2013

Latino Community Report

For the 130th General Assembly

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals

Eligibility, Demographics, and Implications for Ohio

 ThisLatinoCommunityReportwascomposedbyNolanStevens,J.D.,PublicPolicyOfficerattheOhio CommissiononHispanic/LatinoAffairs.OCHLAismandatedbyOhiolawtoadvisethemembersofOhios GeneralAssemblyontheparticularissues,challengesandopportunitiesfacingtheirHispanic constituents.LatinoCommunityReportsarereleasedthreetimespercalendaryear,andeachcovera differenttopic. ToviewpriorLatinoCommunityReports,orformoreinformation,pleasevisitOCHLAswebsiteat http://www.ochla.ohio.gov,calltheofficeat(614)4668333,orbyemailingOCHLAslegislativeliaison NolanStevens,atnolan.stevens@ochla.state.oh.us. 36thBoardofCommissioners,October2012September2013 MichaelG.Florez,ChairCincinnati V.AnthonySimmsHowellCincinnati IrisMartinezDayton LuisTonyOrtizDayton Rev.MaxRodasCleveland MarySantiagoLorain RichardRomeroLorain BaldemarVelasquezToledo SenatorGayleManning(exofficio)13thDistrict SenatorCharletaTavares(exofficio)15thDistrict RepresentativeDanRamos(exofficio)56thDistrict RepresentativeMattLynch(exofficio)76thDistrict Staff LilleanaCavanaugh,MBA,CPMExecutiveDirector LairMarinMarcumLatinoCommunityOfficer NolanStevens,JDPublicPolicyOfficer FaustoRivasAdministrativeClerk
*Allincluded,uncreditedgraphicsareeitheroriginatedbytheauthororotherwisefreefromcopyrightclaims.

 1. ExecutiveSummary

ThereportisacomprehensiveanalysisoftheDeferredActionforChildhoodArrivalsinitiativeandits implicationsforOhio.Itisdividedintoseveralsections,whichcover,respectively:anintroductionto DACA,adiscussionofDACAeligibilityrequirements,anoverviewoftheDACAapplicationprocess,an explorationofthedemographicsofDACArecipients,andananalysisoftheimplicationsofDeferred ActionforOhio.Eachsectionreliesonlaws,reportsandanalysesgeneratedbymyriadthirdparties,in additiontosomeoriginalresearch.Hyperlinksinfootnoteswilltakereaderstosourcedocuments. Theinitialsectiondescribesthebasicsoftheprogram,includingitsoriginandthebenefitsthat approvedapplicantsreceive.DeferredActionforChildhoodArrivalsisaformofprosecutorialdiscretion initiatedbytheU.S.DepartmentofHomelandSecurityinJune2012.Recipientsarelawfullypresentin theUnitedStatesforrenewabletwoyearperiods,andreceiveworkauthorizationsandSocialSecurity Numbers.Whileitcontemplatesthesamegroupofyoungundocumentedimmigrants,itisnotthe DREAMAct,becauseitdoesnotprovideapathtocitizenship.Italsoisnotanexecutiveorder,anditis notanamnesty. ThesecondsectionincludesasummaryoftheeligibilityrequirementsforDeferredAction.Applicants mustmeetage,durationofpresenceintheU.S.andeducationormilitaryservicerequirementstobe approvedfortheprogram.Further,applicantscannothaveconvictionsforfeloniesorsignificant misdemeanors,orthreeormoreothermisdemeanors.Thethirdsection,whichcoverstheapplication process,discussesthesignificantfeesthatDACAapplicantspay,thebackgroundandbiometricschecks towhichtheymustsubmit,andthemethodsbywhichapplicantsproveidentity,age,educationand presence.Thesectionincludesinformationonthesomewhatlowapplicationrate,aswellasthehigh approvalrateforthosethatdoapply.Finally,thesectionmentionsthepotentialforsocallednotario fraud,whereinconartistsvictimizeapplicantsinsearchoflegaladviceandassistance. Thereportalsodiscussesthedemographicprofileofthe1.9millionyoungimmigrantsthatareormay beeligibletoapplyforDeferredAction.Itincludesdiscussionsonstateofresidence,countryoforigin, Englishproficiency,age,economicindicators,employmentandeducationalachievement.Manyyoung immigrantsthatmayonedaybeeligibleforDACAcurrentlyarenotduetotheirageorduetotheir lackofeducationalattainment.Eachgrouphassubtlydifferentdemographicprofiles.Finally,thesection examinesOhiosDACAeligiblepopulationandcontextualizesitwithreferencetothesamepopulation inotherstates. ThereportthenturnstotheimplicationsofDACAforOhio.Theprimaryquestionwhichariseswhen applyingestablishedOhiolawtoanewclassofimmigrantiswhetherornottheseyoungpeoplewillbe eligibleforstatebenefitsand,ifso,whichones.Thereporttouchesonmanyfacetsofthisquestion whileexaminingtwospecificbenefitsinclosedetaildriverslicensesandinstatetuitionforhigher education.Inbothcases,OhiohasadministrativelydecidedtograntthesebenefitstoDACArecipients. Alsoinbothcases,pendinglegislationbeforetheOhioGeneralAssemblywouldreversethose administrativepolicydecisions.Thesectionalsoincludesabriefrundownofthepolicydecisionsthat

 otherstateshavereached.Thefinalsectionbrieflylooksaheadtothenextlikelypolicyreconciliationfor DACAandOhiolawprofessionallicensureandcontextualizesDeferredActionwithinthebroader nationalcontextofimmigrationreform.ItalsoremindslegislatorsthatthePublicPolicyCenteratthe OhioLatinoAffairsCommissionisreadyandavailabletoserveOhiosGeneralAssemblyasitcrafts policiesofimporttoOhioHispanics. 2. WhatisDACA?

DACAisanacronymthatstandsforDeferredActionforChildhoodArrivals.Thenamereferstoa2012 U.S.DepartmentofHomelandSecurity(DHS)policynotanexecutiveorder,asisfrequentlyalleged thatreprioritizesdeportationsofundocumentedimmigrants.Theinitiativegrantstocertainyoung immigrantsthatmeettheeligibilitycriteriaandhavecleancriminalbackgroundsatwoyeardeferralof actionontheircases.Thatis,theUnitedStateswillnotpursuetheirdeportationfortwoyears.Further, approvedapplicantsareconsideredlawfullypresentintheUnitedStatesforthedurationoftheirtwo yearsunderDACA1,anddonotaccrueunauthorizedstayduringthattime.Approvedapplicantsalso receiveanemploymentauthorizationdocument(EAD),commonlycalledaworkpermit,thatisvalid fortwoyears.TheyalsoreceiveanattendantSocialSecurityNumberandmayhaveaccesstocertain statelevelbenefitstowhichtheylackedaccesspriortoapplication.Thesetwoyearperiodsare renewableaslongasDACArecipientsmaintaineligibilityfortheprogram. ItsimportanttopausebrieflyheretonotethatDeferredActionshouldnotbeconfusedwiththe DREAMAct.TheDevelopment,ReliefandEducationofAlienMinorsAct,forwhichDREAMAct stands,isalegislativeproposalwhichwaslastbeforetheCongressoftheUnitedStatesinDecemberof 2010.WhileDACAandTheDREAMActbothcontemplatethesamedemographicyoung undocumentedimmigrantstudentsorsoldiersthathavecleancriminalbackgroundstheyoperatein verydifferentways.TheDREAMActwouldhaveprovidedapathtocitizenship,beginningwiththe provisionoftemporaryresidencyforsixyears,duringwhichastudentcouldfinishhisorhereducation andapplyforlawfulpermanentresident(LPR)status.Onceanimmigranthasbeenalegalpermanent residentgreencardholderforacertainnumberofyears,heorshecanapplyforfullU.S.citizenship. DACAhasnosuchpathtocitizenship,andindeeddoesnotevengrantanapplicantalawfulimmigration status.WhileDACArecipientsdonotaccumulateunauthorizedstay,theirimmigrationstatusremains unlawful.Theexecutivebranchprobablycannotprovideapathtocitizenshipsuchapowerrests onlywithCongress,whichhasnotenactedtheDREAMActorcomprehensiveimmigrationreform.The DREAMActpassedtheU.S.HouseofRepresentativesin2010,butfellfivevotesshortofthe60required forclotureintheU.S.Senate.2

1 2

FrequentlyAskedQuestions,U.S.CitizenshipandImmigrationServices,1/18/2013. U.S.SenateRollCallVotes,SecondSessionofthe111thCongress,12/18/2010.

 AsDACAgrantsnolawfulimmigrationstatus,itisalsonotanamnesty.Amnestyisanactbya sovereignauthorityforgivingagroupofpersonsthatcouldfacetrialbuthavenotyetbeenconvicted3. DACAgrantsatwoyearreprievefromtheaccumulationofunauthorizedstay,butdoesnotcontemplate potentialfutureenforcementactionagainstrecipients.DACAalsoappliesonlytoaverynarrowgroupof undocumentedimmigrants.EligibilityrequirementsshavethepoolofDACAapplicantsfromthe approximately11millionundocumentedimmigrants4livingintheUnitedStates,toabout1.9million5. Bycontrast,PresidentReaganssigningoftheImmigrationReformandControlActin1986granted universalamnestytomorethanthreemillionundocumentedimmigrants.6 DACAisaformofprosecutorialdiscretion,whichitselfisaformofselectiveenforcement.Selective enforcementoccurswhenalawenforcementofficialexerciseshisorherowndiscretionindetermining whetherornottopursuecriminalchargesagainstagivenindividualandunderacertainsetoffacts. Whenpoliceofficersissuewarningstotrafficviolators,forexample,orwhencountyprosecutorsdecline tochargeanindividualtheyarebothexercisingselectiveenforcement.Inthelattercase,thecounty prosecutorisexercisingprosecutorialdiscretionexactlyasaDHSattorneythatdeclinestoinitiatea removalactionagainstagivenindividualforimmigrationlawviolationsdoesunderthedirectivesof DACA.Whilethisistheeasiestparalleltodraw,immigrationlawisgenerallycivilnotcriminalin nature.Prosecutorialdiscretionhaslongbeenrecognizedasalegitimateexerciseofexecutiveauthority byU.S.courts7. Prosecutorialdiscretionisespeciallyprominentduetoitsroleintherecentadministrationof immigrationlawbytheDepartmentofHomelandSecurity.InJuneof2011,ImmigrationandCustoms Enforcement(ICE)abranchofDHSadoptedaninstitutionalizedprosecutorialdiscretionpolicyatthe directiveoftheagencysleader.CalledTheMortonMemoafterthenICEdirectorJohnMorton,the policyauthorizedICEagentstouseprosecutorialdiscretioninapprehendinganddeporting undocumentedimmigrants.8AsICElackstheresourcestodeporteveryundocumentedimmigrantthat theyencounter,thememoinstructedICEpersonneltofocusoncriminalundocumentedimmigrants, andlistedfactorstoconsiderinweighingwhetherornottoarrestanddeportincludingcriminal record,durationofstayintheU.S.,veteranstatus,familytiesandothers.Thememoends,however, withaclearstatementthatitsnottobeconstruedtolimitICEsimmigrationenforcementcapacitiesin anyway,andthatitcreatesnorightsorexpectationsinundocumentedimmigrants.Ayearlater,then

