1.

|x| = x x 0
|x| = -x x < 0
:
|-x| = |x|
|x+y| |x| + |y|
|xy| = |x| |y|
|x-y| |x| + |y|
x
x
|x-y| |x| - |y|
=

y 0
y
y
2. ()

3. , , b, x 0

a0 = 1
a1 = a

a m = m an

n+ m

a a =a

a2= a

anbn = (ab)n

a3=3a

(an ) m = anm

an a
= , , b 0
bn b

n m

a
= anm, 0
am

an =

1
1

( a)
n

=a

an x + bn x = (a + b)n x
n

ab= n an b

a n a a n
=
= , b 0
b n b b

(a b)3 = a 3 b3 3a 2b + 3ab 2
a 3 + b3 = (a + b) ( a 2 ab + b 2 )
a 3 b3 = (a b) ( a 2 + ab + b 2 )
(a + b + c) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc

1
, 0
an

4.
2
2
2
(a + b) = a + b + 2ab
2
2
2
(a b) = a + b 2ab
2
2
(a b)(a + b) = a b
3
3
3
2
2
(a + b) = a + b + 3a b + 3ab

5. ax2 + bx+ c = 0
: = b 2 4 a c
:

> 0 x1,2 =

b
,
2a

ax2 + bx+ c = a(x x1)(x x2 )

= 0 x1,2 = b 2a ,
b

ax + bx+ c = a(x x1 ) = a x +

2a

< 0 .

: x1 + x2 =

b
a

: x1x2 =

7. ()

c
a

 b = c , > 0 log b = c .
c
b = e c = log e b = ln b, b > 0, e 2, 718K ( ).
:
ln x < 0 0 < x < 1,
ln x > 0 x > 1,
ln b = b ln a,
a
ln = ln a ln b,
b

ln1 = 0
ln e = 1
ln e a = a,

eln a = a

ln(a b c) = ln a + ln b + ln c

6.
( ) a ( x1 , y1 ) :
y = y1 + a ( x x1 ) .
( x1 , y1 ) ( x 2 , y 2 )
y y1
y y1
y = y1 + 2
( x x1 ) , a = 2
x 2 x1
x2 x1
.
( 1).
8. x

( a ) = 0
( x ) = 1

( a f ( x) ) = a f ( x)

f ( x)
f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x) g ( x) 0
,

=
g 2 ( x)
g ( x)

( ex ) = ex ,
( e f ( x) ) = f ( x) e f ( x )

(ln x) =

f ( x) g ( x) ) = f ( x) g ( x)

f ( x) g ( x ) ) = f ( x ) g ( x) + f ( x ) g ( x)

f ( x ) ) = n f ( x) f n 1 ( x)

(
( a ) = f ( x) a

9.

( x ) = x

f ( x)
1
( ln f ( x) ) =
,
f ( x)
x
f ( x) g ( x ) ) = ( g ( x ) ln f ( x) ) f ( x) g ( x )
f ( x)

f ( x)

ln a

1
n
n
f ( x ) = f ( x) m f ( x ) = m f ( x ) n m f ( x )
m
m
dy ( x) dy (u ) du ( x ) dy du
=

=
( ).
y = y (u ) u = u ( x )
dx
du
dx
du dx
g f ( g[ f ( x )] = x )
dy ( x)
1
=
1
dx ( y )
g ( y ) =
y = f ( x )
dx
f ( x)
dy
y = f ( x ) :
dy
y dy x = d ln y
=
=
d ln x
dx
dx y
x
m

10. y = f ( x )

()

()
*

x =
df (a )
f (a ) =
=0
dx
df 2 (a )
f (a ) =
<0 *
dx 2

x =
df (a )
f (a ) =
=0
dx
df 2 (a )
f (a ) =
>0 *
dx 2

f (a ) = 0 .

11.
:
a f ( x )dx = a f ( x )dx = f ( x )d ( a x )

f ( x)dx = f ( x)d ( x + a ) , a
( f ( x) g ( x) ) dx = f ( x)dx g ( x)dx

:
df ( x) = f ( x) + c,
dx = x + c

f a +1 ( x )
x a +1
a
f ( x )df ( x ) = a + 1 + c, x dx = a + 1 + c, a 1
df ( x)
f ( x)
dx
1
=
f ( x) f ( x) dx = ln f ( x) + c ,
x = x dx = ln x + c
f ( x)
f (x)
x
x
f ( x) e dx = e + c ,
e dx = e + c
a

f ( x)
f ( x)
a df ( x ) = a f ( x )dx =

a f ( x)
+c,
ln a

x
a dx =

ax
+c
ln a

:
f ( x) d ( g ( x) ) = f ( x) g ( x)dx = f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)dx
12. f ( x)

f ( x)dx = F ( x) + c , F ( x) = f ( x) ,

x = a

x =b

f ( x )dx = F (b ) F ( a ) .

a
a

a
c

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx
b

f ( x)dx = 0
b

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx, a b c

[1] . ,
Excel, , 2006.
[2] . , , , , 2002.