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10

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11

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12

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13

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'DtrsKd;om;nDvmcHu xGufvmr,fh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'xJrSm aumif;wJhtcsufwcsKd@ ygaeayr,fhvnf; a&S@quf+yD;
oGm;&r,fqdkvdk@&Sd&if 'DzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk vufawG@taumiftxnf az:wJhtcgrSm jy\emawG jzpfEdkifw,f?
15

'Djy\emawGudk a&Smif&Sm;Edkifbdk@twGuf ppftpdk;&u zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'&J@ yjyifajymif;vJjcif;qdkif&m tcsufawGrSm

ajymif;vG,fjyifvG,fjzpfatmif vG,fvG,fulule@J vkyfxm;r,fqdk&ifawmh xGufaygufwpfckck jzpfEdkifw,f? 'gayr,fh
ppftpdk;&u wdkif;jynftay:rSm vdktyfwJhtcsufawGukd aoaocsmcsm ajymxm;wm r&Sdavawmh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH
Oya'[m xGufaygufwpfck jzpfyghrvm;qdkwmawmh cktcsdefrSm oHo,&Sdp&m trsm;}uD;ygyJ cifAsm?
OD;0if;Edkif? ? [dkbufudk usaemfu ydk+yD;awmhjrifw,fv@kd ajym&rSmyJAsm? ppfwyfuvnf; 'Drkdua&pD vrf;a=umif;ay:
udk wifay;r,fh tvkyfudkrvkyfbl;? wpfzufuvnf; wifay;atmifvkyfEdkifwJh t&nftaoG;vnf; r&Sdawmhbl;? tm;
tifvnf; r&Sdawmhbl;? EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGuvnf; pnf;vHk;r_ enf;aew,f? EdkifiHa&;vrf;pOf opfuav;awG rcsEkdifbl;?
vmr,fhESpfrSm (2007) rSm 'Drdkua&pD jzpfxGef;vmzdk@ wdk;wufa&;rSm rsm;rsm;pm;pm; jzpfvmvdrhfr,fv@kd usaemf
rar#mfvifhygbl;?
atmifEdkifOD;? ? usaemfvnf; rjrifbl;? usaemfw@kd EdkifiHrSm ,Hk=unfr_u tawmfhudk enf;aew,f? ppftpdk;&uvnf;
trsKd;om; nDvmcHudk 13 ESpfausmf tcsdefqGJvmwJh ta=umif;u wdkif;jynfrSm rat;csrf;bl; t,ltqrsKd; &Sdaeovdk
wdkif;&if;om;awGbufuvnf; ppftpdk;&vkyfjyaewm ,Hk=unfp&mwpfckrS r&Sdbl;? ucsifa'orSm ppfqifa&;eJ@ ppfa&;
avhusifhr_yvkyfwm rGefjynfopfygwDu a=ujimcsufxkwfwmawG 'grsKd;awG[m wdkif;&if;om;awGbufu vHk;0 ,Hk
=unfr_ r&Sdbl;qdkwmawG jyaew,fcifAsm?
udkudk}uD;? ? usaemfem;vnfaewmu todw&m;eJ@ armif;ESifaewm? bm[mjzifh vkyfoifhw,f? bm[mjzifh rvkyf
oifhbl;? 'DOya' [m oifhw,f? roifhbl;? vlxkyg0ifr_ tcef;uu jrifhw,f? todw&m;eJ@ armif;ESifwJh vl@tzG@J
tpnf; ayghav? tJvdk r[kwfyJeJ@ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u 'gvkyf/ 'grvkyfe@J qdkwhJ[m/ ta=umufw&m;eJ@ armif;ESifaew,f
qdk&if 'Dvl@tzGJ@tpnf;&J@ ,Ofaus;r_wefzdk;[m edrfhusaewmbJvdk@/ usaemfuawmh 'DvdkyJowfrSwfrSmbJ? bmoGm;awG@
&vnf;qdkawmh txuftqifhqdk&if a=umufukd a=umuf&r,f? bmrSukd jyefajymp&mrvdkbl;? cdkif;&if vkyfvkdufawmh?
'gu tom;usae+yD acgufdk;usKd;ae+yD? usaemfjrif&wmu um;ay:rSm py,f,mu eifyJiq ajymwmawmifrS
[m ajymraeygeJ@ rxl;ygbl;qdk+yD;/ tJavmufukd a=umufoGm;wm? usaemfawmfawmf pdk;&drfw,f? 'ga=umifh
usaemfwdk@ ajymaeovdk usefwJhvlawGvJ ajym&Jqdk&Jjzpfzdk@ usaemfvnf; ar#mfvifhw,f?

oHk;oyfcsuf (2)
zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'opfeJ@ ywfouf+yD;/ tm;enf;csuf vkdtyfcsufawGukd ajymif;vJz@kd aeaeomom a0zef
&ifawmif 596 trdef@e@J axmif'%f 5 ESpfuae tESpf 20 xd csrSwfEdkifwJh nDvmcHqdkif&m Oya' 1975 ckESpf yk'fr
10 5n EdkifiHawmftm; aESmuf,SufzsufqD;olrsm;tE&m,frS umuG,fonfhOya'/ 'gawG[m tkyfcsKyfol
tm%m&SifawG vkyfcsif&mvkyf+yD; trSefudk az:xkwfolawGukd v_yfr&atmif wkwfaESmif'kuQay;cJh=uw,f r[kwfvm;?
trsKd;om;nDvmcHaqG;aEG;csufawGudk kyfjrifoH=um;eJ@ a&'D,kduae wdkufdkuf xkwfv$ihfay;zd@k owWd&Sd&ygr,f?
a,mufsm;&ihfr}uD;awG/ ppfom;&ifhr}uD;awG &efukefrSm&SdwhJ jynfho@l v$wfawmf taqmuftOD;xJrSm *k%foduQm&Sd&dS
rusif;ybJ anmifESpfyifrSm bma=umifhusif;ywmvJ? cdk;acsmifckd;0Suf vkyfcsifwhJpdwfu azsmufvdk@rSr&wm? jynf
axmifpk ryduGJa&;qkdwJhrlukd csrSwfxm;wJhtwGuf/ wdkif;&if;om;wef;wla&;awG awmif;qdkvmor# vkyfaqmif vmo
r#awGudk jynfaxmifpkyduJGatmif vkyfw,fqdkwJhpGyfpGJcsufeJ@ jynfaxmifpkyduGJrSmudk xdef;odrf;w,fqdk+yD; ppfwyfu
xyfcgxyfcg tm%modrf;r,hfudpPawGukd Oya'eJ@tnD w&m;0ifvkyfay;xm;ovdk jzpfaeygw,f? ppfAkdvfcsKyf}uD;u
orRwtjzpf tkyfcsKyfoGm;r,f? jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfxJrSm av;yHkwpfyHk ppfwyfuae&m,lxm;w,f? jynfe,fv$wf
awmfeJ@ jynfe,ftpdk;&awGrSmvnf; ppfAkdvfawG ae&m0if,lxm;w,f? qdkawmh jynfaxmifpkryduJGoGm;atmif jzpfwhJ
enf; eJ@ "g;rdk;/ aoewfrdk;+yD; igwdk@ ppfAkdvf}uD;rsm;om wdkif;jynf tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfaer,f qdkwJhoabmjzpfaeygw,f?

16

AdkvfcsKyf
csKyf}uD;rsm;u jrefrmEdkifiHtm;
tm; w&kwfEdkif udk pm;cdkif;aeyHk

ppfwyftaeeJ@
25 &mcdkifE_ef;xuf ydkqdk;aewmu
tajccH 104 csufrSmqdk&if
orRw[m ppfa&;u|rf;usifol jzpf&r,f?
ppfOD;pD;csKyfay;ydk@wJholom
jynf
jy
jynfaxmifpkumuG,fa&;0ef}uD;jzpf&r,f?
jynfaxmifpk e,fpyfa&;&m0ef}uD;jzpf&r,f?
aemuf+yD; jynfe,fwdkif;
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf a'orsm;rSmvnf;
ppfOD;pD;csKyfay;wJh udk,fpm;vS,fom
e,fpyfa&;&m0ef}uD; jzpf&r,fvdk@ yg&Sdw,f?
'gudk jyef=unfhr,fqdk&if
wdkif;jynf&Jh tm%mtm;vH
tm%mtm;vHk;udk
ppfwyfu csKyfudkifw,fqdkwJh tcsuf[m
cke 25 &mcdkifEef_e;f xuf ydkqdk;ygw,f?
cGef;rm;udkbef;
rdkif;ysOf;rd@e,fjynfo@l v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f

17

tifwmAsL; (3)
BBC

OD;odef;jrwfESifh OD;ausmfZHom

udkodef;jrwf?
? OD;ausmf ajymwJhtxJrSm wyfrawmf&@J OD;aqmifr_eJ@ jynfol@ppfr[mAsL[m az:aqmif&rnfqdkwhJ
tcsufyg ygw,f? tJ'Dawmh t&G,fa&mufolwkdif; ppfxJ0if&r,fqdkwhJ oabmvm;?
OD;ausmfZHom?
? wcsKd@EdkifiHawGrSmvdk t&G,fa&muf+yD;olwkdif; ppfr_rxrf;rae&qdkwmvd@k awmh rxifbl; udkodef;
m
jrwf/ jynfol@ppfr[mAsL[mudk ppfwyfu OD;aqmif+yD; a&;qGJr,fqdkwm[m ppfqifa&;awGrSmjynfolawGukd vdktyfo
vdk ac:,l wm0efay;r,fvdk@yJ xifygw,f? EdkifiHom;wdkif;. wm0eftydkif;rSmvnf; 'dk@wm0efta&;oHk;yg;udk apmifhxdrf;
&r,f? Oya'jyXmef;csufESifhtnD ppfynmoif=um;&efe@J EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;twGuf ppfr_xrf;aqmif&ef wm0ef&dS
onf vdk@ qdkxm;ygw,f? 'grsKd;uawmh zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'wdkif;rSmvdk az:jyp+rJjzpfygw,f? odk@aomfvnf; ppfr_
rxrf;rae& Oya' oD;jcm;jyXmef;vm&ifawmh tajctaewpfrsKd; jzpfvmygvdrhfr,f?
udkodef;jrwf?
? ppfwyfudk,fpm;vS,ftrsm;pke@J zG@J pnf;r,fh trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;eJ@ vHkcHa&;aumifpD[m tpdk;&
tzGJ@eJ@ v$wfawmfxufudkydk+yD; tm%m&Sdaewmu t"dujy\em}uD; jzpfa=umif;/ nDvmcHwufa&mufbl;ol udk,f
pm;vS,frsm;u ajymygw,f?

