1

CNG NGH CH BIN THT, TRNG

H: i hc (45 tit)

Chng 1: NGUYN LIU THT, TRNG
1.1 Thnh phn cu to c tht
Tht gia sc v gia cm l mt ngun thc n c gi tr thc phm rt cao v trong
thnh phn ca chng c cha mt lng ln cc protein hon thin, cht bo, cht
khong. Trong dinh dng ca ngi, tht cng l mt trong nhng ngun vitamin B
1
,
B
2
, B
6
, B
12
, K, E, PP, H (biotin), axit pantotenic, axit paraaminobenzoic, cholin, axit
folic,...
Nguyn liu ch yu sn xut ra tht v cc sn phm ca tht l cc gia sc nh
b, heo, d, cu, v cc gia cm nh g, vt, ngan, ngng,...
Mt trong nhng vn quan trng i vi thc phm l vic la chn em p dng
v chn nui cc ging gia sc cho php tng ti a lng protein ca tht trn mt
n v ch khng phi l lm tng lng m v cht bo tn ti trong thc phm qu gii
hn qui nh s lm tng gi tr nng lng nhng thng li lm h thp gi tr sinh hc
ca thc phm do lm gim tng i hm lng protein trong thc phm cng nh s
tiu ha ca tht c nhiu m s rt kh khn.
Trong thnh phn ca tht c cc m sau y :
- M c (bp tht ca ng vt)
- M lin kt vi ton b cc bin th ca n (m lin kt xp, m lin kt c, m m,
m sn, m xng)
- Mu
- M thn kinh, mch mu, mch v hch bch huyt,...
Trong cng nghip v thng nghip, ngi ta tha nhn phn loi cc m tht khng
nhng theo cc du hiu v chc nng m cn theo cc gi tr thc phm ca chng. Bi
vy, trong thnh phn ca tht c phn ra : m c, m m, m lin kt, m xng v
mu. Cc m k trn c th tch ra khi nhau mc d khng hon ton v c s dng
theo ngha thc phm ca chng.
T l ca cc m trong cc loi tht khc nhau c trnh by bng 1.1 :
Bng 1.1 : T l ca cc m trong cc loi tht (%)
Loi m Tht b Tht heo Tht cu
M c 57 62 40 58 49 58
M m 3 16 15 46 4 18
2

M lin kt 9 12 6 8 7 11
M xng v sn 17 29 8 18 18 38
M mu 0,8 1
0,6 0,8
0,8 1
Thnh phn, cu to v tnh cht ca cc m u khc nhau. Bi vy, c tnh v t l
s lng ca chng trong thnh phn tht quyt nh cc tnh cht quan trng trong gi
tr ln nht ca tht l m c v m m.
Thnh phn ha hc ca tht c hp thnh ch yu t thnh phn ha hc ca cc
m c bn ca n : m c, m lin kt, m m v m xng.
1.1.1. M c
Theo cu to v hot ng co gin ca si c nn c c chia ra m c vn ngang,
m c trn v m c tim. M c vn ngang m bo hot ng theo mun ca con vt
chim t l ln trong c th v c gi tr dinh dng cao. M c trn co dn khng theo
mun ca con vt (cc c quan tiu ha, h hp, c honh, u cu to t c trn). C
tim co gin khng theo mun v s phn b khng song song, kt li vi nhau bng
nhiu chi nn c tim rt chc. M c vn ngang l m c cc nh ch bin thc phm
c bit quan tm v chng chim t l ln nht trn thn tht, c gi tr s dng cao, l
ngun cung cp protein, cc axt amin thit yu, vitamin, cht khong cho nhu cu con
ngi. Cho nn, trong ni dung ny, chng ti ch yu cp n cc tnh cht ca c
vn ngang.
1.1.1.1. Mu sc c c vn
C vn ngang thng c mu thm v nht v ph thuc vo nhiu yu t
khc nhau:
+ Mc gi non : C tht nhng ng vt gi c mu thm hn c tht ca
nhng ng vt non.
+ Thc n : c nh hung ln n mu sc v cht lng ca tht.
Nu ch cho gia sc n ng vng vi t l ln th tht v m thng b nho v c
mu nht nht. Thc n c cha nhiu caroten v cc hp cht mu vng nh
xantophin, flavin ss lm cho m, tht c mu vng
+ Ging loi ng vt : c nh hng rt ln n mu sc ca m c.
* C tht b c mu ti.
* C tht heo c mu hng ht.
* C tht tru c mu thm
3

1.1.2.2. Cu trc c c vn.
a. Cu to chung
Nhng yu t cu trc ca ch yu ca c vn ngang l si c. Si c l
nhng t bo dui di n 15cm, c ng knh 10-100 m (i vi nhng ng vt
gi hay loi dng ko th c tht ca n to, cng, t chc trong c tht cng nhiu). Si
c c bao bc bng mt lp mng mng trong sut l mng c (sarcolemma). B
mt trong ca mng c c tng c (sarcoplasm) v nhiu nhn. Bn trong si c, dc
theo chiu di c phn b cc si ging nh si ch di l myofibrin.
Nu quan st di knh hin vi ta c th nhn ra vng ti v vng sng nm
xen k nhau theo chiu ngang ca si. Cc vng ny khng ng nht v quang hc,
khc x nh sng khc nhau v th si c c gi l si c vn ngang.
Cc si c c phn ring bng cc lp m lin kt mng trung gian
l ni mc c. Ni mc c c gn lin vi b mt ngoi ca mng c. Nhm si c to
thnh b c bc nht c mng m bao lin kt bao bc xung quanh gi l mng ni c
(endomysium). Cc b c bc nht li lin hp li thnh cc b c bc hai, bc
baChng cng c bao xung quanh bng mng c lin kt tng ng gi l mng b
c (perimysium). Tng hp tt c li th thnh bp c c mng bao bc l mng cn hoc
ngoi mc c (epimysium).
Ni mc c, ngoi mc c u c cu to t cc si colagen, mt lng nh si
n hi v si li. Cu to ca m c c trnh by trong hnh 1.1

Xng
Gn
B c
Ngoi
mc
c

Si c
B c
Mch mu
Mng ni
c

Mng b c
Ngoi mc c

B c

Si c

Mng c

Tng c
Nhn
Si myofibrin
Si c

Mng ni c

4

Hnh 1.1 : Cu to b c vn
b. Cu to c si c: Cu to ca si c c c th din gii theo s
sau
Mng c Cht c Nhn T c
-Lipoprotein - Nucleoprotein(ARN) -Nucleoprotein
(ADN)
-Cc protein ha
tan trong nc.
-Mucinin v
mucoit
trong nc
-Mioalbumin - Cc protit khc - Tropomiosin
-Reticulin(cht
li)
- Myoglobin - Protein acid -Actin
-Elastin (si n
hi)
-Miogen -Miozin
-Gelatin
Mng c:Mng c c cu to t cc si colagen, elastin, reticulin cha khang
2.5% protein khng han thin tnh theo khi lng protein chung ca si c, l t
chc lin kt chc.
Nhn : cha DNA mang gen di truyn.
C cht (cht nguyn sinh )
Trong cht nguyn sinh c sc t c myoglobin (Mb): Mb to nn mu
t nhin ca m c, n l ni d tr oxy cho s h hp ca t bo, Mb chim khang 1%
(i vi b) khi lng protein tan b si c, 0,2-0,5% (i vi heo). N gm phn
protein l globin v phn khng phi protein l hem. Trong thnh phn hem c st,
myoglobin l protein han thin. Cc c vn ng nhiu cha myoglobin nhiu.
Myoglobin nhn oxy t hemoglobin ca mu v tham gia cung cp oxy cho bp c. Hm
lng Mb trong cc bp c khc nhau lng myoglobin u khng ging nhau. Ngi ta
gi mu ca tht (Mb) bng cch cho vo tht mui nitrat hoc mui nitrit khi ch
bin.
T c: T c gm nhiu si nh gi l protofibrin. C 2 lai protofibrin:
protofibrin dy(miozin) v protofibrrin mng (actin).
+ Miozin :
- C ng knh 100A
0

- Chim 40% khi lng chung ca si c.
- N l protein hon thin.
5

- Cha nhiu acid amin mch nhnh.
- Miozin khng phi l protein n m l protein phc hp ca
H- meromiozin v L- meromiozin.
- H- meromiozin c hat tnh enzym,(adenozintriphosphataza), n phn gii thy
phn ATP di tc dng hot ha ca Ca
++
theo phng trnh
ATP +H
2
0 ADP + H
3
P0
4
+ Q
Nng lng ny dng co rt c.
+ Actin :
- C ng knh 50A
0

- N tn ti hai dng G-actin v F- actin
- Chim 15% khi lng chung ca si c.
- Actin dnh vo cc di Z nm xen k vi cc si miozin (khi co c).
Actin v miozin lin kt vi nhau bng cc cu ni Z to ra actomiozin. Khi t c co
ngn li. Cu to ca actin v miozin th hin hnh 1.2 v 1.3

Hnh 1.2: Cu to myozin

6

Hnh 1.3: Cu to ca actin
1.1.2. M m
T chc cht bo tn ti trong cc b phn ca c th ng vt n l do m lin
kt mm ha v cc t bo cht bo cu to thnh. T bo cht bo l do cc mng bng
keo c bc ngoi v cht bo trong cu to nn. T bo cht bo tng i ln,
ng knh khong 35 150m. Gia cc t bo c cc mng mng (do cc cht keo
v cc cht c tnh n hi cu thnh) v cc cht c bn khng nh hnh. Cc protein
c trong thnh phn t bo v cht gian bo ca m m l colagen, elastin, reticulin,
muxin, mucoit, albumin v globulin.
Cht bo tn ti cc v tr khc nhau trn c th ng vt, c mu sc, mi v, s
lng, bn cht, nhit nng chy, nhit ng c, ch s iot v cc c tnh khc
nhau. Cht bo cn khc nhau theo ging loi ng vt, gi non, con c, con ci, mc
bo gy, tnh cht s dng v cc nhn t khc.

1. T bo cht bo bn rong c m
2. Cht nguyn sinh ca t bo
3. T chc lin kt
1. Cc git m
2. Mng t bo
3. Lp cht nguyn sinh
4. Nhn t bo
Hnh 1.4 : T chc cht bo (a) v t bo m (b)
Hm lng trung bnh ca cht bo trong c th cc ng vt khc nhau rt
ln, khong t 2 - 40%. S phn b ca cht bo trn mt c th ng vt cng
khng ging nhau. Cc b phn trn c th ng vt u c cht bo nhng phn ln
tch ly di lp da, xung quanh thn v di bng, c mt t phn b vo gia cc
c tht. Nu cht bo trong c tht c mt t l nht nh s lm tng thm gi tr cm
quan v gi tr dinh dng ca tht.
Trong c th sc vt cn non, cht bo thng tp trung gia cc th tht. C
mt s ng vt, cht bo t tp ui, di da hoc trong xoang bng m gia cc c
tht th rt t m lm cho gi tr ca tht gim st. Loi sc vt nui n tht hoc ly
sa th cht bo tn ti ch yu l gia cc c tht v lng cht bo phn b n
rt va ming (khng qu nhiu hoc qu t). Loi sc vt nui ko, nht l sc vt gi
7

th m tp trung nhiu di da v trong xoang bng, gia cc c tht c rt t hoc
khng c.
Mu sc cht bo ca cc loi sc vt c khc nhau, cht bo ca heo v ca d c
mu trng, cht bo ca nga ln c mu vng, cht bo ca tru, b th hi vng. Mu
sc cht bo ca sc vt cn non so vi sc vt gi th nht hn. Mu sc ca cht bo
cn chu s nh hng ca sc t thc vt trong thnh phn thc n ca chng. V ma
h, sc vt n nhiu c xanh d m ca chng vng hn cn v ma ng th mu sc
ca cht bo thng l hi trng.
Mu ca m b gy ra bi s c mt ca sc t caroten, l cht chng oxy ha t
nhin ha tan trong m. Caroten l vt liu ban u to thnh vitamin A. M heo
khng cha sc t trn, m cu cha t bi vy chng c mu trng v b i kht nhanh
hn so vi m b. Lxitin v tocoferol (vitamin E) c trong m b, cu v heo cng l
cht chng oxy ha t nhin ca m.
Khi git sc vt ly m ra gi l m sng hoc m ti. Cht bo trong c th
ng vt tn ti trng thi dung dch nhng n nm trong bao nh, mng bao bc l do
nhng cht c bn ca t chc lin kt cu to thnh. Nhng ti nh kt hp li vi
nhau v ngoi cng li c bao bc bi mt mng ca t chc lin kt na cho nn
dung dch cht bo khng chy ra c. Nu mun ly m th phi ph hy mng bc
n chy ra.
M m ng vt c thnh phn nh sau : Lipit : 70 - 97% ; protein 0,5 - 7,2% ;
nc : 2 - 21% v mt lng nh lipoit, cht khong, sc t v vitamin. T l cc phn
cu to ca m m cc loi ng vt khc nhau th khng ng nht v ph thuc vo
ging loi, tui, mc bo v v tr tch ly m. M m ca ng vt bo tt v phn
lng ca sc tht cha lipit nhiu hn ; nc v protein t hn so vi m m ca cc ng
vt km bo v phn b phn di ca sc tht. M m di da bao gi cng cha t
m v nhiu nc hn so vi m m cc b phn cha m bn trong.
Gi tr thc phm ca m m c xc nh bi gi tr ca lipit cha bn trong n.
Lipit v lipoit chim khong 3% ton b lng vt cht si c. Ngoi ra, ph thuc vo
mc bo ca ng vt. Cc t bo m cn c tm thy t nhiu trong t chc ca m
lin kt gia cc si c (ni mc c, ngoi c, ngoi mc c,...).
1.1.3. T chc m lin kt :
Ni mc c, ngoi mc c v gn cng nh dy gn v kin mc gn tht vi
xng c cu to t m lin kt. Cc dy chng (cu to c, lin kt cc xng vi
nhau thnh khp) cu to t m lin kt. Mng xng v mng sn bao ph b mt
xng v sn cng c cu to t m lin kt. Cc si colagen, si elastin hnh thnh
c s ca m lin kt, trong si colagen l nguyn t cu trc tri, chng tp hp li
thnh nhng b chiu dy khc nhau v to ra cu trc mng li rt phc tp (cu trc
bn).
Si colagen c cu thnh t cc fibrin (t), fibril li gm cc si c bn l
protofibril.
8

