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E le c tro n ic

F ro n tie r

F o u n d a tio n

P ro te c tin g

R ig h ts

a n d

P ro m o ti"9

F re e d o m

o n

th e

E le c tro n ic

F ro n tie r

D ecem ber

8 ,

2 0 0 6

a n d

th e

A s s o c ia te

J u s tic e s

C a lifo rn ia

S u p re m e

C o u rt

3 5 0 M c A llis te r

S tre e t

R E :

R e q u e s t fo r D e p u b lic a tio n

(C a l. R u le o f C o u rt

9 7 9 (a \u00bb

N o v a rtis

V a c c in e s a n d D ia g n o s tic s , In c

v . S to p H u n tin g d o n

C ru e lty

U S A , In c .

V a c c in e s

a n d D ia g n o s tic s , In c . v . S to p H u n tin g d o n

C ru e lty U S A , In c ., (2 0 0 6 ) 1 4 3

In te re s t o f th e E le c tro n ic F ro n tie r F o u n d a tio n

A .

a n d th e c o u rts to s u p p o rt fre e e x p re s s io n , p riv a c y , a n d o p e n n e s s in th e in fo rm a tio n

(4 7

V .S .C .

A p p .

N o.

A O 9 6 4 5 1 ).

4 5 4 S h o tw e llS tre e t. S a n F ra n c is c o ,

C A 94f

+ 1 4 1 5 4 3 6 9 3 3 30 + 1 4 1 5 4 3 6 9 9 9 3

in fo rm a tio n @ e ff.o rg

. .

w w w .e ff.o rg

D ecem ber

8, 2006

P a g e

B .

P u b lic P o lic y C lin ic .

J a c k I. L e r n e r is C lin ic F e llo w

a t th e S a m u e ls o n C lin ic .

P ro fe s s o rM u llig a n

re la tin g to th e in te rn e t. T h e is s u e o f th e s c o p eo f p ro te c tio n a ffo rd e d b y S e c tio n 2 3 0 o f

t h e C o m m u n i c a t i o n s D e c e n c y A c t i s o f g r e a t p u b l i c i m p o r t a n c e t o t h e c o n t i n u e d

c u ria e in B a rre tt v . R o s e n th a l.

P r o fe s s o r M u llig a n

a n d M r. L e rn e r s u b m it th is le tte r o n th e ir o w n b e h a lf, a n d th is le tte r

s h o u ld n o t b e a ttrib u te d to th e in s titu tio n

b y w h ic h th e y a re e m p lo y e d . P ro fe s s o r

p a rty in th is c a s e .

c .

T h e d e c i s i o n i n N o v a r t i s v . S H A C U S A s h o u l d b e d e p u b l i s h e d b e c a u s e i t s a n a l y s i s o f

S e c t i o n 2 3 0 i g n o r e s t h e p r o t e c t i o n s C o n g r e s s p r o v i d e d f o r u s e r s o f i n t e r a c t i v e c o m p u t e r

s e r v i c e s , l e a v i n g o n l y t h e p r o t e c t i o n f o r i n t e r a c t i v e c o m p u t e r s e r v i c e p r o v i d e r s .

(N o v a rtis ,s u p ra ,1 4 3 C a l.A p p .4 th

a t 1 3 0 1 (S e c tio nIII.A .4 \u00bb .

p ro v id e rs

a n d u s e r s t h e S 8 D 1 ei m m u n i t y

o n t h e S 8 D 1 e t e n n s .

B a rre tt,

s u p ra

a t * 1 4 -1 7

("B y

h a s c o m p r e h e n s iv e ly

im m u n iz e d

r e p u b lic a tio n

b y in d iv id u a l

In te rn e t

u s e rs .");

s e e a ls o

4 7

V .S .C .