OD;cGef;rm;udkbef; (rdkif;ysOf;rd
r@d e,fukd,fpm;vS,f) OD;',feD&,fatmif/ ucsifvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@ 'kOuUX
a'gufwmwl;*sm ESifh RFA owif;Xmewdk@ qufoG,far;jref
r;jref;csuf?
cGef;rm;udkbef;? ? wdkif;jynf&J@ rlvtm%mu vlxk jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh jynfolvlxkay;wJh tm%m[m w&m;0if
jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh 1990 rSm tEdkif&wJh NLD wdk@ UNLD trwftm;vHk;ayghav? tJ'DvlawG a&;qGJ&rSmjzpfygw,f?
ppfwyftaeeJ@ 25 &mcdkifE_ef;xuf ydkqdk;aewmu tajccH 104 csufrSmqdk&if orRw[m ppfa&;u|rf;usifol jzpf&r,f?
ppfOD;pD;csKyf ay;ydk@wJholom jynfaxmifpk umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; jzpf&r,f? jynfaxmifpk e,fpyfa&;&m0ef}uD; jzpf&r,f?
aemuf+yD; jynfe,fwdkif; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa'orsm;rSmvnf; ppfOD;pD;csKyfay;wJh udk,fpm;vS,fom e,fpyfa&;&m 0ef
}uD; jzpf&r,fvdk@ yg&Sdw,f? 'gudk jyef=unfhr,fqdk&if wdkif;jynf&J@ tm%mtm;vHk;udk ppfwyfu csKyfudkifw,fqdkwJh t
csuf[m ckeu 25 &mcdkifE_ef;xuf ydkqdk;ygw,f? aemuf+yD; 'Dtcsufxuf ydkqkd;wm &Sdygao;w,f? tJ'Dtcsufu
bmvJqdkawmh jynfaxmifpkwpfckvHk;rSma&m jynfe,fwdkif; wpfckcsif;tvdkufa&m udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&; a'otvdkuf
a&m/ tJ'DrSm jynfolvlxk tdk;tdrfpnf;pdrf xdckdufr,fhtajctae&Sdr,fqkd&if ppfwyfu tcsdefra&G; tm%modrf;ydkifcGihf
&Sdw,fqdkwJhtcsuf jzpfygw,f? aemuf tqdk;qHk;wpfcsuf &Sdygw,f? wdkif;jynf&J@tusKd;twGufwJh wyfrawmf[m
jynfolvlxk&J@ tiftm;udk toHk;jyKEdkifw,fqkdwhJ tcsuf[m tifrwef ,Ofaus;odrfarG@w,f? 'gudk aoaocsmcsm
jyef+yD; oHk;oyfvdkufr,fqdkawmh urBm@EdkifiHwumu 0ifajymvd@k r&awmhbl;? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh zG@J pnf;yHke@J tum
tuG,f,lxm;+yD; jzpfygw,f?
OD;',feD&,fatmif? ? 25 &mcdkifE_ef;ESifh ywfouf&if 'Drdkua&pD ruswmudk ajymwmyg? 'Dxufta&;}uD;wmu
wyfrawmf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfu orRwxufawmif tm%m&Sdaew,fqkdawmh 'D[mu toif;tzGJ@vdk jyefjzpf
oGm;wmayghaemf? ta&;}uD;wmu umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfu ol@bmomol vkyfykdifcGihf&dSw,fqkdwhJ tcsuf? tJ'gawG[m
umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfudk tm%mtjynfht0 ay;xm;w,fqdkwmu ydk+yD;rjzpfoifhbl;vd@k ,lqygw,f?
ar;?
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ygw,f? 'DaumifpDudk tzGJ@0if 11 OD;eJ@ zGJ@pnf;rSmjzpf+yD;awmh orRw/ 'korRw/ umuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyf/ 'kwd, umuG,f
a&; OD;pD;csKyf/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; polwdk@ yg0ifygw,f? aumifpD0if 11 OD; teuf 6 OD;[m ppfwyfu jzpfygw,f? 'D
aumifpD[m vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh ay;a&;upvdk@ umuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyfcef@xm;a&;txd EdkifiHawmforRwudk t}uHay;
axmufcHcsufy&r,fvdk@ vkyfydkifcGifhtm%m tyfESif;xm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;eJ@ vHkcHa&; aumif
pD[m EdkifiHawmftpdk;&tzGJ@eJ@ v$wfawmf&@J txufrSm&SdaewJh tm%mydkiftzGJ@tpnf;vdk jzpfaeygovm;vd@k vuf&dS
18

nDvmcHwufaewJh KIO ucsifvGwfvyfa&;tzG@J u 'kwd,OuUX a'gufwm wl;*sm udk ar;awmholu tckvkd ajymyg
w,f?
a'gufwmwl;*sm? ? trsKd;om;vHkcHa&;aumifpD&@J qHk;jzwfcsufawGuawmh 'gv$wfawmfrSm jyefawG@qHka&;&rSmyg? teD;
uyfqHk; jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfudk ac:,lusif;y&r,f? wu,fv@kd ta&;ay:jzpfay:vmwJh[mudk trsKd;om;vHkcHa&;
aumifpDu ae+yD;awmhrS ypkapmifha&Smuf vkyfaqmifoGm;r,f qdkonfhwdkifatmif olwdk@ vkyfaqmifwhJ[mawGukd
ta&;ay: v$wfawmfac:+yD;rS twnfjyKcsuf ,l&r,f?
ar;?
ar; ? v$wfawmf&J@ twnfycsuf,l&r,fqkdwJh[m usaemfw@kd tajccHrlxJrSmygwm rawG@&ygbl;? tJ'g[m r&Sdrjzpf
vdktyfcsufvm;? a,bk,soabm owfrSwfxm;wmvm; q&m&J@?
a'gufwmwl;*sm? ? 'guawmhr&Sdrjzpfvdktyfcsufyg? v$wfawmfe@J trsKd;om;vHkcHa&;aumifpDe@J qufqHr_ &Sdygw,f?
ar;?
ar; ? tJ'gudk tajccHrlxJrSm jyXmef;xm;wmrsdK; &Sdygovm;cifAsm?
a'gufwmwl;*sm? ? nDvmcH t}uHycsufxJrSm ygwmyJ?
RFA ajym?
ajym ? 'gayr,fh atmufwdkbmv 29 &ufae@xkwf etz owif;pmrSm tajccHrl 104 csufxJu eHygwf 5
csufrSmawmh wyfrawmfonf trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;ESihf vHkcHa&;aumifpD. oabmwlnDcsufjzifh EdkifiHawmfvkHcHa&;
ESifh umuG,fa&;twGuf jynfolwpf&yfvHk;yg0ifatmif pDrHaqmif&GufcGihf&Sdonf? wyfrawmf. OD;aqmifr_jzifh jynfo@l
ppfr[mAsL[mudk az:aqmif&r,fvdk@ yg&Sdygw,f? eHygwf 9 tcsufrSmvJ EdkifiHawmforRwonf trsKd;om;umuG,f
a&; ESifh vHkcHa&;aumifpD. tqdkyaxmufcHcsufjzifh wyfrawmf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfukd cef@tyfwm0efay;&r,fv@kd
yg&Sdygw,f? 'gudk=unfh&if trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;eJ@ vHkcHa&;aumifpD&J@ t}uHjyKcsuf tqdkyaxmufcHcsuf oabmwl
csufawGtwGuf v$wfawmfudk wifjyp&mrvdkbl;qdkwm[m xif&Sm;aeygw,f?

