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L\u00ea H\u1ed3ng S\u01a1n
www.hsmath.net
www.hamath.
net
CHUY\u00caN\u0110\u1ec0: C\u00c1C B\u01af\u1edaC KH\u1ea2O S\u00c1T V\u00c0 V\u1ebc \u0110\u1ed2 TH\u1eca H\u00c0M S\u1ed0
I. M\u1ee4C\u0110\u00cdCH CHUY\u00caN\u0110\u1ec0
Gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, v\u1ebd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p bi\u1ebfn\u0111\u1ed5i\u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u00e0m s\u1ed1.
II. KI\u1ebeN TH\u1ee8C C\u01a0 B\u1ea2N
1. C\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n nh\u1edb.
1.1. T\u00ednh\u0111\u1ed3ng bi\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecbch bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u00e0m s\u1ed1.
- Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed F(x) l\u00e0 h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 x\u00e1c\u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean mi\u1ec1n D.
a.H\u00e0m s\u1ed1 F(x)\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u0111\u1ed3ng bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean mi\u1ec1n D n\u1ebfu v\u1edbi
v\u00e0 x1< x2 th\u00ec F(x1) <F(x2).
\u2200
\u2208
,
1 2
x x
D
b.H\u00e0m s\u1ed1 F(x)\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ngh\u1ecbch bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean mi\u1ec1n D n\u1ebfu v\u1edbi
v\u00e0 x1< x2 th\u00ec F(x1) > F(x2).
\u2200
\u2208
,
1
x x
D
V\u00ed d\u1ee5 1: Cho h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 F(x) = 2x +3 v\u1edbi\u2200 \u2208
x R
R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean R.
V\u00ed d\u1ee5 2: Cho h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 y =
+
2
1
x
3
Khi x1>x2\u22650
=> x12 + 3 > x2
2+ 3 > 0
=>
<
+
+
2
1
x
3
2
2
1
1
x
3
=> F(x1) > F (x2)
V\u1eady h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 F(x) ngh\u1ecbch bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean [0, +\u221e).
Khi 0\u2265 x1>x2
=> 0\u2264 x12 + 3 < x2
2+3
=>
>
+
+
2
1
x
3
2
2
1
1
x
3

V\u1eady h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 F(x)\u0111\u1ed3ng bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean (-\u221e, 0].
** V\u00e0i h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng bi\u1ebfn, ngh\u1ecbch bi\u1ebfn quen bi\u1ebft huy\u0111\u1ed9ng:
1/ y = ax l\u00e0 h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n tr\u1ee5c s\u1ed1 khi a >1.

V\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 ngh\u1ecbch bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n tr\u1ee5c s\u1ed1 khi a < 1.
2/ y = logax l\u00e0 h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean (0, +\u221e) khi a>1.
Trang 1
V\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 ngh\u1ecbch bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean (-\u221e, 0) khi a<1.

- Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n\u0111\u1ed3ng bi\u1ebfn, ngh\u1ecbch bi\u1ebfn.
Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed F(x) l\u00e0 h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 x\u00e1c\u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3\u0111\u1ea1o h\u00e0m tr\u00ean (a,b).
- H\u00e0m s\u1ed1 F(x) l\u00e0\u0111\u1ed3ng bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean (a,b) n\u1ebfu F\u2019(x)\u2265 0 v\u1edbi\u2200 \u2208( , )