BryanA.Gardner(ed.);2009.BlacksLawDictionary(9thed.). UndocumentedImmigrantsintheU.S.,PewResearchCenter,4/30/2009. 5 DeferredActionforChildhoodArrivalsattheOneYearMark,IssueBrief#8,MigrationPolicyInstitute,August, 2013. 6 NationofImmigrants,Coutin,SusanBibler.CornellUniversityPress,2007. 7 SeeCriminalProcedure1.9(c)(3ded.2007)WayneR.LaFaveetal.,(Thereisuniversalagreementinthe moderncommentaryastothecentralroleofdiscretionaryauthorityintheadministrationofthecriminaljustice process.). 8 MemoonExercisingProsecutorialDiscretionConsistentwiththeCivilImmigrationEnforcementPrioritiesofthe AgencyfortheApprehension,DetentionandRemovalofAliens,ICEDirectorJohnMorton,6/17/2011.
4 3

 SecretaryJanetNapolitanoannouncedtheDACAprogram,asthelatestevolutioninprosecutorial discretionattheDepartment. TherewerelegalchallengestoDACA,anditsconstitutionalityisnotuniversallyaccepted.Alawsuitfiled byofficialsatICEchallengedboththeMortonMemoandtheDeferredActioninitiativeontheground thatitrequiredthemtoviolatefederalimmigrationlaw9.InJanuary,federalDistrictCourtJudgeReed OConnorsaidindictathathewouldlikelyruleagainsttheDACAprogram,butheinsteaddismissedthe caseonJuly31forlackofsubjectmatterjurisdiction,citingthedisputeresolutiontermsoftheCivil ServiceReformAct.10WhileacomparativelysmallgroupoflegalscholarshavequestionedDACAs constitutionallegitimacy,itremainsthelawoftheland. Insum,DACAisaformofprosecutorialdiscretionemployedbytheU.S.DepartmentofHomeland Securitytodeprioritizethedeportationofyoungimmigrantsthatmeetcertaineligibilityrequirements. Acceptancegrantstherecipientrenewabletwoyearworkpermitsandthefreedomfromthreatof deportationifcircumstancesrelativetoeligibilitydontchange.Itis,tothispoint,alegitimateexercise ofexecutiveauthoritybutitisnotanexecutiveorder,isnotamnestyanditisnottheDREAMAct.

YoungOhioimmigrants.ImagecourtesyofDREAMActivistOhio.
9

Cranev.Napolitano,U.S.DistrictCourtfortheNorthernDistrictofTexas,7/31/2013.ThesuitwasfiledbyKris Kobach,KansasSecretaryofState,onbehalfofICEagentChristopherCrane.SecretaryKobachalsoheadsthelegal armofthenationalnonprofitFederationforAmericanImmigrationReform(FAIR),whichtheSouthernPoverty LawCenterhasclassifiedasanantiimmigranthategroup(IntelligenceFiles:FAIR,SouthernPovertyLawCenter). 10 Cranev.Napolitano,supra.

 3. EligibilityRequirements

ApplicantsforDACAmustsatisfyanumberofeligibilityrequirementsmanyofwhichrequireproofto befurnishedbytheapplicant.DACAapplicantsmustbewithinacertainagerange,musthaveentered theUnitedStatesbeforeacertainageandmusthaveremainedhereeversince.Theymustbeastudent, graduate,soldierorveteran,musthaveacleancriminalrecordand,finally,mustnotposeathreatto nationalsecurityorpublicsafety.Essentially,theDACAapplicantmustproveage,presence,valueto societyandgoodcharacter.Specifically,applicantmust11: Havebeenundertheageof31asofJune15,2012; HavecometotheUnitedStatesbeforereachinghisorher16thbirthday; HavecontinuouslyresidedintheUnitedStatessinceJune15,2007,uptothepresenttime; HavebeenphysicallypresentintheUnitedStatesonJune15,2012,andatthetimeofmaking hisorherrequestforconsiderationofdeferredactionwithUSCIS; 5. HaveenteredwithoutinspectionbeforeJune15,2012,orhisorherlawfulimmigrationstatus musthaveexpiredasofJune15,2012; 6. Mustcurrentlybeinschool,havegraduatedorobtainedacertificateofcompletionfromhigh school,haveobtainedageneraleducationdevelopment(GED)certificate,orbeanactive memberof,orhonorablydischargedveteranof,theCoastGuardorarmedforcesoftheUnited States;and 7. Havenotbeenconvictedofafelony,asignificantmisdemeanor,threeormoreother misdemeanors,andmustotherwisenotposeathreattonationalsecurityorpublicsafety. Anapplicantalsocannothaveafelonyconvictiondefinedbyfederalimmigrationlawasanoffensefor whichthemaximumtermofincarcerationisgreaterthanoneyearontheirrecords.Likewise,DACA applicantscannothaveasignificantmisdemeanorconvictionontheirrecords.Again,misdemeanor isdefinedaccordingtofederallaw,andmeansanyoffenseforwhichthemaximumtermof imprisonmentisgreaterthanfivedaysbutlessthanoneyear.Significantmisdemeanorsarethose misdemeanorssocietygenerallyconsidersmoreseriousburglary,sexualabuseorexploitation, domesticviolence,drugdistributionortrafficking,unlawfulpossessionoruseofafirearmordriving undertheinfluenceregardlessofthetimeserved.Italsoincludesanymisdemeanorconviction,even outsidetheaboveenumeratedcrimes,forwhichtimeactuallyservedexceeds90days.Notethatthis mustbetimeactuallyserved.Suspendedsentencesareexcluded. More,anapplicantforDACAcannothavethreeormorenonsignificantmisdemeanorsonhisorher record.Nonsignificantmisdemeanorsaredefinedasthosemisdemeanorsthatdontinvolvethe enumeratedcrimesaboveandforwhichtimeserveddoesnotexceed90days.Inordertodisqualifyan applicant,thesethreenonsignificantmisdemeanorsmusthavearisenfromdifferentfactsor
11

1. 2. 3. 4.

ConsiderationofDeferredActionforChildhoodArrivalsProcess,USCIS.

 circumstances.Forexample,ifayoungimmigrantisconvictedofthreeminormisdemeanorsstemming fromonecriminalact,thisalonewillnotautomaticallydisqualifyhim.Finally,anapplicantmustnot otherwisebeathreattonationalsecurityorpublicsafety.ItsimportanttonotethatasDeferredAction lastsonlyforrenewabletwoyearperiods,andapplicantsmustreapplyeachtime,anyDACAapplicants convictedfordisqualifyingcrimesduringtheirtwoyearDeferredActionperiodslikelywillnotbe approvedfortheprogramuponreapplying. ItscriticaltorememberthatDACAisentirelydiscretionary.USCIShastheauthorityto,inexceptional circumstances,approveanapplicationwithanostensiblydisqualifyingconviction,forexample,orif othereligibilityrequirementsareunmet.Accordingly,someoftheeligibilityrequirementsmayactually bemorelaxthantheyfirstappear.Forexample,somebriefabsencesfromtheUnitedStatesduringthe fiveyearqualifyingperiodarenotnecessarilyfataltoanapplicantschances.Also,expungedorjuvenile convictionswillnotautomaticallydisqualifyanapplicant.Theeligibilityrequirementsarefleshedoutin muchgreaterdetailbytheFAQthatUSCISmaintains12.

12

FrequentlyAskedQuestions,USCIS.

 4. ApplicationProcess

DACAapplicationsformI821(D)areprocessedbyUSCIS,whichbeganacceptingapplicationson August15,2012.Theagencyreviewseachapplicationonacasebycasebasis,anddecideswhetheror nottheapplicantwillbegrantedDeferredAction.Evenapplicantsthatareindeportationproceedings orhavereceivedafinalremovalordercanapply.Inthiscase,anapplicantneednothavereachedthe ageof15. Inadditiontothatform,applicantsmustsubmitanI765applicationforworkauthorizationandan attendantworksheet.Asapartoftheapplicationprocess,DACAaspirantsmustsubmittoabackground checkandbiometricsfingerprintingandphotographing.Applicantsarealsorequiredtopaya significantfee$380dollarswiththeI821(D)andanother$85feeforbiometricsatotalof$46513. Theapplicationprocesscanbefairlyinvolved,asapplicantsmustproveeachofthefacetsofeligibility outlinedabove.USCISmaintainsalistofdocumentswhichareacceptableproofforeachelement,but generallymostpresencerequirementsareprovedthroughutilitybills,schoolrecordsandmedicalbills. Ifanapplicationisdenied,DHSgenerallywillnotuseanapplicantsinformationtoinitiatearemoval proceedingexceptwhencriminalactivityorfraudisinvolvedorinotherexceptionalcircumstances. Likewise,informationinanapplicationexposingtheundocumentedstatusofanapplicantsrelativeis notusedforenforcementpurposes.14 Forasrigorousastheapplicationprocessappears,theapprovalrateisextraordinarilyhigh.Sincethe agencybeganacceptingapplications,USCIShasapproved455,455applicationsofthe567,563 applicationsithasacceptednationwide,andhaveonlydenied9,57815.Therestoftheapplications remainunderreview.Thedenialrateisonlyabout1.6%,buttheremaybeadisproportionatenumberof denialsamongthosecasesstillpendingreview.USCISreceivesanaverageof2,158DACAapplications perday,butthatnumberhasdeclinedsharplyfromahighof5,493perdayoneyearago,inOctober 2012.16Itisunclearwhy,exactly,theapprovalratefortheprogramissohigh.Somecriticsquestionthe approvalprocessasarubberstamp,andaccuseUSCISoflaxstandardsinapprovingapplications. Otherssuggestthatthedetailedandformulaicnatureoftheapplication,combinedwiththestakes involvedandtheprevalenceofattorneyfilings,suggestthatapplicantsarecareful,andthusthe applicationsarethoroughandcompletefromthebeginning.Ifanapplicantisdenied,thereisnoappeal process. ThereisasignificantpotentialforconsumerfraudtargetingpotentialDACAapplicants.Manyselfstyled notarioswillchargeanapplicantagreatdealforfilinghisDACAapplication,whenthetruthisthatthe applicantmaynotneedanattorneyatall.InmanypartsofLatinAmerica,notariosarepublicofficials
13 14

ConsiderationofDeferredActionforChildhoodArrivalsProcess,supra. FrequentlyAskedQuestions,supra. 15 DeferredActionforChildhoodArrivals,SeptemberMonthlyReport,USCIS. 16 Id.