oHk;oyfcsuf (3)
v$wfawmfrSm ppfAkdvfawGwufa&muf+yD; Oya'jyXmef;onfhpepf ,ae@ urBmrSm rnfonfhEdkifiHrSmrS usifhoHk;
jcif; r&Sdyg? ,QKtwnfyvmr,fh Oya'ukd aemif 10 ESpf=umrS ajymif;vJcGifh yxm;wm? v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f 75
&mcdkifE_ef; axmufcHr_&rS jyifcGihfyxm;wmawG[m tm%m&Sifpepf wnf+rJtm;aumif;atmif vkyfxm;ovdk jzpfae
wma=umifh jynfwGif;ppfydk+yD; qdk;0g;vmEdkifygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiH[m wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHk/ ,Ofaus;r_/ bmomaygif;
pHk&SdwJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfwma=umifh tem*wf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tajccHOya'a&G;cs,f&mrSm 1947 tajccHOya'
tm;enf;csuf tm;omcsufeJ@ wdkif;jynfuHawG@cJh&wJh jy\em t&if;cHrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;zd@k vdkygw,f? 1947 ck
tajccHOya'[m vlwpfOD;csif;pD&J@ tcGifhta&;udk }uD;}uD;rm;rm; umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;cJhaomfvnf; wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;pkrsm;twGuf wef;wltcGifhta&;ukd tmrcHcsuf tvGefenf;yg;cJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u wdkif; 7
wdkif;/ jynfe,f 7 ck zefwD;+yD; wpfygwD A[kd wif;usyfr_atmufrSm wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;&J@ wef;wlnDr#r_udk vHk;0
jiif;y,f cHcJh=u&w,f? ,QK etz vnf; tvm;wl wdkif; 7 wdkif; jynfe,f 7 ck qufvuf az:xkwfv#uf&Sdygw,f?
jrefrmhorkdif;wGif vGwfvyfa&; wdkufyGJ0ifcJholrsm;tjzpf todtrSwfycHcJh&aom &JabmfokH;usdyfonfyifv#if 1947 ck
tajccHOya' a&;qGJ&mYvnf;aumif;/ xdkOya'ukd a&;qGJcJhonfh wdkif;yjynfy v$wfawmfwGifvnf;aumif;/ txl;
u&zdk@ rawmif;qdkcJh=uacs? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; ukd,fwkdif ppfwyft}uD;tuJ jzpfaecJhpOfu yxrqHk; tajccH Oya'
t& zGJ@pnf;onhf ygvDrefv$wfawmfwGif ppfwyftwGuf ae&mcGJwrf;ay;zd@k rawmif;qdkcJhacs? 1958 ckESpfwGif 0ef}uD;
csKyf OD;Ek . tm%m&ygwD a'gifvdkuf uGJtufoGm;onfh tcg if;u AkdvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if;tm; tdrfapmifhtpdk;& zG@J &ef
yef=um;cJhonf? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; u ppfwyfrS r[kwfaom ygwDaemufcHr&Sdonfh xl;c|efxif&Sm;aom t&yfom;rsm;
jzifh tpdk;& zJG@cJhonf? ppfwyftaejzifh EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmifr_ukd,ljcif;onf jrefrmEdkifiH. taumif;qHk;tpOftvmrsm;
ESifhvnf;aumif;/ jrefrmhorkdif;ESifhvnf;aumif; qef@usifonf? EdkifiHwumwGifusihfokH;aeaom 'Drkdua&pD pepfESihf
vnf; ukdufnDjcif; r&Sdyg?

19

jrefrmEdkifiHudk t+rJwrf;vSD;jzwf pm;aomufae=uaom AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;

jrefrmjynf&J@
vufawG@ordkif;a=umif;udk
jyef=unfhr,fqdk&if wyfrawmf[m
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk
zsufodrf;cJhwmyJ &Sdw,f?
umuG,fapmifha&SmufchJwm r&Sdbl;?
twdtus ajym&r,fqkd&if 1958
ckESpfrSm usif;ycJhwJh
wyfrawmfnDvmcHuae bm
csrSwfvdkufovJqdkawmh 1947
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk
toufay;+yD;umuG,fapmifha&Smufyg
r,fvdk@ twdtvif;uae@xd
pmeJ@rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhwm &Sdygw,f?
tJavmuftxd
rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhwmawmifrS
1947 zGJ@pnf;yHkudk
1962 ckESpf a&mufwhJtcg
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20

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21

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22

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23

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24

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uawmh twGif;rSm 194 No yJay;&r,fqdkwJh tcsdefrSm Referendum (jynfvHk;u|wfqENcH,lyJG) rSm jynfolvlxk
awGu =uyf=uyfrwfrwf od+yD;awmh rJay;Edkifatmifvkyfvdk@ rvG,fbl;qdk&if a&G;aumufyJG wu,fyJ Referendum
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25

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atmif vkyfaeovdkrsKd; twdkuftcHbufuvkyfaewm Adkvfr;}uD;cGefOuUm taxmuftxm;jyEdkifwhJ tajctae&Sdyg
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vif;vif; b,fvdkajymcsifygovJ?
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26

vif;vif; jyXmefay;&rSm jzpfygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHudk ppfwyfu ESpfaygif; 60 cef@ tkyfcsKyfcJh +yD;+yD? ,QK urBmeJ@r,SOfe@J tkH;?
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0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl; (odk@r[kwf) 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;aqmifonfh 0ef}uD;tzG@J twGuf jyXmef;csuf ryg&Sdyg? ygvDreftpdk;&. Xif
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27

tajymav;/ avoHawG=um;&wJh
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Democracy

28

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30

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32

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33

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34

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39

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40

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41

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42

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OD;cifarmif+idrf;? ? aysmhaysmhaysmif;aysmif; tvkyfvkyfz@kd ajymcsifw,fAsm?
OD;pdefausmfvdif? ? Oyrmtm;jzifh aysmhaysmhaysmif;aysmif;qdkwhJ t"dyg` ,fukd ydk+yD;awmh jynfolawG em;&Sif;oGm;atmif
ayghcifAsm?
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ief; tay:rSm b,favmufxd vufcHxm;ovJ? vufcHxm;wJhtwdkif;twmudk NLD u odzdk@aumif;wmayghAsm?
odvdk@&Sd&ifodwJh twdkif;twmeJ@ vdkufav#mnDaxG yjyifajymif;vJoifhwmudk yjyifajymif;vJ? rawmif;qdkoifhwmudk
ZGwftwif;rawmif;qdkeJ@ 'Drdkua&pD toGiful;ajymif;a&;u ta&;}uD;w,fAsm? tJ'Dcgusawmh cifAsm;vkyfcsifvkyfv@kd
43

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ul;ajymif;a&;u b,fa&mufaerSef; rodbl;?
OD;pdefausmfvdi_ f? ?tJ'Dawmh 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&; qdkwhJae&mrSm bmyJajymajym/ ppftpdk;&u tkyfcsKyfaewJh
tcsdef jzpfwJhtwGuf ppftpdk;&ajymwJhvrf;a=umif;bJ trSefqkH;vd@k wpn u ,lqw,fqdkwJh t"dy`m,fygvm;cifAsm?
'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHawmfodk@

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r,fvdk@ usaemfwdk@ ajymaewmr[kwf bl;? ol@tcsdefeJ@ol Side Out jzpfoGm;rSmbJ?
OD;pdefausmfvdi_ f? ? apmapmu wpnygwDwGJbuftwGif;a&;r; OD;cifarmif+idrf; ajymovdk NLD bufu awG@qHk
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w,fvdk@ ajymqdkwmudk rSm;w,fvdk@ usaemfjrifygw,f?
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tpdk;&bufu zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'awmifrS vlxkqENcH,lyGJvkyfawmhr,f? tJ'Dtaetxm;xd wpfbufuvnf;
awG@qHkaqG;aEG;zdk@ qENr&Sdbl;qdkwm xkwfajym+yD;+yDqkdv@kd &Sd&if 'DtajctaeawG[m roifhawmfbl;vdk@ wpn ygwDu
ajymwmudk b,fvdkjrifygovJ cifAsm?
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w,f? txl;ojzifh 1990 jynfhESpfu jynfolawG ,Hk,kH=unf=unf a&G;cs,fwm0efay;vdkufwJh jynfhol@udk,fpm;vS,f
awG jzpfygw,f? txl;ojzifh ajym&&if/ jynfolawGtaetxm;u usaemfw@kd udkvJ 'Drdkua&pD ajymif;vJa&;twGuf
uwdyxm;wJhtwGuf usaemfwdk@udk ,Hk=unfw,fv@kd rSwfom;xm;ovdk wyfrawmfudkvnf; 'Drkdua&pD ajymif;vJa&;
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44

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1947 ck arv zqyv nDvmcHwGif jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;zcif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u usaemfw@dk jrefrm
EdkifiHopfukd wnfaxmifwJhtcgrSm jynfaxmifpkpepfe@J wnfaqmufrvm;/ 'grSr[kwf wpfjynfaxmifpepfeJ@ wnf
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aqmufa&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;uaemufrS[k qdkaeaom etz .t,ltqESifh tajymta[mwdk@rSm ukdvkdeDorm;wd@k .
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. tajccHrlrsm;rSm tmkHv$Jonfhenf;jzifh ppfwyftxufv$mtaejzifh tm%mjyef,lEdkif&eftwGuf 'Drdkua&pD az:
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45

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Edkifay? acwfopfvl@tzGJ@ tpnf;wGif w&m;Oya'/ w&m;pD&ifa&;onf oD;jcm; vGwfvyfpGm (rnfol. =oZmukdrS rcH
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jrefrmjynftm; 0g;rsKd=urnfholrsm;
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46

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47

vnf;aumif;/ +yD;awmh jynfolvlxk&Jh tjrifaomfvnf;aumif;/ tm;vHk;u taumif;jrif0g'eJ@ 0dkif;+yD;awmh vkyfjcif;

