&

&
-

: -

:
Online

:6308003

:
1. . . . ,
2. . X. ,
3. . . ,

E 2011

:
. ,
,
.
. ,
, , .
.
, .
,

.


online :
online
. : /
online offline; /
online
offline ;

/ ;.

(Harris &
Christenfeld 1996,

Di Steno & Salovey 1996, Tagler, 2010).

, / online/offline.

-
. 157
, 35 122 (.. : 20.22 ).
Underwood & Findlay
(2004), Whitty (2008) Cooper et al.(2000)
online .

online offline

, .
Harris & Christenfeld (1996), Di Steno & Salovey
(1996) Tagler (2010) . ,

.

, / /

.
/ /

.
-: ,

online , ,

, .

BSTRACT
This study aims to examine the deviant behavior of infidelity when online. We define
online infidelity as an acquaintance that begins online with prospects to move in
actual physical space. More specifically, we established the following research
questions: a/to what extent the infidelity upsets the couple whether online or offline,
b/if people react to online infidelity with the same seriousness that react to offline
infidelity and c/if there are gender differences to infidelity response. Questionnaires
were administered concerning a fourfold experimental scenario in 157 students, 35
men and 122 women (mean age: 20.22 years) in order to assess their reaction to a
possible infidelity. The experimental conditions were constructed regarding two
independent variables with two values each: gender (male/female) and media (online
acquaintance/

offline

acquaintance).

Except

for the

independent

variables,

administered questionnaire contained self-reporting questions about their overall

perceptions regarding the issue of infidelity. The results of our study support previous
findings of Underwood & Findlay (2004), Whitty (2008) and Cooper et al. (2000)
concerning the impact of the online infidelity in the prime relation: participants report
to online infidelity as having the same impact as offline infidelity but they do attribute
more weight to the latter. Our results are congruous with previous findings from the
social learning theory perspective (Harris & Christenfeld 1996, Di Steno & Salovey
1996, Tagler 2010): both sexes are more upset when facing an emotional infidelity
than a sexual infidelity. Both sexes react similarly but, they adopt different coping
strategies heavily depending on a stereotyped view of sexuality and gender. We have
strong indications that the phenomenon of sexual double standard is applied.

Keywords: infidelity, online infidelity, gender differences, social learning, sexual

double standard.

ABSTRACT

5-6

1.

2. KH ANA

2.1.

2.1.1.

8-9

2.1.2. .

9-12

2.1.3. :

12-16

2.1.4.

16-17

2.2.

18

2.2.1.

18-22

.
2.2.2.

22-24

.
2.2.3.
2.2.4.

24-26

26-29

(sexual double standard)
2.3. online

29

2.3.1. online

29-31

2.3.2. nline

31-32

2.3.3.

online

 online

33-36

2.3.4. online

offline

36-37

2.3.5. online
2.4. online
3.

37-42
42-44
45

3.1.

45-46

3.2.

46-47

3.3.

47-51

4.

52

4.1.

52-56

4.2. :

56-61

5.
5.1.

62
62-68

69-77

78

79

1-

80

- 1

80-81

- 2

82-83

- 3

84-85

- 4

86-87

1.

.

, :
,
..
:

.
.

:

. ,
: ,

, , . online


.
, . online
:

.
online
online / /
,
.

online:

offline

2. KH ANA
2.1.
2.1.1.

, : -

.
.

,

.

:

. Buss,
Guardian1, :
:
Inuit
. Inuit

, ,

: ,
/
/ . :
,
( ) (Glass & Wright, 1985). :

http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2006/jul/09/familyandrelationships2

/ / .

,
/ /,
, ,
/, / (Roscoe et al. 1998)

:
, Glass & Wright, -

.


.
- ,
.
, Pittman & Wagers (1995)
90% .

-: Lusterman (2005)
1993 2002,


. Lusterman,
15%
21% 12% .

.
2.1.2. .

,
,
.
9

 -
,
(Babin, 2005).
2
-
.

/ ,
(Brehm et
al.2002):

(
Ross)

, ..

.
.

- .

,

(Yarab, Allgeier, &
Sensibaugh, 1999).