CONSIDERATION of DEFERRED ACTION for CHILDHOOD ARRIVALS

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals allows certain individuals, who meet specic guidelines, to request consideration of deferred action from USCIS. Individuals who receive deferred action will not be placed into removal proceedings or removed from the United States for a specied period of time unless terminated. If you receive deferred action, you may be eligible for employment authorization. You may request deferred action for childhood arrivals if you meet the following guidelines:

Can I be considered?
Review guidelines

You came to the United States before reaching your 16th birthday

You have continuously resided in the United States since June 15, 2007, up to the present time

You were under the age of 31 as of June 15, 2012

You entered without inspection before June 15, 2012, or your lawful immigration status expired as of June 15, 2012

You are currently in school, have graduated or obtained your certicate of completion from high school, have obtained your general educational development certication, or you are an honorably discharged veteran of the Coast Guard or Armed Forces of the United States

You have not been convicted of a felony, signicant misdemeanor, or three or more misdemeanors, and do not otherwise pose a threat

You were present in the United States on June 15, 2012, and at the time of making your request for consideration of deferred action with USCIS

JUNE

How do I le?
USCIS.gov

Collect documents as evidence you meet the guidelines

USCIS Form

Mail USCIS forms and fees (total $465)

Check the status of your request online

Complete USCIS Forms I-821D and I-765

Visit your local USCIS Application Support Center for a scheduled biometrics services appointment

www.uscis.gov/childhoodarrivals
If you have questions about your request please call USCIS Customer Service at 1-800-375-5283 or 1-800-767-1833 (TDD)

 withconsiderablybroaderofficialfunctionsandcapacitiesthanourownnotaries.Formanynew Americanimmigrants,notariosareakintoabogadosattorneys.TheOhioCommissionon Hispanic/LatinoAffairs(OCHLA)workedwiththeConsumerProtectiondivisioninAttorneyGeneral DeWinesofficetopublishandcirculateabilingualpressreleaseandothermessagesinbothEnglishand SpanishwarningthecommunitytobewaryofnotariofraudinthewakeofDACAsannouncement. InadditiontowarningOhioLatinosofpotentialnotarioscams,OCHLAworkedwithprominent immigrationattorneysaroundthestatetohostinformationalQ&AsessionsforOhioLatinoswhowere consideringapplyingforDACA.TheagencyorganizedorattendedsessionsliketheseinColumbus, ClevelandandDayton.TheCommissionrecommendstoallconstituentsconsideringapplyingfor DeferredActionthattheyconsultanimmigrationattorneybeforeapplyingfortheprogram. 5. DemographicProfileofDACARecipients

ThegroupofeligibleDACAapplicantsisfinitebutuncertain.AsapplicantsmusthaveenteredtheU.S.by June15th2007andmusthavelackedalawfulimmigrationstatusonJune15th,2012nosubsequent immigrantstotheUnitedStatesareeligibleforDACA.Likewise,allundocumentedimmigrants31or olderonJune15th,2012arenotDACAeligible.Ontheotherhand,someundocumentedimmigrantsare eligiblefortheprogrambutlacktheeducationalrequirement,whichtheycanrectify.Likewise,many childrenthatwillbeeligiblefortheprogramhavenotyetreachedtheageatwhichtheycanapply15. Countingundocumentedimmigrantsisadubiousprocess,evenfortheU.S.CensusBureau.Thereare about11.9millionundocumentedimmigrantsintheUnitedStates17.Accordingtoestimatesfromthe MigrationPolicyInstitute,about1.9millionofthoseimmigrantsare,orcouldbecome,eligiblefor DeferredActionforChildhoodArrivals18.Ofthatgroup,threedistinctsubgroupshaveemerged:those presentlyeligibleforDeferredAction,thoseeligibleforDeferredActionexceptthattheylackthe educationormilitaryservicecomponent,andthosewhomaybeeligibleforDeferredActionexceptthat theyhavenotyetreachedtheir15thbirthday. Giventheseestimates,thepoolofpresentlyeligiblepotentialDACAapplicantswasmadeupof1.09 millionyoungpeople,19butonlyabout49%hadappliedwhenMPIreleasedtheirreportayearintothe program.20Giventhebenefitsofapplicationandthehighapprovalrate,atfirstitappearscuriousthatso manypotentialapplicantshavenotapplied.Infact,however,thereareseveralfactorsthatcoulddeter application.AstheMPIreportsuggests,difficultypayingthesignificantapplicationfees,aninabilityto proveonesidentity,presenceorage,concernoverpotentiallydisqualifyingcriminaloffensesandfear ofexposureforthemselvesandfamilymembersmayallplayaroleinchillingapplications.Alternatively,
17 18

UndocumentedImmigrantsintheU.S.,supra. DeferredActionforChildhoodArrivalsattheOneYearMark,supra. 19 Id. 20 Id.

 asanyonecanapplyforDeferredActionasadefensetoremovalproceedings,someyoungimmigrants especiallytheyoungestwhoarenotyetmembersoftheworkforcemaysimplybewaitingtoapply untiltheyhaveto.

BreakdownofYoungImmigrantsthat maybeeligibleforDACA
22% 57% CurrentlyEligibleYouth ChildrenEligibleinthe Future(<15yearsold) EligiblebutforEducation Requirement

21%

Source:Migration PolicyInstitute

OriginallypublishedbytheMigrationPolicyInstitute.MPIisanindependent,nonpartisanthink tankinWashington,DC,dedicatedtothestudyofthemovementofpeopleworldwide.(www.migrationpolicy.org).

ThepluralityofyoungimmigrantsthathaveappliedhailfromCaliforniaandTexas,whichtogetherare hometo44%ofpotentialDACAapplicantsand45%ofactualapplicantsthusfar21.Applicationratesvary dramaticallybystateFloridaandNewYorktrailTexasandCaliforniaconsiderably,whileratesin GeorgiaandNorthCarolina,whichbothhavecomparativelysmallundocumentedimmigrant populations,areamongthehighestinthecountry22.Oneexplanationfordisparateapplicationrates couldbestatepoliciesaffectingtheeasewithwhichanundocumentedimmigrantcanenterthe workforceGeorgia,forexample,requiresallemployerstousethefederalemploymenteligibility verificationsystemEVerify,makingworkevenhardertofindwithoutworkauthorization. OfthealmosttwomillionyoungimmigrantsthatultimatelycouldbeeligibletoapplyforDeferred Action,theoverwhelmingmajorityoriginatefromLatinAmerica,particularlyMexico23.Immigrantsfrom Mexico,HondurasandotherCentralAmericancountriesalsoleadinapplicationrates24.Whileyouth fromMexico,ElSalvador,GuatemalaandHondurasaccountfor68%ofthecurrentlyeligiblepopulation, theymakeup85%ofthosethathaveappliedforDACA.Seventysevenpercent(77%)ofallapproved

21 22

Id. Id. 23 Id. 24 Id.

 applicationsareforyoungimmigrantsoriginallyborninMexico25.Applicationratesaremuchlower, curiously,amongyouthoriginallyfromtheDominicanRepublicandfromAsiancountries. Origin Country Mexico ElSalvador Guatemala Honduras Korea Philippines Columbia Dominican Republic CurrentlyEligible Population 637,000 47,000 29,000 24,000 22,000 22,000 19,000 17,000 ShareofallCurrently EligibleYouth 59% 4% 3% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% ApplicationsAccepted forProcessing 409,000 21,000 13,000 14,000 7,000 4,000 5,000 2,000 Application Rate 64% 45% 47% 58% 33% 16% 28% 14%

OriginallypublishedbytheMigrationPolicyInstitute.MPIisanindependent,nonpartisanthinktankinWashington,DC, dedicatedtothestudyofthemovementofpeopleworldwide.(www.migrationpolicy.org).

Asyouthisaneligibilityrequirementforapplication,mostamongthecurrentlyeligibleDACApopulation havedemographicprofilesindicativeoftheirages.About24%ofthosecurrentlyeligibleareenrolledin K12education,whiletheremainderalreadyhavetheirhighschooldiplomaorGED(44%),orare enrolledinorhavehadsomelevelofcollegeeducation(32%)26.Anestimated60%arefullybilingual, with9%speakingonlyEnglish;theremainderidentifiedaslimitedEnglishproficient(LEP),with10% indicatingthattheystruggleconsiderablywiththeEnglishlanguage27.Malesoutnumberfemales(55% 45%)amongthecurrentlyeligiblepopulation,55%ofwhomworkand11%ofwhomhaveminor childrenoftheirown.35%ofthosecurrentlyeligibleforDeferredActionhaveincomesplacingthem belowthefederalpovertyline(FPL). InadditiontothosealreadyeligibletoapplyforDeferredAction,therearearound423,000young immigrants28thatwouldbeeligibletoapplyforDACAbutlackahighschooldiplomaoritsequivalent, andarenotenrolledinschool.TheseyoungpeoplewillbecomeeligibletoapplyforDACAiftheyreturn toschoolorenrollinaGEDprogram.Thisgroupiscomparedtothosecurrentlyeligiblemore dominatedbymen(64%)thanwomen,poorer(42%belowFPL),morelikelytowork(71%),morelikely tohavechildren(31%)andmorethantwiceaslikelytostrugglewithEnglish(69%LEP)29. Thebarriersbetweenthissecondgroupandtheeducationalattainmenttheyrequiretobeeligiblefor DeferredActionaresignificant30.Theseyoungpeoplearelargelyworkforceparticipants,andmanyhave

25 26

DACASeptemberReport,USCIS,supra. DeferredActionforChildhoodArrivalsattheOneYearMark,supra. 27 Id. 28 Id. 29 Id. 30 Id.

 childrenoftheirown.TheseconcernslikelymakeitdifficulttoattendclassesinpursuitofaGED,as theseyoungpeoplewouldhavetoarrangeforchildcareandtimeofffromwork,inadditionto transportation.Second,thisgroupislargelyLEP.Anecdotally,GEDprogramsofferedinSpanishorfor LEPstudentsarerelativelyrare,atleastinOhio,evenifapplicantscantaketheGEDexamitselfin Spanish.Finally,foragroupthatsthisstatisticallypoor,thetuitioncostsforotherwiseappropriateGED coursessometimesaddonemoreobstacletopursuingeducationaleligibility.

