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Preface
 Had India been completely converted to Muhammadanism during the thousand years of Muslim conquest and rule, its peoplewould have taken pride in the victories and achievements of Islam and even organised panIslamic movements and Islamicrevolutions. Conversely, had India possessed the determination of countries like France and Spain to repulse the Muslims forgood, its people would have forgotten about Islam and its rule. But while India could not be completely conquered orIslamized, the Hindus did not lose their ancient religious and cultural moorings. In short, while Muslims with all their armedmight proved to be great conquerors, rulers and proselytizers, Indians or Hindus, with all their weaknesses, proved to be greatsurvivors. India never became an Islamic country. Its ethos remained Hindu while Muslims also continued to live hereretaining their distinctive religious and social system. It is against this background that an assessment of the legacy of Muslimrule in India has been attempted.Source-materials on such a vast area of study are varied and scattered. What we possess is a series of glimpses furnished byPersian chroniclers, foreign visitors and indigenous writers who noted what appeared to them of interest. It is not an easy task,on the basis of these sources, to reconstruct an integrated picture of the medieval scenario spanning almost a millennium,beginning with the establishment of Muslim rule. The task becomes more difficult when the scenario converges on the modemage with its pre- and post-Partition politics and slogans of the two-nation theory, secularism, national integration and minorityrights. Consequently, some generalisations, repetitions and reiterations have inevitably crept into what is otherwise a work of historical research. For this the author craves the indulgence of the reader.10 January 1992K. L. Lal
 
 Abbreviations used in references.
 
For complete titles of works see Bibliography.
 
Afif : Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi by Shama Siraj Afif Ain : Ain-i-Akbari by Abul Fazl, trans. by H. BlochmannAkbar Nama : Akbar Nama by Abul Fazl, trans. by H. BeveridgeBabur Nama : Memoirs of Babur, trans. by Ms. A. BeveridgeBadaoni : Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh by Abdul Qadir BadaoniBarani : Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi by Ziyauddin BaraniBernier : Travels in the Mogul Empire by Francois BernierC.H.I. : Cambridge History of IndiaE and D :History of India as told by its own Historians by Henry Elliotand John DowsonFarishtah :Gulshan-i-Ibrahimi or Tarikh-i-Farishtah by MuhammadQasim Hindu Shah FarishtahFoster : Early Travels in India, edited by William FosterIbn Battuta : Rehla of Ibn Battuta, trans. by Mahdi HusainKhafi Khan : Mutakhab-ul-Lubab by Khafi KhanLahori : Badshah Nama by Abdul Hamid LahoriManucci : Storia do Mogor by Niccolao ManucciPelsaert :Jahangir
�
s India by Francisco PelsaertP.I.H.C. : Proceedings of the Indian History CongressJ.A.S.B. : Journal of the (Royal) Asiatic Society of BengalJ.R.A.S. : Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain
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Bilal Majid

a very much subjective book full of bigotry and bias and miles away from objective information.

reply02 / 16 / 2012
BanglaRaj

Thanks for the info.

reply12 / 05 / 2009
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