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TOWARDA PSYCHOLOGYOF BEINGSecond EditionABRAHAM H. MASLOWPROPERTY OF THEINTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PRAGUEc/o AMERICAN EMBASSYTRZISTE 15PRAGUE 1CZECH REPUBLICVAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD New York This book is dedicated toKURT GOLDSTEINCopyright © 1968 by Van Nostrand ReinholdVan Nostrand Reinhold is a division of International Thomson Publishing, Inc. “—‘The ITP logo is a trademark under licensePrinted in the United States of AmericaFor more information, contact:Van Nostrand ReinholdChapman & Hall GmbH115 Fifth AvenuePappelallee 3New York, NY 1000369469 WeinheimGermanyChapman & HallInternational Thomson Publishing Asia2-6 Boundary Row221 Henderson Road #05-10LondonHenderson BuildingSE1 814NSingapore 0315United KingdomThomas Nelson AustraliaInternational Thomson Publishing Japan102 Dodds StreetHirakawacho Kyowa Building, 3FSouth Melbourne, 32052-2-1 HirakawachoVictoria, AustraliaChiyoda-ku, 102 TokyoJapanNelson CanadaInternational Thomson Editores1120 Birchmount RoadCampos Eliseos 385, Piso 7Scarborough, OntarioCol. PolancoCanada M1K 5G411560 Mexico D.F. MexicoAll rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may bereproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical,including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrievalsystems—without the written permission of the publisher.9697 98 99 RRDHB 35 34 33 32 31 3029
 
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataMaslow, Abraham Harold.Toward a psychology of being.Bibliography: p.1.Personality. 2. Motivation (Psychology)3. Humanistic psychology. I. Title. II. Series.BF698M338 19821552982-2071ISBN 0-442-05152-2ISBN 0-442-038Q~l~J.AACR2J. Preface to the Second EditionMuch has happened to the world of Psychology since this book was first published.Humanistic Psychology—that’s what it’s being called most frequently—is now quitesolidly established as a viable third alternative to objectivistic behavioristic(mechanomorphic) psychology and to orthodox Freudianism. Its literature is largeand is rapidly growing. Furtiičrihóre, i~ is beginning to be used, especially ineducation, industry, religion, organization and management, therapy and self-improvement, and by various other “Eupsychian” organizations, journals, andindividuals (see the Eupsychian Network, pages 237—240).1 must confess that I have to come to think of this humanist trend in psychologyas a revolution in the truest, oldest sense of the word, the sense in whichGalileo, Darwin, Einstein, Freud, and Marx made revolutions, i.e., new ways ofperceiving and thinking, new images of man and of society, new conceptions ofethics and of values, new directions in which to move.This Third Psychology is now one facet of a general Weltanschauung, a newphilosophy of life, a new conception of man, the beginning of a new century ofwork (that is, of course, if we can meanwhile manage to hold off a holocaust). Forany man of good will, any pro-life man, there is work to be done here, effective,virtuous, satisfying work which can give rich meaning to one’s own life and toothers.This psychology is not purely descriptive or academic; it suggests action andimplies consequences. It helps to generate a way of life, not only for the personhimself within his own private psyche, but also for the same person as a socialbeing, a member of society. As a matter of fact, it helps us to realize howinterrelated these two aspects of life really are. Ultimately, the best “helper”is the “good person.” So often the sick or inadequate person, trying to help, doesharm instead.I should say also that I consider Humanistic, Third Force Psychology to betransitional, a preparation for a still “higher” Fourth Psychology, transpersonal,transhuman, centered in the cosmos rather than in human needs and interest, goingbeyond humanness, identity, self-actualization, and the like. There will soon(1968) be a Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, organized by the same Tony Sutichwho founded the Journal of Humanistic Psychology. These new developments may verywell offer a tangible, usable, effective satisfaction of the “frustrated idealism”of many quietly desperate people, especially young people. These psychologies givepromise of developing into the life-philosophy, the religion-surrogate, the value-system, the life-program that these people have been missing. Without thetranscendent and the transpersonal, we get sick, violent, and nihilistic, or elsehopeless and apathetic. We need something “bigger than we are” to be awed by andto commit ourselves to in a new, naturalistic, empirical, non-churchly sense,perhaps as Thoreau and Whitman, William James and John Dewey did.I believe that another task which needs doing before we can have a good world isthe development of a humanistic and transpersonal psychology of evil, one writtenout of compassion and love for human nature rather than out of disgust with it orout of hopelessness. The corrections I have made in this new edition are primarilyin this area. Wherever I could, without expensive rewriting, 1 have clarified my
 