Khc vi si colagel, si elastin c cu trc ng th, trong khng quan st
thy fibril. bn vng ca si elastin thp hn nhiu so vi si colagen. M n hi
dng nguyn cht ch thy c dy chng chm ni t sng gy n mm gai t sng
lng. thnh mch mu v cn mu vng ca c bng c mt lng m n hi ng
k. Khi tch cn thn tt c cc dng m lin kt xut hin khng th vt qu 12% theo
khi lng sc tht. Hm lng m lin kt ph thuc vo loi ng vt, mc bo,
tui, gii tnh, tnh cht s dng v b phn ca sc tht.
M lin kt c thnh phn ha hc trung bnh nh sau : Nc 62 74% ; protein
21 35%, lipit v lipoit 1 3,3%, cht khong 0,5 0,7%. Trong thnh phn protein ca
m lin kt c cc protein khng hon thin nh colagen (thiu triptofan), elastin (thiu
triptofan, histidin v metionin), reticulin, cc phc hp mucoprotein v mt lng nh
protein hon thin (0,2 5%) nh albumin v globulin.
Colagen nguyn thy khng ha tan trong nc. N c tiu ha chm chp bi
pepsin v hu nh khng c tiu ha bi tripsin v dch tuyn ty. Nghin nh v un
nng colagen ti 60 - 70
o
C n s thy phn thnh gelatin v vy s tiu ha chng bi
pepsin s tng ln. Nh vy, colagen tuy tiu ho kh khn nhng c th cng c th ng
ha c.
Elastin hu nh khng c tiu ha bi pepsin, tiu ha chm chp bi tripsin
cho nn trn thc t n khng c ng ha bi c th v khng c gi tr thc phm.
Do vy, phm cht ca tht khng nhng ph thuc vo lng m lin kt cha trong n
m cn ph thuc vo t l cc si elastin v colagen c trong n cng nh cu trc v
chiu dy ca cc si c ny.
M lin kt, lin kt vi m c, tham gia hu c trong thnh phn ca tht, lm
gim gi tr thc phm v tng dai cng ca tht. Sc cn ct ca cc bp tht khc
nhau cng ln khi m lin kt trong bp tht cng nhiu.
Hnh 1.5 : T chc lin kt xp (a) ; T chc hin vi ca colagen (b).
1.1.4. M xng v m sn
M xng l mt trong cc loi m lin kt. B xng ng vt c cu to t m
xng. Xng gm c cht c bn c to ra lp b mt v lp cht xp bn trong. Cht
a b
9

c bn ca m xng gm c phn hu c thm mui khong v cha trung bnh 20
25% nc 70 85% cht kh trong 30% l protein v 45% l hp cht v c. Cc si
xng (osein ) tng t v cu to v thnh phn vi si colagen, c phn b trong cht
c bn. Phn v c ch yu l canxi phosphat v canxi cacbonat. Cht mu vng lp y
cc ng ca xng ng gm hu nh l t cc t bo m c gi l ty xng.
ngha thc phm ca xng cng cao khi ty xng v cht xp cha trong
cng nhiu, bi v chng l nhng thnh phn giu m. Nhng v gi tr thc phm ca
xng t hn nhiu so vi gi tr thc phm ca m c nn cht lng tht s cng km
khi hm lng tng i ca xng trong cng nhiu. Xng l nguyn liu sn
xut gelatin v keo. Hm lng xng trong sc tht ph thuc vo ging, loi, gii tnh,
tui v mc bo ca con vt. i vi sc tht b l 17 - 29% theo khi lng sc tht ;
cu 18 38% ; heo l 8 18%.
M sn c cu to t cht c bn c, trong c cc thnh phn t bo v cc
si colagen v elastin. Trong thnh phn sc tht ngi ta phn bit sn x v sn trong.
Sn trong bao ph b mt cc lp xng trong bao gm c sn sn, n c mu sa.
Sn x gm cc b gia nhng thn t sng v cc b gn cht dy gn vi xng. Sn
x c dng cht na trong sut.
1.2. Thnh phn h hc c tht
Thnh phn ha hc ca tht l nhng cht c bn cu to nn c th ng vt v
cng to ra gi tr dinh dng ca tht. Thnh phn ha hc ca ng vt khc nhau theo
ging loi, gi, non, gii tnh, tnh cht nui dng v hon cnh sinh sng,... Thnh
phn ha hc ca t chc c tht c nc, protein, cht bo, cht v c, cc cht ngm
ra,... Lng m v lng nc thng bin i rt nhiu v hon ton ngc li vi nhau
cn cc cht khc th khng bin i nhiu lm.
Trong bng 1.2 v 1.3 dn ra nhng s liu v thnh phn ha hc, sinh nng
lng, t l protein hon thin v khng hon thin i vi cc mu tht b v heo khc
nhau
Bng 1.2 : Thnh phn khi lng v ha hc ca tht heo:
10

Phn tht x
(ln)

Hng
loi
Hiu xut % theo khi lng
sc tht
Thnh phn ha hc phn mm
khng c da v m m (%)
sinh
nng lng
ca phn
mm
(kcal/kg)
Tht M Da Xng Nc Protein Lipit Tro
Phn vai I 66,9 22,1 5,4 10,9 57,8 12,4 28,8 0,9 3190
Phn lng
Phn ai lng v
phn bng
I

I

46,5

38,1

6,9

8,5

54,9

12,2

32,0

0,9

3480
Phn ngc I 43,1 40,5 8,9 7,2 54,4 10,8 34,0 0,8 3600
Phn mng-i sau I 57,5 25,5 8,0 9,0 64,2 15,7 19,0 1,1 2410
Cng chn trc II 47,0

18,7 34,3 63,2 15,5 20,0 1,2 2500
Cng chn sau II 36,1

22,3 41,6 67,6 16,8 14,5 1,2 2040


Bng 1.3 : Thnh phn ha hc ca tht b :
Phn tht x
(b)
Hng
loi
Hiu sut
phn mm (%
theo lng
phn tht x)
Thnh phn ha hc (% theo khi
lng phn mm)
T l protein
hon thin
trn protein
khng hon
thin
sinh
nng lng
ca phn
mm
(kcal/kg)

Nc Protein Lipit
Cc cht
hu c
khc
Tro
Phn lng
Phi l
Tht mng trc
Tht mng sau
I
I
I
I
78,1
81,7
87,1
82,8
66,3
69,1
69,5
69,8
16,6
16,9
16,3
17,2
12,3
10,6
10,8
9,9
3,9
2,4
2,4
2,1
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
5,58
5,29
6,09
4,88
1850
1680
1720
1620
Tht i
Phn ngc
Phn vai
I
I
II
84,0
83,4
82,3
71,5
64,8
71,7
17,0
14,8
16,5
7,6
16,3
8,8
2,9
3,1
2,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
5,49
2,97
2,97
1400
2130
1490
Phn cnh tay II 78,5 66,0 14,6 15,4 3,0 1,0 3,90 2020
Phn bng II 98,6 64,9 16,3 15,3 2,5 1,0 2,24 2080
Phn c II 61,5 72,6 16,3 7,1 3,0 1,0 3,45 1330
Cng chn trc II 36,6 70,7 20,3 5,7 2,3 1,0 0,36 1360
Cng chn sau II 41,6 67,1 20,3 10,6 1,0 1,0 0,90 1810


1.2.1. Protein :
Protein ca c tht l thnh phn ch yu ca tht, n chim khong 70 80% t l
cht kh. Protein l do cc axit amin lin kt li vi nhau m thnh cho nn ngi ta cn
gi protein l polime ca axit amin.
Cc protein khc nhau c phn bit bi s lng v tnh cht ca cc axit amin
c trong thnh phn ca n.
11

a s axit amin cu thnh protein trong c th c th tng hp c ngay trong c
th nhng cn mt s axit amin khng th tng hp c, do chng cn c a vo
c th bng thc n. Nhng axit amin ny gi l axit amin cng bc (khng thay th
c). Thuc loi axit amin cng bc gm c Arginin, valin, histidin, lizin, lxin
izolxin, metionin, triptophan, treonin, phenilalanin. Arginin v histidin c tng hp
mt phn trong c th nhng ch mc cho nhu cu ca c th trng thnh m
khng i vi c th ang pht trin do cng cn phi c cung cp thm. Nhng
protein khng cha d ch mt axit amin cng bc hoc c cha cc axit amin ny
nhng vi lng khng ng k u thuc loi protein khng hon thin.
Xc nh gi tr sinh hc ca protein khng nhng phi da vo s c mt ca axit
amin cng bc trong thnh phn ca n m cn phi da vo t l s lng ca cc axit
amin. Gi tr sinh hc ca mt protein no s cng cao khi thnh phn axit amin ca
n cng gn vi thnh phn axit amin ca cc protein trong c th chng ta.
Nu t l axit amin cng bc trong thnh phn ca protein c trong khu phn
thc n khc vi t l ti thch th nhu cu protein tng hp c xc nh bng hm
lng cc tiu ca mt hoc vi axit amin cng bc. Nh vy, gi tr sinh hc ca thc
n protein c th nng cao khi thm vo thnh phn ca n lng axit amin cng bc
cn thiu nh vo nhng protein thch hp, trong s k c protein khng hon thin.
Do cc khu phn dinh dng cn ch la chn nhng thc n protein nh
th no thu c thnh phn axit amin ti thch, tha mn ton b nhu cu ca c th.
Gi tr sinh hc ca protein cn c xc nh bng mc ng ha ca c th.
S ng ha protein ph thuc nhiu yu t, trong c trng thi l ha ca protein,
kh nng tiu ha chng, thnh phn hn hp ca cc cht to thnh thc n, s c mt
trong thc n cc cht nh hng n s ng ha, phng php ch bin thc phm,...
Protein ca c tht c th c chia lm hai loi ln l :
1.2.1.1. Protein c bn c c (muscle strom) :
Protein c bn ca c l nhng cht ca t chc lin kt, n lm cho t chc c tht
n hi, do dai, vng chc. N l thnh phn cu to nn ci gi ca si c ca t chc c
tht. Loi protein ny khng ha tan trong mui trung tnh nhng ha tan c trong dung
dch kim tnh. Chng bao gm :
- Elastin : l loi gn ging protein, n c tnh cht n hi rt tt, l thnh phn cu to
ch yu ca mng si c v cc t chc lin kt.
- Colagen (cht keo) : l thnh phn cu to nn cc m lin kt, n kt hp cht ch cc
b phn ca t chc c tht li vi nhau to thnh cc c quan ca c th ng vt.
Colagen nu em thy phn s to thnh gelatin.
- Reticulin : L cht cu to nn ci li lin kt cc b phn li vi nhau.
- Lipoproteit : l loi protein cu to nn cc m thn kinh ca ng vt.
- Nucleoproteit : l loi protein cu to ca nhn t bo.
- Glucoproteit : L loi protein ng nh muxin v cc cht gn ging muxin, n tn ti
gia cc b si c, cc khp ni, lm cho c tht trn v hot ng d dng.
12

