STUDY REGARDING THE ACLIMATISATION OF SOME PLANTS OF DECORATIVE INTEREST FROM THE SPECIFICAL FLORA OF OLTENIA

STUDIU PRIVIND ACLIMATIZAREA UNOR PLANTE DE INTERES DECORATIV DIN FLORA SPONTANA A OLTENIEI MANDA MANUELA, CARMEN NICU, DOINA ANTON Universitatea din Craiova Fa!"#tatea de Horti!"#t"ra
ABSTRACT Spontaneous flora is a source of plants with decorative qualities which can be cultivated, in respect of ecology, in the individual gardens and green areas around houses in urban and rural areas, having some special agro biological features (ecologic plasticity, high rustic character etc). The introduction of new ornamental species of the spontaneous flora represents an important purpose in the sustainable development context. This paper presents the partial results regarding the behaviour of some spontaneous species which have decorative features from the spontaneous flora, studied with a view to their possibilities of acclimatization in field (in different light conditions) and in greenhouses (in pots or directly in the ground). fter a year, a big part from the species introduced in the study were maintained in the experimental field, and some of them acted as good both outside and inside. t the colected species there were made descriptive papers, were established the decorative elemens, at the end of the study, there will be established the utilisation directions. REZUMAT !lora spontana este o sursa de plante cu calitati decorative, care pot fi cultivate, respectand ecologia, in gradinile individuale si in spatiile verzi din mediul urban si rural, avand unele caracteristici agrobiologice deosebite (plasticitate ecologica, rusticitate ridicata, etc). "ntroducerea de noi specii decorative din flora spontana in peisa#ul urban, reprezinta un obiectiv important in contextul dezvoltarii durabile. $ucrarea de fata prezinta rezultatele partiale privind comportarea unor specii spontane cu potential decorativ din punct de vedere al posibilitatilor de aclimatizare %n camp (in diferite conditii de lumina) sau %n spa&ii prote#ate (in ghivece sau la solul serei). 'upa un an, o mare parte din speciile introduse %n studiu au fost mentinute in campul de experimentare, iar cateva s(au comportat bine atat in exterior cat si in interior. $a speciile colectate s(au intocmit fise de descriere, s(au stabilit elementele decorative %n func&ie de care, se vor stabili directiile de utilizare.

INTRODUCTION An important direction in floriculture is the diversification of the assortment, the introduction of new species and cultivars; this can be done both by classical research programmes and by introducing new species from the spontaneous flora, which have decorative features and high adaptability to

environment conditions, an important feature in the sustainable development context. Of the over 3000 spontaneous species existing in Romania s flora, more than !00 species can be used in green areas, along with plants already cultivated for decorative purpose. ")iocarlan *., +,,,#. On international level there are multiple studies regarding the diversification of the decorative plants assortment by introducing in culture of some herbaceous species from the spontaneous flora, as well as setting$up other ways to use them. "%ei&o 'oester $ (00), *aloupa +. si col.$(00!, ,oordegraaf -... $(00!, %alevy A.%. $(00!, -himonidou /. si col.$(00!#. Also in Romania, at the %orticulture 0aculty from the main universities, it is shown a special interest to identify, preserve and development, with ornamental purpose, species from spontaneous flora, even if at present the researches underta&en in this direction are very few. 1his paper has as a purpose the identification of some spontaneous species with decorative features and the research regarding their development in different crop conditions, for the assessment of their adaptation to the antropic and environment factors, specific to the urban aggregations. MATERIAL AND METHOD
This paper presents the partial results, obtained in the first year, at the acclimatization in field or in protected spaces of some spontaneous species which have decorative features. The colecting, identification and description were made in collaboration with the collective from the Botany discipline as part of the Horticulture Faculty. The biological material was represented by 10 species of spontaneous flora Arabis procurrens !aldst. " #it., Asarum europaeum $., Asplenium adianthumnigrum $., Asplenium ruta-muraria L., A. Scolopendrium L., A. trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens, Blechnum spicant L., Luzula luzuloides %$am& 'andy " !ilmott, Polypodium vulgare L., Saxi raga cunei olia subsp. !obusta . The plants were collected, together with their ground bed and were transplanted in the didactic station of the department of Floriculture in different conditions in the field %roc(s in different light conditions& and in greenhouse % in pots or directly in the ground&. The used substrates were determined on the basis of the soil tests performed according to plants) demands, indicated by the speciality literature.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

0rom 2une to 3eptember (004 there were transplanted in the experimental field the following species from spontaneous flora5 1. Arabis procurrens 6aldst. 7 'it. $ 0am. -rassicaceae. 8erennial plant; the stal& is upright or ascending, at the base with numerous t$in, whitish, procumbent, finished in rosette of leaves procumbent stal&s. 1he rosette s leafs are obovat elongated, at the top with a small mucron, stal& leaves, ($), are ovoid or lanceolate ellipticals, with the base narrow, without leafstal&. 1he inflorescence is a bunch. 6hite petals of )$90 mm length. :t prefers reven grounds, but it also tolerates drought, sunny exposition or semi$shade.

