DAFTAR ISI

Halaman
DAFTAR TABEL .............................................................................................viii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ..........................................................................................ix
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN........................................................................................xi

I. PENDAHULUAN.............................................................................................1
A. Latar Belakang.........................................................................................1
B. Perumusan Masalah.................................................................................7
C. Tujuan Penelitian ....................................................................................8
D. Manfaat Penelitian...................................................................................8
E. Kerangka Penelitian ................................................................................9
1. Kerangka teori ................................................................................9
2. Kerangka konsep ..........................................................................13
F. Hipotesis................................................................................................14

II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ................................................................................15

A. Hepar.....................................................................................................15
1. Anatomi........................................................................................15
2. Fisiologi .......................................................................................18
3. Histologi.......................................................................................20
4. Patologi Hepar..............................................................................23
5. Hepatotoksin.................................................................................27
B. Mahkota Dewa.......................................................................................28

1. Identifikasi....................................................................................29
2. Morfologi......................................................................................29
3. Kandungan mahkota dewa...........................................................31
4. Flavonoid......................................................................................32
C. Isoniazid ................................................................................................36
1. Mekanisme kerja..........................................................................36
2. Farmakokinetik.............................................................................37
3. Efek samping................................................................................38
4. Dosis.............................................................................................39
D. Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) Galur Sprague dawley.......................40
1. Klasifikasi.....................................................................................40
2. Jenis..............................................................................................40
3. Biologi tikus putih........................................................................41
III. METODE PENELITIAN .............................................................................42
A. Desain Penelitian...................................................................................42
B. Tempat dan Waktu ................................................................................42
C. Populasi dan Sampel..............................................................................43
D. Bahan dan Alat Penelitian ....................................................................44
1. Bahan penelitian............................................................................44
2. Bahan kimia ..................................................................................44
3. Alat penelitian...............................................................................45
E. Prosedur Penelitian ...............................................................................45
1. Prosedur pemberian ekstrak mahkota dewa..................................45
2. Prosedur pemberian dosis isoniazid..............................................47
3. Prosedur penelitian .......................................................................47
F. Identifikasi Variabel dan Definisi Operasional .....................................53
1. Identifikasi variabel ......................................................................53
2. Definisi operasional variabel.........................................................53
G. Analisis Data.........................................................................................55

IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN.....................................................................56

A. Hasil Penelitian.....................................................................................56
1. Gambaran histopatologi hepar tikus.............................................56
2. Analisis histopatologi kerusakan hepar tikus...............................63

vi

B. Pembahasan...........................................................................................67

V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN......................................................................76

A. Kesimpulan...........................................................................................76
B. Saran......................................................................................................76

DAFTAR PUSTAKA..........................................................................................77
LAMPIRAN........................................................................................................84

vii

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel

Halaman

1. Persentase rata-rata skor pembengkakan sel hepatosit pada hepar tikus yang
diberi ekstrak buah mahkota dewa...................................................................63
2. Hasil rata-rata gambaran histopatologi pembengkakan sel hepatosit pada
kelompok uji ekstrak buah mahkota dewa ...................................................... 64
3. Analisis Saphiro-Wilk gambaran pembengkakan sel hepatosit pada ekstrak
mahkota dewa ..................................................................................................65
4. Hasil uji statistik jumlah pembengkakan sel hepatosit perbandingan antar
kelompok (Post Hoc LSD) ..............................................................................66
5. Hasil uji deskriptif rata-rata pembengkakan hepatosit .....................................84
6. Hasil uji normalitas rata-rata pembengkakan hepatosit.....................................86
7. Hasil uji Kruskal Wallis.....................................................................................86

viii

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar

Halaman

1. Kerangka teori ..................................................................................................12

2. Kerangka konsep...............................................................................................13
3. Anatomi hepar pandangan anterior ......................................17
4. Anatomi hepar pandangan posterior..................................................................17
5. Histologi hepar .................................................................................................22
6. Buah mahkota dewa..........................................................................................32
7. Struktur flavonoid..............................................................................................34
8. Bagan metabolisme dan konjugasi flavonoid dalam tubuh................................35
9. Struktur isoniazid .................................................................................................36
10. Diagram alur penelitian ...................................................................................52
11. Histopatologi hepar tikus kelompok I dengan pewarnaan H.E. (pembesaran
400 kali)......................................................................................................... 58
12. Histopatologi hepar tikus kelompok II dengan pewarnaan H.E. (pembesaran
400 kali) ........................................................................................................ 59
13. Histopatologi hepar tikus kelompok III dengan pewarnaan H.E. (pembesaran
400 kali)......................................................................................................... 60
14. Histopatologi hepar tikus kelompok IV dengan pewarnaan H.E. (pembesaran
400 kali)......................................................................................................... 61
15. Histopatologi hepar tikus kelompok V dengan pewarnaan H.E. (pembesaran
400 kali) ........................................................................................................ 62
16. Grafik perbandingan persentasi pembengkakan sel hepatosit.........................64

ix

17. Reaksi penghambatan antioksidan primer terhadap radikal lipida ................ 72

18. Gambaran histopatologi hepar kelompok I......................................................87
19. Gambaran histopatologi hepar kelompok II.....................................................87
20. Gambaran histopatologi hepar kelompok III...................................................87
21. Gambaran histopatologi hepar kelompok IV...................................................87
22. Gambaran histopatologi hepar kelompok V....................................................87
23. Kandang...........................................................................................................88
24. Ekstrak buah mahkota dewa.............................................................................88
25. Isoniazid...........................................................................................................88
26. Perlakuan tikus.................................................................................................88
27. Pembedahan tikus.............................................................................................88
28. Wadah organ hepar..........................................................................................88
29. Hepar tikus.......................................................................................................88

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran

Halaman

A. Hasil Analisis Statistik Histopatologi Hepar Tikus .........................................84

B. Foto-Foto Gambaran Histopatologi Hepar Tikus ............................................87
C. Foto-Foto Penelitian.........................................................................................88

xi