1.2.1.2. Protein cht c (muscle plsm) :
L nhng cht ch yu cu to nn c tht, chng l thnh phn cung cp cht dinh
dng quan trng cho con ngi bao gm :
- Miozin : Loi ny chim i b phn trong protein ca t chc c tht, vo khong
4050%. Khng ha tan trong nc, ha tan trong cc dung dch mui long, kt ta c
trong dung dch NaCl v MgSO
4
bo ha v trong sulfat amn na bo ha. Nhit ng
c ca miozin khong 40 50
o
C, im ng in pH 5 6. Miozin cha kh nhiu
axit amin mch nhnh v phn t dng si, v vy n c tc dng hidrat ha rt mnh.
Miozin l phc hp ca 2 protein tng t nhau l H.meromiozin (miozin nng) v
L.meromiozin (miozin nh). H.meromiozin c hot tnh ca enzim adenozin
triphosphataza, n c kh nng lin kt vi actin, ion canxi lm tng hot tnh ca enzim.
- Myogen : N khng kt ta trong sulfat amn na bo ha v kt ta trong mi trng axt.
Nu dung dch myogen lng ta s c myogen fibril. Nhit ng c ca myogen
khong 55 - 60
o
C. Trong t chc c tht n chim 16 20% ca tng lng protein. im
ng in khong pH 5,2-5,8.
- Actin (myogen fibril) : L loi protein cu to nn c tht, n cng thuc loi globulin,
cho vo sulfat amon na bo ho th s kt ta, nhit ng c ca n vo khong 30
35
o
C. Tng c nu loi b ht myogenfibril th s kt ta v kt ta l
myoglobulin. Actin c 2 dng, dng hnh cu l G-Actin v dng hnh si l F-Actin, c
hai dng ny chuyn ha ln nhau.
- Actomyozin : l do actin v miozin lin kt vi nhau to thnh, cn gi l myoglobulin,
n khng thuc vo globulin in hnh v n khng kt ta hon ton trong NaCl v
MgSO
4
v ch kt ta trong dung dch sulfat amon ((NH
4
)
2
SO
4
) 28
o
C. Khi ngm vo
cn khng d bin tnh nh miozin. Nhit ng c ca dung dch actomiozin khong
55 - 65
o
C. Trong t chc c tht n chim khong 10% ca tng lng protein.
- Globulin-X : tn ti trong tng c, chim khong 1,6% tng lng protein.
- Myoalbumin : Loi ny chim 1,0 - 1,5% tng lng protein, nhit ng c khong 45 -
47
o
C.
Ni chung trong protein ca c tht th elastin v colagen khng ha tan trong
nc l, dung dch mui, cc loi baz v axit long. Colagen trong dung dch axit
long th trng ln, un nng trong nc trn 70
o
C th b thy phn thnh gelatin d
ha tan trong nc nng v dn n trong nc lnh cn nhng loi protein khc a s
khng ha tan trong nc lnh nhng trong cng c mt s nh albumin, globulin,
nucleoproteit v muxin nu cho vo nc mui th u tin cng c mt b phn ha tan
sau th khng ha tan na.
Globulin ha tan trong dung dch mui m c nhng albumin th khng ha tan.
Trong protein ca c tht c nhng axit amin m c th ngi cn thit m c mt s th c
th ngi khng th tng hp c v vy c tht c gi tr dinh dng rt cao. Trong t
chc lin kt c colagen v elastin l nhng cht c gi tr dinh dng rt thp v vy gi
tr ca m lin kt rt km.
Bng 1.4 : Hm lng axit amin ca myosin
13

Axit amin Hm lng (%) Axit amin Hm lng (%)
Glyzin
Alanin
Valin
Leuzin
Serin
Prolin
Phenylalanin
Threonin
Methionin
2,0
4,0
2,6
15,6
3,9
1,9
3,2
3,8
3,4
Systein
Tyrosin
Tryptophan
Arginin
Histidin
Lysin
Axit glutamic
Axit asparaginic
1,4
1,2
0,8
7,0
1,7
10,3
21,0
8,5
Bng 1.5 : Thnh phn ha hc ca cc loi tht (hm lng %)
Tn tht Protein Cht bo Gluxit Nc Tro
sinh nng
lng (kcal/kg)
Tht b bo 18,33 21,40 - 56,74 0,97 2140
Tht b trung bnh 20,59 5,33 0,06 72,52 1,20 1080
Tht cu bo 16,36 31,07 - 51,19 0,93 2775
Tht heo bo 14,54 37,34 - 17,40 0,72 3285
Tht heo gy 20,08 6,63 - 72,55 1,10 1165
Tht b bo 18,88 7,41 0,07 72,31 1,33 1140
Tht b gy 19,86 0,82 - 78,84 0,50 695
Tht nga 21,71 2,55 0,45 74,27 1,00 815
Mu 18,12 0,18 0,03 80,82 - 852
Tim 17,55 10,12 0,81 71,07 - 1750
Gan 19,22 13,65 3,33 71,55 - 1389
Tht g 21,5 2,5 - 74,8 1,1 -
Tht vt 13,1 6,0 0,1 80,1 0,7 -
1.2.2. Cht bo (lipit)
Cht bo ca ng vt l do glyxerin v axit bo bc cao hp thnh. Cht bo c
tnh tan trong ete, clorofor, benzen, cn nng v mt s dung mi hu c khc. Cc axit
bo thng gp trong cht bo ng vt l axit stearic, axit palmitic v axit oleic. Axit
stearic v palmitic l cc axit bo no cn oleic l axit bo khng no c mt ni i. Trong
m gia sc, gia cm phn ln l cc axit bo no d tnh cht ca n n nh hn cht
bo ca ng vt thy sn. Lng axit stearic trong cht bo cng cao th cht bo cng
14

cng ; cn nu nhiu oleic v cc axit bo khng no khc th m cng mm. Thng
thng cht bo th c ta gi l m cn th lng gi l du. Cht bo ca ng vt
trn cn c hm lng stearic cao hn ng vt thy sn nhiu do iu kin bnh
thng chng lun tn ti th c.
Tnh cht ca cht bo ng vt l do t l khc nhau ca cc axit bo to thnh
triglixerit gy ra. im nng chy ca cht bo l do thnh phn ha hc ca n quyt
nh, lng axit stearic trong m cng nhiu th nhit nng chy cng cao v tri li,
nu lng axit oleic v cc axit bo khng no khc nhiu th im nng chy s thp. V
d : m cu cha nhiu axit bo no hn m b, m b nhiu hn so vi m heo v tng
ng m cu c nhit nng chy v ng c cao nht cn m heo th thp nht.
Trong cc iu kin ging nhau, m c hm lng axit bo no cng cao th cng
bn vng khi bo qun. M ca cc c quan bn trong c nhit nng chy cao hn v
ch s iod thp hn so vi m di da v gia cc bp c. M c nhit nng chy thp
hn nhit c th ngi th c ng ha tt v khi vo c th n d dng nng chy
v b nh tng ha. V vy gi tr dinh dng ca chng cng cao.
cng v im nng chy ca m cn khc nhau theo thc n v v tr ca n
trn c th ng vt. V d im nng chy ca m heo nui bng rau thp hn nui
bng ng cc, im nng chy ca m l cao hn m di da v trong khoang bng.
Cht bo c gi tr dinh dng cao v kh nng sinh nng lng ca n ln, nu qu
trnh oxy ha trong c th n sn vt cui cng th 1 kg cht bo cho 9300 kcal cn protit
v gluxit th ch cho 4100 kcal.
Nh v y gi tr sinh hc ca cht bo ngoi vic th hin ch n l cht mang
nng lng d tr ln, n cn cn thit cho s hp th cc vitamin ha tan trong cht bo
vo rut non. M ng vt bn thn n l cht mang mt s vitamin ha tan trong cht
bo nh vitamin A, D, E,...
Cc axit bo cha no cao (vi 2 ni i hoc nhiu hn) cha trong m cng l
nhn t to ra gi tr sinh hc ca m. Trong s cc axit bo ny gm c linoleic (hai ni
i), linolenic (ba ni i) v arachidonic (bn ni i).
Cc axit bo linoleic v linolenic c th ngi khng t tng hp c, cn axit
arachidonic th ch c th c tng hp t axit linoleic v linolenic.
M b cha 1,2 2,2 % axit linoleic, 0,2 0,3% linolenic v 0,1 0,2%
arachidonic ; m cu cha tng ng l : 1,5 2,7 %, 0,7 0,9% v 0,1 0,8% cn m
heo l : 4,2 9,4%, 0,3 0,5% v khong 0,4% arachidonic.
Cc axit bo khng no c nhiu ni i c gi tr sinh hc cao v chng c tc
dng chuyn ha colesterin v colin trong c th ngi, c tc dng phng chng bnh
tai bin mch mu, ngoi ra chng cn gip cho c th tr pht trin tr no.
1.2.3. Vitamin :
Vitamin trong t chc c tht rt t m a s tp trung trong tim, thn v gan
ca ng vt. Nhng vitamin c ph bin trong tht l B
1
, B
2
, B
6
, PP v loi c s
lng t l A, D, H, B
12
. Vitamin c ngha rt ln v mt sinh l ca ng vt v cng
c gi tr dinh dng quan trng v mt thc phm. Nu thiu vitamin s gy nn ri
15

lon v chuyn ha trao i cht trong c th ngi, do s pht trin s khng bnh
thng.
Bng 1.6 : Hm lng ca mt s loi vitamin trong cc loi tht :
Tn sn phm
n v UI/100g n v mg/100g
A v caroten B
1
B
2
D PP B
6
C B
12

Tht cu sng - 120
0,27
0,35
- - - - -
Tht b sng
Vitamin A :
60
30
100
0,41-
2,15
- 3,8 10 0,45 - 1,0
Tht b chn - 34 80 - - - 4,68/g - 10/g
Tht heo chn
(gy)
320 350 360
0,24 -
0,83
- - - - -
Gan b ci chn
12700 -
41800
150
2,86 -
3,45
40 50
9,3
27,5
20
40
20
40
40/g
Gan b con
52600-
159800
- - - - - - -
Gan cu - 100 1,7 5,4 - -
13,88/
g
- -
Gan heo
12600
36700
90
156
- - - - - -
Cht rt ca gan - - - 40 50 6 122 - - -
Thn b ci - 40 50 0,8 2,0 -
16
19,4
- 6 25 -
Thn cu - 40 - - - - - -
Thn heo - 340 - - - - - -
Tim b ci - 225 0,35 - 4,9 5,9 - 4,0 -
Tim cu ci - 100 - - - - - -
1.2.4. Cht ngm r c tht (cht trch ly, cht rt)
Trong m c c mt s thnh phn rt d chit rt hay trch ly ra ta cn gi l cht
ngm ra. Ch cn ngm sc tht vo nc nng khong 60 80
o
C th chng s ngm ra.
ng vt sau khi cht, nhiu cht ngm ra c s bin i v ha hc to thnh cc cht
khc lm thay i mt s tnh cht ca tht.
Hm lng cht ngm ra trong tht chim vo khong 1,5 2,3 % m c. Tuy vi
lng rt t nh vy nhng li c mt ngha rt ln v trong cht ngm ra c nhiu cht
gy v, mi thm to nn hng v c trng ca tng loi tht, to s hp dn i vi
16

ngi tiu th, nh Paplop gi dch chit tht l mt trong nhng cht kch thch dch
v tt nht. ngha th hai th hon ton khng tt v cht ngm ra l nhng thnh phn
n gin li c gi tr dinh dng cao i vi vi sinh vt v vy chng nhanh chng xm
nhp vo trong tht sinh sng pht trin, lm cho tht nhanh chng b thi ra. Tc
phn hy thi ra ca cc loi tht nhanh hay chm l do s lng v tnh cht ca cht
ngm ra trong cc loi tht quyt nh.
Cc cht ngm ra ca c tht c chia lm hai nhm ch yu l cc cht ngm
ra cha nit v khng cha nit.
- Cc cht ngm ra cha nit chim lng ch yu trong cht ngm ra vo khong 1,2
1,6 % m c m trong phn ln l cc cht hu c c m nh creatin, axit creatinic,
carnozin, anxerin, methylguanidin ; cc axit amin t do m trong quan trng l axit
glutamic, tryptophan, lxin, alanin,... Ngoi ra cn c creatinphosphat,
adenozintriphosphat, adenozindiphosphat, adenozinmonophosphat, baz purin, taurin, ure
v amoniac.
- Cc cht ngm ra khng cha nit gm cc sn phm ca s chuyn ha glycogen,
dextrin, maltoza, glucoza, inozit v cc este phosphoric ca chng ; cc axit nh axit
lactic, piruvic, sucxinic ; cc cht bo trung tnh v mt s cc cht khc.
Ni chung hm lng cht ngm ra ca ng vt trn cn t hn ng vt thy sn
nhiu. Tuy vi mt lng cht ngm ra rt t nhng n c tm quan trng v mt dinh
dng v n lm cho tht c mi v thm ti v ngt, gy s hp dn i vi ngi s
dng. Do hm lng cht ngm ra trong tht t nn tht kh b thi ra hn c v cc ng
vt thy sn khc
1.2.5. Nc v cc mui v c :
Lng nc trong c th ng vt tri ngc vi lng m, lng m cng nhiu th
lng nc cng t. Nc trong c th ng vt tn ti di hai hnh thc l nc kt
hp v nc t do. Lng nc trong c tht loi b ht m khong 74 77%, lng
nc trong t chc m khong 4 40%. Cng trong mt c th ng vt, nhng v tr c
tht khc nhau th lng nc cng khc nhau. Lng nc cn khc nhau theo ging loi,
gi non ca ng vt. V d lng nc trong b non l 72%, trong b gi l 45%, ni
chung lng nc trong tht ng vt vo khong 45 75%.
- Mui v c : Lng mui v c trong t chc c tht chim rt t, hm lng trung bnh
trong t chc c tht vo khong 0,8 1,5%. Mui v c trong t chc c tht tn ti
trng thi hp cht v c, trong axit amin, lxithin v hemoglobin. Mui v c trong tht
c Ca, Ka, Fe, Na, P, Cl, S,...
1.3. Nhng bin i c nguyn liu tht su git m.
ng vt sau khi cht th cc tnh cht quan trng ca tht u thay i cn bn. C th
c trng hng chung ca nhng bin i ny l s phn gii cc h sinh hc khi sng.
Nguyn nhn phn gii l do s trao i cht trong cc m cht b ngng li v nhng qu
trnh sinh ha thun nghch bi enzim chuyn thnh nhng qu trnh khng thun nghch.
Cc qu trnh tng hp b nh ch v hot ng ph hy ca cc enzim ni ln hng u.
17