10


, ,
( ),
( ,
.), ( )

. ,

.
,
(Widmer et al 1998).
:

,
.
,
- :


. ,
(Atkins, Baucom, & Jacobson, 2001; Blumstein
& Schwartz, 1983; Spanier & Margolis, 1983). , ,

(Glass & Wright, 1985; Thompson, 1984).
, :
, , ,
,
/ /

/ /,

/ /, ,
. :
.
11


, /
, ..
(Boekhout et al.1999),
o
( , , .)

( , ..)
2.1.3. :



:

.

, (Blumstein & Schwartz,
1983; Glass, 2002).

:
, ,

-
(Weis & Jurich, 1985). ,

:
(Treas & Giesen,2000),
,
(
), .

(, )
(Atkins, Baucom

& Jacobson, 2001).

:
, - .
, ,
,
12

(Oliver & Sedikides, 1992)

40 (Wiederman, 1997; Fincham.& Beach, 2010).

: ,
.
,

()

,
- .

-
(Atkins, Baucom, & Jacobson, 2001). ,

.

Spanier and

Margolis (1983),
,

. Spanier & Margolis

, , ,
.

-:

.
Wiggins & Lederer

(1984)

- ,
.

Wiggins & Lederer,

- .

Wiggins &
13

Lederer Treas & Giesen (2000)

, ,

.

, :

,
/

/:

:


, womanizers.
womanizer
: , ,
, -
, (Humphrey, 1987 Lusterman, 1995).
, ,

.

(Sociosexuality):

(Simpson & Gangestad, 1991).

. , ()
:
14



. ,

(Brennan, Clark & Shaver, 1998; Bartholomew & Horowitz,1991):

,
/
.

: , (
) (
).

: , ,
( )

).

: , (
) (
).

: , ,
( ) (
).

(Levy &
Kelly, 2010). , ,

- . Bogaert & Sadava (2002)

( )
. Allen & Baucom (2004)
15

- .
:
, 3.
2.1.4.

- (Glass, 2002).

,
,

.

1950.

,
.
,

.
,
(Willey,
2006).
,

.

,
(Humphrey, 1987 Lusterman,1995):
1. -
2.
3

:
.

16

3.
4.
5. -

6.
7. - (Lusterman, 1995)
, .

, ,

(Lusterman, 1995).

.


.
/ /
, , ,
, , .
/ , /
/

. , /

/
. / /
.
/ /
.
,

.

. ,
, /

.
17

2.2.

2.2.1.

O
O

Gray (1992) :

.
Wood & Dindia, (1998, . 32
Brehm et al.,2002)
: .


:
..
,
.

:
.

via

. Buss (Buss & Schmidtt, 2011) -

,

.


(Buss, 1995).

18

 (Mischel, 1966).
, ,



.


. ,

(Hyde

2005)4

: ,
.
,

.


, .
Conley

(Conley et al.,2011)

.
Conley
:
. Conley

Alexander & Fisher (2003)

Alexander

&

Fisher

o
, , : Hyde(2005)
,
, ,
( ) ( ).

19

. :
.
Conley :


.

, Eastwick &

Finkel

(2008) . Eastwick & Finkel

speed dating


. Eastwick & Finkel

.



:

(Eastwick & Finkel,

2008; uss & Schmidtt, 2011).

(Alexander &
Fisher, 2003)

20

 .

,
(Brehm et al.,2002).

,
,
(Sheridan & King,1972)5

.
:


(Bum, 1996).
,
,

.
:


(Buss, 2000).
:
, (Spanier
& Margolis, 1983), ,
-
(Boekhout et al.1999) -
(Glass & Wright, 1992), ,

5

: Sheridan & King Milgram ,
.
: 20 26 ,
.

21

.


, ..
2.2.2.
.
,
,
, ,



.

- :

.

.


.

:

(Buss & Schmidtt,

1993).
22


.

.


.
. ,
,

,
.

.

Trivers (1972).
, (
)
,

. Trivers (1972)


. , ,

,

.

,
,

, ,

, .

23


,
. (Buss, 1989)

.
Synoms, (1979)
.
,
, ,

.


(Greiling & Buss,
2000).
,

.

.
:
(Crawford, 1998).

2.2.3

, ,
:

24

 .

: ,
,

, / /

/.