\u00a7 2 3 0 (c )(1 ) ("[n ]o p ro v id e r o r u s e r o f a n in te ra c tiv e c o m p u te rs e rv ic e s h a ll b e

t r e a t e d a s t h e p u b l i s h e r.. . . " ( e m p h a s i s a d d e d ) ) .

p a ra g ra p h ,

it is q u o te d

b e lo w

fu ll:

2 3 0 o f th e C o m m u n ic a tio n s D e c e n c y A c t, 4 7 U n ite d S ta te s C o d e s e c tio n

2 3 0 . T h a t s ta tu te a p p lie s , h o w e v e r, o n ly to

"in te ra c tiv e

c o m p u te r

a c c e s s s o f t w a r e p r o v i d e r t h a t p r o v i d e s o r e n a b l e s c o m p u t e r a c c e s s b y

m u ltip le u s e rsto a c o m p u te rs e rv e r. . . . " T h e re is n o e v id e n c ein th is

D ecem ber

8 ,

2 0 0 6

Page 3

w a s r e je c te d in H u n tin g d o n L ife S c ie n c e s ,

s u p ra ,1 2 9 C a l.A p p .4 th

a t p a g e

N o v a rtis , s u p ra , 1 4 3 C a l.A p p .4 th a t 1 3 0 1(e m p h a s is

a d d e d ). T h e s o le c ita tio n to

p re c e d e n t is to d ic ta in a fo o tn o te in H u n tin g d o n L ife S c ie n c e s ,In c . v . S to p H u n tin g d o n

A n im a l

C ru e lty

U S A , In c .,

(2 0 0 5 )

1 2 9C a l.A p p .4 th

1 2 2 8 . In th a t c a s eth e c o u rt fo u n d

d e f e n d a n t sh a d " a b a n d o n e d t h e [ S e c t i o n 2 3 0 d e f e n s e ] b y n o t r a i s i n g i t i n t h e i r o p e n i n g

b rie f," a n d th e n n o te d th e la c k o f e v id e n c e .Id . a t 1 2 5 8 n .9 .

r e a d s S e c tio n 2 3 0 a s a p p lic a b le " o n ly "

to in te ra c tiv e c o m p u te r s e rv ic e s ~w h ile

n e ith e r

d is c u s s in g n o r e v e n a c k n o w le d g in g th e s ta tu to ry la n g u a g e a n d p re c e d e n t e s ta b lis h in g th a t

u s e rs a re a ls o p ro te c te d . S e e e .g . B a tz e l v . S m ith ~ (9 th C ir. 2 0 0 3 ) 3 3 3 F .3 d 1 0 1 8 ~ 1 0 3 0 ,

c e rt. d e n ie d , 1 2 4 S .C t. 2 8 1 2 (2 0 0 4 ) (th e "la n g u a g e o f \u00a7 2 3 0 (c )(I)

c o n fe rs im m u n ity

n o t

ju s t o n 'p r o v id e r s ' o f s u c h s e r v ic e s ~b u t a ls o o n 'u s e r s ' o f s u c h s e r v ic e s .~ ~ ) ;

1 0 4 7 (d e fe n d a n t p ro te c te d w h e re it "u s e s in te ra c tiv e c o m p u te r s e rv ic e s to d is trib u te its

o n - lin e m a ilin g

a n d to p o s t th e re p o rts o n its w e b s ite "); B a rre tt v . F o n o ro w ~ (fll. A p p .

"p ro v id e r

o r u s e r").

in d iv id u a ls

w h o m ig h t o th e rw is e n e v e r h a v e th e re s o u rc e s o r a b ility

to s p e a k to a n a tio n a l

o f m illio n s

o f p e o p le to c o m m u n ic a te w ith

o n e a n o th e r a n d to a c c e s s v a s t a m o u n ts o f

o m itte d ).

T h e In te rn e t p ro v id e s "re la tiv e ly

u n lim ite d , lo w - c o s t c a p a c ity fo r

8 5 0 .

in te rp re ta tio n o f S e c tio n 2 3 0 w ill le a d to u n w a rra n te d s e lf-c e n s o rs h ip a n d tim id ity

b y

In te rn e t u s e rs . O th e rw is e , in d iv id u a l In te rn e t u s e rs m ig h t b e c o m e re lu c ta n t to p a s s o n in fo rm a tio n , a rtic le s , o r th e c o m m e n ts o f o th e rs th a t th e y fin d in te re s tin g o r w o rth y o f d is c u s s io n o u t o f fe a r th a t th e ir in a b ility

to a s s e s sth e m a te r ia l's a c c u r a c y o r r e lia b ility

w ill p r o v o k e r u in o u s litig a tio n

a g a in s t th e m . S u c h a re s u lt w o u ld b e c o n tra ry to th e w ill

th e p rin c ip le s o f fre e s p e e c h e n s h rin e d in th e C a lifo rn ia

a n d U n ite s S ta te s c o n s titu tio n s .

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