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1.0MOTHERBOARDDEFINITION:
is the central printed circuit board(PCB) in somecomplex electronic systems, such as modern personal computers.The motherboard is sometimes alternatively known as the
mainboard
,
system board
, or, onApplecomputers, thelogic board.
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Itis also sometimes casually shortened to .Motherboards are complex, and include many different integrateddevices, which makes it difficult to describe in simple terms howto buy one. As a result, this section is rather long. Unfortunately, if you want to get the motherboard that is best for you, you need toconsider a lot of different issues. In fact, I haven't even listed
all 
the different specific parts and minor selection issues involved inmotherboard selection, or this page would be even longer! You dohave to do your research if you have a specific need, especially if you are looking to build or have someone build to order somethinglike a server. (For regular PCs the detail provided here should bemore than adequate.)
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1.1HISTORY
Prior to the advent of themicroprocessor , a computer was usually built in a card-cage case or mainframewith components connected by a backplaneconsisting of a set of slots themselves connectedwith wires; in very old designs the wires were discrete connections between card connector pins, but printed-circuit boards soon became the standard practice. Thecentral processing unit, memoryand peripherals were housed on individual printed circuit boardswhich plugged into the backplane.During the late 1980s and 1990s, it became economical to move anincreasing number of peripheral functions onto the motherboard(see below). In the late 1980s, motherboards began to includesingle ICs (calledSuper I/Ochips) capable of supporting a set of low-speed peripherals: keyboard, mouse, floppy disk drive, serial ports, and parallel ports. As of the late 1990s, many personalcomputer motherboards supported a full range of audio, video,storage, and networking functions without the need for any
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expansion cards at all; higher-end systems for 3D gaming andcomputer graphicstypically retained only the graphics card as aseparate component.The early pioneers of motherboard manufacturing were Micronics,Mylex, AMI, DTK, Hauppauge, Orchid Technology, Elitegroup,DFI, and a number of Taiwan-based manufacturers.Popular personal computers such as the Apple II and IBM PC had published schematic diagrams and other documentation which permitted rapid reverse-engineering and third-party replacementmotherboards. Usually intended for building new computerscompatible with the exemplars, many motherboards offeredadditional performance or other features and were used to upgradethe manufacturer's original equipment.The term mainboard is archaically applied to devices with a single board and no additional expansions or capability. In modern termsthis would include embedded systems, and controlling boards in
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