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aemfwdk@ ,Hk=unfw,f? 'gayr,fhvdk@ tm;vHk;wef;wl trsm;qHk;xm;Edkifa&; jzpfvmr,f?
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yJavSmf eJ@ vJpm;cJhw,fvdk@ ordkif;wif=urSm jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh usaemf vufrcHEdkifygbl;?
OD;armifarmifoef;? ? apmapmu ajymoGm;wJhtxJrSm 74 wkef;u a&;qGJxm;cJhwhJ tajccHOya'udkyJ tm%m&Sif
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nDvmcH wpfywfzGifhwJhtcgrSm usif;ya&;aumfrwD OuUXOD;atmifwdk;u orRw OD;aqmiftkyfcsKyfwJhpepfukd Mandate
ay;+yD;awmh axmufcHcdkif;ygw,f? tJ'Dvdk vkyfwhJtcgusawmh NLD taeeJ@u v$wfawmfu OD;aqmiftkyfcsKyfwhJ
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vkyfenf;rSm jyXmef;xm;wmr&SdyJeJ@ obmywdtzGJ@u cHikHokH;oyfwhJtcgusawmh 'gvkyfykdifcGihfr&Sdbl;qdkwmudk vkyfxkH;
vkyfenf; 38 t& uef@uGufpmwif ygw,f? NLD uwifwJhtcgusawmh tJ'Dae&m tzG@J csKyfOuUX OD;atmifa&$e@J
OD;vGifudk tpdk;&{nfha*[mudk ac:oGm;+yD;awmhrS NLD rygvnf;yJ 'D Constitution udka&;vdk@&ygw,fvdk@ AdkvfcsKyf
rsKd;!$ef@ wdk@ AdkvfcsKyfarmifoifh wdk@ usif;ya&;aumfr&Sifuac:+yD; ajymygw,f? 'gayr,fhv@kd usaemfw@kd u yl;aygif;
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oufvdk@ usaemfwdk@ wifxm;wm? usaemfw@kd 13 zGJ@ t}uHycsufawG+yD;awmh 0 udk;uef@awG typf&yftzG@J awG jzpf
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vmoltjzpf wufa&mufcJh&ygw,fcifAs?
48

OD;armifarmifoef;? ? 'gayr,fh nDvmcHusif;ya&;tzG@J u tckajymaewmu nDvmcHrSm aemufqHk;tqifh taeeJ@

jyefvnf oHk;oyfwmawG jznfhpGufwmawG pOf;pm;r,fv@kd ajymw,fav? tJ'Dtcgusawmhaum avhvmoltjzpf qdk
vdk@&Sd&if udk,fhrSmyg0if aqG;aEG;cGifh r&SdwJhtwGuf qHk;H_;raebl;vm;cifAs?
Edkifatmifrai;?
? usaemfwdk@u b,ftqifhukd jyifqifr,f? b,ftcef;uudk jyifqifr,fqdkwm wdwdusus
ai;
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wufa&mufzdk@ tqifhoifhygbJ? 'gayr,fh usaemfw@kd jyifqifvkdwhJtcef; t"du tcef;r[kwfyJ omrntcef;bJ jzpf
aer,fqdk&if 'DnDvmcH tay:rSm bmrSaqG;aEG;zdk@ r&Sdygbl;? wufz@kd vnf; tpDtpOf r&Sdygbl;?
OD;armifarmifoef;? ? t"dutm;jzifh bmudkjyifqifz@kd - rGeftygt0if wdkif;&if;om;awGu vdkvm;ygovJcifAs?
Edkifatmifrai;?
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ueJ@ tajccHrl 104 csufudk jyifqifaqG;aEG;zd@k &,f/ tzG@J tpnf;awG yGihfvif;pGmjzifh rSwfwrf;wifEdkifcGifh 'gawGukd
usaemfwdk@ awmif;qdkygw,f? 'DvdkjyifqifcGifhudkvnf; ppftpdk;& nDvmcH usif;ya&;aumfr&Sifu jyifqifcGihfray;ygbl;?
OD;armifarmifoef;? ? tJ'Dawmh Adkvfr;}uD; vGef;awmif; cifAs/ olwkd@jyifqifcGihf awmif;qdkxm;w,f? 'gayr,fhv@kd
bmrSjyifqifoH r=um;&bl;? tJ'Dawmh 'DnDvmcHuaum wu,fwrf;usawmh ucsifjynfolawG tygt0if wdkif;&if;
om; awGtwGuf b,favmuf tusKd; &SdEdkifrvJ/ ucsifvlxkxJrSmvnf; oabmxm; uGJae=uwmbJ r[kwfvm;?
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ajymae=uwJh &if=um;apha&;/ EdkifiHa&;udk EdkifiHa&;enf;t& ajz&Sif;Edkifa&;/ 'gawGu tifrwefrS aumif;w,f? 'D etz
qdkwmu 'Drdkua&pDroHk;bl;? olwdk@rSm tajccHOya'jyXmef;csufrS r&Sdao;bJ? 'ga=umifh usaemfw@kd KIO u tckxuf
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wJh enf;em bm&Sdao;ovJ? tJ'g usaemfw@kd vdkcsifw,f? usaemfw@kd tjrif vGwfvyfwm r[kwfbl;? w&m;r#wwm
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tcGifhta&;,l

49

OD;armifarmifoef;? ? 'Dxufaumif;wJh enf;vrf;udkaum rpOf;pm;bl;vm; cGefjrifhxGef;wd@k ajymygtHk;cifAsm?

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bufpvHk;u tjrifrSef&Sdbdk@vdkygw,f? ESpfbufpvHk;u wu,fhukdapwemrSefbdk@ vdkygw,f? tJ'Dawmh udk,fhbufu
apwem rSefaevdk@ r&bl;? ol@buf u apwemrSefvmatmif oHo,uif;vmatmif vkyfb@kd vdkygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm
axmifwGif;tawG@tuHeJ@ usaemfajymjyygr,f? axmifxJrSm a&mufvmwJh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG tukefvHk;udk
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wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfaewmawG[m twlwlyJ? tJ'Dawmh ppftpdk;&bufu tjrifrSefvmatmif usaemfw@kd u Edkifo
avmuf awmifhxm;zdk@/ atmifhxm;zdk@awmhvkdygw,f? tJvkdrawmifhEdkifawmhbl;? ratmifhEkdifawmhbl;qkd&if/ ckeuvdk
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OD;armifarmifoef;?
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bJeJ@ nDvmcHxJudk 0ifoGm;wJhtcgrSm cknDvmcHxJrSm jy\emawGydk+yD;awmh xyfjzpfw,f? olwdk@ar#mfvifhovdk nDvm
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vdrfhr,f?

50

oHk;oyfcsuf (11)
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r,fvdk@ xif&olawGvufxJ tm%mudka&mufatmif vSnhfpm;wmomjzpfw,f? 'gayr,fh 'DvlawG[m aemufqHk;rSm
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wifjy&mwGif ukd,fpm;vS,fpktzGJ@. aqG;aEG;csufpmwrf;yg tcsuftcsK@d ukd zwf=um;wifjy&ef usef&Sdv#ifvnf;aumif;
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2) wdkif;&if;om; pnf;vHk;nDn$wfr_ ryduGJa&;
3) tcsKyftjcmtm%m wnfwHh cdkif+rJa&;/
1) ppfrSefonhf ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepf ay:aygufa&;/
2) EdkifiHawmfwGif w&m;r#wr_/ vGwfvyfr_ wef;wlnDr#r/ paom avmuygv w&m;rsm; xGef;um;a&;/
3) tem*wf EdkifiHawmf. trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;wGif wyfrawmfu OD;aqmifonhftcef;rS yg0ifa&;/
aomhcsufusonfh OD;wnfcsuf trSwf (6) udk wyfrawmfESihfqkdifonhf tcef;&Sd tajccHrl (10) ESifh wGJzwf=unhf& yg
rnf? ,if;tajccHrl u wyfrawmfonf tajccHOya'udk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&ef t"du wm0ef&Sd&rnf [k qdk
xm;onf?
etz . tajccHOya'rlrsm;u jynfe,fw@kd . tcGihfta&;udk A[dku azmufzsufjcif;/ csKyfcs,fjcif;udk cGifhy
xm;onf? A[kdonf rdrd.wyfrsm;ukd rnfonfhjynfe,fwGifrqdk csxm;Edkif+yD; vufeufudkifwyfrsm;udk xdef;csKyfr,l
Edkifonf? jynfe,frsm;onf A[kdrS e,fy,f odrf;ydkufa&;wyfrsm; vufatmufo@kd tcsdefra&G; usa&mufEkdifygonf?
51

orRwonf EdkifiHt}uD;tuJjzpfonf? jynfe,fwkdif;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mukd tajccHOya'ESifhtnD rnfh

odk@ yHkpH cGJa0rnf [k wpfcGef;rS rajymxm;acs? xd@k tjyif (Z) (3) wGif vHkcHa&; (od@k ) e,fpyfa&;&m0ef}uD; wm0ef,l&ef
wyfrawmf umuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyfu trnfpm&if; wifoGif;xm;aom wyfrawmfom;rsm;onf jynfaxmifpk wdkif;
a'o}uD; jynfe,f/ ukd,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;a'o ESifh ukd,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;wdkif;. tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif yg0if&rnf[k qdkxm;
onf?
qdkvdkonfrSm wdkif;jynf. wu,fhvufawG@tm%m[lor# ppfwyf. vufwGif;&Sdaeonf[k qdkvdkonf?
vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmf ESifh jynfhol@v$wfawmfrSm vl&nfp&m/ pmwef;zwf/ uGufpdyfq&mrsm; jzpfoGm;vdrfhrnf?
xkdr#ru Ttcsufukd (31) ESifh wGJzwf=unhfygu ppfwyf. wu,fhtpDtpOfrSm wdkif;jynfukd &moufyef
v$rf;rdk;a&; jzpfa=umif; awG@&ygrnf?

n) wyfrawmfESihfywfoufI

1) wyfrawmfonf }uHhcdkifawmihfwif;I acwfrDaom/ wpfckwnf;aom wyfrawmfjzpfonf?