x
a b
(V\u00e0 F\u2019(x) ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng 0 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n\u0111i\u1ec3m).
- H\u00e0m s\u1ed1 F(x) l\u00e0 ngh\u1ecbch bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean (a,b) n\u1ebfu F\u2019(x)\u2264 0 v\u1edbi\u2200 \u2208( , )
x
a b
(V\u00e0 F\u2019(x) ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng 0 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n\u0111i\u1ec3m).
L\u00ea H\u1ed3ng S\u01a1n
www.hsmath.net
www.hamath.
net
V\u00ed d\u1ee5 3: H\u00e0m s\u1ed1 F(x) = x3 x\u00e9t tr\u00ean R
Ta c\u00f3 F\u2019(x) = 3x2 \u22650v\u1edbi
(F\u2019(x) = 0 ch\u1ec9 khi x = 0 ).
\u2200 \u2208
x R
V\u1eady F(x) l\u00e0 h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean R.
V\u00ed d\u1ee5 4: H\u00e0m s\u1ed1 F(x) =\u2212
+
\u2212
5
4
1
1
1
x
x
5
2
3
3
xx\u00e9t tr\u00ean R.
Ta c\u00f3 F\u2019(x)= -x4 + 2x3\u2013x2 = -x2(x-1)2\u22640\u2200 \u2208
x R
(F\u2019(x)= 0 khi x = 0, x = 1) .
V\u1eady F(x) l\u00e0 h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 ngh\u1ecbch bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n tr\u1ee5c s\u1ed1.
1.2. C\u1ef1c tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u00e0m s\u1ed1.
\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 xin tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y k\u1ef9 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 hay s\u1eedd\u1ee5ng sau:
- V\u1edbi h\u00e0m b\u1eadc 3: y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d (a\u2260 0) . Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed (x1, y1) v\u00e0 (x2, y2) l\u00e0 2 c\u1ef1c tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a
h\u00e0m s\u1ed1. Ta c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c sau:
\u23a9\u23a8\u23a7
+
=
+
=
2
2
2
1
1
1
B
Ax
y
B
Ax
y
\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y Ax + B l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0 trong ph\u00e9p chia c\u1ee7a y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d cho y = 3ax2 + 2bx + c.
Khi\u0111\u00f3 y = Ax + B c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng n\u1ed1i 2\u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ef1c tr\u1ecb (x1,y1) v\u00e0 (x2,y2).
- V\u1edbi h\u00e0m ph\u00e2n th\u1ee9c: y =
)
(
)
(
x
x
QP
ta c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 sau:
Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed (x0,y0) l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 th\u00ec:
o
y=
)
(
'
)
(
'
0
0
x
x
QP
N\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u1edbi h\u00e0m ph\u00e2n th\u1ee9c: y =
'
'
2
b
x
a
c
bx
ax
+
+
+
(a, a\u2019\u2260 0),
v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ef1c\u0111\u1ea1i, c\u1ef1c ti\u1ec3u th\u00ec:
Trang 2
y =
'
'
2
ab
x
aa+
L\u00e0\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng n\u1ed1i c\u1ef1c\u0111\u1ea1i, c\u1ef1c ti\u1ec3u.
1.3.\u0110i\u1ec3m u\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0m s\u1ed1:
-\u0110N: Cho h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 y = F(x). H\u00e0m s\u1ed1 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ed3i tr\u00ean (a,b) n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 F\u2019\u2019(x) < 0
, v\u00e0
g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00f5m tr\u00ean tr\u00ean (a,b) n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 F\u2019\u2019(x) > 0
)
,
(b
a
x\u2208
\u2200
)
,
(b
a
x\u2208
\u2200
.
- H\u00e0m s\u1ed1 y=F(x) g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f3\u0111i\u1ec3m u\u1ed1n t\u1ea1i\u0111i\u1ec3m M n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong c\u00f3 ho\u00e0nh\u0111\u1ed9 x0, n\u1ebfu

nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n\u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi 2\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n sau:
1) F\u2019\u2019(x) = 0
2)\u0110\u1ea1o h\u00e0m b\u1eadc hai F\u2019\u2019(x)\u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ea5u qua\u0111i\u1ec3m M (x0,y0)

