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SENT Summary Report TG 500 Run Down 25th JUNE 2010
Summary Report Turbine-Generator TG-500 Run Down Measurement.
A jet of water injected into stationary water:Upon emerging from theslit at the left,the jet of fluid loses some of its momentum to thesurrounding fluid. This causes the jet to slow down and its width toincrease (air bubbles in water). (Photograph courtesy of ONERA,France.)
Many practical problems in fluid mechanics require analysis of the behavior of the contentsof a finite region in space
1
a control volume
2
. For example,we may be asked to calculate theanchoring force required to hold a jet engine in place during a test. Or,we could be calledon to determine the amount of time to allow for complete filling of a large storage tank. Anestimate of how much power it would take to move water from one location to another at ahigher elevation and several miles away may be sought. As you will learn by studying thematerial in this chapter,these and many other important questions can be readily answeredwith finite control volume analyses. The bases of this analysis method are some fundamen-tal principles of physics,namely,conservation of mass,Newton’s second law of motion,andthe first and second
1
laws of thermodynamics. Thus,as one might expect,the resultant tech-niques are powerful and applicable to a wide variety of fluid mechanical circumstances thatrequire engineering judgment. Furthermore,the finite control volume formulas are easy tointerpret physically and thus are not difficult to use.The control volume formulas are derived from the equations representing basic lawsapplied to a collection of mass
1
a system
2
. The system statements are probably familiar toyou presently. However,in fluid mechanics,the control volume or Eulerian view is gener-ally less complicated and,therefore,more convenient to use than the system or Lagrangianview. The concept of a control volume and system occupying the same region of space at aninstant
1
coincident condition
2
and use of the Reynolds transport theorem
1
Eqs.
4.19
and
4.23
2
are key elements in the derivation of the control volume equations.Integrals are used throughout the chapter for generality. Volume integrals can accom-modate spatial variations of the material properties of the contents of a control volume. Con-trol surface area integrals allow for surface distributions of flow variables. However,in thischapter,for simplicity we often assume that flow variables are uniformly distributed overcross-sectional areas where fluid enters or leaves the control volume. This uniform flow iscalled one-dimensional flow. In
and
,when we discuss velocity profiles andother flow variable distributions,the effects of nonuniformities will be covered in more detail.
205
5
F
inite Control Volume Analysis
1
The section(Section 5.4)on the second law of thermodynamics may be omitted without loss of continuity in the text material.
Many fluid me- chanics problems can be solved by us-ing control volume analysis.
Mostly steady flows are considered. However,some simple examples of unsteady flowanalyses are introduced.Although fixed,nondeforming control volumes are emphasized in this chapter,a fewexamples of moving,nondeforming control volumes and deforming control volumes are alsoincluded.
206
I
Chapter 5
/ Finite Control Volume Analysis
5.1Conservation of Mass—The Continuity Equation
5.1.1Derivation of the Continuity Equation
A system is defined as a collection of unchanging contents,so the conservation of massprinciple for a system is simply stated astime rate of change of the system massor
(5.1)
where the system mass,is more generally expressed as
(5.2)
and the integration is over the volume of the system. In words,Eq. 5.2 states that the systemmass is equal to the sum of all the density-volume element products for the contents of thesystem.For a system and a fixed,nondeforming control volume that are coincident at an instantof time,as illustrated inFig. 5.1,the Reynolds transport theorem
1
Eq. 4.19
2
withand allows us to state that
(5.3)
ortime rate of changeof the mass of thecoincident system
time rate of changeof the mass of thecontents of the coin-cident control volume
net rate of flowof mass throughthe controlsurface
D Dt
sys
r
dV
00
t
cv
r
dV
cs
r
V
nˆ
dAb
1
B
mass
M
sys
sys
r
dV
M
sys
,
DM
sys
Dt
0
0
The amount of mass in a system is constant.
SystemControl Volume(
a
)(
b
)(
c
)
I
FIGU R E 5 .1
System and control volume at three different in-stances of time. (
a
) System and control volume at time (
b
) Sys-tem and control volume at time
t,
coincident condition. (
c
) System andcontrol volume at time
t
D
t. t
D
t.
of 00
A Jet of Water Injected Into Stationary Water: Upon Emerging
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