1he material has been collected from the stones, from -;lim;ne<ti area ".=lcea district#. :t decorates through the white flowers and leaves rosettes and it yields to roc&y arrangements, alpine gardens, representing a great covering for small areas. %& Asarum europaeum L& "Asarabacca# $ 0am. ristolochiaceae 3hort perennial plant, of )$30 cm height, with crawling rhi>omes. 1he leaves are reniform, glossy, dar& green, of 90 cm height. 1he leaves are produced in pairs and the small, greenish$brown drooping flowers are rarely noticed, being hidden by the foliage. :t prefers soils full of nutritive substances, wea& acid$ neutrofil, full of humus, damp, and they allow the shading. 1he material has been collected from the me>ofil forrest from ?unca 2iului, @ucovat "/olA#. :t is decorative through its leaves, can be used for soil s garnishing in the dar& places from the gardens, par&s and, where it forms compact carpets "even in the cold season#, easy to maintain. . europaeum combines nicely with bleeding heart "'icentra# and other shade$loving plants. '& Asp enium a!ian"#um$ni%rum L& "@lac& spleenwort# $ 0am. spleniaceae 8erennial plant, with rhi>omes, of 90"B0# cm height with fronds ($3 pinnatisect, long acuminate, a bright green and a brown petiole. 1he primar segments are aproximately streight, and the last ovat$eliptice segments have a round base. 3ilicic roc&s and walls, can be found in forests, roc&y places; it prefers wet soils. 1he material has been collected from the stones, -;lim;ne<ti area ".=lcea#. :t decorates through its leaves, can be used for the roc&y arrangements. (& Asp enium ru"a$muraria ?. "6all$rue# $ 0am. spleniaceae. 8erennial species, with short rhi>omes, of !$9! cm height. 1he leaves, of 90 cm length, pinnately divided two or three times, green, glabrous. 8innules spatulate, erose or Aust toothed at the apical margin. 0reCuent from the area of forest steppe till the subalpine level, it preferes partial shade, the moist soils and can grow in very al&aline soil. 1he material has been collected from the stones, -;lim;ne<ti area ".=lcea#. :t decorates through its leaves, can be used for the roc&y arrangements. )& Asp enium sco open!rium L& "%artDs 1ongue 0ern#$0am. spleniaceae 8erennial species, with short scaly rhi>omes. 1he plants are unusual in being ferns with simple, undivided fronds. 1he leaves are (0$E0 cm long and 3$E cm broad, with sori arranged in rows perpendicular to the rachis. 1he plants grow on neutral and lime$rich substrates, including moist soil and damp crevices in old walls, most commonly in shaded situations but occasionally in full sun; plants in full sun are usually stunted and yellowish in colour, while those in full shade are dar& green and luxuriant. 1he material has been collected from the stones, -;lim;ne<ti area ".=lcea#. /ecorates through its leaves, can be used for the roc&y and alpine gardens. *& Asp enium "ric#omanes L& s"+s,& &ua!ri'a ens D& E& Me-er "*aidenhair spleenwort# $ 0am. spleniaceae

8erennial species, !$9! cm height, the leaves are simple pinnate divided, stems brownish$blac&, shiny and leaflets oblong$rounded, easy dental, mostly colored in green. 3upports large oscillations of the water, prefers half$shade, soil reaction of strongly acid$acid, but also tolerates slightly calcareous soils. 1he material has been collected from the stones, -;lim;ne<ti area ".=lcea#. :t is a rustic fern, does not need winter protection, suitable for use in roc& gardens and old walls. .& B ec#num spican" /L&0 Rot$ //eer fern, %ard fern#$0am. -lechnaceae 8erennial species of (!$E0 cm height. /eer ferns are distinctive because they have two different types of fronds5 fertile leaves more erect and longer than sterile leaves; frond evergreen sterile fronds, dimorphic, fertile leaves appearing later, more erect than sterile, bladeFstipe ratio5 359 in the sterile fronds, but the fertile frond stipe is longer. :t prefers the soils with low trophicity, moderate acid, calcifuge, with moderate humidity, from moist humid, of shade "sciophile#, but also stands a partial shade. 1he material has been collected from the stones from the R=nca *ountain. :t decorates by leaves, can be used in roc& gardens. (. Lu)u a u)u oi!es /La10 Dand- 2 3i#1ott /6hite 6ood$rush#$0am. .uncaceae 8erennial, cespitose plant, strongly rhi>omatous and stoloniferous; erect stems, 30$E0 cm tall. ?eaves flat, linear, densely ciliate, bright green and grass$ li&e, 90$(! cm long. :nflorescence terminal, lax, composed of diha>ii. 0lowering5 late spring$summer. *ost species prefer a moist position but are not fussy about soil type or aspect provided they are not in deep shade. :t decorates by leaves, it can be used in gardens combined with other perennial species. 4& *o +po!ium 'u %are L& "-ommon polypody# $ 0am. /olypodiaceae. 8erennial species, small, has a short rhi>ome, which develops compound leaves, pinnatisect to pinnatifid, 90$(! cm long, persistent, deeply divided, lacy, green. :t is a rustic fern, prefers partial shade, a neutral or slightly acidic soils, increases especially among stones or on the roc&s, at altitudes of above E00 m. 1he material has been collected from the stones from R=nca *ountain and also from -;lim;ne<ti ".=lcea district# :t decorates by leaves, can be used in roc& gardens, alpine gardens; may grow in large colonies, forming extensive, dar& green ground cover. 56& Sa,i-ra%a cunei-o ia L& s"+s,& Robus"a D& A& 3e++.$0am. Saxifragaceae. 8erennial plants, evergreen rosettes of leathery leaves produce panicles of small white flowers in spring. :t grows in shade to part shade in humus rich, moist soil. 0reCuent in the beech subfloor and the spruce fir floor, on shaded, siliceous, humid roc&y >ones. 1he material has been collected from the stones, -;lim;ne<ti area ".=lcea#. /ecorate by leaves, can be used roc& gardens, alpine gardens, miniature gardens.

