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organises course content and describes how it will be delivered allows teachers to plan a programme that is appropriate for their learners

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provide a framework for session planning some schemes of work will provide a detailed breakdown of course content including the time required to cover each topic

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underpins a comprehensive learning experience for the learner requires teachers to work together to plan a coherent programme

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helps teachers plan common activities, for example, work experience, visits, visiting speakers and so on

helps teachers plan resources

helps teachers create their individual session plans

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helps new teachers joining the programme

requires us to think about the essential underpinning skills that learners need and plan to incorporate strategies to ensure these skills are learnt

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requires us to think about a variety of learning and teaching styles that are appropriate for our learners

helps teachers plan assessment methods and a coherent schedule.

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It is good for all the teachers who teach a particular

standard to work together on the scheme of work for the

year. There are many reason for this:

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To synchronize what is taught and the order in which it is taught.

All the teachers' perceptions on the syllabus items become known to everyone else.

Teaching resources, especially audio-visual aids can be shared.

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Amount of time available

What items need to be covered

Grading and sequencing

Providing for recycling, reinforcement and enrichment

Balance

Integration

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In calculating the amount of time available, a teacher should consider: Actual class contact time provided for by the Ministry of education. By how many hours learning time can be extended through such things as homework, extended reading and project work.

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Find out how many weeks of teaching there are for each semester and multiply this by the number of minutes available for each week.

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Make a rough estimate of how much non-contact time is available for homework, project work, etc.

Add extra time to contact time to obtain total time available for learning.

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The syllabus spells out what needs to be taught in any one year. However, syllabuses only do so in a very general way. A syllabus, therefore, needs to be interpreted.

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EXAMPLE
A teacher needs to recognize the pattern behind the sample sentences in order to generate other sentences to help pupils perceive rules or internalize knowledge of appropriate use. This understanding is also necessary in allocating amount of time for the teaching of the present tense.

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Sentence patterns
He is a doctor. The ground is wet. The sun rises in the East. A tree has leaves.

Functions
To indicate states
To express universal truths

Every day he comes to school by bus. On Fridays he goes to the mosque.

To indicate routing or repetitive action

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Level of relative learning difficulty of the items specified in the syllabus. Nature of skill to be taught.
Possible timing of items at appropriate times in pupils and schools calendar of events. Effect on motivation to learn. Coherence within and between units of learning.

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These are some issues that need to be borne in mind:

Why recycling is important

The importance of the item / skill

How much repetition is required for the skill to be well-learnt

The level of proficiency of the pupils

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These are some issues that need to be looked into achieving balance:

Whether the emphasis and time allocated to an item reflects its importance in the learning process and usefulness to the pupils.
Whether the four language skills (listening, speaking, reading, writing) are given balanced treatment. Whether grammar and vocabulary building have been given appropriate attention or if planning has concentrated entirely on development of fluency

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Integration is important for a number of reason:

Real communication involves using more than one skill.

Language items like vocabulary and grammar are best learnt in contexts, integrated with skills like writing and speaking.

Integration of language with interests of pupils and needs.

Variety of input and output in the learning process improves comprehension and retention.

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