/
-
,
/ /
.

:
(Buss, 1989).
,
:
,
.
, ,
,
/ /:

/, / / / ,
/ /
/ / (Scheuring, 2010).
/ /.

( ) / /
/ / /
(Fisher et al.,2009). Christine arris ,
,

(Harris & Christenfeld, 1996).

/ / / /
25


.
2.2.4.
(sexual double standard)

,
:

(Wiederman & Hurd, 1999).

.

,

.
,

.

. ,

.

(Mischel,

1966):

. ,
-
.
,

26


. (sexual
double standard):
.
,


(Spercher, McKinney & Orbuch,1987).

Reis (1960).
(sexual double standard) Reis

.

. Reis,
,
, 1970-1990,
(
,

).
.


.

,
(Sheeran et al. 1996).
Oliver Sedikides (1992),

.

27

 (Fieldman &
Cauffnan, 2000).

Milhausen &

Herold (1999).

Milhausen & Herold

,

6.
:

(Fieldman & Cauffnan, 2000),

.

Steno & Salovey, 1996;

(Harris & Christenfed, 1996;

Tagler, 2010). ,

Di

. Harris ,
-
6

, .
,
. ,

.(Brehm
et al.,2002)

28

Harris

.
Harris,
. Di Steno & Salovey
double-shot.
double-shot

. ,

,

. Tagler Di Steno & Salovey
Harris
. Tagler (2010)
Likert
. Tagler
.
,

2.3.

online
2.3.1. online

, online dating sites

. online
:

(American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers): Facebook
1 5 . ,

29

 , 45,6 %
internet 10%
- online7.

online

8 1995
online

.

Cooper (1998) ,

(the

triple-A-engine:

anonymity,

accessibility, affordability)
.
Tikkanen & Ross (2000) (
A: approximation)
:

. online
: online

. online
:

.
online :
. , / / online online

Facebook http://www.healthview.gr/.

8

online
: , ,
,
, ,
, cybersex ..

30

 / /
(Wysocki, 1998) /
email, /
(Schneider, 2000).
:
, , ..
online

offline

: ,

.
: cybersex (
)
(hot chatting) online
. online (cyberaffair)

online ,
online , e-mail instant messenger (Young, 1999).
online
/ online
cybersex.
online (Whitty,2003a; Henline & Lamke, 2003)

: cybersex,
.
2.3.2. Online .


(Cooper, McLoughlin, & Campbell, 2000),

. online
: Underwood & Findlay
(2004) 53% online
36%

.
31

Atwood (2005)

: 11
cybersex

online

online - .


. nline chat

online . online

(Pittman & Pittman-Wager, 1995)

(,
- ..),
.
.
Whitty (2003b),
, ,
.
/ - :

.
online ,
-
-
: Underwood & Findlay(2004)
online

32

 offline (63%)
(76%).
2.3.3. online
online .

,

: ,
, ,
, , , ,
, . online

:

- ,

- ,

(Whitty & Helsper, 2008). online

.

(Regan, 2003):

: .

Levine (2000) online

: , , , / /.
,

Levine :
, chat room
forum, software (..Instant Messanger).

33

, ,

Underwood & Findlay (2004)

Levine:

online

, online

.
Underwood & Findlay / online (76%): 82%
79% / /.
Underwood & Findlay,

online
. Di Gennaro & Dutton (2007)
online

.
,
, -.
-

offline . disinhibition effect (Suler,
2004 Whitty & Helsper, 2008) online


. -
: online
. ,
-,
/
. ,
/ /,
.
34

Hyperpersonal theory (Walther et al.2001 Whitty & Helsper, 2008)

offline -
.
,

.

. . nline ,
-
, ,
.

o :
/

(Whitchurch, Wilson &
Gilbert, 2011).

Dutton & Helsper (2007) McKenna & al.(2002)

. online
, ,
(Amichai-Hamburger & Ben Artzi,2003).
Dutton & Helsper, online

,
.. McKenna
& al.(2002)

, 9.
9

McKenna & al (The Real Me)

(The rue Self).

35

 McKenna & al.

,
,

, ,

,
.. McKenna & al
, online
.
McKenna & al online
offline .
68%

, online
offline 54%
(58% , 52%
).
47% .

