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Contents | Prev | Next|Index Java Language SpecificationSecond EditionTable of ContentsPrefacePreface to the Second Edition1 Introduction1.1 Example Programs1.2 Notation1.3 Relationship to Predefined Classes and Interfaces1.4 References2 Grammars2.1 Context-Free Grammars2.2 The Lexical Grammar 2.3 The Syntactic Grammar 2.4 Grammar Notation3 Lexical Structure3.1 Unicode3.2 Lexical Translations3.3 Unicode Escapes3.4 Line Terminators3.5 Input Elements and Tokens3.6 White Space

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3.7 Comments3.8 Identifiers3.9 Keywords3.10 Literals3.10.1 Integer Literals3.10.2 Floating-Point Literals3.10.3 Boolean Literals3.10.4 Character Literals3.10.5 String Literals3.10.6 Escape Sequences for Character and String Literals3.10.7 The Null Literal3.11 Separators3.12 Operators4 Types, Values, and Variables4.1 The Kinds of Types and Values4.2 Primitive Types and Values4.2.1 Integral Types and Values4.2.2 Integer Operations4.2.3 Floating-Point Types, Formats, and Values4.2.4 Floating-Point Operations4.2.5 The boolean Type and boolean Values4.3 Reference Types and Values4.3.1 Objects4.3.2 The Class Object4.3.3 The Class String4.3.4 When Reference Types Are the Same

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4.4 Where Types Are Used4.5 Variables4.5.1 Variables of Primitive Type4.5.2 Variables of Reference Type4.5.3 Kinds of Variables4.5.4 final Variables4.5.5 Initial Values of Variables4.5.6 Types, Classes, and Interfaces5 Conversions and Promotions5.1 Kinds of Conversion5.1.1 Identity Conversions5.1.2 Widening Primitive Conversion5.1.3 Narrowing Primitive Conversions5.1.4 Widening Reference Conversions5.1.5 Narrowing Reference Conversions5.1.6 String Conversions5.1.7 Forbidden Conversions5.1.8 Value Set Conversion5.2 Assignment Conversion5.3 Method Invocation Conversion5.4 String Conversion5.5 Casting Conversion5.6 Numeric Promotions5.6.1 Unary Numeric Promotion5.6.2 Binary Numeric Promotion

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6.8.5 Constant Names for Java Language Specification~Sun com~300p

Java Language Specification Sun

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Category:	Uncategorized.
Rating:	(6 Ratings)
Upload Date:	01/27/2008
Copyright:	Attribution Non-commercial
Tags:	culture Specification Java Language Sun Technology-Computer-Science culture Specification Java Language Sun Technology-Computer-Science (fewer)

