Sistem endokrin

Di akhir sesi pembelajaran pelatih dapat :

1.Menghuraikan lokasi kelenjar-kelenjar sistem endokrina. 2.Menyenaraikan kelenjar-kelenjar sistem endokrina. 3.Menyatakan fungsi kelenjar
a.Pitutari b.Tiroid c.Paratiroid d.Adrenal e.Pineal f.Timus

Sistem endokrina dikelaskan kepada dua: 1. Kelenjar endokrina - sel-sel, tisu-tisu danorgan-organ yang merembeskan hormon ke dalam cecair badan secara langsung tanpa duktus. 2. Kelenjar eksokrina - bhg organ yg merembeskan penghasilan ke dlm dan permukaan badan melalui duktus.

Nama kelenjar

Lokasi

1 kelenjar pituitari

Terlekat pada sella turcica

hipotalamus ( pelana turki )

1 kelenjar tiroid Di bawah larink , depan trakea

4 kelenjar paratiroid

Di permukaan posterior tiroid

2 kelenjar adrenal Di atas pada setiap ginjal

Nama kelenjar 1 kelenjar pineal

Lokasi Di antara hemisfera serebral

2 ovari

Di permukaan posterior ligamen lebar, melekat pada mesovarium

2 testis

Di dalam kaviti skrotum

Sel-sel islets langerhans

Bertaburan di pankreas

Nama kelenjar

Lokasi

lasenta

Di uterus semasa ibu hamil

Timus

Di mediastinum

!astrik & mukosa intestinal

Di dalam kaviti abdomen

"lasifikasi #ormon

$ndokrina hormon %ang dikeluarkan ke dlm peredaran darah dan han%a berinteraksi dengan sel - sel sasaran . arakrina & hormon %ang bertindak ke atas sel - sel %ang terdekat . 'utokrina & hormon %ang dikeluarkan dan seterusn%a bertindak ke atas sel - sel %ang mengeluarkan%a .

The $ndocrine !lands

The $ndocrine !lands & their #ormones Basic principles in hormone actions : This helps maintain #()$(ST'S*S

The $ndocrine !lands & their #ormones ineal !land

- )ain hormone secreted )$L'T(N*N - +ole )elatonin

-- )ammals : +egulate reproductive activit% in response to environmental light c%cles e . g . Some mammals mate in summer ( lot of light ), whi others mate in winter ( lo light ).

The $ndocrine !lands & their #ormones

Th%roid !land
- roduces , main hormones

- Triiodoth%ronine ( T, ) - Th%ro-ine ( T4 ) +egulate bod% metabolism and are important in bone growth and maturati of the brain - .ongenital lack of th%roid hormones : .retinism . - .alcitonin
'cts b% reducing calcium levels

The $ndocrine !lands & their #ormones arath%roid !land

- arath%roid #ormone +aises Blood .alcium ( antagoni/e .alcitonin ) This hormone acts on bone , kidne% and the gut

The $ndocrine !lands & their #ormones Th%mus !land

- Th%mosin : Stimulates the production of L%mphoc%te - Th%mostatin : *nhibits the production of L%mphoc%tes Th%mus : *mportant for the neonatal production of antibodies Th%mus : !land being at the center of endocrine , neural , and immune s%stems

The $ndocrine !lands & their #ormones #eart

- !ranular cells in the heart muscle secrete 'trial Natriuretic 0actor ( ' .. 'N0 : +egulates blood pressure , blood volume , and e-cretion of water , sodium and potassium .. 'N0 : 'lso a neuropeptide in the brain

The $ndocrine !lands & their #ormones !astrointestinal #ormones

- The mucosa of the !* tract secretes a do/en $ T*D$ hormones , most important : 1 . Secretin : Secreted in the small intestine Stimulates the secretion of pancreatic bicarbonate and has other functions on digestion 2 . !astrin : Secreted in the walls of stomach Stimulate h%drochloric acid secretion stimulate pancreatic en/%me secretion , . .holec%stokinin : Secreted in the small intestine Stimulate gall bladder contraction Stimulate

The $ndocrine !lands & their #ormones ancreas

$ndocrine cells in the pancreas secrete 2 major t%pes of hormones 1 . *nsulin : Secreted in response to increase in blood glucose levels ; So insulin L(1$+S glucose levels b% *N.+$'S*N! glucose 2 T'"$ in cells where it is stored as gl%cogen . 2 . !lucagon : *ncreases blood glucose levels b% stimulating the conversion

' parte :

*nsulin & Diabetes *nsulin & Diabetes

Diabetes :