Nh vy s phn gii cc m sau khi cht chnh l s t phn gii. Qu trnh c th
hnh dung nh l tp hp cc giai on k tip nhau :
- nh ch trao i cht
- Phn gii t chc lin kt ca m c v cc m khc
- Phn gii cc cht chnh thnh nhng cht n gin hn m ch yu l phn gii
protein.
Da vo nhng biu hin bn ngoi, ngi ta chia s bin i ca tht sau khi cht
thnh 3 thi k lin tc l : qu trnh t cng sau khi cht, qu trnh t chin ti v qu trnh
phn hy
1.3.1. S t cng
Ngay sau khi cht, m c tht ti nng b suy yu, c m nh, phn ng mi
trng pH gn 6,8, mi thm v v th hin khng r rng. Khng bao lu sau khi ng
vt nh ch s sng, s t cng trong cc m c s bt u.
Trc tin vi c c c biu hin b ngoi cng sau lan xung lng, bng ri
ton thn, cc m c dn co ngn li. S pht trin t cng hon ton xy ra vi thi gian
khc nhau, ph thuc vo c im ca ng vt v cc iu kin xung quanh. Tht b
nhit 15 18
o
C s t cng hon ton bt u xy n sau 10 12 gi ; nhit gn
0
o
C sau 18 24 gi. Vo lc ny, rn ca tht tng khong 25%, cn ct tng ln 2
ln, tht c rn ln k c sau khi nu. Nu sc tht c t nm yn tnh th s bin
i cc c trng bn ca tht trong thi k t cng s tt hn.
m ca tht trong thi gian ny t ti cc tiu v tr s m thp hn khong
25% so vi m ca n sau 2 gi sau khi cht. Vo thi gian ny, lng dch tht tch
ra khi ly tm s tng ln khong 40%. M c dn dn suy yu sau khi s t cng pht
trin cc i.
Tht trng thi t cng km tiu ha bi enzim pepsin v b mt i mi thm v v
sn c trng thi luc.
S t cng sau khi cht ca bp c l kt qu ca s pht trin cc qu trnh ha
sinh phc tp do enzim gy ra ch yu l qu trnh phn gii. Cc qu trnh ny gm
c :
Phn gii glycogen to thnh axit lactic (glyco phn)
Glycogen ca m c b phn gii n axit lactic. Khi to thnh 1 g axit lactic trong
bp c, gii phng 280 calo nhit. ng vt sau khi ct tit, vic cung cp oxy vo c tht
b nh ch, do ngng xm nhp oxy vo t bo, giai on trao i nng lng hiu kh
suy gim dn, khi s phn gii glycogen xy ra bng con ng phosphoril ha vi s
tham gia ca ATP. Glycogen phn gii s to thnh axit lactic, y l nguyn nhn ch
yu lm gim tr s pH ca tht, trong qu trnh ny cng c s to thnh ca axit
phosphoric v cng tham gia lm gim tr s pH ca tht.
Cc qu trnh phn gii glycogen k kh, tch ly axit lactic v gim tr s pH v c
bn u kt thc qua 24 gi bo qun tht 4
o
C, pH ca m c t 7,0 7,2 sau ct tit 1 gi
18

gim xung cn khong 6,2 6,4 v sau 24 gi th xung ti 5,6 5,8 v nu gi iu kin
n u thi k ca qu trnh phn hu do vi khun gy nn, pH s gn vi im
ng in ca cc protein si c (5,0 5,5). S axit ha mi trng c tc dng c ch s
pht trin ca cc vi sinh vt gy thi ra. S gim thp tr s pH l biu hin ca qu trnh
tin trin glyco phn, bi v n c o d dng v chnh xc hn so vi hm lng
glycogen hoc axit lactic, v ng thi hu nh ph hp tuyn tnh vi s to thnh axit
lactic.
Hm lng axit lactic v tr s pH l ch tiu quan trng ca c trng phm cht
ca tht. S bn vng ca tht khi bo qun mt mc xc nh ph thuc vo chnh n
v hng lot cc ch tiu ha l gy nn cc tnh cht qui trnh cng ngh v tiu th ca
tht ( m, gi m khi x l nhit, lng dch tit ra khi lm tan gi,...). Ngoi ra, theo
mc h thp tr s pH l iu kin thun li hn cho tc dng ca cathepsin m c, iu
c ngha to ln i vi s chn ti tip theo ca tht.
Axit lactic tch ly trong bp c ph hy h m bicacbonat ca m c v lm
thot ra mnh m axit cacbonic t do, c bit l trong gi u tin sau khi b git cht.
Bi vy khng nn ch bin hp t tht ti nng v kh CO
2
c to thnh trong hp
s gy nn hin tng phng hp.
S bin i ca pH, glycogen v s t tp ca axit phosphoric trong qu trnh bo
qun tht 14
o
C nh bng 1.7 sau :
Bng 1.7 : S bin i ca pH, axit phosphoric v glycogen trong qu trnh bo qun tht
1 4
o
C.
Thi gian
sau khi
ct tit
(gi)
pH Hm lng (mg%)
Glycogen Glucoza Axit lactic Axit
phosphoric
0 7,1 7,2 - - - -
1 6,12 633,7 159,7 319,2 70,5
12 5,94 462,0 171,2 609,16 77,7
24 5,56 274,9 202,5 700,6 75,3
48 5,68 183,1 222,6 692,6 75,4
74 5,82 189,4 206,5 567,8 91,5
120 5,68 121,7 219,0 611,3 90,7
T bng 1.7. ta c th thy c lng glycogen gim xung c h thng, glucoza v
axit lactic tng ln, pH gim xung, t chc c tht chuyn t trung tnh sang tnh axit,
nh hng rt ln n kt cu th keo ca protit trong c tht.
Ngoi s phn gii bng con ng phosphoril ha, xc nhn c s phn gii
glycogen trong bp c do amilo phn.
Qua nghin cu cho thy thi k t phn gii u tin cc bp c ca gia sc ln c
sng 4
o
C, song song vi s phn gii mt phn ng k glycogen ca m c v s tch
19

ly axit lactic cn quan st thy s to thnh maltoza, glucoza v cc polysaccarit kh
khng ln men.
S bin i t phn ca gluxit bp c vo nhng gi u tin ch lin quan hn ch ti s
phn gii glycogen do amilo phn v ch yu c gy nn bi cc phn ng amilo phn k
kh khi xy ra mnh m.
Tuy nhin, s phn gii glycogen tip theo sau 24 gi bo qun th ch do qu trnh
amilo phn gy nn. Nh vy con ng phn hy glycogen do amilo phn l c trng
cho cc thi k t phn gii mun hn tip din ngay sau s t cng cc bp c sau khi
cht
Phn gii Adenozintriphosphat (ATP)
ATP l hp cht quan trng nht tham gia ti nng lng t do trong s oxy ha
cc cht trao i. Nng lng t do cn thit cho s lm vic ca bp c c tch ly
trong ATP.
S chuyn ha ATP trong t bo sng c my hng. Mt mt, gc phtpho bo
ha nng lng c th chuyn sang phn t khc, nng lng ca lin kt cao nng trong
trng hp ny c duy tr hp cht mi, trong trng hp khc th b tiu hao i,
ng thi di nh hng ca adenozintriphosphataza ca miozinATP b thy phn to
thnh adenozindiphosphoric (ADP), adenozinmonophosphoric (AMP) v cc phosphat
v c t do, cn nng lng ha hc chuyn ha thnh nng lng c hc cho s co rt
bp c.
Hai nhm phosphat cui cng ca ATP lin kt vi nhau tng mi lin kt
pirophosphat, khi b thy phn mi nhm gii phng mt nng lng 11 12 kcal/M.
Qu trnh phn gii ATP c din gii nh s sau :

Hnh 1.6: S phn gii ATP
Phn gii creatinphosphat.
Creatinphosphat (phosphagen) v cu to l este phosphoric ca creatin (axit
metilguanidinaxetic).

20





NH
2

|
C = NH
|
N CH
3

|
CH
2

|
COOH
Creatin
OH
NHOP = O
| OH
C = NH
|
N CH
3

|
CH
2

|
COOH Creatinphosphate

Hnh 1.7: Cng thc cu to ca creatin v creatinphosphate
Creatin t do cha trong bp c ng vt sng tng i t, 79 80% creatin kt
hp vi axit phosphoric trong hp cht cao nng, c gi l creatinphosphat.
Creatinphosphat l hp cht giu nng lng. Nng lng ring t do ca s thy phn
chng vo khong 15 kcal/M. Trong c th ng vt, creatinphosphat tn ti cng vi
ATP, l acqui nng lng c o dng trong cc qu trnh co rt c. Hm lng
creatinphosphat trong cc bp c khc nhau ca cng mt con vt khng ng u. Cc
c vn phi lm vic nhiu cha nhiu hn c. Ngoi ra, th d trong c trng ca th v
g trng b kch ng d v co rt nhanh chng, lng creatinphosphat nhiu hn so vi
trong bp c ca chnh nhng ng vt . Nhng s liu ny xc nhn
creatinphosphat thc hin vai tr d tr nng lng ca nhng lin kt phosphat b ng
vin d dng thc hin nhanh chng cc hot ng c bp.
Hm lng tng s ca creatin v creatinphosphat trong bp c cc loi ng vt
cng khc nhau. Hm lng ca n nga khong 0,06% ; cu 0,15% ; ln 0,24% ;
b c 0,41% tnh theo khi lng bp c.
Ngi ta bit ATP c tng hp khng ngng trong qu trnh glyco phn vi
lng 1,5M trn mi mol axit lactic to thnh. Tuy nhin s tng hp ny mc no
cn bng vi s phn gii ATP bi miozin. V vy khi lng d tr glycogen cn
tng i nhiu th khng th xy ra phn gii ton b ATP v bp c khng chuyn vo
trng thi t cng hon ton.
Trong m c cc ng vt c lng glycogen d tr cao, s phn gii ATP b
tr hon do thi gian ko di ca chu trnh glyco phn th s gim dn bp c xy ra
vo nhng thi hn mun hn v hm lng ATP thp hn.
S to thnh phc cht actomiozin
Bin i quan trng hn c tht sau khi cht ca ng vt l s gim mnh lng
miozin c chit xut trong ngy bo qun tht u tin.
21

Ngay sau khi nh ch s sng ca ng vt, lc lng ATP y , actin
dng hnh cu v khng lin kt vi miozin. iu ph hp vi trng thi suy yu ca
si c v mc hydrat ha cao ca protein co li do c nhiu trung tm a nc t
do trong cu trc ca n.
Trong cc si suy yu, miozin kt thnh phc cht vi cc ion kali v canxi, c vi
glycogen v ATP na.
S phn ly phc cht xy ra do kt qu h thp pH. C gi thuyt cho rng khi
xy ra s chuyn ha actin hnh cu thnh actin hnh si bng trng hp ha cc vi cu
v xon ha cc si actin c to thnh. Tip sau s co ngn t c s bt u. Bi v
khi s mt nh hng cc thnh phn cu trc ca t c khng quan st thy cho nn
ngi ta cho rng s co ngn nh vy l kt qu ca s ht cc si actin mnh vo gia
cc si miozin th, nh vy phc cht actomiozin to thnh v tip sau xy ra s co rt t
c. iu ny c th hin ra bn ngoi l s t cng sau khi cht ca h c ng vt.
S trung tm a nc trong phn t cc protein co ngn khi tng tc gia actin v
miozin b gim bt do kt qu ca s bao vy tng h cc nhm hot ng ca protein.
Mc hydrat ha ca actomiozin b gim i t ngt.
Hm lng axit lactic tng ln theo mc phn gii glycogen trong bp c,
axit mi trng tng ln v c th do nguyn nhn no lin kt gia canxi v actin b
ph hy, kt qu l lm tng nng ion canxi trong cc m. Nng ny t mc
dn n s kch hot adenozintriphosphat ca miozin, v vy xy ra s phn hy
nhanh ATP. Trong thi k ny xy ra nhng bin i c bn cc tnh cht ca m c nh
s co ngn li, s bin i bn chc, n hi v b dehydrat ha.
S t cng trong cc bp c v m c:
Qua nghin cu ngi ta thy rng cc loi bp c ca gia sc gia cm khc nhau
v hm lng glycogen, ATP, creatinphosphat v cc tr s pH ban u v cui cng. V
vy trong chng c s khc nhau v thi gian ca thi k pht trin t cng. iu ny
ph thuc vo s khc nhau v chc nng c thc hin bi cc bp c trong c th
ng vt.
Cc qu trnh ha sinh ch yu trong s t cng bp c nhng loi ng vt mu
nng cng ging nhau. Tuy nhin, thi gian ca qu trnh t cng v cc bin i ha
sinh xy ra c c tnh ring mi loi ng vt.
iu kin nui dng trc khi git nh hng rt ln n qu trnh glyco phn
tht. Chng hn tr s pH cui cng ca tht nhng ng vt c nui dng v ngh
ngi tt trc lc git lun lun thp hn nhng ng vt mt mi v i. Nu pH gim
ch rt t cng s nh hng nhiu n s tng bn vng chng vi khun gy thi ra
ca tht. Cn i vi tht ln, thi gian xut hin cht nhy lp b mt khi p mui
t tng ln ng k.
S lun phin lm vic v ngh ngi (luyn tp bp c) lm tng hm lng
glycogen trong bp c. Bi vy, ch nui dng ng vt ng c cho tr s pH
cui cng sau khi git thp hn ch nui chung v do tht bn vng hn.
22