Finally,therearethosechildrenwhoarenotyetageeligibletoapplyforDeferredAction,butwhoone daymaybeeligible.Thereareanestimated392,000childrennationwideinthisgroup,andalmosthalf ofthemwillsoonbecomeeligibletoapply49%areage121531.Inadditiontoreachingtheapplication age,thesechildrenwillultimatelyhavetocompletetheirhighschooleducationstoremaineligiblefor DACA.ThisgroupalsofacesbarrierstoattainingDACAeligibility.Twentysevenpercent(27%)areLEP32, andthoughsomewillgrowinEnglishproficiencyastheycontinueinschoolmanywillremainLEP throughouthighschool,andthemajorityofthesestudentsareHispanic.BothHispanic33andLEP34 studentgraduationrateslagconsiderablybehindthenationalaverages.Finally,morethanhalf57% ofthesechildrenlivebelowtheFPL,andafull84%arefromfamiliesearninglessthan200%oftheFPL. Thenegativecorrelationbetweenpovertyandeducationalattainmentiswelldocumented35. Ohioranks30thamongU.S.statesandterritorieswith3,019acceptedapplicationsand2,291 approvals36.TheMigrationPolicyInstituteestimatesthattherearebetween10,000and20,000young immigrantsinOhiothatmayultimatelybeeligibleforDACA37.Applyingthesenationwideeligibilityand applicationrateestimatestoanestimatedpopulationof10,000to20,000eligibleimmigrantsinOhio, thereare5,700to11,400youngpeoplepresentlyeligibleforDeferredAction,while2,200to4,400lack theeducationalcomponentofeligibilityandanother2,100to4,200childrenarenotyet15yearsoldbut willbecomeeligibletoapplyuponreachingthatage.Withthesefigures,thereisnocertaindifference betweennationalapplicationratesandapplicationratesinOhiosomewherebetween26%and53%of thoseeligiblenowhaveappliedfortheprogram.Withthenationalapplicationrateclosertothehigh endofthatspreadat49%,itispossiblethatOhioansarelesslikelytohaveappliedfortheprogramthan youngimmigrantsinotherstates. Notably,thosestateswithrelativelylarge,establishedanddominantMexicanpopulationsCalifornia andTexashavethehighestapplicationrateswhilethosewithmorediverseimmigrantpopulations Florida,NewYorkandothershavelowerrates.Approximately82.5%ofCalifornias14million
31 32

Id. Id. 33 DropOutRateFastFacts,NationalCenterforEducationStatistics,U.S.DepartmentofEducation. 34 RegulatoryAdjustedCohortRate,LimitedEnglishProficient:20102011,EdDataExpress,U.S.Departmentof Education. 35 See,e.g.,TheImpactofPovertyonEducationalOutcomesforChildren,H.B.Ferguson,S.Bavaird,M.P.Mueller, PaediatricChildHealth.2007October;12(8):701706. 36 DACASeptemberReport,USCIS,supra. 37 RelieffromDeportation:DemographicProfileofDREAMersPotentiallyEligibleundertheDeferredAction Policy,MigrationPolicyInstitute,August2012.http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/fs24_deferredaction.pdf.

 HispanicsareofMexicandescent38whiletheHispanicpopulationsofFloridaandNewYorkare dominatedbyCubansandPuertoRicansrespectively39.PuertoRicans,ofcourse,arefullU.S.citizens andthusnotimmigrants,andnotcontemplatedbyDeferredAction.OhiosHispanicpopulationis somewhereinthemiddleMexicansmakeupthelargestgroupofOhioHispanicsataround50%,but Ohioalsohasthe10thlargestPuertoRicanpopulationinthecountry40,concentratedmostlyinLorain andCleveland.ItcouldbethatOhiosDACAapplicationratelagsthenationalrateatleastpartiallydue tothediversityofOhiosimmigrantpopulation.Large,wellestablishedandethnicallyhomogenous immigrantnotsimplyHispaniccommunitieslikethoseofMexicansinCaliforniacouldprovidean easierstructureforawarenessofDeferredActionanditsapplicationstepsthanthesmaller,more diverseandmoreisolatedcommunitiesofOhioimmigrants. 6. WhatdoesDACAmeanforOhio?

DeferredActionforChildhoodArrivalscreatedanewcategoryofOhioans.Thesearenoncitizens,non permanentresidentsthatalsoarenotquiteundocumentedimmigrants,asthetermistraditionally applied,anymore.Ohiolawislargelywellestablishedregardingitsundocumentedimmigrant population.Ohiocitizensare,generallyspeaking,eligibleformoststatebenefitsinOhio.Undocumented immigrants,withveryfewexceptions,arenoteligibleforstatebenefits.TheycannotapplyorOhio driverslicenses,unemploymentbenefits,residencyfortuitionpurposes,professionallicensesfrom stateboardsorotherstatebenefits.Thechallengeforthestateisindecidinghowtotreattheseyoung peoplethathavebeenapprovedforDACA.Willtheybeeligibleforsomestatebenefits,ascitizensand lawfulpermanentresidentsare?OrwilltheyremainineligibleforstatebenefitsunderOhiolaw?Inthe yearsinceDACAsinception,thisquestionhascometotheforefrontwithtwospecificOhiobenefits: driverslicensesandresidencyforinstatetuitioninhighereducationandisnearingresolutionwitha thirdprofessionallicensure. DriversLicensesforDACARecipients? ShortlyafterUSCISbeganapprovingDACAapplicationsinlate2012,manyyoungOhioimmigrantsthat hadbeenapprovedfortheprogramtooktheirEADstotheirlocalbranchesoftheOhioBureauofMotor Vehicles.TheysoughtOhiodriverslicenses,whichpreviouslyhadbeenabenefitdeniedto undocumentedimmigrants.TheresponsetheyreceivedatBMVbranchesaroundthestatevariedwildly, anditwasntuntiltheendofMarchthattheBureauofMotorVehiclesissuesastatewidedirectiveon issuinglicensestoDACArecipients. TheBureauofMotorVehiclesrequiresaSocialSecurityNumber(SSN),amongotheridentification documentation,forapplicantstobeeligibleforOhiodriverslicenses.PriortoDeferredActionfor

38 39

2010U.S.Census,AmericanCommunitySurvey,U.S.CensusBureau. Id. 40 Id.

DeferredActionfor ChildhoodArrivals
Intake Accepted Rejected Totalreceived Averageaccepted/day Scheduled Underreview Approved Denied

Aug12* 48,051 1,909 49,960 3,696 18,616 0 0 0

Sep12 104,369 3,463 107,832 5,493 105,439 29,747 1,687 0

Oct12 112,656 3,566 116,222 5,121 98,430 106,758 28,100 6

Month Nov12 Dec12 71,108 2,385 73,493 3,555 87,037 152,244 47,923 15 44,815 1,571 46,386 2,241 42,062 172,535 48,077 72

Cumulative Totals Jan13 31,028 1,378 32,406 1,478 42,678 153,370 50,198 162 Feb13 30,251 1,288 31,539 1,592 30,128 132,093 45,530 247 Mar13 29,689 1,261 30,950 1,414 32,453 116,509 46,950 803 Apr13 25,950 1,157 27,107 1,180 27,064 100,492 45,169 1,038 May13 22,215 1,011 23,226 1,010 23,394 73,259 51,883 1,406 Jun13 17,485 784 18,269 874 16,852 72,290 34,998 1,563 Jul13 15,986 715 16,701 727 16,668 62,643 29,881 2,112 Aug13 13,960 674 14,634 635 15,137 49,083 25,059 2,154 567,563 21,162 588,725 2,158 555,958 455,455 9,578

Biometrics

CaseReview

*AugustdatafromAugust15 August31,2012 Pleasenote:Thereportreflectsthemostuptodateestimateavailableat thetimethereportisgenerated. DataQueried:September10,2013ReportCreated:September11,2013 Daterange:August15,2012 August31,2013 Systems:BiometricsCaptureSystems,CISConsolidatedOperational Repository(CISCOR) USCISOfficeofPerformanceandQuality(OPQ)

BeginninginApril2013,theDeferredActionforChildhoodArrivalsreportingperiodhaschangedfromamidmonthtoanendof monthcycle.Inaddition,beginningwiththeApril2013report,thereportswillincludeupdatestodatapreviouslyreportedbasedon theavailabilityofdataasDACAprogresses.

DeferredActionforChildhoodArrivals
TopCountriesofOrigin AcceptedtoDate ApprovedtoDate Residence AcceptedtoDate ApprovedtoDate Residence AcceptedtoDate ApprovedtoDate

MEXICO ELSALVADOR HONDURAS GUATEMALA SOUTHKOREA PERU BRAZIL COLOMBIA ECUADOR PHILIPPINES ARGENTINA JAMAICA INDIA VENEZUELA DOMINICANREPUBLIC TRINIDADANDTOBAGO BOLIVIA COSTARICA URUGUAY PAKISTAN

433,318 21,638 14,608 14,234 7,504 7,374 6,136 5,622 5,386 3,682 3,431 2,998 2,870 2,532 2,374 2,246 1,672 1,660 1,564 1,459

350,056 16,950 10,719 10,720 6,760 6,360 4,985 4,616 4,454 3,203 2,885 2,024 2,331 2,005 1,751 1,655 1,422 1,376 1,288 1,133

CALIFORNIA TEXAS ILLINOIS NEWYORK FLORIDA ARIZONA NORTHCAROLINA GEORGIA NEWJERSEY COLORADO WASHINGTON NEVADA VIRGINIA OREGON MARYLAND INDIANA UTAH MASSACHUSETTS TENNESSEE WISCONSIN KANSAS OKLAHOMA SOUTHCAROLINA MICHIGAN MINNESOTA NEWMEXICO PENNSYLVANIA

161,624 93,277 31,404 30,160 23,988 20,252 19,876 18,497 16,407 12,520 12,129 9,274 9,029 8,029 7,266 7,079 6,764 6,053 5,779 5,262 4,941 4,783 4,674 4,482 4,468 4,217 4,045

134,857 72,408 27,469 23,265 17,673 16,733 15,989 14,433 13,530 9,487 9,557 7,168 7,083 6,660 5,801 5,451 5,405 4,540 4,276 4,182 3,919 3,893 3,786 3,480 3,534 3,089 3,110

ARKANSAS CONNECTICUT OHIO ALABAMA MISSOURI NEBRASKA IDAHO KENTUCKY IOWA LOUISIANA MISSISSIPPI DELAWARE RHODEISLAND DISTRICTOFCOLUMBIA WYOMING NEWHAMPSHIRE HAWAII SOUTHDAKOTA PUERTORICO WESTVIRGINIA VIRGINISLANDS ALASKA NORTHDAKOTA MAINE MONTANA NOTREPORTED GUAM

3,786 3,606 3,019 2,972 2,459 2,453 2,259 2,178 2,020 1,420 1,054 1,031 904 532 434 263 247 169 139 75 64 57 42 32 32 21 16

3,052 2,932 2,291 2,313 2,003 1,960 1,781 1,716 1,630 1,070 852 838 701 388 337 202 181 134 73 58 30 42 24 22 23 11 13

*Allfieldswithlessthantenorablankinthestatefieldareincludedinthefield'notreported'.
Pleasenote:Thereportreflectsthemostuptodateestimateavailableatthetime thereportisgenerated. DataQueried:September10,2013ReportCreated:September11,2013 Daterange:August15,2012 August31,2013 Systems:CISConsolidatedOperationalRepository(CISCOR) USCISOfficeofPerformanceandQuality(OPQ)

 ChildhoodArrivals,thelackofaSocialSecurityNumberpreventedyoungundocumentedimmigrants fromobtainingOhiolicenses.Withapprovalfortheprogram,however,applicantsreceiveanEADand eligibilitytoapplyforaSocialSecurityNumber,rectifyingthis.