#%pergl%cemia , ie . $levated Blood Sugar 2 T%pes : The distinction is based upon whether the blood sugar problem is caused b% insulin deficienc% ( T%pe 1 ) or insulin resistance ( T%pe 2 ) T%pe 1 - *nsulin Deficienc% : There is not enough insulin produced b% the pancreas so the patient must inject insulin on a dail basis T%pe 2 - *nsulin +esistance : There is plent% of insulin but the cells of the bod% are resist to its action so , increase in blood sugar This form is controlled b% a strict diet

The $ndocrine !lands & their #ormones 'drenal !lands

2 parts : )edulla & .orte-

'drenal .orte- : , categories of steroid hormones 1 . )ineralocorticoids 2 . !lucocorticoids , . Se- Steroids 'drenal )edulla 1 . 'drenaline 2 . Noradrenaline

The $ndocrine !lands & their #ormones 'drenal .orteEstrogen

Androgen *nfluence se-ual differentiation and bodil% changes during pubert Stress #ormone , converts stored proteins to carboh%drate during Stress . 'nti inflammator% and *mmunosuppressive functions . *f there is a sodium deprivation , 'ldosterone is secreted and acts to increase reabsorption of sodium ions ( N' +) in the kidne%s salivar% glands , and sweat glands .

The $ndocrine !lands & their #ormones 'drenal )edulla

line : +eleased following stress due to environmental e-tremes ; *ncreases heart rate and blood glucose levels so , increases the amount of work the muscles

enaline : 's 'drenaline , act as a NT ( neuro transmiter ) in the brain eripher% ; increase blood pre and constrict blood vessels ( noradrenaline , stress , and heart disease

The $ndocrine !lands & their #ormones !onads ; Testes

The male gonads : 'ndrogens produces

rimar% androgen = T$ST(ST$+(N$ (ther androgen : Dih%drotestosterone 'ndrostenedione Testosterone : *mportant for masculini/ation .ontrol of sperm production Development of male se-ual characteristics 'ctivation of se-ual and aggressive behaviors

The $ndocrine !lands & their #ormones !onads ; (varies

2 major classes of hormones $ST+(!$NS +(!$ST*NS

rimar% $ST+(!$N : $stradiol others : $striol , $strone S%nthetic estrogens : Birth control pil $strogens : - Development of se-ual characteristics at puber - *nfluence metabolic rat - *nfluence se-ual and maternal behavior

The $ndocrine !lands & their #ormones !onads ; (varies

+(!$ST*N : rogesterone

- Stimulates breast and uterine enlargement at pubert% & during menstrual c%cle - )aintains pregnanc% ( inhibits menstru c%cle during pregnanc% ) (ther hormone released at the end of pregnanc% : +ela-in 'cts to prepare the birth canal .

trogen and

rogesterone act in s%nerg% .

The $ndocrine !lands & their #ormones lacenta

- #ormones secreted b% the fertili/ed egg ( 2sed in pregnanc% tests ) #uman .horionic !onadotropin ( #.! ) 'ct b% keeping progesterone high at the beginning of a pregnanc% #uman lacental Lactogen ( # L ) Stimulates the mammar% glands to begin to secrete milk

The

ituitar% !land & its #ormone

'lso called the #3 ( #3S*S

The

ituitar% !land & its #ormone

- 'ttached to the #3 (T#'L')2S

- Secretion of the pituitar% hormone is regulated b% h%pothalamus - #3 (T#'L')*. - *T2*T'+3 connection

The

ituitar% !land & its #ormone

'N'T()3

'D$N(h%poph%sis N$2+(h%poph%sis

- , parts --> 'nterior Lobe - pars distalis --> *ntermediate Lobe - pars intermedia --> osterior Lobe - pars nervosa ( neural cells ) direct e-tension of the h%pothalamus

The

ituitar% !land & its #ormone

PVN SON - Neuroscretor% .ells - araventricular nucleus ( 4N ) - Supraoptic nucleus ( S(N ) - #ormones secreted
AXONS

- (53T(.*N - 4'S( +$SS*N

Attaches the hypothalamus to the pituitary. Also called the Infundibulum

Neuroh%poph%sis

The

ituitar% !land & its #ormone

PVN SON (53T(.*N & 4'S( +$SS*N - 're reall% #3 (T#'L')*. hormones
AXONS

- (53T(.*N :
2 main functions --> promotes uterine contractio --> stimulates milk ejection fr mammar% glands during lactation