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Sections

1.1 Example Programs
1.2 Notation
1.3 Relationship to Predefined Classes and Interfaces
2.1 Context-Free Grammars
2.2 The Lexical Grammar
2.3 The Syntactic Grammar
2.4 Grammar Notation
3.1 Unicode
3.2 Lexical Translations
3.3 Unicode Escapes
3.4 Line Terminators
3.6 White Space
3.7 Comments
3.8 Identifiers
3.9 Keywords
3.10.1 Integer Literals
3.10.2 Floating-Point Literals
1e1f 2.f .3f 0f 3.14f 6.022137e+23f
3.10.3 Boolean Literals
3.10.4 Character Literals
3.10.5 String Literals
3.10.6 Escape Sequences for Character and String Literals
3.10.7 The Null Literal
3.11 Separators
3.12 Operators
4.1 The Kinds of Types and Values
4.2.1 Integral Types and Values
4.2.2 Integer Operations
4.2.3 Floating-Point Types, Formats, and Values
4.2.4 Floating-Point Operations
4.2.5 The boolean Type and boolean Values
4.3.1 Objects
4.3.2 The Class Object
4.3.3 The Class String
4.3.4 When Reference Types Are the Same
4.4 Where Types Are Used
4.5.1 Variables of Primitive Type
4.5.2 Variables of Reference Type
4.5.3 Kinds of Variables
4.5.4 final Variables
4.5.5 Initial Values of Variables
4.5.6 Types, Classes, and Interfaces
5.1.1 Identity Conversions
5.1.2 Widening Primitive Conversion
5.1.3 Narrowing Primitive Conversions
5.1.4 Widening Reference Conversions
5.1.5 Narrowing Reference Conversions
5.1.6 String Conversions
5.1.7 Forbidden Conversions
5.1.8 Value Set Conversion
5.2 Assignment Conversion
5.3 Method Invocation Conversion
5.4 String Conversion
5.5 Casting Conversion
5.6.1 Unary Numeric Promotion
5.6.2 Binary Numeric Promotion
6.1 Declarations
6.2 Names and Identifiers
6.3.1 Shadowing Declarations
6.3.2 Obscured Declarations
6.4.1 The Members of a Package
6.4.2 The Members of a Class Type
6.4.3 The Members of an Interface Type
6.4.4 The Members of an Array Type
6.5.1 Syntactic Classification of a Name According to Context
6.5.2 Reclassification of Contextually Ambiguous Names
6.5.3 Meaning of Package Names
6.5.4.1 Simple PackageOrTypeNames
6.5.4.2 Qualified PackageOrTypeNames
6.5.5.1 Simple Type Names
6.5.5.2 Qualified Type Names
6.5.6.1 Simple Expression Names
6.5.6.2 Qualified Expression Names
6.5.7.1 Simple Method Names
6.5.7.2 Qualified Method Names
6.6.1 Determining Accessibility
6.6.2.1 Access to a protected Member
6.6.2.2 Qualified Access to a protected Constructor
6.6.3 An Example of Access Control
6.6.4 Example: Access to public and Non-public Classes
6.6.5 Example: Default-Access Fields, Methods, and Constructors
6.6.6 Example: public Fields, Methods, and Constructors
6.6.7 Example: protected Fields, Methods, and Constructors
6.6.8 Example: private Fields, Methods, and Constructors
6.7 Fully Qualified Names and Canonical Names
6.8.1 Package Names
6.8.2 Class and Interface Type Names
6.8.3 Method Names
6.8.4 Field Names
6.8.5 Constant Names
6.8.6 Local Variable and Parameter Names
7.1 Package Members
7.2.1 Storing Packages in a File System
7.2.2 Storing Packages in a Database
7.3 Compilation Units
7.4.1 Named Packages
7.4.2 Unnamed Packages
7.4.3 Observability of a Package
7.4.4 Scope of a Package Declaration
7.5.1 Single-Type-Import Declaration
7.5.2 Type-Import-on-Demand Declaration
7.5.3 Automatic Imports
7.5.4 A Strange Example
7.6 Top Level Type Declarations
7.7 Unique Package Names
8.1.1.1 abstract Classes
8.1.1.3 strictfp Classes
8.1.2 Inner Classes and Enclosing Instances
8.1.3 Superclasses and Subclasses
8.1.4 Superinterfaces
8.1.5 Class Body and Member Declarations
8.2.1.1 Example: Inheritance with Default Access
8.2.1.2 Inheritance with public and protected
8.2.1.3 Inheritance with private
8.2.1.4 Accessing Members of Inaccessible Classes
8.3.1.1 static Fields
8.3.1.2 final Fields
8.3.1.3 transient Fields
8.3.1.4 volatile Fields
8.3.2.1 Initializers for Class Variables
8.3.2.2 Initializers for Instance Variables
8.3.2.3 Restrictions on the use of Fields during Initialization
8.3.3.1 Example: Hiding of Class Variables
8.3.3.2 Example: Hiding of Instance Variables
8.3.3.3 Example: Multiply Inherited Fields
8.3.3.4 Example: Re-inheritance of Fields
8.4.1 Formal Parameters
8.4.2 Method Signature
8.4.3.1 abstract Methods
