LECTURE I INTRODUCTION TO AI: WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a subdivision of computer science devoted to creating computer software and hardware that imitates the human mind (Frenzel, 1987). The goal of AI is to make computer smarter by creating software that allows a computer to mimic some of the functions of human brain. The idea is not to replace human beings but to provide a more powerful tool to assist us to do our job. Another definition, AI is the art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people (Kurzweil, 1990). AI is the study of computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and act (Winston, 1992).

The history of AI The first recognized work of AI was done by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts (1943). They proposed a model of artificial neurons in which each neuron is characterized as being on or off. On occurs in response to stimulation by a sufficient number of neighboring neurons. Donald Hebb (1949) demonstrated a simple updating rule for modifying the connection strengths between neurons, and the rule is called Hebbian learning. Marvin Minsky and Dean Edmonds (1950) built the first neural network computer called SNARC using 3000 vacuum tubes and an automatic pilot mechanism from a B-24 bomber to stimulate a network of 40 neurons. Alan Turing (1950) who first articulated a complete vision of AI in an article Computing Machinery and Intelligence. He introduced the Turing test, machine learning, genetic algorithms, and reinforcement learning. A two-month workshop (1956) at Dartmouth produced an agreement to adopt John McCarthys new name for a field called artificial intelligence (not computational rationality or else). So, 1956 is the birth of AI. AI embraces the idea of duplicating human faculties like creativity, self-improvement, and language use. AI attempts to build machines that will function autonomously in complex and dynamic environment.

The breakthroughs 1. Autonomous planning and scheduling NASAs remote agent program was the first on-board autonomous planning program to control scheduling of operations of a spacecraft (Johnson et al., 2000). 2. Game playing IBMs Deep Blue was the first computer program to defeat the world champion (Garry Kasparov) in a chess match in an exhibition match (Goodman and Keene, 1997). 3. Autonomous control The ALVINN computer vision system was trained to steer a car in a computer controlled minivan and used to navigate across the US totaling 2850 miles for 98% of the time. 4. Medical diagnosis Medical diagnosis programs perform at the level of an expert physician in several areas of medicine and are able to explain the diagnosis, the major factors that influence the decision and the interactions between the symptoms. 5. Logistics planning During Persian Gulf crisis 1991, US forces deployed Dynamic Analysis and Re-planning Tool (DART) to do automated logistics planning and transportation scheduling that involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people at that time (Cross and Walker, 1994). 6. Robotics HipNav is a system that uses computer vision to create three-dimensional model of patients internal anatomy and uses robotic control to guide the surgery (DiGioia et al., 1996).

7. Language understanding and problem solving PROVERB is a computer program that solves crossword puzzles better than most humans using constrains on possible word fillers, a large database of pass puzzles, and a variety of information sources including dictionary and online databases (Litmann et al., 1999).

AI vs. conventional computing Conventional computing: we tell the computer how to solve the problem. The computer is given the data and step-by-step program (algorithm) that specifies how the data is manipulated to reach an answer analytical approach. AI computing: we tell the computer what the problem is but not how to solve it. The computer is given knowledge about the problem subject area and some inferencing capabilities. We do not tell the computer specifically how to solve the problem and it determines itself the method of reaching a solution meta-heuristic approach.

AI computing AI software is not based on an algorithm. It is based on symbolic representation and manipulation. AI uses a letter, word, or number to represent objects, processes, and their relationship. Objects can be people, things, ideas, concepts, events, or statements of fact. Using the symbols, it is possible to build a knowledge base that states the facts, concepts and the relationships among them. The various processes are used for manipulating the symbols to solve a problem. The basic techniques are search and pattern matching. With an initial condition, the AI software searches the knowledge base looking for specific conditions or patterns. It looks for match-ups that satisfy the criteria to solve the problem and find the best answer expert systems.

Classification of AI 1. Fuzzy Logic (FL), 2. Artificial Neural Network (ANN), 3. Expert System (ES),

4. Genetic Algorithm (GA), etc.

Applications in manufacturing Examples of AI application (published >30 papers): 1. Forecasting (all titles in English) Gracia, S., Sudiarso, A., 2012, Medium-Term Forecasting of Mineral Commodity Price using Backpropagation Model of Artificial Neural Network, Proceeding of National Seminar on Research and Technology Development in Industry 18, Yogyakarta Pitoyo, Y.A., Sudiarso, A., 2010, Application of Artificial Neural Network with MultiLayers Back Propagation for Predicting of Stock Index Movement, Proceeding of National Seminar on Simulation Technology VI, Yogyakarta Soesilo, H., Sudiarso, A., 2010, Integration of Particle Swarm Organisation (PSO) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for Predicting Stock Price Index, Proceeding of National Seminar SMART 2010, Yogyakarta Soesilo, H., Sudiarso, A., 2010, Application of Several Learning Algorithms of Backpropagation Neural Network to Forecast Non-Linear Time Series Data, Proceeding of National Seminar on Research and Technology Development in Industry 16, Yogyakarta Pamela, R., Sudiarso, A., 2009, Network Optimisation in Neural Network and ARIMA based Time Series Forecasting, Proceeding of National Seminar on Research and Technology Development in Industry 15, Yogyakarta Pamela, R., Sudiarso, A., 2009, Effects of Fuzzy Logic Integration into Neural Networkbased Time Series Forecasting, Journal of Machine and Industry, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 81-86 NEXT: causal forecasting using AI

