
.
. :
= 1/ 2= w1/ w2
-

I2=0 :

+ I Z
U 10 = E
1
10 1

E =U

2
20
I10
I- ()
,
. 0
Ia- ,

.


,


x
m
=x+m
. ,

. m
I10 e
I1,

uK%=(3-10)%
..
.. ,
U1=U1H .


.
- . U2,cos,=f(I2)
U1= U1H=const cos =const f50Hz
18. .
- ...



..


.
- .
:
- .

. ;
-
.

.
/
,
. /
.
.

,
-
. /

.

- .



...

. .

. :
U=E-IRa=cn-IRa
c=pN/60a
. = cn
-
N-
; -
; n-
; - ;
Ra-
; I-
.





.


, :

();

();
;
- .

- .



.
I

,

.
, ,

.

- :
U=E+IRa=cn+Ira
. : =CMI
CM=pN/2a