.

2.3.4.

online offline

Parks & Roberts(1998), offline online

s10

online -

Parks & Roberts

:
1. :

10

Online

36

2. ,

.
3.
4.

5.
6.
Parks & Roberts offline
online , online
. ffline
:
offline . offline
, /,
.
online/offline
(Parks & Floyd, 1996),
,
,
. online
online .
2.3.5. online
nline

.
10%
online (Whitty, 2005)
(Cooper et al.,2002).
, online

,
(Whitty, 2002, 2003a, 2005; Henline & Lamke
2003). Whitty (2002)
37

 cybersex, online chat,

online offline
--
. online
. online
,

.

. online
(Whitty & Helsper, 2010).
Whitty (2003a, 2005)
online : online
offline .
Whitty Henline & Lamke (2003)

: o
-
/ /. online
offline
.

Whitty

Henline & Lamke //, cybesex,

/ online, /
.
Whitty Henline & Lamke
online offline
online
.
online

38

 online,

.
online ,

online (Underwood & Findlay,2004).

online

cybersex:
(Henline & al.,2007)

offline

(Whitty, 2003a, 2005). online

. Whitty (2005) online

offline ,
,
online ,
, (Whitty & Carr,2001).
online

online : Henline & Lamke

online

,
online
.
online
.
online ,

(Parks & Roberts, 1998; Dutton & Helsper 2007;

Di Gennaro & Dutton, 2007;

Underwood & Findlay, 2004; McKenna & al., 2002). Underwood & Findlay

39

online / /: 40%
/ /
34% / . Underwood & Findlay
,

.

/ online .
McKenna et al. (54%)

online .
Di Gennaro & Dutton online
:
6% , 5%
, 9%

19% .

Di Gennaro & Dutton

Underwood & Findlay ,

,
.
online offline

offline .
Whitty (2005)

offline Kitzinger &

online
Powell (1995)

. Kitzinger &

Powell

:
: John Claire . John
Claire o
: Claire John . Claire
John
40

 Whitty online
:
: Mark Jennifer .
Mark Jennifer

: Jennifer Mark .
Jennifer Mark

offline Kitzinger Powell

(95%), online
: 51%

online

, 27% / 85%
/ / online
. To Whitty ,
,

: online /
. , 65%
, 46%
42%

.
/
, ,
/ . online
.
online /
/.
Whitty online
: - online
,
offline ,
(Underwood & Findlay, 2004;Cooper et al.2000)

Underwood & Findlay

41

online -

,
,

. ,

- online /
/

. Cooper et al online

online

. Schneider (2000; Hertlein & Piercy, 2006)

22% /
cybersex // / 2/3
/. online

.
online online


(Atwood, 2005;Young

et al., 2000).

online
, ,

.

2.4. online
online
ffline .

,
cybesex ,

30%

34% (Daneback, Cooper &

Mansson, 2005). online

42


(Cadwell & Peplau, 1982).
:

online
(Whitty, 2003).
online

(Paul & Galloway,1994; mato & Previti, 2003). Whitty
(2005)

: Jennifer
Mark (52%).
online offline
,
.
,
.

online
(Whitty, 2005). :
online

. online offline
,
,

(Cooper et al.2002; Whitty 2002, 2003a). , online
-
.-
. , :

43

 (Shackelford & uss, 1996; uss,

2000).

,
.

(arris & Christenfeld,1996).
DeSteno, et al.(2002)

.
Whitty (2008) online offline
double shot DeSteno & Salovey, ,
,
.

,
.

Whitty

double shot
. , offline ,

, -

. nline Whitty
double shot:
offline
.
Whitty online
offline ,
.

44

3.
3.1.
online
,
online/ offline
, / .
Whitty ,
online ,

online

.

.

online

:
.
:

online offline :
online
offline.

online offline :
, / /
.

:
online/offlline .

:
online/offline ,
.
offline
45


online .

3.2.

. ,
,
.
157 , 35 122
. .. : 20.22 (..=3.69)
.
.
, -

.

arris (2003)
DeSteno (DeSteno et al.,2002)
:

.


.