2. Production Planning and Inventory Control Sudiarso, A., Yusuf, D.M., 2012, Production Scheduling using Genetic Algorithm to Minimise Makespan, The 2012 International Conference on Economics, Financial, and Industrial Systems (ICEFIS), Venice Lesono, N.B., Sudiarso, A., 2010, Integration of Genetic Algorithm for Determining the Order Quantity and Safety Stock to Minimise Inventory Cost of Fuzzy Logic Based Inventory Model, Proceeding of National Seminar on Simulation Technology VI, Yogyakarta

Sudiarso, A., Putranto, R.A., 2010, Lead Time Estimation of a Production System using Fuzzy Logic Approach for Various Batch Sizes, The 2010 International Conference of Manufacturing Engineering and Engineering Management (ICMEEM), The World Congress on Engineering (WCE), London Sujanadi, A., Sudiarso, A., 2009, Job Shop Scheduling using Genetic Algorithm Method to Minimize Makespan, Proceeding of National Seminar on Simulation Technology V, Yogyakarta Lestari, W.P., Sudiarso, A., 2009, Effects of Fuzzy Logic Integration to Safety Stock and Order Quantity to Minimize Inventory Cost, Proceeding of National Seminar SMART 2009, Yogyakarta Sudiarso, A., Labib, A.W., 2002, A Fuzzy Logic Approach to an Integrated Maintenance/Production Scheduling Algorithm, International Journal of Production Research (IJPR), Vol. 40, No. 13, pp. 3121-3138 Sudiarso, A., 2002, Fuzzy Logic Integration Into Scheduling Algorithm of Batch Production System, Proceeding of National Seminar on Manufacturing System Development at Information Technology Era, Yogyakarta NEXT: inventory control using AI

3. Product Design and Development Diraga, E., Sudiarso, A., 2012, Analysis of Best Silver Handicraft Product Selection using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP), Proceeding of National Seminar on Research and Technology Development in Industry 18, Yogyakarta Iswahyuni, A.D., Sudiarso, A., 2010, Best Product Selection of Online CDMA Mobile Phones using Analytical Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process, Proceeding of National Seminar on Simulation Technology VI, Yogyakarta Sudiarso, A., Nugraheni, W.F., 2010, Product Benchmarking using Analytical Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process: A Case Study, The 2010 International Conference on Industrial Engineering (ICINDE), The International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists (IMECS), Hong Kong

Biringkanae, S., Sudiarso, A., 2009, Comparison between Quality Function Deployment and Fuzzy Quality Function Deployment in Selecting Strategies of Products Quality Improvement: A Case Study, Proceeding of National Seminar on Simulation Technology V, Yogyakarta Nugraheni, W.F., Sudiarso, A., 2009, Analysis of Best Product Selection using Analytical Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process: A Case Study of Selecting MP4 Player, Proceeding of National Seminar on Machine and Industry V, Jakarta NEXT: integration FAHP and FQFD

4. Price Calculation Pradnyardhi, D.A., Sudiarso, A., 2009, Deciding Price using Fuzzy Logic Method Based on Income Projection from the Producer and Customer Perception, Proceeding of National Seminar on Simulation Technology V, Yogyakarta Arismunandar, I.R, Sudiarso. A., 2009, Programming and Simulation of Selling Price Calculation of Food Products using Fuzzy Logic Approach and Customer Perception, Journal of Machine and Industry, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 139-142 NEXT: integrating competitors prices

5. Supply Chain Management Pariantho, A., Sudiarso, A., 2009, Optimization of Product Distribution Allocation using Mamdani Fuzzy Inference Method to Maximize Gross Profit, Proceeding of National Seminar on Simulation Technology V, Yogyakarta NEXT: supplier selection, chain-store distr. using AI

6. Other Applications Sunaryo, H., Sudiarso, A., Nugraheny, D., 2010, Daily Meal Menu Arrangement Based on Calorie Needs and Prices using Genetic Algorithm Approach, Proceeding of National Seminar on Simulation Technology VI, Yogyakarta Sudiarso, A., 2004, Modeling and Simulation of Batch Production System using Optimal Control Limit and Fuzzy Logic, Journal of Machine and Industry, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 33-41

Sudiarso, A., 2000, Parameter Estimation of Identification System Using Hopfield Network Identifier, ASCRB Proceeding, Yogyakarta and several articles in-print/published soon.