Initially,individualbranchesdeniedorissuedlicensestothesenewapplicantsattheirownlocal discretion.TheCommissionknowsanecdotally,forexample,thatbranchesinClevelandandCincinnati werenotissuinglicenseswhilebranchesinToledowere.SomebranchesinColumbusissuedlicenses andsomerefused.Thisconfusionpromptedadvocacyfromtheimmigrantcommunityleadershipfora statewidepolicydeclaringthatDACArecipientsbeeligibletoreceiveOhiodriverslicenses.OnMarch 29,2013theOhioBureauofMotorVehiclesannouncedthatDACArecipientswouldbeeligibleforOhio driverslicensesaftersubmittingtoafinalidentityverificationstepwithnationalimmigrationdatabases. TheselicensesarenonrenewableandexpirewitharecipientsDACAstatus.Whentheyoung immigrantsDeferredActionstatusisreapproved,heorshecanobtainanotherlicensefromtheBMV. MostDACAapprovedstudentsstillcannotobtaintheirlicensesasminors.Theinformationthatthe BMVrequiresfromparentsofminorsseekinglicensesagovernmentissuedIDisnottypically availableforthosewithundocumentedparents41,andthevastmajorityofDACArecipientshaveparents thatarealsoundocumentedimmigrants.Asitstands,DACAapplicantsgenerallymustwaituntilthey reachtheageof18tosuccessfullyapplyforanOhiolicense. DriversLicenses:PotentialLegislation

OhiojoinsnearlyeveryotherstateinthecountryindecidingtograntlicensestoDACArecipients.They remainineligibleforlicensesonlyinArizonaandNebraska42.Proponentsofthesepoliciesnotethat,in mostcases,theSSNandEADareallthestaterequirestograntlicenses,andthatthenaturalresponse shouldhavebeentograntlicensestothisnewgroupthathadtherequisitedocuments.Othersargued thatwithworkauthorizations,theywillrequiretransportation,andthatitwasfarbettertotrainthem andensuretheircompetencebehindthewheelthantoriskuntraineddriversusingOhiosroads. OpponentsofgrantingDACArecipientslicensesareconcernedaboutseveralimplicationsforthe programprimarilythepotentialcostofgrantingtheselicensesandtheprincipleofstatesovereignty. Intheirview,theStateofOhioshoulddecidetowhomitwillgrantlicenses,andoughtnotfollowthe federalgovernmentscreationofanewclassofimmigrant.Likewisetherearestudiesthatoutlinethe annualcostsofundocumentedimmigrantstotheStateandtoOhiotaxpayers,andnotethatgranting statebenefitstoDACArecipientsislikelyonlytoencouragefurtherimmigrationbyundocumented people.WhilesuchapolicycouldindeedengendermigrationofDACArecipientsfromotherstatesthat denythemdriverslicenses,onlytwosuchstatesexistArizonaandNebraskaandforpotential migrantDACArecipientsinthosestates,Ohioisageographicallyremotedestination.Further,because DACAeligibilityrestsonpresenceintheUnitedStatesonJune15th,2007,thepoolofthoseeligiblefor
41 42

CalltoOhioBureauofMotorVehiclesDriversLicenseInformationCenter,10/30/13. OverviewTableofStateDriversLicenseRequirementsforIndividualsGrantedDeferredActionUnderthe DeferredActionforChildhoodArrivals(DACA)Policy,NationalImmigrationLawCenter,April2013.

 theprogramisfinite,anddoesnotincludeundocumentedimmigrantsthathavearrivedintheU.S. recently. HouseBill114,introducedbyRepresentativeMattLynch43waswrittenasadirectresponsetothe BMVspolicyannouncement,andrestrictseligibilityforOhiolicensestocertaindelineatedgroupsof noncitizens,excludingrecipientsofDeferredAction.HearingsforHouseBill114tookplacebeforethe HouseTransportation,PublicSafetyandHomelandSecurityCommitteeduringthisspringssession.On theoppositeside,twobillsarependingbeforethelegislaturethatwouldspecificallycodifythatDACA recipientsareeligibletoreceiveOhiodriverslicensesSenateBill62,fromSenateMinorityLeader KearneyandSenatorsTavaresandLehner,andHouseBill155fromHouseAssistantMinorityWhip RamosandRepresentativeReece44.ThesebillswerereferredtotheSenateStateGovernmentOversight andReformCommitteeandtheHouseTransportation,PublicSafetyandHomelandSecurityCommittee, respectively.ThelattercommitteealsoheardsponsortestimonyfromRepresentativesReeceand Ramosontheirbill. Insum,thequestionofwhetherornotDACAgranteesareeligibleforOhiolicenseshaslargelybeen solvedadministratively.Pendinglegislationmayaltertheireligibilityeithertowardeasieraccessto licensesbycodifyingeligibilityspecificallyorstreamliningtheprocessforminors,oritmayinstead alterOhiolawtodenythemeligibility.ItwillbeuptotheGeneralAssemblytodecidethewisestcourse forOhio,butcurrentlawandpolicyallowDACArecipientstoreceiveOhiodriverslicenses. InStateTuitionforDACArecipients? WhileOhiowasweighingwhetherornottograntlicensestoDACArecipients,asecondquestion materializedregardingtheinteractionofDeferredActionandOhiolaw.Manysoughtarulingon whethertheseyoungpeoplewouldbeeligibletobeclassifiedasOhioresidentsforthepurposesof calculatingtuitionatOhiopubliccollegesanduniversities.PriortotheadventofDeferredAction,Ohios publicinstitutionsofhighereducationeitherdeclinedtoadmitundocumentedstudentsoutright,or chargedundocumentedstudentsinternationalstudenttuitionratesoftenatdoubletheinstaterate ormore45.ThischangedonJuly29th,whentheOhioBoardofRegentsannouncedthatOhiosDACA recipientsthatmeettheotherresidencyrequirementswillbeeligibletobeclassifiedasOhioresidents andpayinstatetuition. ThequestionarisesfromapplyingextantOhiolawtoDACArecipients.Residencydetermination guidelinesarefoundinOhioRevisedCode3333.3146.Thestatutestatesthatresidencywillbe determinedaccordingtorulespromulgatedbytheBoardofRegents,andinfactgrantstheChancellor andtheBoardofRegentsbroadauthorityindeterminingresidency.Thestatutealsonotesthat
43 44

RepresentativeLynchisanexofficioCommissionservingonOCHLAsboard. RepresentativeRamosandSenatorTavaresalsoserveasexofficioOCHLACommissioners. 45 Seeincludedtableontuitionratesforinstateandinternationalstudents. 46 Inthefollowingsection,theOhiostatuteisquotedand,forillustrativepurposes,criticalwordsandphrasesare emphasized.Notethatallmeansofemphasizingcertainportionsofthetextboldedletters,italicsandunderlines arenottextuallydifferentiatedintheOhioRevisedCodeorOhioAdministrativeCode.

 residentdoesnotmeanherewhatitmightmeanincommonusage,orinotherpartsoftherevised code.Instead,thestatutesays; Theterm"resident"forthesepurposesshallnotbeequatedwiththedefinitionofthattermasit isemployedelsewhereunderthelawsofthisstateandotherstates,andshallnotcarrywithit anyofthelegalconnotationsappurtenantthereto.Rather,exceptasprovidedindivisions(B) and(D)ofthissection,forsuchpurposes,therulepromulgatedunderthissectionshallhave theobjectiveofexcludingfromtreatmentasresidentsthosewhoarepresentinthestate primarilyforthepurposeofattendingastatesupportedorstateassistedinstitutionofhigher education,andmayprescribepresumptiverules,rebuttableorconclusive,astosuchpurpose baseduponthesourceorsourcesofsupportofthestudent,residencepriortofirstenrollment, evidenceofintentiontoremaininthestateaftercompletionofstudies,orsuchotherfactorsas thechancellordeemsrelevant.47 WhilethestatuteprovidesbroadauthoritytotheBoardofRegents,itgoesontoenumeratescenarios inwhichresidencymustormustnotbegranted.Forexample,section(B)grantsresidencytoveterans andtheirfamiliesiftheveteranhasbeenkilledinactionorwashonorablydischargedbythemilitary andhasestablisheddomicileinOhiobythebeginningoftheacademicterm.Likewise,anothersection prohibitstheBoardofRegentsfromdenyingresidencytothespouseordependentchildofanyOhioan whohasestablisheddomicileinthestateandworksfulltime48.OfparticularinterestforDACA recipientsinOhioissection(D),theforeverbuckeyeprovision.Sonamedbecauseitprovidesforin statetuitionforgraduatesofOhiohighschoolsregardlessofwhethertheyhaveleftOhiosincetheir graduation,thestatutesays49;

(1)Therulesofthechancellorfordeterminingstudentresidencyshallgrantresidencystatustoa personwho,whilearesidentofthisstateforstatesubsidyandtuitionsurchargepurposes, graduatedfromahighschoolinthisstateorcompletedthefinalyearofinstructionathomeas authorizedundersection3321.04oftheRevisedCode,ifthepersonenrollsinaninstitutionof highereducationandestablishesdomicileinthisstate,regardlessofthestudent'sresidence priortothatenrollment. (2)Therulesofthechancellorfordeterminingstudentresidencyshallnotgrantresidencystatus toanalienifthealienisnotalsoanimmigrantoranonimmigrant. Finally,ananalysisofthestatuteasitappliestoDACArecipientsrequiressomedefinitions.Thestatute definesthefollowingterms;

47 48

OhioRev.Code3333.31(A). OhioRev.Code3333.31(B)&(C). 49 OhioRev.Code3333.31(D)1&2.