2) wyfrawmfonf ppfbufqkdif&m udpPtm;vHk;ukd vGwfvyfpGm pDrHaqmif&GufcGihf&Sdonf?
3) wyfrawmf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfonf vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@tm;vHk;. OD;pD;acgif;aqmif jzpfonf?
4) wyfrawmfonf EdkifiHawmf vHkcHa&;ESihf umuG,fa&;udpPrsm;twGuf trsm;jynfolwpf&yfvHk;ESihf qufpyf aqmif
&GufcGihf &Sdonf?
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wyfrawmfwGif wm0ef&Sdonf?
6) tajccHOya'udk umuG,f&eftwGuf wyfrawmfwGif t"duwm0ef&dSonf?
Ttcsufrsm;ESihf ywfoufI BBC OD;ausmfZHom/
m/ RFA OD;0ifEdkifOD; ESifh (jrefrmEdkifiH a&S@aersm;aumifpD)
OD;atmifxl; wdk@u tifwmAsL;(4) pmrs
pmrsufESm 22 wGif &Sif;vif;+yD; jzpfygonf?
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avmuygvw&m;rsm; xGef;um;a&;udk az:jyxm;onhftwGuf tay:,Htm;jzifh w&m;oabmjzihf eD;pyfonf[k xif
&onf? odk@&mwGif OD;wnfcsuf 6 u vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;Y ppfwyfudk tcGifhxl;cHvlwef;pm;tjzpf zefwD;vdkufjcif;
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Edkifawmhay?
OD;wnfcsuf 1 rS 4 rSmvnf; wefzdk;pHrsm;r[kwfbJ tm%m&Sif tpdk;&. auG;a=umfoHrsm;omjzpfygonf?
etz. trSefw&m;&SmyHkawmf

52

1? jynfaxmifpkryd
duJaG &;
yuG
ryduGJa&;[laom pum;&yfonf jiif;qHr_ukd jyae+yD;cGJxGufa&;ESifh qufpyfem;vnf&onf? Ttwdkif;om
qdkygu jynfaxmifpkukd yjyifajymif;vJ&ef jynfolvlxk. +idrf;csrf;pGmtm;xkwfr_ tm;vHk;udk tpkd;&u zdESdyfypf&ef
tcGihftm%m &&SdoGm;ygvdrfhrnf? jynfaxmifpkudk rnfhonfhenf;ESihfrqdk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&rnf[k ta=umif;jy
um tpdk;&u rdrd.vkyf&yfrsm; w&m;a=umif; qifajcay;Edkifonf? tu,fIom vlrsKd;pkwdkif;/ vl@tv$mwdkif; tajccH
Oya'ESihftnD jzpfoifhjzpfxkdufonfh vufawG@ tuef@towfrsm;atmufY wef;wlnDr#tcGihfta&; cHpm;Edkifygu
jynfaxmifpk}uD; yduGJrnf r[kwfyg? odk@jzpfI wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd; aygif;pHkt=um; wef;wla&;ESihf omem nDr#a&;
wefzkd;rsm;om jzpfoifhygonf?
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jyXmef;cGihfukd EdkifiHom;rsm;. wpfOD;csif;tcGifhta&;/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;ESihf tjcm;vl@tv$mrsm;. pkaygif; tcGihf
ta&;wdk@ukd usifhoHk;EdkifiHa&;twGuf tajccHOya'u yEMufkdufay;rSom wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDn$wfa&; xajrmuf
atmifjrifEdkifygrnf? wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDn$wfa&;ukd csOf;uyf &nfn$ef;aeygu A[kdcsKyfukdifwif;usyfa&;udk tajccH
Oya'jzifh usifhoHk;cGihfyovdk jzpfEdkifygonf?
3? tcsKyftjcm tm%mwnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;
EdkifiH. tcsKyftjcmtm%mukd umuG,fxdef;odrf;&rnf[laom oabmw&m;rSm acwfrD tajccH Oya'
0g' tawG;tac:t& tcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfolvlxkxHrS qif;oufvmjcif;jzpfonf? EdkifiHawmfrS qif;ouf
vmjcif;r[kwfyg? vlxk. tcsKyftjcmtm%m[k urBmwpfv$m;rS 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH trsm;tjym;wGif usihfokH;ae=u
onf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vlxk. tcsKyftjcmtm%m ydkifqkdifr_ tajccHrlrsm;udk oGwfoGif;jcif;rSm vHk;0vufcHEdkifbG,f
r&Sdyg?
4? ppfrSefonfh ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepf jzpfxGef;ay:aygufa&;
jynfolvlxkonf rdrdESpfoufovdk wpfygwDpepfodk@r[kwf ESpfygwDpepfukd usifhokH;Edkifonf? toif;tzG@J
zGJ@pnf;xm;aomfvnf; vGwfvyfpGmpkkH;cGifhukd ydwfyifxm;ygu rnfo@kd r# tvkyfjzpfEdkifrnf r[kwfyg? toif;zGJ@pnf;cGifh
ESifh pkkH;cGihf&Sdaomfvnf; vGwfvyfpGm xkwfaz:cGihfukd jiif;y,fxm;ygu rnfodk@r# 'Drdkua&pD xGef;um;Edkifrnf r[kwfyg?
tpdk;&rsm;onf tajccHvGwfvyfcGihf oHk;rsKd;ukd ESpfav;q,fausmf=um zsufodrf;ypfcJhonf? tem*wf jrefrmhvlabmif
Y TvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk tajccHOya'u tmr rcHrcsif; jynfolvlxktaejzihf rdrdw@kd ukd,fykdif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; wnf
axmifzGJ@pnf;cGifh&Sdaomfvnf; pkkH;pka0;cGifh uef@owfcH&Edkifonf? vGwfvyfpGmxkwfaz:ajymqdkcGifh ydwfyifcHxm;&ygu
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&Sdawmhjcif;ESifh tEdkif& ALD (&cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzG@JcsKyf) wdk@rSm vuf&SdcHae=u&onf?
(5) EdkifiHawmftwGif; w&m;r#wr_
w&m;r#wr/_ vGwfvyfr_ wef;wlnDr#rpaom avmuygv w&m;rsm; xGef;um;a&;
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wdk@. wefzdk;pHrsm; jzpf=uonf? Tonfw@kd udk xdef;odrf;Edkif&ef tajccHOya'u EdkifiHom;
wdkif;. wpfOD;csif;pD tcGihfta&;/ vlrsKd;/ vl@tv$mwd@k . tcGihfta&; wk@d ukd umuG,fjyXmef;rSmom jzpfEdkifayvdrfhrnf?
Oya'ya&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&if a&; [laom EdkifiHawmf tm%moHk;&yft=um; tjyeftvSef xdef;csKyfonhfpepfudk
xlaxmifjcif;/ Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; tajccHay:wGif vGwfvyfonhf tpdk;&ESihf qufpyfaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; vlxktoif;
tzGJ@rsm; zef;wD; wnf&Sdaejcif;wdk@rSwqifh o[Zmwjzpfr_ ay:vmygrnf? t&G,fa&mufolwkdif; rJay;cGihfudk tajccH+yD;
jynfolvlxku a&G;aumuf wifajrmufaom tpdk;&udk xlaxmifz@GJ pnf;&ygrnf jzpfonf? od@k &mwGif etz tajccH
rlrsm;onf t"duusaom jynfaxmifpkESihf jynfe,ft=um; rnfo@kd rnfykH tm%mcGJa0 tkyfcsKyf rnfukd tao;pdwf
raz: jyxm;I tem*wf jrefrmhvl@abmifwGif vGwfvyfr_/ w&m;r#wr_/ wef;wlnDr#r_wdk@ukd vufawG@az:aqmif&ef
jzpfEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg?