Ngi ta xc nhn rng cc bp c gia sc ln c sng chuyn sang trng thi t
cng nhanh hn so vi cc bp c cu ci. Nhng dn liu th nghim chng t s
phn gii glycogen trong tht cu c xy ra chm hn v c hm lng axit lactic nh
hn so vi trong tht b.
Cc bp c gia cm chuyn sang trng thi t cng nhit trong phng, qua 2
4 gi sau khi git cht vi tr s pH cui cng vo khong 5,7 6,1. Tng cao nhit
bo qun s thc y nhanh s phn gii ATP v s bt u t cng.
Cc s liu so snh thi gian ca s pht trin t cng trong bp c cc loi ng
vt khc nhau nhit 4
o
C c trnh by trong bng 1.8 :
Bng 1.8 : Thi gian t cng ca tht mt s loi ng vt
Cc loi ng vt
Thi gian bo qun sau khi git cht
cho ti khi t cng hon ton, (gi).
Th
G mi
Ln
Cu ci
B, d, tru,...
1,54
24
1218
24
1824
T nhng iu nu trn c th cho ta thy rng s t cng sau khi cht c c trng
bi tp hp cc qu trnh ha sinh sau y :
- Phn ln creatinphosphat c phn gii ti u thi k t cng, n tham gia vo
chu trnh glyco phn, ch c tc dng nh cht ti tng hp ATP. ATP cn thit
ngn nga s chuyn bp c sang trng thi t cng. Thi gian ko di n bt
u t cng c xc nh bng thi hn ca chu trnh glyco phn, tr s pH ban
u cng cao v pH cui cng cng thp th thi gian cng di.
- Trong sut thi gian ko di n u thi k t cng, s gim ATP do b ATP-aza
phn gii c lm cn bng li bi s ti tng hp xy ra trong khi glyco phn.
S ko di thi gian n u giai on t cng ca t chc c tht l do nhn t c
bn cht protein c hot ha bng mui magie c tc dng c ch ATP-aza ca
miozin hot ng.
- S bt u giai on t cng nhanh khng nhng ph thuc vo hm lng ATP
m cn ph thuc vo vn tc ti tng hp n. iu c lin quan n lng
glycogen d tr v pH ca tht.
- Mui canxi c gii phng t actin lm tng hot tnh ca ATP-aza do dn
n s phn gii nhanh chng ATP. S phn gii ATP gy nn s to thnh phc
cht actomiozin do lm tng rn ca tht trong thi k t cng.
- S phn gii ATP l nguyn nhn chnh lm gim hydrat ha ca c tht khi t
cng. S dch chuyn pH t trung tnh v vng axit ch gy nn 1/3 mc gim
hydrat ha, cn 2/3 phi c coi l do s phn gii ATP. Kh nng ht m ca
tht cng thp th tht cng rn.
23

- Do thnh phn ha hc v cc c tnh ha sinh khc nhau nn qu trnh t cng
trong cc bp c ca cng mt loi ng vt cng nh trong bp c ca cc loi
ng vt khc nhau xy ra vi cng khng ng nht v cng ko di vi thi
gian khc nhau.
- Tr s pH ban u ca bp c do s vn ng ca ng vt ngay trc lc git
hoc trong khi b git gy nn. Tr s pH cui cng ph thuc vo iu kin nui
dng v mc mt nhc ca con vt trc lc git.
S hydrat ha ca c tht:
T chc c tht ng vt sau khi b git m c mt lng nc nht nh nn lm cho
t chc c tht non mm, m t nhng sau th c nhiu bin i. Nc l do kh
nng hydrat ha ca protein c tht. Nh Bc hc ngi c (Gamm) cho bit : Ngay sau
khi b git, bp c trng thi hydrat ha rt cao, bo qun tip trong khong t 1 2
ngy li quan st thy s gim mnh m kh nng ht m. Nhng bin i ca s hydrat
ha sau khi git cht c ngha ln i vi vic ch bin tht v nh hng n s tng
rn ca tht. Nh Gamm ch r s hydrat ha cc tiu v rn cc i ca tht sau
khi ng vt b git xy ra cng mt lc.
Nguyn nhn s gim hydrat ha ca protein bp c l do tr s pH ca bp c
gim t 6,8 xung 5,7 5,8, gn im ng in ca protein bp c (5,0 5,5) nn kh
nng hydrat ha km. Nhng khng phi l nguyn nhn chnh bi v s tch dch c
xy ra ngay trong trng hp pH gim khng ng k. Th d iu ny xy ra tht ng
vt mt mi, c hm lng glycogen trc lc git rt thp.
Nhn t quyt nh s gim kh nng lin kt vi nc ca protein l s phn gii
ATP v s kt hp gia actin vi miozin thnh phc cht actomiozin. Ngay sau lc
b git cht, nng ATP trong bp c tng i ln, actin v miozin khng lin kt
vi nhau. iu ny ph hp trng thi suy yu ca bp c v mc hydrat ha cao
ca protein co rt. S phn gii ATP dn ti s lin kt actin v miozin v nh vy lm
gim lng nhm thn nc ca phn t protein. Kt qu l hydrat ha gim i.
1.3.2. Thi k chin ti
Chn ti l tp hp nhng bin i ca v tnh cht ca tht, kt qu l tht c nhiu
biu hin tt v hng thm v v. Tht tr nn mm mi v ngon hn so vi tht t cng,
kh nng hydrat ha cao (85-87%) so vi tht ti, d b tc dng bi ezyme tiu ha.
Khi s t cng cc i th phn ln actomiozin chuyn sang trng thi co rt khng ha
tan. Khi t chc c tht mm tr li c ngha l tc dng t phn gii phn ly mt phn
actomiozin thnh actin v miozin, chuyn actomiozin t trng thi co rt sang trng thi
suy yu. Nh vy vn lm mm m c trong thi k u chn ti lin quan vi qu
trnh ngc li ca qu trnh gy nn t cng sau khi cht h c. Bi vy s suy yu
ca bp c trong thi k ny c th c c trng nh l s phn gii ca qu trnh t
cng sau khi cht ca ng vt.
S gim rn ca tht nhit 1 4
o
C quan st thy trong giai on gia 48 v
72 gi tnh t lc git ng vt v thc t c xem l phn gii cui cng ca qu trnh
t cng sau khi cht.
24

mm ca tht t c cc i ngay sau khi git ng vt. Qua hai ngy bo
qun th gim i ch cn 74% so vi tr s ch tiu ca tht ti nng. n ngy bo qun
th 6, mm ca tht li tng ln trung bnh ti 83% theo tr s ch tiu ca tht ti
nng.
S phn ly v suy yu ca actomiozin dn n lm tng s lng trung tm a
nc ca cc protein co rt, kt qu l kh nng lin kt vi nc ca m c tng ln,
n ngy th 6 t c 85 87% theo kh nng lin kt vi nc ca tht ti. Kh
nng lin kt vi nc ca m c v sau thc t gi nguyn mc ny. S lm mm
m c tip theo lin quan vi vic phn gii cc thnh phn cu trc ca si c di tc
dng ca enzim phn gii protein.
Trong thi k ny c s xut hin ca axit glutamic c to thnh do s kh
glutamin, cht trch ly c to thnh inozinic, inozin, hipoxantin., AMP, glutamic v
mui ca n.
1.3.3. Thi k thi ra/phn hy
Trong qu trnh ny cc men ca m (cathepsin, peptidaza) xc tc mnh lm t mach
peptit v ph hy protein to ra NH
3
, H
2
S, CO
2
, tht c mu hung nu, v chua mi kh
chu, n giai an nht nh tht khng cn n c.
Qu trinh phn hy ca tht bt u khi c du hiu thi ra tc l pht hin thy s c
mt ca cc sn phm cp thp. Trong qu trnh phn gii, cc enzyme trong t chc c
tht phn gii protein thnh nhng vt trung gian v cui cng c th thnh acid amin,
l tin tip theo cho qu trnh thi ra ca tht.
Qu trnh phn hy l s bin i phc tp xy ra di tc dng ca vi sinh vt s
phn hy cc cht protein ng vai tr ch yu trong qu trnh phn hy. qu trnh ny
c gy nn bi hot ng sng ca cc vi sinh vt. Chng tit cc enzyme phn gii
protein hoc cc sn phm thy phn khng hon ton ca n.
Tht trng thi thi ra c cha cc c t gy hi i vi sc khe ca con ngi.
c im ca tht trong qu trnh phn hy:
+ Tht c cc biu hin xu v mu sc, mi v.
+ Tht tr nn c, khng c php s dng lm thc phm.
Cc phn ng sinh ha:
+ Di tc dng ca vi sinh vt, ch yu l vi sinh vt gy thi ra th cc sn
phm n gin ca qu trnh phn gii s chuyn ha thnh cc sn phm cp thp.
+ Vi sinh vt gy thi ra ly nhim vo tht t 2 ngun: Th nht chng c sn
trong bn thn ng vt trc khi git m (bn trong). kim sot ngun vi sinh vt
ny th phi kim tra ng vt trc khi git m. Th hai chng ly nhim vo trong
25

qu trnh git m, ch bin v bo qun tht, kim sot th chng ta phi m bo
cc quy phm v sinh chun.
+ C hai dng h hng thi ra l thi ra hiu kh v thi ra k kh.
- Thi ra hiu kh xy ra bn trn b mt ca tht v i dn vo lp bn trong. S
tit cht nhy b mt tht l du hiu cha s phn hy hiu kh. Cht nhy c thy
r khi trn 1cm
2
b mt tht c khong 10
7
t bo vi sinh vt. S phn hu protein l
nguyn nhn lm m t b mt tht v xut hin cht chy. ng thi vi s tit nhy
trn b mt tht, mu sc v cc ch tiu khc cng b bin i. Tht t mu d chuyn
sang mu nht nht ri sau mu xanh nht.
- Thi ra k kh din ra cc lp bn trong(lp c gn xng, khp xng, c
quan ni tng) v i dn ra bn ngoi. Thi ra k kh thng km theo sinh kh, cht kh
tch t khng gian gia cc bp c v gia cc si, ph hy cc gian tng m lin kt,
tht tr nn xp. Tht nh vy thng c mu , xanh hoc l xm hay xanh nht. S
phn hy thi ra ym kh xy ra trong ton b b dy ca tht v lan ra rt nhanh.
S phn hy thi ra k kh v hiu kh tht ring bit rt t gp m thng c
hai qu trnh xy ra ng thi. Khi cc du hiu cm quan phn hy thi ra xut hin
th tht khng cn dng c na. Bi vy xc nh cc du hiu u tin ca qu
trnh thi ra l rt quan trng.














Tripeptit v dipeptit
Protein
Cc cht v
c
CO
2
, H
2
O,
H
2
S
H
2
, NH
3

Cc id hu c,
trong s c
cc acid bay
hi
( acetic,
butyric, formic,
propionic)
Cc baz hu
c (putretxin,
cadaverin,
histamine,
triamin,
metylamin,
dimetylamin,
trimetylamin)
Cc cht hu
c khc
(cresol, phenol,
indol, skatol,
meccaptan)
Polypeptit
Protein
26


Hnh 1.8: Cc sn phm ca qu trnh phn hy
1.4. Phn loi tht.
Tht sau khi git m s chuyn bn ti hoc ch bin .Trong trng hp bn ti
hoc ch bin khng ht s chuyn sang cp ng. Phm cht ca tht khng nhng
ph thuc vo lng m lin kt cha trong n, m cn ph thuc vo t l cc si
elastin v colagen trong tht, cu trc v chiu dy ca cc si mng. Da vo phm
cht ca tht m ngi ta phn loi tht. T tu theo mc ch ch bin m ta s
dng loi tht no.
Tht ch ph lc (nguyn mnh)
Tht heo
Sau khi git m ngi ta phn cp tht heo da vo dy m lng hoc da vo
t l heo mnh sau khi git m
Phn loi theo dy m lng vi heo hi khong 100 kg sau khi git m:
Loi 1: 3,3 -3,5 cm
Loi 2: 3,8 - 4,8 cm
Loi 3: < 4,8 cm
Loi 4: < 3,3 cm
Loi 5: < 2,5 cm
1.2. Phn loi theo trng lng v t l
heo mnh sau khi git m:phn loi vi 3 nhm 8 loi
- Nhm A: ln hn 115 kg th trng
Loi I: cho 82,5% cho tht mc hm.
Loi II: cho 81,6% cho tht mc hm.
Loi III: cho 76,5% cho tht mc hm.
- Nhm B: gm heo c th trng >115 kg
Loi IV: (70-85kg) 80,7%
Loi V: (50-70kg) 79,7%
Loi VI: (<50kg) 76,2%
- Nhm C: gm heo th phm khng xp hng c.
Bng 1.9: Phn loi tht tru, b
Loi Tht x% Tht lc%
27

