C Annotations Version 6.5

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C++ Annotations Version 6.5.0

Frank B. BrokkenComputing Center, University of GroningenNettelbosje 1,P.O. Box 11044,9700 CA GroningenThe NetherlandsPublished at the University of GroningenISBN 90 367 0470 71994 - November 2006

Abstract

This documentis intended for knowledgeable users of

C

(or any other language using a

C

-like gram-mar, like

Perl

or

Java

) who would like to know more about, or make the transition to,

C++

. Thisdocument is the main textbook for Frank’s

C++

programming courses, which are yearly organizedat the University of Groningen. The

C++

Annotations do not cover all aspects of

C++

, though. Inparticular,

C++

’s basic grammar, which is, for all practical purposes, equal to

C

’s grammar, is notcovered. For this part of the

C++

language, the reader should consult other texts, like a book cover-ing the

C

programming language.If you want a

hard-copy version of the C++ Annotations

: printable versions are available inpostscript, pdf and other formats in

ftp://ftp.rug.nl/contrib/frank/documents/annotations

,in ﬁles having names starting with

cplusplus

(A4 paper size). Files having names starting with‘cplusplusus’ are intended for the US

legal

paper size.The latest version of the

C++

Annotations in html-format can be browsed at:

http://www.icce.rug.nl/documents/

Contents

1 Overview of the chapters152 Introduction17

2.1 What’s new in the C++ Annotations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182.2 C++’s history. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212.2.1 History of the C++ Annotations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212.2.2 Compiling a C program using a C++ compiler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.2.3 Compiling a C++ program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232.3 C++: advantages and claims. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242.4 What is Object-Oriented Programming?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252.5 Differences between C and C++. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262.5.1 Namespaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262.5.2 End-of-line comment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272.5.3 NULL-pointers vs. 0-pointers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272.5.4 Strict type checking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272.5.5 A new syntax for casts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282.5.6 The ‘void’ parameter list. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302.5.7 The ‘#define __cplusplus’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302.5.8 Using standard C functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302.5.9 Header files for both C and C++. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312.5.10 Defining local variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322.5.11 Function Overloading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342.5.12 Default function arguments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362.5.13 The keyword ‘typedef’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372.5.14 Functions as part of a struct. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372

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