53

6? tem*wf jrefrmEdkifiHawmf. trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;wGif wyfrawmfu t"duOD;aqmifr_ tcef;urS yg0ifa&;

etz. tajccHrlrsm;xJwGif EkdifiHawmftm%musifhokH;rnfh tm%mykdiftzG@J tpnf;rsm;wdkif;Y wm0ef xrf;
aqmif&ef ppfwyf rS yk*~dKvftpk}uD;wpfpk 25 &mcdkifE_ef; (orRw/ 'korRw/ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf/ 'kumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf
e,fpyfa&;&m0ef}uD;csKyf) a&G;aumufcHp&mrvdkyJ cef@tyf&ef owfrSwfay;xm;onf? if;wk@d . yg0ifr_/ v$rf;rdk;r_ESihf
tcef; urSm wifpD;vGef;/ tcGihfta&; ,lvGef;vSonf? trSefu jynfolvlxkrS rdrd. tcsKyftjcmtm%mukd A[kd
tqifhwGif jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfrS wpfqihf vnf;aumif; jynfe,ftqifhwGif jynfe,fv$wfawmfrS wpfqihf vnf;
aumif; usifhoHk;&rnf? xdkv$wfawmfrsm;wGif ppfbufyk*d~Kvfrsm;twGuf trwfae&m csefxm;ay;&rnf [lonfrSm
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omefukd jynfolvlxku owfrSwf jyXmef;&rnf jzpfygonf?
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twkta,mif orRwpepfwpfck zefwD;&ef &nf&G,fa=umif; oufaoxlaeonf?
tajccHOya'onf rdrdjynfol. av;pm;vdkufemr_ESihf ,Hk=unfr_udk &,lEdkif&ygrnf? vl@tzG@J tpnf;Y vl@t
v$m wpfckwnf;udkom txl;tcGihfta&;ay;xm;aom tajccHOya'ukd jynfolvlxk wpf&yfvHk;u av;pm;,Hk=unf
vufcHvdkufem usifhoHk;&ef vHk;0rjzpfEdkifyg? Tr#ESifhyif etz.tajccHrlrsm;rSm vufcHEkdifzG,fr&Sda=umif; xif&Sm;aeyg
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&yfvHk;ukd zefwD;vdkufjcif; jzpfygonf? ppfwyfonf jynfolvlxk. u,fwif&Sifjzpfonf[laom tjrifudk zefwD;vdkuf
jcif;vnf; jzpfygonf?

54

wufaewJh v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f/
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etz vkyfvmwJh Referendum
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RFA

55

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56

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57

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58

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59

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63

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rSm usaemfwdk@[m ArmvlrsKd;}uD;taeeJ@ zdEdSyfxm;wJh zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'rsKd;udk usaemfw@kd tem*wfrSm jzpfay:vm
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aewJh typf&yf/ wdkif;&if;om;udk,fpm;vS,fawG&Sdw,f? trsKd;om;nDvmcH tjyifyrSm oabmxm;awG xkwfjyefay;
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a=umuf&GH@aeaom AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;

64

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twGuf vufeufudkif+yD;awmh/ e,fpyfrSm wyfpGJae&wJh wdkif;&if;om;awG &Sdaew,f? tav;teufpOf;pm;&r,f? t
em*wfrSm jzpfvmr,fh zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'[m/ wdkif;&if;om;tcGihfta&;udkvnf; tmrcHcsuf tjynfht0ay;wJh/ zG@J
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ynmorm;awG 0ifygvmwm&Sdw,f? tJ'DtEkynm&SifawG&J@ taetxm;eJ@ ywfouf+yD;awmhaum/ zG@J pnf;yHk tajccH
Oya' ay:aygufa&;/ 'grSr[kwf qef@usifa&; udpPawGrSm b,favmufxdta&;ygwm&SdrvJ? udkrif;udkEdkif ajymygtkH;
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tcgrSm usaemfajymr,f? 1970 rSm &efukefwuUokdvfa&$&wkobif usaemf i,fb0wkef;u rSwfrdw,f? okyfysuf
*Dw vdk@ 0dkif;+yD; zdESdyfcHxm;&w,f? aemufawmh pwD&D,dkv@kd ac:wJh tEkynmorm;awG ausmif;0if;xJudk 0ifcGihfr&bl;?
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65

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66

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67

usaemfwdk@EdkifiHrSm 1962 ckESpf

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68

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69

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70

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71

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72

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73

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75

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76

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77

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ao;wJhtwGuf jynfolawGbufuvnf; yxrtqifhrSmwif 14 ESpf =umoGm;wJhtwGuf aemuftqifhawGrSm b,f
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79

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80

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b,fvdk wdkif;jynfrsKd; wnfaqmufoifhovJ qdkwmudk raqG;aEG;yJ wkdif;jynfudk b,fvkdyHkomefrsKd;eJ@ wnfaqmuf
oifhw,fqkdwmukdbJ aqG;aEG;ae=uw,f?
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ukd em;rvnfbJ wufcGifh&wJh olawGudk em;vnfatmif vkyfcGifh&dSv#if jzpfEkdifajc &Sd
ao;aomfvnf; etzu nDvmcHrwufcif em;vnfatmif vGwfvyfpGm avhvmcGifh ryovdk vlxkeJ@vnf; ndEd_if;
wkdifyif oabmxm;,ljcif; r&SdcJhyg? nDvmcHwufaecsdef tawmtwGif;rSmvnf; jynfwGif;jynfyu ynm&SifawGqDu
vGwfvyfpGm t}uH^m%f&,lcGifhawG b,fvkdrS r&&SdcJhwma=umihf tJ'Dz@JG pnf;yHktajccH Oya'[m wdkif;jynftwGuf
vHk;0 tusKd;&SdEdkifrnf r[kwfyg?

82

urBmhynm&SifawGu vGefcJhwJh ESpfaygif; ESpf&mausmfavmufup+yD; EdkifiHom;wpfOD;csif;pD&J@ tajccH tcGihf

ta&;awGeJ@ Individual Right vlrsKd;pkv$m tcGifhta&;awG Collective Right ukd umuG,fapmifha&SmufwhJ zG@J pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk taumif;qHk;vdk@ vufcHxm;=uw,f? w&m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&mtzJ@G &J@ vGwfvyfr_qdkif&m ukv
or*~ a=ujimcsufukd tajccHOya'ESifhtnD tmrcH&r,f? TtzGJ@. vGwfvyfr_t"dy`g,frSm tvGefw&mus,fjyef@+yD;
ygwDEdkifiHa&; uef@owfxm;r_udk rawG@&yg? w&m;pD&ifr_usifhoHk;&mrSm tqifhtoD;oD;rS w&m;kH;rsm;[m bufrvdkuf
yJ tm%mydkifawG&J@ =oZmuif;vGwf&mjzifh pD&ifqHk;jzwfEdkif&ef vdktyfygw,f?
'DvdkjzpfEdkif&ef w&m;pD&ifa&;tzGJ@ukd oufwrf;wpfck owfrSwf+yD; w&m;ol}uD; cef@tyfjcif;/ ta&;,l zwfcs
jcif;ukd ukvor*~. w&m;pD&ifa&; tzGJ@qdkif&mrlrsm;ESifhtnD tajccHOya'rSm jyXmef;xm;oihfw,f? w&m;ol}uD;
wdk@&J@ vkyfief;/ ynmydkif;avhusifhr_ukd tm;ay;jrifhwif&efESifh w&m;pD&ifa&; vGwfvyfr_ukdumuG,f&ef w&m;ol}uD;
toif;tzGJ@rsm; vGwfvyfpGm zGJ@pnf;cGifhudk ukvor*~rlrsm;u todtrSwf yxm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh etz tajccHrl
rsm;wGif ,if;ESifhywfoufI rnfodk@r# az: jyxm;jcif; r&Sdyg?
EdkifiHwdkif;[m rdrdEdkifiHom;awGtwGuf w&m;r#w+yD; vGwfvyfwJhw&m;kH;pepfukd tmrcHEkdif&ygr,f? w&m;
kH;rsm;[m jyifytzGJ@tpnf;wpfckck txl;ojzifh tpdk;& pGufzufr_ odk@r[kwf =oZmoufa&mufr_ r&SdyJ/ w&m;Oya'ESifh
tnD r#wwJh pD&ifcsufudk vGwfvyfpGm csrSwfEkdif&ygr,f? w&m;ol}uD;rsm;[m aumif;pGmavhusifhoif=um;xm;olrsm;
jzpf&efvnf; vdktyfygw,f? Ttcsufukd etz wd@k tajccHOya'rSm xnfhoGif; jyXmef;xm;&ygr,f?

,QK etz tajccHrlwGif w&m;ol}uD;rsm;tm; cef@tyfjcif;ESifh zwfcsjcif;