Ch\u00fa \u00fd:\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n F\u2019\u2019(x0) = 0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n\u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\u0111i\u1ec3m u\u1ed1n c\u00f3 ho\u00e0nh\u0111\u1ed9 x0.
V\u00ed d\u1ee5: cho y = x4 . Khi\u1ea5y y\u2019 = 4x3 => y\u2019\u2019 = 12 x2.
M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 y\u2019\u2019(0) = 0, nh\u01b0ng do y\u2019\u2019\u2265 0
R
x\u2208
\u2200
,suy ra\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong y = x4 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3\u0111i\u1ec3m u\u1ed1n.
www.hamath.
net
(
Cho h\u00e0m ph\u00e2n th\u1ee9c: y =
)
(
)
(
x
x
QP
,
vi\u1ebft\u1edf d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 P(x), Q(x) l\u00e0 2\u0111a th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n t\u1eed chung l\u00e0\u0111a th\u1ee9c b\u1eadc\u2265
1.
1. H\u00e0m ph\u00e2n th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ti\u1ec7m c\u1eadn ngang n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 deg P(x) = deg Q(x) (\u1edf\u0111\u00e2y deg P(x) ch\u1ec9 b\u1eadc
c\u1ee7a\u0111a th\u1ee9c P(x)). Ngo\u00e0i ra y = a l\u00e0 ti\u1ec7m c\u1eadn ngang,\u1edf\u0111\u00e2y:
( )
lim( )
x
P x
a
Q x
\u2192\u221e
=
2. H\u00e0m ph\u00e2n th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ti\u1ec7m c\u1eadn\u0111\u1ee9ng, n\u1ebfu Q(x) c\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7m. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed x1,x2,x3,x4,\u2026xn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c
nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Q(x). Khi\u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 k ti\u00ean c\u1eadn\u0111\u1ee9ng
k
x
x
=,k=1,2,....,n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec
( )
lim( )
k
x x
P x
Q x
\u2192
=\u221e, v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi k=1,2,......,n.
3. H\u00e0m ph\u00e2n th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ti\u1ec7m c\u1eadn xi\u00ean n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 deg P(x) = 1 + deg Q(x). L\u00fac\u1ea5y ta c\u00f3 y=ax+b
l\u00e0 ti\u1ec7m c\u1eadn xi\u00ean c\u1ee7a y =
)
(
)
(
x
x
QP
,v\u1edbi
( )
( )
lim
,
lim
ax
( )
( )
x
x
P x
P x
a
b
Q x
Q x
\u2192\u221e
\u2192\u221e
\u23a1
\u23a4
=
=
\u2212
\u23a2
\u23a5
\u23a3
\u23a6
.
4. Ti\u1ec7m c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u00e0m y = F(x).
1. y = a l\u00e0 ti\u1ec7m c\u1eadn ngang c\u1ee7a y = F(x) n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 :
Trang 3
1.4. Ti\u1ec7m c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u00e0m ph\u00e2n th\u1ee9c:
lim ( )
x
F x
a
\u2192\u221e
=
2. x = c l\u00e0 ti\u1ec7m c\u1eadn\u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a y = F(x) n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0:
li m ( )
x cF x
\u2192
=\u221e
3. y = ax + b l\u00e0 ti\u1ec7m c\u1eadn xi\u00ean c\u1ee7a y = F(x) n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0:
[
]
lim ( ) (ax+b) 0
x
F x
\u2192\u221e
\u2212
=

5. C\u00e1c ph\u00e9p bi\u1ebfn\u0111\u1ed5i\u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n
T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb y = F(x):\u0110\u1ed3th\u1ecb)
Ta suy ra c\u00e1c\u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb: y =

)
(x
F
; y = F(x );
)
(x
F
y=
.
2. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t h\u00e0m s\u1ed1.
2.1. C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 cho m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i to\u00e1n chung.
V\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i b\u00e0i to\u00e1n n\u00e0y c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u\u0111\u1ec1 ra n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0:
- N\u1eafm v\u1eefng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i to\u00e1n kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u00e0 v\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb h\u00e0m s\u1ed1:
1. T\u00ecm T\u1eadp x\u00e1c\u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 x\u00e9t t\u00ednh ch\u1eb5n l\u1ebb, tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n.
2. S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean.
+ Chi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean h\u00e0m s\u1ed1
\u2022T\u00ednh\u0111\u1ea1o h\u00e0m y\u2019
L\u00ea H\u1ed3ng S\u01a1n
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