Tru
1-Bo 45 30
2-Trung bnh 38 28
3-Gy 35 25
B
1-Bo 50 40
2-Trung bnh 48 38
3-Gy 45 35
Phn loi tht gia cm:( git m, b u, chn, lng)
G cng nghip: 1,8-2,0 kg loi 1
>2,0 kg loi 2
<1,6 kg loi 3
Vt: 1-1,5 kg
Tht ph lc
Tht heo, b, tru (tht gia sc)
+ Tht vai
- Gm ton b phn c bm vo xng b vai v xng ng chi trc
- Gii hn trc l ng ct th, ct thng qua t gia xng chm v t sng
c th nht(cch mang tai khong 1 cm); vung gc vi ct sng, khng tr xng ,
khng vt theo xng hm).
- Gii hn sau: l ng ct vai, qua khong gia t sng c tng ng vi cc
xng sn th 7 v 8 v i qua khong gia cc xng sn .
- Gii hn di:bt u t ng ct th, ln theo gii hn ca ng ct chn
gi trc, ti mt im trn ng ct vai (khong cch t im n lng gp hai
ln khong cch t im ti ngc).
+ Tht i:
- Gm ton b cc phn c bm vo xng chu v xng i(xng ng chi sau)
- Gii hn trc l dng ct lng.
- Gii hn sau l ng ct chn gi sau.
+ Tht thn ngoi (heo B, b B):
- L khi c chy dc theo xng sng t xng sn s 5 n xng sn cui.
- Gii hn trc l ng ct vai.
28

-Gii hn sau l ng lng, ct thng qua gc hng xng cnh chu, ri ln
st vng c mng.
- Gii hn di l mp di c lin sn chung (con trch ) v c di lng.
+ Tht ba ri:
- L phn nm t xng sn s 5 n xng sn cui trn tht bng.
- Nc dm l phn u ca thn ngoi phn trn vai (phn tht ny m xen
nhiu)
+ Bp: l phn c di bm xng cng chn( trc, sau).
+ Tht nch: nm di tht vai, sau tht u.
+ Thn ni: l phn c st xng sng pha trong khoang bng, st qu thn.
+ Tht th heo: l phn tht lc t xng u gm mi, tai, hai m, nng.
B:
Cng gm nhng phn tht nh tht heo nhng do mi khi c i rt ln nn
ngi ta chia nh ra theo v tr tng khi c. V b, tru cn thm phn c c di.




Hnh 1.9: Phn loi tht theo cc mnh pha lc

1.5. Cu to, thnh phn h hc v phn loi trng.
1.5.1. Cu to c trng
3
8
9
1- Tht vi 2- Tht thn
3- Tht i 4- Tht b ri
5- Tht nch 6- Tht bng
7,8-Tht bp 9- Tht th

29


Hnh 1.10: Cu to ca trng
1.5.1.1. Hnh dng v mu sc
Bnh thng, trng vt c dng elip trn xoay, t l gia chiu di v chiu rng
ca trng thng t 1,13 n 1,67. Tuy nhin, do nh hng ca ging v nhng iu
kin khc m t s c th thay i.
V trng vt thng mu trng hoc trng xanh. Khi lng trng vt t 60
80g. Khi lng ca trng thng khng ng nht v ph thuc vo nhiu yu t
nh ging, la tui, thc n v.v
1.5.1.2. V trng
V trng rn, d v, c tc dng bo v trng trnh vi khun v tc ng bn
ngoi nh p sut, nhit v.v T l v trng chim khong 12% so vi khi lng
ton b qu trng, ty vo ging gia cm m t l ny c thay i. T l v trng vt
thng thng cao hn trng g (khong 0,2 0,3%) tri li t hn trng ngng khong
0,1 0,3%.
Chiu dy ca v trng t 0,31 0,35mm, chiu dy pha u nhn ln hn
u t. Bn ngoi v c mt lp keo mng trong sut gi l mng ngoi v trng, gip
hn ch s bc hi nc, ng thi ngn nga s xm nhp ca vi sinh vt. Lp mng
ny c c im l d tan trong nc, c bit l nc nng.
30


Hnh 1.11: Cu to v trng
C Cutile: lp biu b, PC Pore canal: L trn b mt v trng, SM Shell
membrance: Mng trng
Mt ngoi v trng c nhiu l li ti xuyn vo trong, m bo nc trong trng
bay hi, oxy bn ngoi thm thu vo v kh CO
2
t trong trng thot ra ngoi. Cc l
ny c ng knh t 4 40m, mt 100 150 l/cm
2
. Mt trong v trng nhiu
mm nh ra, mm hn mt ngoi v di tc ng ca cc phn ng ha hc d dng
tan ra, l ngun canxi hnh thnh b xng ca phi, do v trng mng dn v gin
hn trong qu trnh p.
1.5.1.3.Mng trng

Hnh 1.12: Cu to mng trng
31

Di v c 2 lp mng l mng trong v v mng lng trng. Mng trong v
bm st mt trong v trng. Mng lng trng bc ton b lng trng. Cu to ca 2 lp
mng ging nh cc mt li nhng c tc dng chng c vi sinh vt thm qua cn
cc cht kh v nc c th thm qua c.
1.5.1.4. Bung kh
trng va mi , hai lp mng v trng dnh st vo nhau. Sau mt thi gian,
nhit ca trng gim dn. Do s bc hi nc v kh ra ngoi nn th tch ca rut
trng b thu hp dn, khng kh t bn ngoi lt vo trong trng. u t ca trng,
lp mng v trong tch khi lp mng v ngoi to nn bung kh cung cp oxy cho
phi trong tun u. Kch thc bung hi tng dn theo thi gian bo qun, c bit
l nhit cao. Trng hp 2 mng khng dnh st vo nhau th bung kh di
ng chy khp ni, khi xoay qu trng v tr no th bung kh ni ln trn v tr
.
1.5.1.5. Lng trng trng
Lng trng l dung dch keo ca cc protein tan trong nc, lng trng trng ti
trong sut, c th c mu vng nht do sc t ovoflavin. T l lng trng ca trng vt
(v khi lng) t 53,5 53,7%. Ty theo ging m t l ny thay i khc nhau.
Cu to ca lng trng gm c 2 lp, lp ngoi lng cn lp bn trong c.
Nhng thc t khi ct dc qu trng th thy c 4 lp. Lin st v l lp lng trng
long (chim 23 24% so vi khi lng lng trng), lng trng lp tip theo l lng
trng c (chim khong 57 58%) c tc dng gi cho lng gia n nh v tr.
Lp th ba li l lp lng trng lng hn (khong 16 17%) bao ly lp lng trng
c trong cng chim 2,5 3%.
Bng 1.10: T l cht kh ca cc lp lng trng
Lp lng trng T l cht kh,
%
Lng trng long
ngoi
Lng trng c ngoi
Lng trng long
trong
Lng trng c ngoi
11,1 11,3
12,3 12,5
13,5 13,7
15,5 15,7
Chnh s sp xp cc lp lng trng trn lm cho trng c tnh cht bo v khi
cc thay i bn ngoi.
32

Hai si xon t mng lng xuyn qua lp lng trng long bn trong i su
vo lp lng trng c l hai dy chng c tnh n hi. Khi qu trng b xoay t
ngt, lc ly tm lm cho lng vng ra khi tm i st vo v trng, nh c lp lng
trng c lm m v lc cng hai dy chng ko li lm cho lng mau chng tr
li v tr c.
1.5.1.6. Lng trng
Lng trng vt chim khong 35,7 35,9% (w/w). Ty theo ging m t l
lng thay i khc nhau.
Lng c cu trc hnh cu, mt ngoi mng bc tip gip lp lng trng long
lp trong, mt trong mng bc lng , ch hi nh ln l a phi. a phi mu nht
hn, hnh trn c chm gia l ni tinh trng i vo th tinh cho trng v bt u
qu trnh phn chia t bo to thnh phi.
Mu sc ca lng c m nht khc nhau t vng nht n vng, ty
thuc nhiu yu t, trong cht lng thc n quyt nh hn c. Nu gia cm n
thc n ch yu l ng v thc n xanh th lng c mu m hn, nu cho n ch
yu gm la mch th lng c mu nht.

Hnh 1.13: Cu trc ht trong lng trng
Mu lng cn ty thuc vo kh nng chuyn ha cc sc t trong thc n ca
vt m vo qu trng. Mu vng hoc da cam ca trng ch yu do cc hp cht
caroten, xantophyl v flavin trong thc n to ra.
Lng trng c nh v gia nh c dy chng , dy chng ny c cu
trc nh lng trng c.
33

1.5.2. Thnh phn h hc v gi tr dinh dng c trng
Qua nghin cu v thnh phn dinh dng, ngi ta nh gi gi tr dinh dng
ca trng ngang vi tht v sa. So vi thc phm ngun gc ng vt khc th trng
cho gi tr nng lng t hn nhng li cho t l protein cao hn. Ngoi ra trng cn
cho kh y cc vitamin v cc nguyn t vi lng. Thnh phn dinh dng ca
trng ph thuc vo thc n, ging, mi trng sng, trng thi sc khe v thi gian
khai thc ca gia cm.
Bng 1.11: Thnh phn ha hc ca trng (%)
Trng
gia
cm
Nc,
%
Protein,
%
Lipid,
%
Gluxit,
%
Khong,
%
Nng
lng,
cal/100g
G
Vt
Ngng
G ty
74,00
70,08
70,4
72,6
12,8
13,1
13,9
11,3
11,5
14,3
13,3
11,8
0,7
1,0
1,3
1,7
1,0
1,8
1,1
0,8
171
189


1.5.2.1. Protein
Protein ca trng khng nhng cha y cc acid amin khng thay th m t
l gia chng rt cn i, v th protein ca trng c dng lm mu so snh vi
thnh phn dinh dng ca cc thc phm khc. Cc acid min khng thay th c trong
trng gm: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine,
tryptophan v valine. Ngoi ra cn cc acid amin khc nh: arginine, aspartic acid,
glycine, proline, cystine, acid glutamic, serine, tyrosine v alanine.
Mi qu trng c khong 7g protein, trong 44,3% lng , 50% lng
trng, 2,1% v v 3,6% cc mng di v. Protein lng trng ch yu l
phosvitin v livetin. Cc protein loi ny ch c trong trng v sa. Livetin cha t
photpho nhng li nhiu lu hunh (1,8%). Phosvitin cha nhiu photpho (10%)
nhng hon ton khng c lu hunh. Protein ca lng c thnh phn acid amin tt
nht v ton din nht.
Protein ca lng trng ch yu thuc loi n gin v nm trng thi ha tan.
Trong thnh phn lng trng c n 8 loi protein khc nhau, ch yu l ovalbumin
(gn 54%), ovoglobulin (8%), conalbumin mt loi flavoprotein (gn 12%),
ovomucoid (11%), ovomucin (3%), lisozyme (3,5%), avidin (0,05%). Protein ca lng
trng cng c thnh phn acid amin ton din nh lng . Protein ca trng l ngun
rt tt ca cc acid amin, c bit l tryptophan, cc acid amin cha lu hunh
34

(methionine v cystine), arginine.
1.5.2.2. Lipid
Mt gam cht bo cung cp mt nng lng l 9 cal. Mi qu trng c khong
5g cht bo, trong 1,5g l cht bo no, 2,5g cht bo khng no. Lipid trong lng
trng chim rt t (0,3%), trong lng th rt cao (27 36%).
Bng 1.12: Thnh phn phospholipid trn tng lng phospholipid trong trng
Phospholipid Thnh phn
%
Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Lysophosphatidylcholine
Sphingomyelin
Cc phosphatlipid khc
80,5
11,7
1,9
1,9
3,7
Lipid trong lng trng gm c 2 dng: dng t do (glycerit) v dng lin kt
(photphatit, glycolipid, steroid). Trng g l ngun lecithin qu, hm lng lng
khong 8,6% hay 1,6g. Lecithin thng c t cc thc phm khc. Thnh phn cc
acid bo trong lecithin rt thun li cho qu trnh ng ho: oleic (43%), panmitic
(32%), klupanodonic (13%), linoleic (8%), stearinic (4%) v arachidonic (vt).
Lecithin ca trng c khong 63% cc acid bo khng no bao gm Omega-3 acid rt
tt cho sc khe.
Lng trng c 1,6% hay 0,3g cholesterol. Khong 84% cholesterol trong lng
dng t do v ch 16% dng ester. Cholesterol rt cn thit i vi tr em, tuy
nhin i vi ngi trng thnh, cholesterol d s tch ly trong mu, gy x va
mch mu, bnh huyt p cao, tim mch.
Bng 1.13: Cc thnh phn c trong lng trng
Thnh
phn
%
ch
t
kh

T l
protei
n lng

trng
(%)
Khi lng
phn t
Ln
g
lipid
(%)
Lng
phospha
te trong
protein
B tr
Phosvitin
4 10 36000 0 10 Dng
ht
35