1? EdkifiHawmforRwonf jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmf. twnfycsufjzifh jynfaxmifpkw&m;ol}uD;csKyfukd cef@tyf&rnf?
2? twnfyay;&eftwGuf EdkifiHawmforRw rS trnfwifoGif;xm;aom jynfaxmifpk w&m;ol}uD;csKyfavmif;onf
tajccHOya'wGif owfrSwfxm;onfh jynfaxmifpk w&m;ol}uD;csKyftwGuf t&nftcsif; rjynfhrDr_uvGJI rnfonfh
ta=umif;a=umihfrS rjiif;Edkifacs? odk@jzpfI EdkifiHawmforRwonf rdrdukd kdusKd;emcHrnfh rnfoludkrqdk a,bl,s t&nf
tcsif;&Sdv#if a&G;cs,fcef@tyfEdkifayonf? wpfOD;wnf; trde@f t& jzpfaeI w&m;ol}uD;avmif;ukd jynfaxmifpk v$wf
awmfuyif 0wfauswef;aus twnfycsufudkom &&Sdxm;onf?
tajccHrl (i) (1) t& jynfaxmifpk0ef}uD;jzpf&ef toufuef@owfcsuf touf 40 ESpf[k owfrSwfxm;
onf? w&m;ol}uD;csKyf odk@r[kwf w&m;kH;csKyf w&m;ol}uD; jzpfEdkif&ef trnfpm&if;wifoGif;cH&olonf a&S@aetjzpf
tESpf 20 aqmif&GufcJhzl;&rnf[k t&nftcsif; owfrSwfxm;onf? xd@k a=umifh vli,frsm; ynm b,favmuf awmf
awmf/ rjzpf&atmif ydwfyifxm;onf? urBmh rnfonhfae&mwGifrSmrS r&Sdyg? w&m;kH;csKyfonf rdrd. tkyfcsKyfa&;
0efxrf;rsm;ukd rdrdbmomcef@tyf+yD; 0efxrf;pnf;rsOf;rsm; a&;qGJcGifh &Sd&ygrnf?
w&m;ol}uD;rsm;ukd,fwdkifvnf; Oya'txufwGif &Sdrae&yg? rdrdw@kd tvkyfrsm;udk w&m;r#wpGm vkyfudkif
aejcif; r&Sdonfh w&m;ol}uD;rsm;udk wdkifcsufzGihfEkdif&ef tajccHOya'u pepfwpfck zefwD;ay;&rnf? pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;
ESifh z,f&Sm;&ef enf;vrf; &Sd&ygrnf? okd@&mwGif tpdk;&onf w&m;ol}uD;csKyf od@k r[kwf w&m;kH;csKyf w&m;ol}uD;rsm;
ukd ta&;,lzwfcsEkdifonfh tm%m r&Sdoihfay? w&m;pD&ifa&;wpf&yf vGwfvyfr_&Sdw,fr&Sdbl;qdkwmukd tjrifhqkH;
jzpfwJh w&m;kH;csKyf&Jh w&m;ol}uD;csKyfawGukd b,fvkdcef@w,f/ zwfw,fqdkwJh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;udk avhvm+yD; ydkif;jzwf
vdk@ &ygw,f? 1947 ckESpf zJG@pnf;yHk tajccH Oya't& w&m;ol}uD;csKyfudk
1) 0ef}uD;csKyfeJ@ wdkifyif+yD;
2) v$wfawmfESpf&yf wGJzuftpnf;ta0;&J@ oabmwlnDcsufeJ@
3) EdkifiHawmforRw cef@xm;&r,fvdk@ yk'fr 140 rSm jyXmef;xm;ygw,f?
onfae&mrSm &Sif;zdk@vdkygvdrfhr,f? 1947 tajccHOya't& tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mukd tjrifhqHk; ukdifwG,folu orRw
r[kwfyg? 0ef}uD;csKyfom jzpfygw,f? tJonfwkef;u orRwrSm wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfbkd@ tm%m vHk;0 r&SdbJ EdkifiHawmf&@J
OD;ao#mifwdkif;jynf&J@ *k%fusufoa&aqmiftjzpfom xm;&SdchJwmyg? xdkpOfu w&m;0ef}uD;csKyf w&m;ol}uD;csKyfudk
cef@ol[m tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m&Sdol r[kwfbl;qdkwm avhvmawG@&Sd&ygw,f?
etz&J@ tajccHrlrSm orRw u w&m;ol}uD;csKyfukd cef@tyfcGifh,lxm;ovdk y,fzsufz@dk v$wfawmfrSm tcGifh
wpfcsufom &Sdygw,f? t&nftcsif;rjynfhrDbl; qkdwhJtcsufyg?vlwpfOD;rSmt&nftcsif; r&Sdbl;vdk@ txift&Sm; bm

83

eJ@ oufaoxlrvJ? trSefawmh orRw u w&m;ol}uD;csKyfwpfOD;udk olpdwfudufcef@csifovdk cef@cGihf&atmif vkyf

}uHxm;wJh jyXmef;csuf oufoufyg?
'ghtjyif EdkifiHawmf. aus;Zl;opPmawmfukd azmufzsufw,fv@kd pGyfpJG+yD;awmh orRw u w&m;ol}uD;awGukd
zwfzdk@ tqdkycGifh &Sdaejyefw,f? EdkifiHawmf. aus;Zl;opPmudk azmufzsufw,fqkdwm[m b,fvdkudpPrsKd;udk qdkvdkwm
jzpfw,fvdk@ twdtvif;owfrSwf rxm;avawmh orRwu pdwfwkdif;ruskHe@J tcsdefra&G; zwfcscH&EdkifwJh taet
xm;atmufrSm w&m;ol}uD;awG w&m;pD&ifa&;wm0efukd xrf;aqmif=u&awmhrSm jzpfygw,f? TjyXmef;csufrsKd;
urBmhb,fzGJ@pnf;yHkrSmrS r&Sdyg?
'DtcsufawGudk cHiHkoHk;oyfvdkuf&if w&m;pD&ifa&;[m tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mydkifawG&@J vufatmufrSm
a&muf&Sdaewma=umifh vGwfvyfr_ uif;rJhoGm;+yDqkdwm xif&Sm;aeygw,f? qdkvdkonfrSm tcsKyftjcmtm%m [m
jynfolvlxkxHrS qif;ouf+yD;/ vlxka&G;cs,f wifajrmufcH&olrsm;u tkyfcsKyfjcif;om w&m;0ifw,f qdkwhJtcsufrSm
'Drdkua&pD. pHxm;csuf jzpfw,f? tpdk;&&J@ vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mawGukd uef@owfz@kd vdktyfygw,f? w&m;Oya' a&S@
arSmufwGif vlwdkif;wef;wlr_&Sda&;wdk@udk vrf;!$efrlawGrSm az:jy&ygr,f? tajccHOya'qdkwm wpfEdkifiHvHk;rSm tjrifhqkH;
jzpf&r,f? 'gayr,fh etz tajccHrlrSm ppfwyftm%modrf;a&;twGuf tajccHOya'udkom zefwD;xm;wm awG@&
w,f? ppfwyf[m zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk twnfyusihfoHk;+yD;aemuf rsm;r=umrDtwGif; ygvDref rsufESmzHk;udk cGmcs
v#uf ppfwyftkyfpdk;r_udk Oya'topf trsKd;rsKd;xkwfjyefI csrSwfygvdrfhr,f?
tpdk;& xl;c|efaumif;rGefr_udk wdkif;wm&mrSm w&m;pD&ifa&;pepf xda&mufatmifjrifr_xuf omvGefwhJ
aq; r&Sd [k e,fpm;}uD; b&dkufpfu ajymcJhw,f? vuf&SdumvY tajccHOya' ay:aygufa&; ud;yrf;&mrSm jynfol
vlxk&J@twdwftawG@tuHrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ygr,f? 'grS tem*wf jrefrmhv@l abmifopfrSm jynfolawG xyfrH
'kuQcHpm;&rSm r[kwfawmhyg? Oyrm - ppftpdk;& tqufquf jrefrmjynfwpf0ef;rSm tjypfrJhjynfolawGudk xifovdk
zrf;qD;csKyfaESmif axmifcs vkyfaecJhw,f? w&m;a&;rdKif wdrf;apmifaev#if wdkif;jynftwGufvnf;raumif;/ vlxk
twGufvnf; tEW&m,f&Sdygw,f? w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;r_r&SdwJh jrefrmjynfEdkifiHrSm rnfodk@aom b0tmrcHcsufeJ@ vHkcHr_
wdk@ r&Sdv#if vljzpf&jcif;twGufyif t"dy`m,f r&Sdawmhyg? odk@jzpfI w&m;vufvGwf yrlr_udk tumtuG,f&&Sd&ef
jynfolrsm; ,Hk=unftm;udk;avmufonfh taqmufttHk wnfaxmifxm;&ygr,f? ,if;wdk@teuf ta&;t}uD;qHk;
rSm w&m;pD&ifa&;tzGJ@om jzpfygw,f? w&m;enf;vrf;wus rvkyfaom w&m;vufvGwf anmifESpfyifnDvmcHrS
w&m;enf;vrf;usaom tajccHOya' xGufay:vmzG,f&m r&SdEdkifyga=umif;?
pkpnf;wifjyol
ausmfaomif;
t,f'Dwm
&cdkifhwHcGef*sme,f
befaumuf/ xdkif;EdkifiH

84

wkdif;jynfukdzsuf &k'fruf 7 csuf (odk@) jrefrmjynfukd pdefau|;jcif;