: online/offline:
. ,

( 1).
1. cond_gender * cond_media Crosstabulation
cond_media
cond_gender

Total

Online
36

Offline
41

Total
77

38
74

42
83

80
157

46

,
(between subjects experimental design):
.

( )

/
(online ffline).
(

) .

Sprecher et

al.(1987)

3.3.

.
Kitzinger Powell Whitty
(2005) :
, online ffline.
1. online
:
.
, ,
, .
, .
,
. Facebook Badoo

Gia_sena_mono.
.

47

2.

online

:
,

.
3. offline :
.
, ,
, .
, .
,
.

Gia_sena_mono.

4. offline
.
/
/

. /

/ ,
/ /

.
:

48


. 6
/
:
,
,
, / /
, / /

, / /
, / /

:

Likert 1-5 ( ,
, , , ).
:
.
/
. ,
(
)
.

Likert 1-7:


.

Gia_sena_mono
.
2

49

,
.
/ /:
.

:
.

1-3
.

, (. /
) (. );
2

. ,
:
/
Online/ Offline
/ / / / / /
(, .)/
(, .)
//

/

nline Offline. :
.
, -
-1 -3 1-3.

50


,
, .
, ,
,

;/,

, .

: .

51

4.
4.1.
(..= 3.70,
..=0.82, 1) online offline
(
, . ).

.

14,8

serious enough

26,5

rather serious
much serious
very much serious

49,7

1
.

online/offline :

. (80%) /
/ / /
(14,9%)
/ / .
/ /
2.

52

60,0
50,0

55,8

40,0
30,0
20,0

25,0

10,0

5,1

,0

2
/.

12,2

1,9

:

/ /
.

, 2 /

/ / /. 39

156

/ / /
/ : 27 -
, 12 -
.
(19 156 ) 6
-, , 13, -. ,
online/offline
: ,
.
3, (online/offline) (/)

(chi-square=312.057

df=9 p=0.000).

53

Online/Offline, /. ,

ffline
ffline .
nline

(12,2%)
nline.

2 / / / /
/ /
iv-Gender

Active Margin

expose_sep
27
12
39

38
49

expose
4
4

silence
6
13

nothing
2
1

Active
Margin
77
79

87

19

156

sep

Correspondence Table

3 / / ; chisquare=312.057 df=9 p=0.000

54


: .
,
/ /

. O
4.

(80,7%)
(73,7%): 62,8%

online

.
26% .

70,0
60,0

62,8

50,0
40,0
30,0
20,0
10,0

10,9

17,9
8,3

,0
, , , ,






/


/ / /

55

 5

; chi-square=473.492 df=25 p=0.000

4.2.

/ :

/ /
/ / : ..= 3.54,
..=1.69

/
/ / /
/: ..= 4.67, ..=1.71

r= - 0,33 (p= 0.01)

.
6

.

1-7 Likert. online/offline

, 7,

56

 online
offline
offline .
5,00
4,50
4,00
3,50
3,00
2,50
2,00
1,50
1,00
0,50
0,00

4,67
3,70

3,54

/

/




o/ /


Gia_sena_mono
.

.

6,00
5,00
4,00
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00

Online
Offline
/
/







Gia_sena_mono
.

.

7
online/ offline

57

( 94 156)

, 52
.
( 8) -1 -3 (
/ /) 1 3 ( ).

8

(-1 -3)
(1-3)

9
:
1-3
.

(, , .. / /
.
/ /

. ,
:
58

 .



(..=1.83 ..=:1.83 ).

Online

Offline

1
-4,0

-2,0

0,0

2,0

4,0

:
online
offline

( 9) offline
(.=1,58, ..=1.83).

offline
online : 3

59


offline .
3

nline/Offline - /
-
sex3

sex2

sex1

emot1

emot2

emot3

Total

Online -

ON3

Offline

ON2

ON1

13

OFF1

12

27

OFF2

11

22

36

OFF3

10

40

60

11

13

38

77

149

Total

Crosstab- nline/Offline - / ; Chi-Square= 61,991 df=25 p=000

1/3
1/3 Online ( 10, 11.)

31%

69%

10 ;

Online
30%
Offlin
e
70%

11 online /
offline;

60

 (47,5%)
(51,9%)
- (62%).
(3.0286 ).
- ( 12)
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