Attaches the hypothalamus to the pituitary. Also called the Infundibulum

Neuroh%poph%sis

The

ituitar% !land & its #ormone

PVN SON

- 4'S( +$S*N :
--> 'ntidiuretic hormone --> +aises blood pressure --> promotes water reabsorption b% kidne%s --> centrall% : ma% promote memor%

AXONS

Attaches the hypothalamus to the - Binding proteins for both o-%tocin & vasopressin pituitary. Also called the Infundibulum

--> Neuroph%sins

Neuroh%poph%sis

The

ituitar% !land & its #ormone

'D$N(#3 ( #3S*S ( 'NT$+*(+ )

AXONS

)echanism for release of hormones

Attaches the hypothalamus to the pituitary. Also called the Infundibulum

True endocrine gland because release hormone in the bloodstream ( h%poph%sal portal s%stem )

'denoh%poph%sis

The

ituitar% !land & its #ormone

Median eminence

1 . Neurosecretor% cells of the h%pothalamus release their hormon at the median eminence 2 . #ormones circulate in bloodstream , . .arried to the adenoh%poph%sis 4 . Stimulates secretion of other hormones from the adenoph%sis 6 . These hormones are then released in the bloodstream to reach their target cells .

The

ituitar% !land & its #ormone

'denoh%poph%sis : 7 hormones 1.
AXONS

!rowth #ormone ( !# ) ( also called somatotropin ) tropic = stimulating effect

!# = promotes growth in almost all bod% cells

Attaches the ' lot of attention for degenerativ hypothalamus to the disease .. pituitary. Also called - 'l/heimer the Infundibulum

- arkinson - 'nti - 'ging etc .

'denoh%poph%sis

The

ituitar% !land & its #ormone

'denoh%poph%sis : 7 hormones 2 . 'drenocorticotropic #ormone '.T#
AXONS

+ole : Stimulates s%nthesis and release of glucocorticoi hormones #%pothalamic - pituitar% - adrenal '-is

Attaches the hypothalamus to the pituitary. Also called the Infundibulum

'denoh%poph%sis

The

ituitar% !land & its #ormone

'denoh%poph%sis : 7 hormones , . Th%roid Stimulating #ormone TS#
AXONS

+ole : Stimulates the s%nthesis and release of th%ro-ine ( T4 ) and triiodoch%ronine ( T, ) from the th%roid .

Attaches the hypothalamus to the pituitary. Also called the Infundibulum

'denoh%poph%sis

The

ituitar% !land & its #ormone

'denoh%poph%sis : 7 hormones , last hormones = . gonadotropic hormones

4 . 0ollicle stimulating hormone ( 0S

AXONS

Attaches the hypothalamus to the )ales : stimulates sperm production pituitary. Also called the Infundibulum 0emales : stimulates growth of

+ole : *n both se-es , promotes the development of reproductive cells ( gametes ) and promotes secretion of gonadal hormones

primar% follicle of ovar%

'denoh%poph%sis

The

ituitar% !land & its #ormone

'denoh%poph%sis : 7 hormones , last hormones = . gonadotropic hormones 6 . Luteini/ing hormone ( L# )
AXONS

+ole : 0emale : Stimulates ovulation and formation of progesterone secreting cells

Attaches the hypothalamus to the )ales : Stimulates cells that secret pituitary. Also called androgens ( e . g . testosterone ) the Infundibulum

Adenohypophysis

The

ituitar% !land & its #ormone

'denoh%poph%sis : 7 hormones , last hormones = . gonadotropic hormones 7.
AXONS

rolactin ( +L )

+ole : *nitiates milk s%nthesis in mammar% glands (ther functions related to growth & parental behavior

Attaches the hypothalamus to the *nteraction with serotonin also pituitary. Also called the Infundibulum( important in depression )

'denoh%poph%sis

The

ituitar% !land & its #ormone

Non traditional hormone from the adenoh%poph%sis --> beta - endorphin
AXONS

Derivative from

().

(). : s%nthesi/ed in the pars distalis and pars intermedia

Broken down into '.T# , )S# & Attaches the hypothalamus to the beta - endorphins b% en/%mes pituitary. Also called the Infundibulum

'denoh%poph%sis

The

ituitar% !land & its #ormone

Beta - $ndorphin : +ole to pla% in --> 'nalgesia --> Learning and )emor% --> s%chiatric diseases --> 0eeding , Thermoregulation , --> Blood pressure --> also called the drug of the jogger ..

The

ituitar% !land & its #ormone

Synthesi e the hormone called Melanocyte stimulating hormones !hich acts in amphibian to change s"in color
AXONS

Attaches the hypothalamus to the pituitary. Also called the Infundibulum

T$+*)' "'S*#