HDL
Lipovitellin
16 36 400000 20 o = 0,5
| = 0,25
Dng
ht
LDL
Lipovitellen
in
68 24 3 et 10
10
6
88 0,1
Livetin
10 30 o = 80000
| = 45000
= 150000
0 Trong
pha lin
tc
Riboflavin
lng lin
kt vi
protein
1,5 0,4 36000 0 0,2 Trong
pha lin
tc
1.5.2.3. Glucid
Trng c khong 0,5g glucid. Phn ln glucid di dng manose v galactose
nm trong thnh phn cc protein v glucolipid phc tp. Mt lng thp glucose
dng t do.
1.5.2.4. Khong
Trng c nhiu mui khong khc nhau. 95% cht khong tp trung v, mui
chnh ca v l CaCO
3
, 0,4g cht khong phn u gia lng v lng trng. Phn
ln cc cht khong ca trng dng lin kt hu c. Lng l ngun photpho
chnh, chim 99% tng s photpho. Lng canxi ca trng thp, khong 31mg.
Trng l ngun lu hunh tt, ch yu nm trong thnh phn cc acid amin nh
methionine v cystine. St c khong 2mg, hu nh tp trung ovovitelin ca lng .
Cc vi lng hu ht lng gm km khong 1mg, ng 0,3mg, brom 0,2mg,
mangan 0,02mg, iod t 0,004 n 0,1mg.
Bng1.14: Hm lng cc cht khong ca 1 trng (mg)
Khong
Lng

Lng
trng
Photpho
Canxi
Magie
0,110
0,027
0,024
0,006
0,004
0,003
36

Kali
Natri
Clo
Lu
hunh
St
0,019
0,02
0,023
0,003
0,002
0,055
0,053
0,051
0,064
0,0003
1.5.2.5. Vitamin
Trong lng c c cc vitamin tan trong cht bo v nc, trong lng trng ch
c cc vitamin tan trong nc. Ngi ta thy trong trng c 9 vitamin tan trong nc:
thiamin, riboflavin, acid nicotinic, acid pantotenic, pyridoxin, acid folic, biotin, colin,
acid ascorbic.
Lng trng l ngun vitamin A v cc provitamin tt nhng hm lng dao
ng nhiu ty theo ma v thc n cho gia cm. Mu ca lng lun lun phn nh
hot tnh vitamin, v d khi cho g n du c, lng nht nhng c nhiu vitamin A.
Lng vitamin D trong lng cng dao ng, t 0,042 n 0,12mg%. V s
lng, vitamin D trng ch km du c.
Trong lng c vitamin K (0,02%) v vitamin E di dng o-tocoferon (ti
20mg%). Thiamin tp trung chnh lng . Hm lng ca thiamin trong lng
dao ng t 0,35 n 0,48mg%, trong trng g ton phn t 0,12 n 0,26mg%. Trng
vt nhiu vitamin B
1
hn trng g.
Riboflavin c c trong lng v lng trng, hm lng dao ng t 0,5 n
1mg%.
Trong trng tng i c nhiu acid pantotenic (1,1 n 1,4mg%) tp trung
nhiu trng (t 4,7 n 6,5mg%).
Piridoxin ch c trong lng v khng qu 0,02mg%. Lng acid folic trong
trng khong 0,9mg%.
Trng l ngun choline tt, choline tham gia vo thnh phn lecithin, chim
khong 8,6% lng , tng ng 1700mg%. Choline gi vai tr quan trng trong s
pht trin ca tr no.
Biotin c trong lng (0,037mg%) v trong lng trng (gn 0,005mg%).
lng trng trng ti, biotin kt hp vi mt protit l avidin. Khi n trng sng, c th
mt kh nng hp thu biotin v avidin lm mt hot tnh vitamin ny, chuyn n thnh
phc hp biotin-avidin rt bn vng v khng chu tc dng ca cc enzyme trong h
37

tiu ho. Nh vy ng c do n trng sng khng c g khc l tnh trng thiu
biotin.
Acid ascorbic c trong trng rt t, trong lng ch c khong 0,3mg%.
1.5.3. Phn loi trng
C nhiu cch phn loi trng nh phn theo loi gia cm, thi gian trng,
phng php bo qun,
Cn c vo loi gia cm, trng c phn thnh trng g, trng vt, trng ngan,
trng ngng.
Cn c vo phng php bo qun, c cc loi trng bo qun lnh (trng lnh),
trng ngm vi,
Ngy nay ch yu phn loi da vo trng lng, phm cht ca trng.
1.5.3.1. Phn loi theo trng lng
Bng 1.15: Phn loi trng
Khi
lng
(g/qu)
Loi
Gii hn cho php
(kg/1000qu)
Khi lng tnh
cho 360 qu (kg)
> 65
60 65
55 60
50 55
45 55
< 45
1
2
3
4
5
6
67 68
62 63
57 58
52 53
47 48
42 43
24,3
22,5
20,7
18,7
17,1
15,3
S phn loi theo trng lng thng c chia ra mt s nhm. Mi nc khc
nhau s c s phn loi theo khi lng khc nhau. Trong quan h bun bn quc t,
ngi ta thng phn loi theo bng 1.15.
1.5.3.2. Phn loi theo phm cht
y l cch phn loi ch yu hin nay. xc nh cht lng ca trng, c th
cn c vo trng thi v, hnh dng, bung kh, lng trng, lng , mi v ca trng.
Mt qu trng m bo cht lng th cn t nhng yu cu sau:
+ V trng phi nguyn vn, sch s khng dnh phn hoc cht bn, khng dp
nt, mu sc v bnh thng, khng bng qu. trng mi, mt ngoi c bi phn.
38

+ Hnh dng trng bnh thng c hnh elip, nhng qu qu di hoc gn hnh
cu u gy kh khn cho vic bao gi, vn chuyn v bo qun.
+ Bung kh lun lun nm u t ca qu trng. Kch thc bung kh biu
th mc ti v iu kin bo qun trng. Trng bo qun mi trng nhit cao,
m tng i ca khng kh thp, kch thc bung kh s tng nhanh. Kch thc
bung kh c th biu th qua chiu cao hoc ng knh ca n.
+ Lng trng c nhiu, dy lng to, r v gn lin vi lng . Khi chiu
n, trng tt nhn thy lng trng c mu vng da cam trong sut khng c m vt.
Nu lng di ng nhiu chng t lng trng b long hoc dy b va.
+ Lng hon chnh, khng c mi kh chu, trn u. Phi khng c vng
mu v khng phng to ln. Khi soi n, lng l mt bng m, nm trung tm qu
trng v t di ng.
T nhng yu cu trn m ta c cc loi trng nh sau:
+ Loi AA: v sch, nguyn; bung kh < 3mm, nguyn; lng trng r, chc;
lng nm gia, ng vin m.
+ Loi A: v sch, nguyn; bung kh < 6mm, nguyn; lng trng r; lng
gn trung tm, ng vin r.
+ Loi B: v hi bn, nguyn; bung kh < 9,5mm, di ng; lng trng hi
long; lng l lng, ng vin r.
+ Loi C: v bn di din tch v, bung kh > 9,5mm, di ng, c bt; lng
trng long, c vt mu; lng l lng, ng vin lng lo.
Ta c th phn loi bng cch chn ngu nhin mt qu trng ri p v, tri
trn mt tm thy tinh c b mt phng v quan st hnh dng ca lng , lng trng.
Hnh 1.18 cho thy s khc nhau gia cc loi trng. Tuy nhin cch ny khng c
s dng rng ri.
Ngy nay, soi n l phng php ph bin nht dng phn loi trng m
khng cn phi p v trng. nh sng ca n s cho ta thy hnh dng bn trong
qu trng. i vi nhng ni sn xut vi quy m nh, ngi ta thng dng phng
php th cng l dng tay, nhng ni c quy m ln th dng thit b soi.
39


Hnh 1.14: Soi n bng tay Hnh 1.15: Soi n bng my

Hnh 1.16: Trng km cht lng khi soi

Loi AA Loi A Loi B
Hnh 1.17: Cc loi trng khi soi [8]

AA 1 A 1 AA 2

40

A 2 AA 3 A 3

B 1 B 2 B 3
Hnh 1.18: S khc nhau v bn trong gia cc loi trng
1.5.4. Cc bin i c trng trong thi gin bo qun v vn chuyn
1.5.4.1.Bin i vt l
S trao i nc
Trng lun c qu trnh khuch tn nc t trong ra ngoi. Tc mt nc ph
thuc vo kch thc ca trng, kch thc v mt l kh, nhit v m ca
mi trng bo qun. nhit cao, m thp v v khng c bao bc, trng
mt nc nhanh. Qu trnh mt nc ban u din ra nhanh sau chm dn. Trong
qu trnh bo qun, ngi ta cn thy c s khuch tn nc t lng trng vo lng
, gy ra hin tng trng va lng . Do s chnh lch nng cht kh gia lng
trng v lng nn nc chuyn dch t lng trng qua mng lng v i vo lng
. Trng bo qun cng lu, khi soi, ng ranh gii gia lng trng v lng cng
m, khi ra da, lng b va ra cng nhiu.
S trao i kh
y l qu trnh ln dn ca bung kh do kh CO
2
tch t v nc bc hi, lm
cho t trng ca trng gim, khng kh trong ti kh tng ln. Khi bo qun, CO
2
thot
dn ra lm cho pH tng dn n 9 9,7, lc protein b phn hy nhanh, lng trng
long dn ra. Nu lu hn na lng cng s b phn hy. Mt khc do nc
lng trng i vo lng lm cho th tch lng tng ln, mng lng v ra v
lng trng lng ln vo nhau gy nn hin tng trng ung. Lp mng ngoi v
trng cng b ph v, hi nc bc i cng nhiu. Khi bo qun trng, v trng thi
t nhin, s bay hi nc trng s ln hn so vi phng php bo qun c to
mng v. Qu trnh thot kh CO
2
ch yu din ra lng trng nn chc ca lng
trng b bin i, lng trng dn b long ra, kh nng to bt ca n gim i nhiu.
ai trng dn dn yu i v lng khng duy tr v tr trung tm c na v c
th dnh st vo v. Do ph thuc vo mc thot kh CO
2
, lng trng s trong sut
hn so vi trng mi .
41

1.5.4.2. Bin i sinh ha
Biu hin ca bin i ny l hin tng t phn hy. Nu iu kin bo qun
trng khng tt, trong trng s xy ra cc phn ng phn hy cc hp cht protein,
lipid, glucid, v.v c bit khi nhit bo qun cao.
Protein: Lc u b phn hy chm, sau nhanh hn, kt qu l hm lng cc
acid amin t do, cc hp cht bay hi nh NH
3
, H
2
S, v.v tng ln. Di tc dng ca
enzyme, protein b phn gii. S phn hy th hin bng lng NH
3
tng ln trong
thi gian bo qun. trng ti, lng NH
3
l 1,7 3,9mg%, trng bo qun lu l
5,2 11,3mg%. Khi protein bt u b phn gii, do hnh thnh nhng cht bay hi nn
trng c mi c trng, nu s phn gii tin hnh su xa hn, trng c mi thi.
Lipid: Phn hy chm hn protein nhng n din ra trong sut qu trnh bo
qun lm cho cc acid bo t do v cc sn phm bay hi ca chng tch t li.
1.5.4.3. Bin i do vi sinh vt
Trng l mi trng dinh dng rt tt i vi vi sinh vt. Tuy nhin, lng trng
v lng trng c kh nng t bo v v c tnh min dch cao, hn na cc thnh
phn ny cn c v v mng bao bc, ngn chn s xm nhp ca vi sinh vt.
Trng ti mi ca cc con gia cm khe mnh, thnh phn bn trong l v khun.
Trong qu trnh bo qun, trng b c dn, kh nng min dch gim, to iu kin cho
vi sinh vt xm nhp v pht trin.
Nguyn nhn nhim vi sinh vt c trng

42

Hnh 1.19: Cc con ng nhim vi sinh vt
S nhim vi sinh vt xy ra qua 3 con ng:
(1) Trans ovarian infection: lng nang bung trng b nhim t nhng
vi sinh vt trong mu gia cm (nhim t ngun ni sinh).
(2) Oviductal infection: trng b nhim khun trong qu trnh hnh thnh
bung trng v vi trng (nhim t ngun ni sinh).
(3) Trans shell infection (nhim t ngun ngoi sinh): y l ngun ly
nhim ch yu. V qu trng b nhim phn, b nhim bn trong , t nc ra trng,
do s tip xc ca ngi dng trng, do thng ng bn
H vi sinh vt ly nhim vo trng
Vi khun
Vi khun c th qua v trng, tit ra enzyme ph v mng trong v v chui vo
rut trng. V lng trng c cha lisozyme v nhng cht c tnh cht dit khun khc
nn c hn ch kh nng sinh trng ca vi sinh vt. lng trng, vi khun sinh sn
chm hn so vi lng .
Do s ph hoi ca vi khun, mc thng, lng trng b long ra, ai trng
b phn gii, lng dnh st vo v. Khi trng b nhim nng, lng b ph hy
trn ln vi lng trng. Cht bo lng cng b phn gii lm lng acid bo t do
tng ln. Lng trng b phn hy to thnh CO
2
, scaton, indon, to thnh mi kh chu.
S to thnh cc cht kh c th lm v v trng, gy n v dy bn sang nhng qu
khc. Glucid di tc dng ca cc enzyme do vi khun tit ra c th to thnh acid
lactic, acid acetic.
Trng b nhim Pseudomonas
Cc loi ny thng nhim vo thc phm t nc, t, bi, dng c v trang
thit b. Mt s ging Pseudomonas lm cho lng tr nn en v v tung ra, lm
cho ton b cht cha ca trng c mu nu t, soi trng thy trng m c, trng c
mi thi do to ra sulfur hydro. Nhng chng khc c th hnh thnh mt cht kt ta
mu hng nht lng v mu hng lng trng.
Trng b nhim Salmonella
43