8.4.3.2 static Methods
8.4.3.3 final Methods
8.4.3.4 native Methods
8.4.3.5 strictfp Methods
8.4.3.6 synchronized Methods
8.4.4 Method Throws
8.4.5 Method Body
8.4.6.1 Overriding (by Instance Methods)
8.4.6.2 Hiding (by Class Methods)
8.4.6.3 Requirements in Overriding and Hiding
8.4.6.4 Inheriting Methods with the Same Signature
8.4.7 Overloading
8.4.8.1 Example: Overriding
8.4.8.2 Example: Overloading, Overriding, and Hiding
8.4.8.3 Example: Incorrect Overriding
8.4.8.4 Example: Overriding versus Hiding
8.4.8.5 Example: Invocation of Hidden Class Methods
8.4.8.6 Large Example of Overriding
8.4.8.7 Example: Incorrect Overriding because of Throws
8.5.1 Access Modifiers
8.5.2 Static Member Type Declarations
8.6 Instance Initializers
8.7 Static Initializers
8.8.1 Formal Parameters
8.8.2 Constructor Signature
8.8.3 Constructor Modifiers
8.8.4 Constructor Throws
8.8.5 Constructor Body
8.8.6 Constructor Overloading
8.8.7 Default Constructor
8.8.8 Preventing Instantiation of a Class
9.1.1.1 abstract Interfaces
9.1.1.2 strictfp Interfaces
9.1.2 Superinterfaces and Subinterfaces
9.1.3 Interface Body and Member Declarations
9.1.4 Access to Interface Member Names
9.2 Interface Members
9.3.1 Initialization of Fields in Interfaces
9.3.2 Examples of Field Declarations
9.4.1 Inheritance and Overriding
9.4.2 Overloading
9.4.3.1 Example: Overriding
9.4.3.2 Example: Overloading
9.5 Member Type Declarations
10.1 Array Types
10.3 Array Creation
10.4 Array Access
10.5 Arrays: A Simple Example
10.6 Array Initializers
10.7 Array Members
10.8 Class Objects for Arrays
10.9 An Array of Characters is Not a String
10.10 Array Store Exception
11.1 The Causes of Exceptions
11.2.1 Why Errors are Not Checked
11.2.2 Why Runtime Exceptions are Not Checked
11.3.1 Exceptions are Precise
11.3.2 Handling Asynchronous Exceptions
11.4 An Example of Exceptions
11.5.1 Loading and Linkage Errors
11.5.2 Virtual Machine Errors
14.1 Normal and Abrupt Completion of Statements
14.2 Blocks
14.3 Local Class Declarations
14.4.1 Local Variable Declarators and Types
14.4.2 Scope of Local Variable Declarations
14.4.3 Shadowing of Names by Local Variables
14.4.4 Execution of Local Variable Declarations
14.5 Statements
14.6 The Empty Statement
14.7 Labeled Statements
14.8 Expression Statements
14.9.1 The if-then Statement
14.9.2 The if-then-else Statement
14.10 The switch Statement
14.11 The while Statement
14.12.1 Abrupt Completion
14.12.2 Example of do statement
14.13.1 Initialization of for statement
14.13.2 Iteration of for statement
14.13.3 Abrupt Completion of for statement
14.14 The break Statement
14.15 The continue Statement
14.16 The return Statement
14.17 The throw Statement
14.18 The synchronized Statement
14.19.1 Execution of try-catch
14.19.2 Execution of try-catch-finally
14.20 Unreachable Statements
16.1.1 Boolean Constant Expressions
16.1.2 The Boolean Operator &&
16.1.3 The Boolean Operator ||
16.1.4 The Boolean Operator !
16.1.5 The Boolean Operator ? :
16.1.6 The Conditional Operator ? :
16.1.7 Assignment Expressions
16.1.8 Operators ++ and --
16.1.9 Other Expressions
16.2.1 Empty Statements
16.2.2 Blocks
16.2.3 Local Class Declaration Statements
16.2.4 Local Variable Declaration Statements
16.2.5 Labeled Statements
16.2.6 Expression Statements
16.2.7 if Statements
16.2.8 switch Statements
16.2.9 while Statements
16.2.10 do Statements
16.2.11.1 Initialization Part
16.2.11.2 Incrementation Part
16.2.13 synchronized Statements
16.2.14 try Statements
16.4 Definite Assignment and Array Initializers
16.5 Definite Assignment and Anonymous Classes
16.6 Definite Assignment and Member Types
16.7 Definite Assignment and Static Initializers
16.8 Definite Assignment, Constructors, and Instance Initializers
17.1 Terminology and Framework
17.2 Execution Order
17.3 Rules about Variables
17.4 Nonatomic Treatment of double and long
17.5 Rules about Locks
17.6 Rules about the Interaction of Locks and Variables
17.7 Rules for Volatile Variables
17.8 Prescient Store Actions
17.9 Discussion
17.10 Example: Possible Swap
17.11 Example: Out-of-Order Writes
17.12 Threads
17.13 Locks and Synchronization

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