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Plague
From Larry Wagh
Bubonic Plague
A concern of health and defense officials is the possible deliberate introduction of plague —or the exploitation of plague—as a terrorist weapon. Plague causing microorganismsare highly lethal, highly transmissible, and relatively easy to develop as terroristweapons.Bubonic plague is transmitted via fleas infected with
Yersinia pestis
. Pneumonic plagueresults from plague bacterium investing lung tissue. Pneumonic plague exhibits anairborne form of transmission. Infection occurs from breathing aerosolized bacteria.Untreated pneumonic plague is highly lethal.Bubonic plague is a disease that is typically passed from rodents to other animals andhumans via the bite of a flea. The flea acquires the bacterium that causes the disease as itlives on the skin of the rodent. Humans can also acquire the disease by direct contact withinfected tissue.The bacterium
Pasteurella pestis
is also known as
Yersinia pestis
, after one of its co-discoverers, Alexandre Yersin.Prior to 1970, both United States and Soviet biological weapons programs developedtechniques that enabled weapons developers to aerosolize plague particles.Bubonic plague is named because of the symptoms. The bacterial infection produces a painful swelling of the lymph nodes. These are called buboes. Often the first swelling isevident in the groin. During the Middle Ages, a pandemic of bubonic plague was referredto as the Black Death, because of the blackening of the skin due to the dried blood thataccumulated under the skin's surface.The bubonic plague has been a significant cause of misery and death throughout recordedhistory. The Black Death is only one of many epidemics of plague that extended back tothe beginning of recorded history. The first recorded outbreak of bubonic plague was in542–543. This plague destroyed the attempts of the Roman emperor of the day to re-establish a Roman empire in Europe. This is only one example of how bubonic plaguehas changed the course of history.The plague of London in 1665 killed over 17,000 people (almost twenty percent of thecity's population). This outbreak was quelled by a huge fire that destroyed most of thecity.The disease remains present to this day. In North America, the last large epidemicoccurred in Los Angeles in 1925. With the advent of the antibiotic era, bubonic plaguehas been controlled in the developed world. However, sporadic cases (e.g., 10 to 15 caseseach year) still occur in the western United States. In less developed countries (e.g., inAfrica, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Brazil) thousands of cases are reported each year.
The infrequency of bubonic plague outbreaks does not mean the disease disappearsaltogether. Rather, the disease normally exists in what is called an enzootic state. That is,a few individuals of a certain community (e.g., rodents) harbor the disease. Sometimes,however, environmental conditions cause the disease to spread through the carrier population, causing loss of life. As the rodent populations dies, the fleas that live on themneed to find other food sources. This is when the interaction with humans and non-rodentanimals can occur. Between outbreaks,
Yersinia pestis
infects rodents without causingmuch illness. Thus, the rodents become a reservoir of the infection.Symptoms of infection in humans begin within days after contamination with the plague bacterium. The bacteria enter the bloodstream and travel to various organs (e.g., kidney,liver, spleen, lungs) as well as to the brain. Symptoms include shivering, nausea withvomiting, headache, intolerance to light, and a whitish-appearing tongue. Buboes thenappear, followed by rupture of blood vessels. The released blood can coagulate and turn black.If the infection is untreated, the death rate in humans approaches 75%. Prompt treatmentmost often leads to full recovery and a life-long immunity from further infection.Prevention is possible, since a vaccine is available. Unfortunately, the vaccine is protective for only a few months. Use of the vaccine is usually reserved for those whowill be at high risk for acquiring the bacterial infection (e.g., soldiers, travelers to anoutbreak region). Antibiotics such as tetracycline or sulfonamide are used morecommonly as a precaution for those who might be exposed to the bacterium. Such use of antibiotics should be stopped once the risk of infection is gone, to avoid the developmentof resistance in other bacteria resident in the body.The most effective way to prevent bubonic plague is the maintenance of adequatesanitary conditions. This acts to control the rodent population, especially in urban centers.In 1970, a World Health Organization study concluded that deliberate dissemination of 110 lbs (50 kg) of aerosolized Y pestis over a city with a population of approximately 5million people could potentially result in 150,000 cases of pneumonic plague. Half of these cases would require advanced medical care and approximately 20% would beexpected to perish.
█ FURTHER READING:
BOOKS:
Campbell, G. L., and D. T. Dennis. "Plague and other Yersinia infections." In: D. L.Kasper, et al; eds.
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine,
14th ed. New York:McGraw Hill, 1998.Dennis, D. T., N. Gratz, J. D. Poland, and E. Tikhomirov.
Plague Manual: Epidemiology, Distribution, Surveillance and Control.
Geneva: World Health Organization, 1999.
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Bubonic Plague
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