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

March 29, 2013

OHIO BMV TO BEGIN ISSUING TEMPORARY DRIVER LICENSES TO QUALIFIED DACA GRANTEES
Additional Federal Database Check Will Guard Against Fraud
COLUMBUS Today the Ohio Bureau of Motor Vehicles (BMV) instructed the states Deputy Registrars to begin issuing temporary driver licenses to qualified Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) grantees, but only after first confirming applicants immigration documents via the U.S. Citizen and Immigration Services (USCIS) database. The extra security steps are designed to combat fraud or the use of counterfeit documents. BMVs decision was established after reviewing guidance expressed by Ohio Attorney General Mike DeWine that DACA grantees are eligible for temporary driver licenses under Ohio law. The BMVs instructions to Deputy Registrars will ensure consistent procedures are followed statewide when issuing the temporary licenses. Confirmation of applicants immigrant documents will be made via the federal governments immigration database to verify their authenticity. Upon verification of applicants documents they will be issued a non-renewable/temporary license valid for the time period of their work authorization issued by USCIS, not to exceed two years. The federal government allows DACA grantees to work in the U.S. during the twoyear length of their DACA status. Individuals are eligible for DACA status if: they arrived in the U.S. before the age of 16; have no criminal history; are currently in school; have graduated from high school or received a general education development (GED) certificate; have been honorably discharged from the Coast Guard or Armed Forces of the United States; and are under the age of 31. Currently 37 other states also issue temporary drivers licenses to DACA grantees. Ohio is one of the few states to take the extra step of also confirming applicants immigration documents through the federal governments database.

To view a summary of the Deputy Registrar directive, click here: http://www.publicsafety.ohio.gov/links/save-3-29-13.pdf

 (E)Asusedinthissection50:

(1)"Dependent,""domicile,""institutionofhighereducation,"and"residencyofficer" havethemeaningsascribedinthechancellor'srulesadoptedunderthissection. (2)"Alien"meansapersonwhoisnotaUnitedStatescitizenoraUnitedStatesnational. (3)"Immigrant"meansanalienwhohasbeengrantedtherightbytheUnitedStates bureauofcitizenshipandimmigrationservicestoresidepermanentlyintheUnited StatesandtoworkwithoutrestrictionsintheUnitedStates. (4)"Nonimmigrant"meansanalienwhohasbeengrantedtherightbytheUnited Statesbureauofcitizenshipandimmigrationservicestoresidetemporarilyinthe UnitedStates. AssectionEsuggests,domicileisdefinedintheattendantOhioAdministrativeCode3333110asa person'spermanentplaceofabode,solongasthepersonhasthelegalabilityunderfederalandstate lawtoresidepermanentlyatthatabode51.Resident,meanwhile,isdefinedasanypersonwho maintainsatwelvemonthplaceorplacesofresidenceinOhio,whoisqualifiedasaresidenttovotein Ohioandreceivestatepublicassistance,andwhomaybesubjectedtotaxliabilityundersection 5747.02oftheRevisedCode,providedsuchpersonhasnot,withinthetimeprescribedbythisrule, declaredhimselforherselftobeorallowedhimselforherselftoremainaresidentofanyotherstateor nationforanyoftheseorotherpurposes. ThesectionsintheOhioAdministrativeCodefleshouttheresidencydeterminationprocess,and augmenttheBoardofRegentswithsignificantdiscretionandautonomyingrantingresidency.Itis criticalthattheOhioAdministrativeCodesectionsattendanttotherelevantRevisedCodesectionwere neverupdatedtoreflecttheforeverbuckeyeprovision.Accordingly,thosesectionsthatconflictwith thestatutorylanguageareatleastoutdated,andmayperhapsbeinvalid.Alongwiththedefinitionsof domicileandresidentintheBoardsresidencyrules,theAdministrativeCodesectionenumerates severalfactorsthattheBoardofRegentscanconsiderindeterminingresidency.Ofparticularnoteare thefollowingsections52; (D)Additionalcriteriawhichmaybeconsideredindeterminingresidencymayincludebutarenot limitedtothefollowing: (1)Criteriaevidencingresidency:

50 51

OhioRevisedCode3333.31(E). OhioAdministrativeCode3333110(B)(4). 52 OhioAdministrativeCode3333.31(D).

 (a)Ifapersonissubjecttotaxliabilityundersection5747.02oftheRevised Code; (b)IfapersonqualifiestovoteinOhio; (c)IfapersoniseligibletoreceiveOhiopublicassistance; (d)IfapersonhasanOhio'sdriver'slicenseand/ormotorvehicleregistration. (2)Criteriaevidencinglackofresidency: (a)Ifapersonisaresidentoforintendstobearesidentofanotherstateor nationforthepurposeoftaxliability,voting,receiptofpublicassistance,or studentloanbenefits(ifthestudentqualifiedforthatloanprogrambybeinga residentofthatstateornation); (b)Ifapersonisaresidentorintendstobearesidentofanotherstateornation foranypurposeotherthantaxliability,voting,orreceiptofpublicassistance (seeparagraph(D)(2)(a)ofthisrule). (3)ForthepurposeofdeterminingresidencyfortuitionsurchargepurposesatOhio's stateassistedcollegesanduniversities,anindividual'simmigrationstatuswillnot precludeanindividualfromobtainingresidentstatusifthatindividualhasthecurrent legalstatustoremainpermanentlyintheUnitedStates. InStateTuition:ApplyingOhioLaw

Takeninsum,considerationsfromthestatuteaugmentedbytheadministrativerulescouldbesummed upasalistoffactorstoconsider,asfollows: 1. WhethertheprospectivestudenthasestablisheddomicileinOhio,meaningaplacewhere thepersonhasthelegalrighttoabidepermanentlyatthatabode,and; 2. WhetherthestudenthasgraduatedfromanOhiohighschool,and; 3. Whetherthestudentiseitheracitizen,animmigrantoranonimmigrant,and; 4. WhetherthestudentqualifiestovoteinOhio,issubjecttoOhiotaxliability,hasanOhio driverslicenseandqualifiestoreceivepublicassistance,thoseallindicateresidencystatus, and; 5. WhetherthestudentisinOhiobutplanstobearesidentofanotherstateornationforany reason,indicatingnonresidentstatus,and; 6. WhetherthestudentisinOhiosolelyforthefinancialbenefitofinstatetuition,whichisthe statedintentoftherulesoftheBoardofRegentsindeterminingresidencytoexclude thosestudentsthatareand; 7. Inconsideringallofthesefactors,theBoardofRegentshasbroaddiscretiontomake residencydeterminations. Withtheseconfusing,evencontradictoryconsiderationsfordeterminingresidencystatus,itisnosmall surprisethatcollegesanduniversitiesacrossOhiorespondedmuchasbranchesoftheOhioBureauof MotorVehiclesdidinthefaceofthedriverslicensecontroversywithconfusion.Priortothe announcementfromtheBoardofRegentsonJuly29,2013,someschoolsinOhiohadbegun

 implementingadmissionsprotocolstoaccommodateDACAstudentsatinstaterates,whileothers awaitedadecisionfromtheBoardofRegents.Inallcases,theapplicationofthestatesresidency guidelinestoDACArecipientswasofcriticalimportance.AsthelawisappliedtoDACArecipientsliving inOhio,thedeterminationonresidencywassomewhatmurky. Certainlytheeasiestpathtoresidencyforthesestudentswillfallundertheforeverbuckeyeprovision installedinthecodeinthebudgetpassedbythe129thGeneralAssembly.DACArecipientslivinginOhio mustgraduatefromhighschoolorriskineligibilityfortheprogram.Likewise,itisveryclearfromthe plainmeaningofthestatutethatDACArecipientsqualifyfortheforeverbuckeyeprovisionofthe statuteasnonimmigrantaliens.DACAisrunthoughUSCIStheUnitedStatesCitizenshipand ImmigrationServicesasthestatutecontemplates,andDACArecipientsaregrantedatemporarylawful presenceintheUnitedStates.Finally,asDACAapprovedyoungimmigrantshavelargelygrownupin Ohio,itisunlikelythattheyharborplanstobearesidentinanotherstateornationanymorethanany otherOhiocitizenthatgraduateshighschoolandpursueshighereducation. Establishingdomicile,however,isatrickierquestion.Itinitiallyappearsbythequalificationsfoundin theOhioAdministrativeCodeonthedefinitionoftheworddomicilethatDACAstudentsmaylack domicile.DACAstudentsdonothavetheabsolute,permanentrighttoliveintheirOhiohomestheir statusremainsillegalandthelawfulpresencetheyaregrantedbyDACAlastsonlyfortwoyears,at whichpointtheymustreapply.Ontheotherhand,theopenended,indefiniterenewabilityofDeferred ActioncreatesanopportunitytoarguethatDACAdoesgrantthemafunctionallypermanentrighttolive attheirOhioabodes.Whilethetwoyearperiodsrequirereapplication,andthereisnoguaranteeofre approval,otherprospectivestudentshavesomethinglessthananabsolutelegalrighttoreside permanentlyattheirOhioaddresses. Amongtheenumeratedfactorsfavorabletoadeterminationofresidency,DACAstudentscanclaim some,butnotall,ofthem.Asnotedabove,theyareeligibleforOhiodriverslicenses,andindeedmany alreadycarrythem.Theyarealsosubjecttotaxliability,andwiththeirEADswillbeincreasinglylikelyto havelegitimatejobs,ratherthancontinuingtoparticipateintheshadowlabormarketthatissooften frequentedbyundocumentedimmigrants.Theyarenot,however,qualifiedtovoteinOhio.Only citizenscanvote,andDACAstatusfallswellshortofcitizenship.Likewise,theydonotqualifyforpublic assistancebenefits.Forallstateadministeredbenefitsthatrelyonthefederalmeanstestingauging eligibility,undocumentedimmigrantsincludingDACArecipientsareineligibletoapply53.Whilethe individualstateshavethepowertoexpandorcontracteligibilityforimmigrantgroups,Ohioisoneof justfivestatesthatfurtherrestrictsaccesstopublicassistanceforimmigrantsnotablyevenforlawful permanentresidents(LPRs)54. Somelawfulpermanentresidents,specificallythosewithatwoyearprobationaryperiod,areauseful parallelforcomparisontoDACArecipients.Lawfulpermanentresidentsareimmigrantsthathave appliedfortheirgreencards,whichwillissueafteratwoyearprobationaryperiod,duringwhichthe individualisgrantedlegalpresenceintheUnitedStatesandaworkpermit.Attheexpirationofthese twoyears,whichweredesignedtocombatimmigrationfraud,theimmigrantwillbecomeafullLPR. Theseprobationaryperiodsaremostcommonwithmarriageorbusinessbasedimmigrantvisas. Recipientsofprobationarylawfulpermanentresidencehavelawfulpresence,asDACArecipientsdo,for
53 54

OverviewofImmigrantEligibilityforFederalPrograms,NationalImmigrationLawCenter,rev.10/2011. Id.