1he acclimati>ation of the species described in different crop conditions. 1he plantation of the ten spontaneous species,in the field and in protected places was made with an ballot of earth all around the roots. After an year from plantation, the percentage of rooting of all the species was established, depending of the conditions of the crop such as the directions of using in decorative purpouse. "0ig. 9# :n the case of plants transplanted on the greenhouse soil the acclimati>ation occurred in 4 of the 90 species that have been studied; of which the best adapted species was rabis procurens "G!H# followed by splenium trichomanes ")EH# and as sarum europaeum ")EH#. 8lant which have not acclimati>ed on the greenhouse soil are splenium scolopendrium, -lechnum spicant and ?u>ula lu>uloides. After transplanting into pots there have been obtained very good results, from this point of view, for the maAority of the species $ rabis procurrens "900H#, $uzula luzuloides "900H#, splenium trichomanes "G0H#, Saxifraga cuneifolia "G0H#, splenium ruta(muraria ")!H#, with the exception of the splenium adianthum(nigrum species, whose acclimati>ation was difficult in all of the four locations.
1*0 100 -0 ,0 +0 *0 0
Arabis procurrens Asarum europaeum Asplenium adianthumnigrum Asplenium ruta muraria Asplenium scolopendrium Asplenium trichomanes Blechnum spicant Luzula luzuloides Polypodium vulgare Saxifraga cuneifolia

.era sol

.era ghiveci

.tancarie semiumbra

.tancarie umbra

Fig.1 The acclimatization of some spontaneous species in different crop conditions

:n the field, according to the reCuirements of the plants, there have been chosen two exhibitions in the shade and semi$shade, in arranged roc&s, it has been found that 4 from the 90 species have acclimati>ed to the low light, and ) to the shade. 1here are found, none the less, large differences regarding the percentage of acclimati>ation; thus, for both situations the behaviour was shown by splenium trichomanes "900H#, Saxifraga cuneifolia "900H to )4H#; splenium Scolopendrium has not maintained in none of the two locations, and species li&e as sarum europaeum, splenium adianthum(nigrum, have acclimati>ed in low percentage in the arranged roc&s in the shadow. @ased on the observations made in this stage, we consider that the species rabis procurrens, splenium ruta muraria, splenium trichomanes, -lechnum spicant, $uzula luzuloides, /olypodium vulgare, Saxifraga cuneifolia , are suitable

for arranged roc&s in shade conditions or semi$shade; rabis procurrnes for borders, splenium scolopendrium, splenium trichomanes, $uzula luzuloides, Saxifraga cuneifolia can be used as pot plants or in different combinations, and the small si>e and low growth, as are splenium ruta muraria, Saxifraga cuneifolia and splenium trichomanes for container minigardens. 1he presence of these plants in arranged roc&s or container minigardens, can give a almost natural loo& to the composition.

CONCLUSIONS
0rom the description of the species ta&en into study it apears that they are perennial and the higher maAority have in common modest reCuirements regarding temperature, light and soil fertility. *ost of the studied species have shown a good or very good behaviour in the field as well as in the greenhouse, in at least ( locations. Out of the anali>ed species the best re>ults came from splenium ruta muraria, splenium trichomanes, /olypodium vulgare and Saxifraga cuneifolia, which have acclimati>ed in all of the four crop conditions. 1he wea&est behaviour has been noticed at splenium scolopendium, which has acclimati>ed in the greenhouse only as a pot plant, as well as from splenium adianthum(nigrum, species which re>isted in low proportion only on the greenhouse soil and in the roc&s, in shade conditions.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
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