psychology of evil—”evil from above” rather than from below. Careful reading willdetect this rewriting even though it is extremely condensed.This talk of evil may sound to the readers of the present book like a paradox, ora contradiction to its main theses, but it is not, definitely not. There arecertainly good and strong and successful men in the world—saints, sages, goodleaders, responsibles, B-politicians, statesmen, strong men, winners rather thanlosers, constructors rather than destroyers, parents rather than children. Suchpeople are available for anyone who wants to study them as I have. But it alsoremains true that there are so few of them even though there could be many more,and that they are often treated badly by their fellows. So this too must bestudied, this fear of human goodness and greatness, this lack of knowledge of howto be good and strong, this inability to turn one’s anger into productiveactivities, this fear of maturity and the godlikeness that comes with maturity,this fear of feeling virtuous, self-loving, loveworthy, respect-worthy. Especiallymust we learn how to transcend our foolish tendency to let our compassion for theweak generate hatred for the strong.PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITIONVIt is this kind ot research that I recommend most urgently to young and ambitiouspsychologists, sociologists, and social scientists in general. And to others ofgood will, who want to help make a better world, I recommend strongly that theyconsider science— humanistic science—as a way of doing this, a very good andnecessary way, perhaps even the best way of all.We simply do not have available today enough reliable knowledge to proceed to theconstruction of the One Good World. We do not even have enough knowledge to teachindividuals how to love each other—at least not with any certainty. I am convincedthat the best answer is in the advancement of knowledge. My Psychology of Scienceand Polanyi’s Personal Knowledge are clear demonstrations that the life of sciencecan also be a life of passion, of beauty, of hope for mankind, and of revelationof values.ACKNOWLEDGMENTsI wish to acknowledge the fellowship given me by the Ford Foundation’s Fund forthe Advancement of Education. They paid not only for a year of freedom, but alsofor two devoted secretaries, Mrs. Hilda Smith and Mrs. Nona Wheeler, to whom Iwish here to express my gratitude.I dedicated this book to Kurt Goldstein originally for all sorts of reasons. Iwould now like to express my indebtedness also to Freud and all the theories bespawned and the counter-theories that they spawned. If I had to express in asingle sentence what Humanistic Psychology has meant for me, I would say that itis an integration of Goldstein (and Gestalt Psychology) with Freud (and thevarious psychodynamic psychologies), the whole joined with the scientific spiritthat I was taught by my teachers at the University of Wisconsin.A. H. MASLOWPreface to the First EditionI have bad a great deal of trouble choosing a title for this book. The concept“psychological health,” though still necessary, has various intrinsic shortcomingsfor scientific purposes which are discussed at various appropriate places in thebook. So also does “psychological illness” as Szasz (160a) and the existentialpsychologists (110, 111) have recently stressed. We can still use these normativeterms, and, as a matter of fact, for heuristic reasons we must use them at thistime; and yet I am convinced that they will be obsolete within a decade.A much better term is “self actualization” as I have used it. It stresses “full-humanness,” the development of the biologically based nature of man, and thereforeis (empirically) normative for the whole species rather than for particular timesand places, i.e., it is less culturally relative. It conforms to biological
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