Ohio

Board of Regents
University System of Ohio John R. Kasich, Governor John Carey, Chancellor

Memorandum
To: From: Date: Subject: University System of Ohio General Counsels Michelle Chavanne, Assistant General Counsel, Ohio Board of Regents July 31, 2013 In-State Tuition Rates/Residency determinations for students under the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrival program (DACA)

After careful review and consultation with various stakeholders, and upon the advice of the Attorney General for the State of Ohio, section 3333.31 of the Ohio Revised Code does not preclude a student with an approved request for deferred action under DACA from being classified a resident of Ohio for purposes of obtaining an in-state tuition rate at an Ohio public college or university. Therefore, residency determinations for DACA students are to be evaluated under Administrative Rule 3333-1-10, which sets forth situations in which a person is a resident under (B)(1) or is deemed a resident under paragraphs (C) and (E). The determination process should follow the same procedures that are applied to other students by examining the length of residence in Ohio, reviewing the criteria evidencing residency and reviewing the criteria evidencing lack of residency as provided under paragraph (D) of the rule. Questions may be addressed to Michelle Chavanne, Assistant General Counsel, Ohio Board of Regents, at 614.644.1988 or mchavanne@regents.state.oh.us.

25 South Front Street Columbus. Ohio 43215

phone 614.466.6000
fax

614.466.5866
www.OhioHigherEd.org

web

 thosetwoyearsbuttheyalsohavelawfulstatus,whichDACAdoesnotgrant.Lawfulpermanent residentswouldqualifyasimmigrantsundertheforeverbuckeyeprovision,forexample,ratherthan nonimmigrants,andmayhavegraduatedfromOhiohighschools,willpaytaxesandwillhavedrivers licenses.LikeDACArecipientshowever,theycannotvoteandtheymaynotmeettheliteral requirementsfordomicileoutlinedintheOhioAdministrativeCode.AlsolikeDACArecipients,lawful permanentresidentsduringtheirtwoyearprobationaryperiodarenoteligibleformoststatebenefits anddonothavearighttoliveattheirOhioabodespermanentlyif,attheendoftheirtwoyearperiod, USCISdeclinestoremovetheconditionsontheirlawfulpermanentresidency,theylosetheirstatusand becomeundocumented,justlikeaDACArecipientwhoseapplicationisnotreapproved. ItsimportanttonoteherethatwhentheOhioAdministrativeCodeisseeminglyatoddswiththeOhio RevisedCode,thestatutecontrols55.Here,DACAstudentsareeligibleundertheplainmeaningofthe statuteintheOhioRevisedCode.WhiletheOhioAdministrativeCodemakesthequestionofresidency lessclear,thoseruleswereneverupdatedtoreflectthechangeswiththeforeverbuckeyeprovision. Whenstatuteconflictswithattendantadministrativeregulations,thestatuteprevails,andthe administrativelawprovisionsarevoid. ComparingDACAstudentstoLPRstudentsisuseful.Withoutexception,lawfulpermanentresidents livingintheStateofOhioeveniftheirLPRstatusispresentlyprobationarypayinstateratesto attendOhiospublicschools.Thisisaclassofimmigrantsthatcannotvote,andhasatenuousclaimto domicileasitisdefinedintheOACexactlylikeDACArecipients.Inthiscontext,itbecomeseasierto seewhytheBoardofRegentsmighthavetakenthecoursetheydid.Theymayhavenotedthatthe qualifiedvoterrequirementwasnotalwaysfollowedinresidencydeterminations,andthatdomicilefor LPRswasmurkyaswell.DACAstudentscloselymirrorconditionallawfulpermanentresidents,andthe Boardfoundnoreasontotreatthemdifferentlyfortuitionpurposes.Theylikelyalsoconsideredthe primacyofthestatuteovertheadministrativeregulationsastheforeverbuckeyeclauseinthe statutemandatesadeterminationofresidencyforDACArecipients,andthequestionsarisefromthe administrativerulesmostnotablyondomicileandeligibilitytovote. AlsoofnoteisthepolicybehindtheBoardsrulesasstatedinthestatutetheruleswereintendedto excludefromresidencythosethatwereinOhiosolelytoattendschool.ApercentageofDACArecipients dontevenspeaktheirnativelanguages.ManyhavelivedmostoftheirlivesinOhio.Asagroup,theydo notfittheprofileofthosethatthestatuteisdesignedtoexcludefromresidency.More,advisory opinionsfromAttorneyGeneralDeWinesofficeindicatedthatDACAstudentswereinfacteligiblefor instatetuitionunderOhiolaw.Finally,thestatuteiswrittentograntsignificantauthorityfortheBoard ofRegentstomakeandexecuteitsownrulesondeterminingresidency.TheBoardhasdonesohere, andhasruledthatDACArecipientsareeligibleforinstatetuition. InStateTuition:FinancialsforDACARecipientsandOhio

PriortotheBoardsruling,highereducationwasnotareasonableoptionforthegreatmajorityofOhios DACAeligiblepopulation.Theywerecharged,iftheywereadmittedatall,outofstateorinternational tuitionratesatOhioschools.AmongallOhiopublicinstitutionsofhigherlearning22community

55

Texasv.UnitedStates,497F.3d491(5thCir.Tex.2007).

 collegesand13fouryearinstitutionsannualtuitionforoutofstateorinternationalstudentsis99% higherthaninstaterates.Thisaveragesanadditionalalmost$6,300peryearintuitionsurcharges56.At someschoolsitsevenhigherColumbusStatechargesinternationalstudents166%more,andOhio Statechargesinternationalstudents167%more.Toputcollegeevenfurtherfromplausibility,DACA recipientsremainineligibleforfederalandstatefinancialaid.Withnoloansorpublicscholarships availabletothem,andforcedtopayoutofstateorinternationaltuition,collegesimplywasnotpossible formanyOhioanswithDeferredAction.

ItisdifficulttoquantifythefiscalimpactoftheBoardsdecisionforOhio.Subsidizingthedegreesthat DACArecipientswillearnthroughtheprovisionofthestateshareofinstruction(SSI),willrequiresome taxpayerresources.Theaveragedifferencebetweeninstatetuitionandoutofstateorinternational tuitionatOhiospublicinstitutionsofhigherlearningis$6,298.43peryear,butafterthatthevariables arefarmorenebulous.Forexample,thevariationinestimatesonthesizeofOhiosDACAeligible populationwillmakeanyattemptedmathsuspectthebestandonlyestimate,fromMPI,isbetween 10,000and20,000potentialapplicants.Second,itwouldbeimpossibletocomputeanaccuratecollege attendancerateforDACAstudents.Iftheiragesarespreadoutevenlybetweentheyoungestatsix yearsoldandtheoldestat31,abouthalfofthemarealreadyoutofhighschoolandpastthecritical timeintheirliveswhenmostyoungpeopledecidewhetherornottogotocollege.Itsalsodifficultto judgecollegeenrollmenttrendsinthecomingyears.Moreandmorestudentsarechoosingtwoyear institutions,forexample,whichhavemuchsmallerdifferences(indollars)betweeninstateandoutof statetuitionrates.Finally,theresnowaytoaccuratelyjudgecollegetuitionratesandSSIvalues16 yearsfromnow.AstheyoungestDACAeligibleOhioansaresixyearsold(becausetheymusthavebeen presentintheU.S.in2007),thecostinsubsidizededucationforDACAeligibleOhioanswillbeborne overthenext1620yearsorso. Furthercloudingthedeterminationoffiscalimpact,therealsowillbesomeeconomicbenefittothe state.Ohiotaxpayersthatareproductiveandemployedareveryvaluabletothestateseconomynot justinrevenueforthestatebutinhelpingtocreateandmaintainbusinesssustainingmarkets.DACA approvedOhioanswilllikelypaymoreintaxesthantheirundocumentedpeerswho,whiletheydopay sometaxes,aremorelikelytobeemployedunderthetable,andthereforelesslikelytopaytaxesasa group.DACArecipientswillhaveworkpermitsand,therefore,willbemuchmorelikelytohave legitimateemployment.Theirundocumentedfriendsandfamilieswilllikelycontinuetobeemployed
56

SeeincludedtableonOhioschooltuitionrates.

Institution AnnualInStateTuition TheUniversityofAkron $9,734.40 KentStateUniversity $9,816 ClevelandStateUniversity $9,448.80 YoungstownStateUniversity $7,899.36 ShawneeStateUniversity $6,876.24 MiamiUniversity $13,266 TheUniversityofCincinnati $10,784 TheUniversityofToledo $7,863.84 BowlingGreenStateUniversity $10,606 WrightStateUniversity $8,542 OhioUniversity $10,380 TheOhioStateUniversity $10,010 CentralStateUniversity $6,058.00 AveragesFourYearSchools $9,242.05 *Fornontransferstudents.Rateishigherfortransferstudents

AnnualInternationalTuition $18,783.60 $17,776 $12,628.32* $13,899.36 $11,990.16 $29,056 $25,816 $16,983.84 $17,914 $16,546 $19,344 $26,776 $13,510.00 $19,032.91

Difference $9,049.2(93%) $7,960(81%) $3,179.52(37%) $6,000(76%) $5,113.92(73%) $15,790(119%) $15,032(139%) $9,120(116%) $7,308(69%) $8,004(94%) $8,964(86%) $16,716(167%) $7,452(123%) $9,790.86(106%)

CommunityColleges** AnnualInStateTuition*** AnnualInternationalTuition*** BelmontCollege $2,448 $4,872 CentralOhioTechnicalCollege $4,296 $7,056 CincinnatiStateTechnicalandCommunityCollege $3,487.20 $6,974.40 ClarkStateCommunityCollege $3,264 $6,096 ColumbusStateCommunityCollege $3,182.40 $8,458.32 CuyahogaCommunityCollege $3,082.56 $5,894.16 EasternGatewayCommunityCollege $2,736 $4,176 EdisonCommunityCollege $3,294.96 $6,102.72 HockingCollege $4,290 $8,580 LakelandCommunityCollege $3,148.80 $6,858 LorainCountyCommunityCollege $3,284.40 $6,516 MarionTechnicalCollege $3,984 $5,904 NothCentralStateCollege $3,114 $6,228 NorthwestStateCommunityCollege $3,504 $6,864 OwensCommunityCollege $3,590.40 $6,808.80 RhodesStateCollege $3,764.64 $8,281.28 RioGrandeCommunityCollege $4,117.92 $20,510**** SinclairCommunityCollege $2,707 $5,353 SouthernStateCommunityCollege $4,088 $7,706 StarkStateCollege $3,606.00 $5,790 TerraCommunityCollege $3,845 $4,813 WashingtonStateCommunityCollege $3,264 $6,528 AverageCommunityColleges $3,464 $6,470 **ManycommunitycollegesofferdiscountsforresidentsofcertaincountiesinOhio.Thosediscountsarenotincludedhere ***Forstudentstakingtwosemesterswith12credithours ****OutofstatestudentscanonlyapplyatRioGrandeUniversity,aprivateschool AverageAllOhioPublicSchools $6,353.03 $12,751.46

