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Deflection
Deflection
From bending stress
y = r
d x ds
Ey r Ey P = dA r E M = ydA.y r EI M= r ds = r d
x y
dx
m1
1 M = r EI 1 d = r ds
d2y EI 2 = M dx
Jos Istiyanto - FTUI
1 d2y EI = EI 2 = M (x ) dx dy = M (x )dx + C1 EI EI dx
0 x
EI y = dx M (x )dx + C1x + C2
0 0
Nomenclature: y = Deflection = Slope M = Moment x = location E = Modulus of elasticity I = Area moment of Inertia
Overhanging beam
yA
=
0,
yB
Cantilever beam
y A = 0, A = 0
M ( x) EI
Beam is concave upwards where the bending moment is positive and concave downwards where it is negative. Maximum curvature occurs where the moment magnitude is a maximum. An equation for the beam shape or elastic curve is required to determine maximum deflection and slope.
Jos Istiyanto - FTUI
Example
Example 1:
A simply supported beam with length l experiences uniform load as shown in figure. Assume that the cross section is constant along the beam and that the material is the same throughout, implying that the area moment of inertia I and the modulus of elasticity E are constant. Find the deflection of any x.
q = wo N/m
x
l
Example Solution
w o Lx w o x 2 M= 2 2 Moment: 2 2 d y w Lx w x EI 2 = o o dx 2 2 dy w o Lx 2 w o x 3 x = 0, y = 0 = + C1 EI dx 4 6 x = l, y = 0 3 4 w Lx w o x + C1x + C 2 EIy = o 12 24
y=
wo ( L3 x 2 Lx 3 + x 4 ) 24 EI
Jos Istiyanto - FTUI
Example
SOLUTION: Develop an expression for M(x) and derive differential equation for elastic curve.
I = 723 in 4 P = 50 kips L = 15 ft E = 29 106 psi a = 4 ft
Integrate differential equation twice and apply boundary conditions to obtain elastic curve.
For portion AB of the overhanging beam, Locate point of zero slope or point (a) derive the equation for the elastic curve, of maximum deflection. (b) determine the maximum deflection, Evaluate corresponding maximum (c) evaluate ymax. deflection.
Example
SOLUTION: Develop an expression for M(x) and derive differential equation for elastic curve. - Reactions:
RA = Pa a RB = P 1 + L L
(0 <
x < L)
Example
Integrate differential equation twice and apply boundary conditions to obtain elastic curve.
EI 1 a dy = P x 2 + C1 2 L dx
Substituting,
1 a 1 dy = P x 2 + PaL EI 2 L 6 dx 1 a 1 EI y = P x3 + PaLx 6 L 6
2 dy PaL x = 1 3 dx 6 EI L
PaL2 x x y= 6 EI L L
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Example
Locate point of zero slope or point of maximum deflection.
2 dy PaL xm =0= 1 3 6 EI dx L
xm =
L = 0.577 L 3
PaL2 x x y= 6 EI L L
]
)
)(
ymax = 0.238 in
Jos Istiyanto - FTUI
11
Method of superposition
Principle of Superposition:
Deformations of beams subjected to combinations of loadings may be obtained as the linear combination of the deformations from the individual loadings
Example:
A simply supported beam with length L experiences uniform load q and concentrated load F as shown in figure. Assume that the cross section is constant along the beam and that the material is the same throughout, implying that the area moment of inertia I and the modulus of elasticity E are constant. Determine the equation of the deflection curve!
q = wo N/m
x
L/2 L/2
Jos Istiyanto - FTUI
12
Method of superposition
Solution:
If there are multiple loads on beam, you can compute deflections for each load separately and add the results. Procedure is facilitated by tables of solutions for common types of loadings and supports.
F wo =
L/2 L/2 L/2 L/2
F wo +
L/2 L/2
y(x) =
yI (x)
yII (x)
Jos Istiyanto - FTUI
13
Moment-Area Theorems
Geometric properties of the elastic curve can be used to determine deflection and slope. Consider a beam subjected to arbitrary loading,
d d 2 y M = = dx dx 2 EI
D C
d =
xD xC
M dx EI
xD xC
D C =
M dx EI
C and D.
Jos Istiyanto - FTUI
14
Moment-Area Theorems
Tangents to the elastic curve at P and P intercept a segment of length dt on the vertical through C.
dt
= x1 d q = x1
D = xD xC
M dx EI
tC
x1
M dx = tangential deviation of C EI
with respect to D
Second Moment-Area Theorem: The tangential deviation of C with respect to D is equal to the first moment with respect to a vertical axis through C of the area under the (M/EI) diagram between C and D.
15
D = D
yD
= tD A
B = B C
yB = t B C
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17
Moment-Area Theorems
EXAMPLE:
For the prismatic beam shown, determine the slope and deflection at E. SOLUTION: Determine the reactions at supports. Construct shear, bending moment and (M/EI) diagrams. Taking the tangent at C as the reference, evaluate the slope and tangential deviations at E.
Jos Istiyanto - FTUI
18
Moment-Area Theorems
19
Moment-Area Theorems
Slope at E:
E = C + E C = E C
wa 2 L wa 3 = A1 + A2 = 4 EI 6 EI wa 2 E = (3L + 2a ) 12 EI
Deflection at E:
yE = tE C tD C L 3a L = A1 a + + A2 A1 4 4 4 wa 3L wa 2 L2 wa 4 wa 2 L2 = 4 16 8 16 EI EI EI EI wa 3 (2 L + a ) yE = 8 EI
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y D = ED EF = t D A
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Maximum Deflection
K = 0 = A +K A K A = A
Point K may be determined by measuring an area under the (M/EI) diagram equal to -A . Obtain ymax by computing the first moment with respect to the vertical axis through A of the area between A and K.
Jos Istiyanto - FTUI
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