(armifapwem Ba,Bed . wpfjynfol ra&$xm; (od@k ) wdkif;jynf
;jynftEW&m,f
&m,f [laom 4/ 7/ 2006 ae@xkwf a=u;rHk
owif;pmyg aqmif;yg;udk ausmfaomif; (88 rsKd;quf) uavmiftrnfjzifh xdkif;e,fpyftajcpdkuf cgumbdk&mZD
0ufbfqdkuf'fwGif acsya&;om;cJhaom aqmif;yg;tm; jyefvnf az:jyygonf?)
jrif;wdk@onf rsufrSeftpdrf; wyfay;xm;I jrufajcmuf/ aumufdk;ajcmufrsm;tm; jrufpdrf; aumufyifpdrf;
rsm;tjzpf xifrSwfI +rdefa& ,Sufa& pm;aomufwwf=uonf? olw@kd onf tdyf/ pm;/ umrrSwyg; tjcm;pOf;pm;jcif;
rywwf=u? rSm;jcif;/ rSefjcif;/ aumif;jcif;/ raumif;jcif;/ bmqdk bmrSrod=u/ +ydwWmEG,f0if t[dwfwd&p>mefrsm;yif
jzpfacsawmhonf? vl rEk\vlom;rsm;tm; urBmay:wGif &Sdor#aom ouf&SdowW0gwk@d xJwGif tod^m%ft&SdqkH;
tjzpf owfrSwf=uonf?
vlom;wdk@xuf cE<mzGJ@pnf;yHktqaygif;rsm;pGm}uD;aom qifowW0grsm;tm; vlom;wd@k u vdktyfovdk cdkif;
apEdkifjcif;uyif odomEdkifonf? if;tod^m%f}uD;aom vlom;wd@k wGif trsKd;tpm; uGJjym;=ujyefonf? orRmtmZD0
rSefuefaumif;rGefpGm &yfwnftoufarG;aomol/ raumif;r_ rdp>mtmZD0 tukokdvfyI toufarG;=uolrsm; [lI
jzpf=uonf?
obm0w&m;}uD;onf ol@tvdkvdk jzLpifoef@&Sif;+yD;om;om jzpfygonf? acwf/ pepf/ 0g'wd@k rnfonf vl
om;wdk@ zefwD;,lvmjcif;om jzpf=uonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. ordkif;a=umif;udk aphikyfaocsm avhvm=unfhygu tajct
ae jzpf&yfrSef t&Sdudk t&Sd/ yuwdwdkif; rjrifwwf jrifatmif r=unfhbJ qEN/ a'go/ b,m/ arm[ ponfh t*wd
w&m; av;yg;jzifhom jrifod qHk;jzwfcJha=umif; &Sif;vif;pGmawG@&Sd&ayonf? u|Efkyfonf bmbGJ@rSr&Sdaom omrefvl
wpfOD;om jzpfonf? odk@jzpfI bdkpmvHk; ra&;vdkay?
jrefrmjynfrSm wu,fvGwfvyfa&;&+yDvm;? 1885 ckESpfuae 1948 ckESpfxd wdkif;wyg; +Adwdo#/ t*Fvdyf/
*syefawG tkyfcsKyfcJh=uonf? 1962 ckESpf tm%modrf;+yD;onfrS ,ck 2006 ckESpf ppfwyfrS vlowfvufeufudk pnf;
vGwfurf;vGwf udkifwG,f+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHom;awGukd ta=umufw&m;jzifh enf;rsKd;pHk zdESdyftkyfcsKyfaewma=umifh jynfol
awGrSm vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkpnf;a0;cGihf/ vGwfvyfpGm a&;om;xkwfa0cGihf/ vGwfvyfpGm
toufarG;ydkifcGifh ponfh tajccHarG;&myg vl@tcGihfta&; [lor# vHk;0 r&&Sd=uay? 'DvGwfvyfcGihfawG[m vlwkdif; ESihf
oufqdkifwma=umifh taemufwdkif; ,Ofaus;r_awG[k rajympaumif;? NLD rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unf ESifhtwl
ordkif;. awmif;qdkcsufa=umifh ay:aygufvm&jcif;jzpfI etz tkyfpktaejzifh acsr_ef;wdkufcdkufI uG,faysmufoGm;
vdrfhrnf[lI xifrSwfygu vHk;0 rSm;rnf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wd@k . ESvkH;om;xJwGif 'Drdku
a&pD [laom pepftm; vdkvm;awmifhwaejcif;a=umifh jzpfonf? NLD rSm rif;rJh ygwDr[kwf? vlxk 82 &mcdkifE_ef;
ausmf tonf;=um;rS rJwpfjym;ay;tyfI wcJeufaxmufcH tm;ay;xm;aom vlxk tm;udk;,Hk=unfxm;aom
vlxkygwD}uD; jzpfonf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif &Sm;yg;jcif;a=umifh ay:aygufvmaom acgif;aqmif vHk;0
r[kwf? tpOftvm}uD;rm;pGmjzifh e,fcsJ@ordkif;/ vGwfvyfa&;ordkif;wd@k wGif ajymifajrmufpGm wdkufyGJ0ifcJhaom tzdk;
Adkvfrif;a&mif .ajr;/ vGwfvyfa&;Adokum}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.orD;yDyD wdkif;jynfESihfvlrsKd;tay: cspfjrwfEkd;aom
acgif;aqmifaumif;wpfOD; jzpfonf [k ,Hk=unfxm;=uolvnf; jzpfonf? EdkifiHwumtodtrSwfy wuUokdvf}uD;
rsm;rSm ynmoif=um;zl;olvnf; jzpfjcif;wdk@a=umifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wd@k uJho@kd tm%m&Sifvnf; vHk;0 r[kwfay? &if0,f
ydkufom;rsm;udkyif rvGrf;tm;? vifom; tJ&pf aoeD;qJwGif oGm;IrawG@Edkif? jrefrmjynfoltm;vHk;twGuf b0
wpfckvHk; pGef@v$wfxm;onfrSm tm;vHk; todyif jzpfonf?
cGyfa'gif;wdk@onf tacsmiform; EdkifiHa&;pm;zm;rsm; vHk;0 r[kwf? trsKd;om;a&;/ e,fcs@J qef@usifa&;/
vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJrsm;wGif a&S@wef;rS yg0ifchJ owWdaoG; jycJh=uonf? ordkif;a=umif; ajymifchJ=uonf? ,ckvnf;
ajymifqJ/ aemifoHo&m tqufquf ajymifaeOD;rnf jzpfyg.? cGyfa'gif;wdk@uGef;cdk&m ausmif;om; or*~ taqmuf
tOD;udk e,fcsJ@wdkif;wyg;om;rsm; vufzsm;ESihfawmif rwd@k xdchJ? Adkvfae0if; ppfwyftkyfpkrS azmufcGJcJhwm r[kwfvm;?
cGyfa'gif; awmifyHcwfoHrsm; uAsmudka&;wJh ausmif;om;awGukd bma=umifh zrf;&ovJ? tdrf=uuf r[kwfbl;?
cGyfa'gif;rS cGyfa'gif;ygAsm? ausmif;om;awG wdkif;jynfta&; uHwdkif; a'gif;tdk;a0&,fvdk@ wGefchJ/ ucJhayr,fh orRw

85

ae&m trwfae&m wpfcgrS cGufapmif; rckwfcJhzl;yg? tm%m&Sif rSefor#twGuf cGyfa'gif;u awmfvSefa&;wGefoH [pf
auG;aerSmyg?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; wdk@u ynmwwfacwfrDwJh t*FvdyfawGudk wdkufckdufchJ&wmyg? vlom;csif;rd@k oabm
ayguf vG,fulcJhayr,fh/ wajrwnf;ae wa&wnf;aomuf tm%ml; ppfbDvl;awGudk awmfvSef&wm u|Jyg; apmif;
wD; &ovdkygyJ? Ba,Bed bGJ@ydkif&Sif armifapwem trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;udk ynmwwf yDopGm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;a&;yg?
EdkifiHawmf/ tcsKyftjcm/ trsKd;om;a&;0g'/ trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;qdkwm ppftm%m&Sif0g'? ppftm%m&Sif EdkifiHa&;vd@k
usaemf t"dy`m,fzGifhxm;w,f? u|Efkyfonf ppfwyfrkef;wD;a&;0g'D r[kwf? t&Sdtwdkif; ajymrnf? (1948) uae
(1961) twGif; 'Drdkua&pDpepf usifhoHk;pOf ta&S@awmiftm&SrSm tcsrf;omqHk;/ twdk;wufqkH;/ tzG@H zd;qHk;pm&if;rSm
jrefrmEdkifiHyg0ifcJhonf? xdkpOfu tdENd,/ ygupPwef (,ck b*Fvm;a'h&Sf) wkwf/ xdkif; ponfh wdkif;jynfw@kd rS tvkyf
orm;rsm; jrefrmjynfodk@ vma&muf tvkyfvkyfudkifcJh=u&onf? ,ck tm&Susm; jzpfaeaom puFmylu|ef;EdkifiHukd
wnfaxmifol vDuGef,l u ESpfESpfq,ftwGif; Armjynfukd rSDatmifvkdufrnf[k ajymqdk+yD; &efukefrd@yHkpH,lI puFmyl
rd@awmfudk wnfaqmufcJhonf?
1947 ck AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; usqkH;+yD;aemuf jynfaxmifpk/ yifvHkpmcsKyft& wdkif;&if;om; acgif;aqmif
rsm; ESifh uwdxm; vufrSwfa&;xdk;r_rsm;udk azmufzsufvkdIif;/ wdkif;jynftm%m odrf;cJhonf? wpfygwD tm%m&Sif
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rl0g'vrf;pOf wdk@a=umifh 1988 ckESpfwGif jynfvHk;u|wf vlxktHkuGI wpfygwDtm%m&Sifpepf vHk;0 csKyf+idrf;cJh&onf?
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1962 ckESpfuae ,ck (50) ESpfwmumvtxd wdkif;jynfukdcspfaom (trsKd;om;a&;/ EdkifiHawmf/ tcsKyf
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cifAsm;ajymwJh trsKd;om;a&;0g'DawG a[majymyGJvkyf/ 'Dwpfzufu a':atmifqef;pk=unf a[majymyGJvkyf/ jynfolawG
b,fol@a[majymyGJrSm em;axmif=urvJ? rif;wd@k twif;tusyf aoewfrkd;+yD;awmhom rvkyfeJ@? jynfol@oabm
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86

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wdk;wufom,m aumif;pm;a&;twGuf b0ysufcH/ touf taocH/ ay;qyfjcif; trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ wdkufyGJ0ifae=uwmyg?
cifAsm;wdk@ trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&; (0g) ppftm%m&Sif &moufyefwnf+rJa&;wdk@uom toHaumif; [pfae=uwmyg?
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