Difference $2,424(99%) $2,760(64%) $3,487.20(100%) $2,832(87%) $5,275.92(166%) $2,811.60(91%) $1,440(53%) $2,807.76(85%) $4,290(100%) $3,709.20(117%) $3,231.60(98%) $1,920(48%) $3,114(100%) $3,360(96%) $3,218.40(90%) $4.516.64(120%) $16,392.08(398%) $2,646(98%) $3618(89%) $2,184(61%) $968(25%) $3,264(100%) $3,006(87%)

$6,298.43(99%)

underthetable,andsubjectedtoworkplaceabuse,intheshadowlabormarket.More,Ohioalready spendsthousands,ifnotmillions,toeducateDACAeligibleundocumentedstudentsinK12education. Thestateisrequiredtoprovidefreeprimaryandsecondarypubliceducationunderadecisionofthe U.S.SupremeCourtinPlylerv.Doe.57Whenthesestudentschoosetoliveinotherstateswhichprovide betteropportunitiestoyoungimmigrants,Ohiolosesbothbrightyoungleadersandthesignificant dollarsithasinvestedintheireducation.ByprovidinginstatetuitiontoDACArecipients,Ohiois investinginagroupofyoungpeoplewhowillbemoreaffluentandmuchmorelikelytoremaininOhio ifthestateaidstheireducation.Withuncertaincostsoffsetbyuncertainfinancialboons,determining soundstatepolicyontreatingitsyoungimmigrantpopulationisdifficult. Statesalloverthecountryarewrestlingwithsimilardecisions.Whiletheoverwhelmingmajoritygrant driverslicensestoDACArecipients,farfewerhaveannouncedthatDACAstudentswillbegrantedin statetuition.Presently,16statesgrantinstatetuitiontoallundocumentedstudents.58Thosestates are:California,Colorado,Connecticut,Illinois,Kansas,Maryland,Minnesota,Nebraska,NewMexico, NewYork,Oklahoma,Oregon,RhodeIsland,Texas,Utah,andWashington59.Amongthese16,California andTexaswhichhavethelargestpopulationsofundocumentedimmigrantswerethefirsttoinstitute thispolicy.Ohioisnotamongthem.Ohioonlygrantsinstatetuitiontoasmallsubsetofthestates undocumentedstudentpopulationthosethathaveappliedforandreceivedDeferredActionwhile these16statesgrantinstatetuitiontoallundocumentedimmigrantstudents.Typically,thesepolicies requiretheprospectivestudenttocompleteagivennumberofyearsatastatehighschool,tograduate andtosignanaffidavitindicatingtheirintentiontofileforlegalimmigrationstatusassoonasis possible60.InMarylandscase,undocumentedimmigrantsareeligibleforinstatetuitiononlyat communitycolleges. Afewstatesexplicitlydenyinstatetuitiontoundocumentedstudents.Arizona,GeorgiaandIndianaall explicitlyprohibitundocumentedimmigrantsfrompayinginstatetuitionrates.InIndianascase, prospectivestudentsmustbelegallypresenttoreceiveinstatetuitionbenefits.Thisisequivalentto OhioscurrentpolicyonlyDACAgrantees,whoarelegallypresent,receiveinstatetuition,butnot undocumentedimmigrantsasawhole.Twostatesgoevenfurther.InAlabamaandSouthCarolina, undocumentedstudentsaredeniedadmissiontostateinstitutionsofhigherlearningtheycannot attend,eveniftheyweretopayinternationaltuitionrates.Notably,thesearefiveofthesixstates, alongwithUtah,thatenactedlawssimilartoArizonasSB1070.MostoftheprovisionsinSB1070were invalidatedbytheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates,butprovisionsallowingstateandlocallaw enforcementtoinvestigateimmigrationstatuswereupheld,pendingreviewandelucidationbythe statesowncourts61. InStateTuition:PotentialLegislation Inthiscontextofconfusion,butwithstatelawindicatingeligibility,theOhioCommissionon Hispanic/LatinoAffairsissuedaresolutionontheissueonMay7,2013.TheresolutioncallsontheOhio BoardofRegentsandOhioinstitutionsofhighereducationtoadmitDACArecipientsatinstateratesin
57 58

Plylerv.Doe,457U.S.202,June1982. NationalConferenceofStateLegislators,July2013. 59 Id. 60 Id. 61 Arizonav.UnitedStates,132S.Ct.2492,183.June2012.

Latino Affairs Commission

on Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, 5/7/2013 __________________________________________________________________________________________________

WHEREAS the June 2012 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals policy announced by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security provides temporary lawful presence and work permits to thousands of young Ohio immigrants, and; WHEREAS under the current Ohio Revised Code 3333.31 and Ohio Administrative Code 3333110, DACA recipients qualify as nonimmigrant aliens- residents for tuition subsidy and surcharge purposes, and WHEREAS there are approximately 1,555 recipients of DACA living in in Ohio (1), and; WHEREAS more than 85% of young immigrants eligible for DACA are Latinos (2), and; WHEREAS Ohio public institutions of higher learning do not presently grant in-state tuition to recipients of DACA, and; WHEREAS those Ohio colleges and universities that admit DACA students admit them as international students, whose tuition rates are typically two-or-three-times higher than rates for in-state students (3), and; WHEREAS this failure to comply with Ohio law is harming Ohio Latinos by making higher education financially impossible for them, and; WHEREAS this has caused many of the states brightest young people to look for education and employment outside the state of Ohio, and; WHEREAS the state of Ohio has already invested thousands of dollars into the primary and secondary education of these same students, and; WHEREAS, the flow of bright young Ohio graduates out of the state to pursue higher education elsewhere harms Ohios economic, educational and workforce development, and; WHEREAS this brain drain results in a loss for the state of thousands of dollars invested in the education of each one of these students, and WHEREAS the Ohio Commission on Hispanic/Latino Affairs is statutorily obligated to advise state government on particular issues impacting Ohio Latinos (4); therefore be it RESOLVED THAT: The Ohio Commission on Hispanic/Latino Affairs calls upon the Ohio Board of Regents and Ohios public institutions of higher learning to work with recipients of DACA to comply fully with state and federal law and grant DACA recipients that have graduated from Ohio schools residency for purposes of in-state tuition. This should be done in order to maximize Ohios return on investment, to augment Ohios economic recovery by keeping some of our brightest young minds in Ohio, and to uphold the principles of fairness and justice.

Resolution No. 2013-01

John Kasich, Governor Lilleana Cavanaugh, MBA, Director 2013~2014

36th Board of Commissioners Michael Florez, Chair Cincinnati Isabel Framer, Vice Chair Copley Rev. Max Rodas Cleveland Richard Romero Lorain Mary Santiago Lorain Luis Tony Ortiz Dayton V. Anthony Simms-Howell Cincinnati Baldemar Velasquez Toledo Dan Ramos State Representative 56th District ~ Lorain County Christina Hagan State Representative 50th District ~ Stark County Gayle Manning State Senator 13th District ~ Huron, Lorain Charleta Tavares State Senator 15th District ~ Franklin (Part)

1USCIS Monthly Report, April 10 2013 2Up to 1.7 million unauthorized immigrant youth may benefit from new deportation rules, Pew Hispanic Center, August 14 2012 3See, e.g. Tuition and Fees for the 2012-2013 academic year at the Ohio State University, Columbus State Community College 4O.R.C. 121.32

Riffe Center ~ 18th Floor 77 South High Street Columbus, Ohio 43215-6108

tel 614.466.8333 fax 614.995.0896 http://ochla.ohio.gov

 accordancewithstateandfederallaw.Sincethatresolutionwaspassed,theBoardofRegentshas adoptedthispolicybut,likethequestionofdriverslicenses,theissueisnotyetwellsettled.HouseBill 254introducedbyRepresentativesLynchandWetherfordwasintroducedinAugust2013,andwould specificallydelineatethosecategoriesofnoncitizensthatwouldbeeligibleforinstatetuitionrates, excludingDACArecipients.Thislegislationisfunctionallysimilartothelegislationintroducedondrivers licenses,andhasbeenreferredforconsiderationbytheHouseEducationCommittee. 7. ConclusionALookAhead

Controversiessurroundingdriverslicensesandcollegetuitionforthisnewcategoryofimmigrantsare likelyonlypartofthereconciliationOhiofaces.TheDeferredActionprogramcreated,almostovernight, anewcategoryofOhioanthatextantOhiolawhadnotcontemplated.Theimplicationsareverybroad, andthepolicydebateontheseandotherquestionsregardingthestatestreatmentofDACArecipients willlikelycontinue. ThenextissuetocreatequestionsabouthowDACAfitswithstatelawprobablyconcernsprofessional licensure.Ohiosboardsandcommissionsthatgrantprofessionallicensesareeachguidedbystatutory eligibilityguidelines.Federallawwillalsolikelyplayaroleinthisdebate.GovernorKasichs administrationisactivelyexaminingthesestatutes,andthetopicisbeyondthepurviewofthisreportas ithasnotyetbeenresolved.OCHLAwillissueafollowuptothisreportonceaninitialadministrativeor legislativeresolutionhasbeenreached. ItisalsonotclearthatDACAisapermanentsolution,orthatthequestionofimmigrationreformhas beensettledinWashington.Whileimmigrationreformhasstalledatthefederallevel,pressurefor reformismaintainingintensity.Forexample,eightmembersofCongresswerearrestedinOctoberfor participatinginanimmigrationrallyonthenationalmallearlierthismonth.62Fornow,however, DeferredActionmayremainarealityfortheStateofOhiofortheforeseeablefuture. Tothatend,theOhioLatinoAffairsCommissionispreparedtoconductresearchorprovideclarification onthisissueuponanylegislatorsrequest.TheCommissionstandsreadytorespondtoitsstatutory mandatetoadviselegislatorsandOhiosgovernmentoncriticalissuesthatimpactHispanicOhioans.

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EightmembersofCongressarrestedinpushforimmigrationreform,ABCNews,October8,2013.