Hnh 1.20: V trng b nhim Salmonella
Trng c th nhim cc loi S. enteritidis, S. pullorum, S.typhimurium t bn
trong b my sinh dc ca gia cm b nhim khun hoc khi qua ng dn trng (trc
khi v trng c to thnh) hoc nhim phn c vi khun ny.
Trng b nhim Salmonella c b ngoi khng khc g nhng qu trng bnh
thng khc.
Trng b nhim Escherichia Coli
Mt s chng Escherichia Coli hnh thnh mi c trn trng.
Nm mc
Khi xm nhp vo trng, u tin cc si nm pht trin mt ngoi v trng,
sau chui su vo trong gn bung kh, ph hy mng trong v v mng lng
trng, i vo lng trng. giai on u pht trin ca nm mc, nhiu khun lc nh
c mu sc khc nhau c to thnh, nu soi n thy cc m nh. V sau, cc
khun lc ln dn, mng trong v c th b mc che ph hon ton. Rut trng b phn
hy di tc dng ca nm mc hnh thnh acid lactic, acid oxalic, kh CO
2
lm cho
trng c mi kh chu.
Nhng nm mc thng gp nh Aspergillus Niger, Penicillium Glaucum,
Mucor, Cladosporium Herbarum.
Nm c th hnh thnh nhng vt mc hnh inh ghim c nhiu mu sc, nhng
khun lc nh c bn ngoi ln bn trong v. Cc loi ca Penicillium hnh thnh
nhng vt vng hoc xanh trong v; cc loi Cladosporium hnh thnh nhng vt c
ti hoc en v nhng loi ca Sporotrichum hnh thnh nhng vt hng.
Trng nhim virus H5N1
Tn ca cc phn loi virus cm A nh H1N1, H3N2, H5N1 bao hm ngha
c th cu trc khng nguyn v ngoi virus. Ch H (Hemaglutinin cht ngng kt
hng cu) v N (Neuraminidase enzyme tan nhy) l k hiu ca 2 khng nguyn
gy nhim trn v ca ht virus cm A, gip virus gn vo thnh t bo v sau xm
44

nhp vo t bo h hp. Ch s 1, 2, 3, 5 l ch s th t ca khng nguyn H v N
bin i.
H5N1 c ngun gc t cc loi chim hoang d v mt s loi thy cm, n ch
yu gy bnh cho mt s loi gia cm nh g. i vi c th ngi, H5N1 hon ton
xa l, con ngi bnh thng khng c hng ro min dch chng li n. Chnh v
th, khi c iu kin xm nhp vo c th ngi (do ngi tip xc rt gn gi, n tht
hay n trng gia cm c mang H5N1), virus ny c kh nng gy bnh rt nng cho
ngi, nguy c t vong rt cao.

Hnh 1.21: Cu trc v hnh dng virus H5N1
Virus H5N1 do thch ng cao trn cc loi chim hoang d nn kh nng tn
ti mi trng c th cao hn: trong phn gia cm ti hng thng, trong sn phm
gia cm bo qun lnh ti hng nm. Chng ch b dit 70
o
C trong 30 pht, hoc
mi trng acid, kim sau nhiu gi. trng gia cm, mm bnh c th truyn vo
phn bn trong ca trng. Nu v trng li dnh phn gia cm th kh nng ly nhim
cng ln.











45








Chng 2: CC PHNG PHP BO QUN THT, TRNG
2.1. Bo qun tht bng phng php lm lnh v lnh ng.
X l lnh tht cng nh bo qun chng nhit thp l phng php tt nht
ngn nga hoc lm chm li s h hng cc sn phm v duy tr cc tnh cht t
nhin ban u ca tht.
Bin php ny da trn c s c ch hoc lm chm li cc hot ng sng ca vi
sinh vt, lm chm li cc qu trnh sinh ha xy ra trong sn phm di tc ng ca
cc enzyme sn c trong thc phm, ca oxy khng kh, ca nhit , nh sng.
Thng ngi ta s dng 2 phng php x l lnh v bo qun lnh tht v thy sn,
l: lm lnh v bo qun lnh; lnh ng v bo qun lnh ng.
2.1.1. Lm lnh.
2.1.1.1. nh ngh
Lm lnh l phng php h nhit sn phm xung gn n im ng bng,
tc l a nhit ca phn nc t do trong cu trc trong sn phm xung nhit
lnh m khng lm ng c phn nc ny.
Hay lm lnh l qu trnh a nhit ca sn phm xung <-18
0
C m cc phn
t nc (trong sn phm) cha c s bin thnh , cn tn ti trng thi lng.
V nng mui khong v cc cht ha tan trong dch bo ca sn phm thay
i ty theo loi sn phm, nn mi loi sn phm u c im ng bng ring bit,
v do c ch lm lnh khc nhau, thng l nhit lm lnh (t
ll
) mc 0,5
0
C
trn im ng bng ()
t
ll
= t
b
+ 0,5
0
C.
- im ng bng ca tht l -1,2
0
C.
- Ca c bin l -1,5
0
C
- Ca c sng l -1
0
C
- Ca tm bin l -2
0
C
46

- Ca tm cng l -0,6
0
C.
Yu cu:
- Nguyn liu c lm lnh cn phi l nguyn liu ti sng v t bo v t
chc t bo vn gi c tnh cht ti tt.
- Lm lnh nhanh chng, nguyn liu cn c lm lnh u khp.
2.1.1.2. Cc phng php lm lnh
m bo gi c cht lng ca sn phm tt nht, ch lm lnh cn phi
thch hp: nhit , m, thi gian
K thut lm lnh v bo qun lnh tht
Lm lnh tht trong mi trng khng kh
Thng tht c lm lnh dng na hay nguyn con, tht c treo trn cc
gin hoc xe y.
Phng lm lnh phi c m bo:
- Trc khi xp tht vo: t
kk
= -2 - 3
0
C, = 95 98%.
- Trong qu trnh lm lnh: t
kk
= -1 0
0
C,

= 90 92%.
- Vn tc khng kh trong phng: 0,5 2m/s.
- Qu trnh lm lnh kt thc khi nhit tm i quy tht t 4
0
C, b mt tht
tr nn kh ro (thng mt 18 24h).
Ty theo iu kin trang b k thut mi nc m c th p dng qu trnh lm
lnh cho ph hp.
Cch lm lnh tht gia sc:
- Tht gia sc sau khi m, c lm sch (theo phng php lau kh hay ra)
ri a t t vo bung lnh.
- Nhit bung lnh c iu chnh nh thit b lnh.
- Ty theo kch thc con vt m x i, t hay c con. Vi gia cm,
ngi ta c con v bao gi trc khi lm lnh v bo qun lnh.
- Cc sc tht c treo trn cc mc st hoc xp thnh chng (nu sn
phm c ng gi) theo trng lng, cng mc bo sn phm cng ch
nhit nh nhau. Nn xp cc sc tht bo v nng gn cc dn lm lnh hoc rnh thi,
min bn trong sc tht hng v pha qut thi khng kh vo.
- Khong cch gia cc sc tht t 3 5cm, cch tng 30cm. Nu sn phm
bao gi, xp cch nhau 10cm (m bo cho lu thng khng kh trong phng).
- Ch lm lnh tun th nh trn.
- Vn tc v thi gian lm lnh ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: lng nhit cn
rt ra khi sn phm, kch thc sn phm, tch cht vt l ca sn phm,
47

- Thng thng, vi tht heo v tht b sc, thi gian cn khong 24 gi.
- Sau khi lm lnh, a sang phng bo qun.
Cch lm lnh tht gia cm
- Gia cm khi cn sng thn nhit khong 42 44
0
C, sau khi git m nhit
30 35
0
C ty thuc vo mi trng.
- Tht gia cm c lm lnh xung 3 4
0
C trong phng c t
kk
= 0 1
0
C,
= 80 85%, thi gian lm lnh t 12 24 h ty theo cht lng v loi sn phm.
- tng cng qu trnh lm lnh, tht gia cm c lm lnh trong tunen
c t
kk
= - 2 - 5
0
C, = 85 90% v v
kk
=4m/s. Con vt c xp ln khay t trn cc
xe y, con ny gi ln con kia vi gc khong 30
0
C. Lm lnh n nhit bn trong
con vt t 6
0
C th kt thc, thi gian lm lnh 2 3h (g).
- Sau a sang phng bo qun lnh.
Lm lnh tht trong mi trng m
Mi trng m to ra bng cch phun nc mui lnh thnh tia lm lnh
khng kh, sau dng khng kh lnh lm lnh sn phm, phng php ny rt
ngn thi gian lm lnh trnh tn hao khi lng nhng b mt sn phm t v b
thm mui.
hn ch b mt b t v thm mui, ngi ta bao gi sn phm bng nylon,
em nhng hay phun nc mui lnh ln sn phm.
Bo qun lnh
Vic bo qun lnh cng c thc hin trong cc phng lnh. Nhit bo qun
lnh t 0 2
0
C, m < 85%, vn tc khng kh 0,05 0,1m/s. y, tht c treo
trn gi hay mc, treo trn xe y hay ng ray vn chuyn: i vi tht nguyn con
hay na con th treo 220 280kg/m ng ray hay 200 250 kg/m
2
sn phng.
Thi gian bo qun l thuyt: tht heo 17 ngy; tht b 28 ngy; tht b 14 ngy;
tht cu 30 ngy. Trn thc t th thi gian bo qun t 10 15 ngy v trong thi gian
bo qun nguyn tc vn hnh khng c bo m nghim ngt do m ca xut
tht, lm m, nhit tng t ngt, khin cho lp ngoi ca tht chy nc, to
iu kin cho vi sinh vt v nm pht trin.
Cc loi tht gia cm thng ng trong thng, bao b v bo qun trong phng
vi t
kk
=0
0
C, m 85 90%.
2.1.1.3.Nhng bin i c tht v thy sn khi lm lnh
Bin i vt l
48

Qu trnh lm lnh v bo qun lnh lm bay hi m t b mt sn phm v
ngng t m gin ng lm lnh. S bay hi m lm tht v thy sn kh ro b mt,
gy ra hin tng hao ht trng lng.
S hao ht trng lng khi bo qun ngoi nguyn nhn bay hi nc cn do cc
qu trnh ln men, h hp lm phn hy ng, tinh bt, vitamin lm gim cht
lng sn phm.
hn ch s hao ht khi lng khi lm lnh ngi ta c th p dng mt s
bin php sau:
- Gim thi gian lm lnh bng lm lnh nhanh.
- Gim b mt bay hi bng cch s dng cc bao b ng gi.
- Khng cn thng gi khi lm lnh v bo qun lnh tht v thy sn.
- Tng hm m khng kh trong phng lm lnh hoc lm lnh trc tip.
Bin i h sinh
Thng thng, trong thi gian lm lnh khong 24h sau khi h tht th quy tht
pht trin t cng hon ton. B mt tht c mu nu nht v kh do s bc hi nc
trn b mt, Mb chuyn thnh MMb.
S bin i ha sinh ch yu trong giai on ny l s st gim pH, tch ly
acid lactic, bp c tr nn sn chc hn. Trong thi gian bo qun lnh, tht phi tri
qua giai on chn ti, cho nn tht tr nn mm mi v thm ngon hn, pH dch
chuyn v pha kim nn d b VSV gy h hng. Nu tht c lm lnh trc thi
k co git, quy tht s b co li v tr nn dai.
Trong qu trnh bo qun lnh, ni chung nhng bin i sinh ha xy ra su
sc hn trong qu trnh lm lnh, nn c th to nhiu sn phm trung gian v sn
phm cui cng ca s phn hy.
Bin i do vi sinh vt
Nm mc c xem nh l nguyn nhn thng thng nht gy h hng cho
tht lnh. Vi khun thuc nhm Achromobacter cng l nguyn nhn gy h hng cho
tht lnh. Nhit ti u cho vi khun ny sinh trng v pht trin l 20 30
0
C,
nhng chng vn tip tc pht trin 0
0
C. Chng hnh thnh nhng im sng mu
nu lp lnh, sau hp li thnh cht nhy nh nu trn b mt tht; hu qu l tht
km phm cht vi mi chua c trng. Cht nhy hin din nhu trn b mt tht nc
ti nhng vt ct trc hn l bn trong quy tht. V sinh t m trong lc h tht
cng nh vic thc thi tt cc tiu chun v sinh ca l m l cch lm tt nht
gim thp nht s ly nhim, tai ha do mc v vi khun gy h hng tht xut khu.

49

2.1.2. Lnh ng.
2.1.2.1. nh ngh
Lm lnh ng l qu trnh lm lnh thc phm do s ht nhit ca cht lm
lnh (bng mi) a nhit ban u ca thc phm xung di im ng bng
v ti - 8 -10
0
C v c th xung thp hn na: -18
0
C, -30
0
C hay -40
0
C.
Nh vy phng php lnh ng, nc trong thc phm ng ng tng
phn ty theo mc h nhit. nhit 55 - 65
0
C c gi l im ng bng
tuyt i.
Qu trnh lnh ng ngoi tc dng ca nhit km hm cn lm mt mi
trng hot ng ca a s enzyme v vi sinh vt, do vy km hm gn ti a s hot
ng ca chng. Nh vy qu trnh lnh ng v bo qun lnh ng c thi gian di
hn lm lnh v bo qun lnh.
2.1.2.2. Cc phng php lnh ng
Da vo tnh cht ca qui trnh cng ngh, ngi ta chia lm 2 loi:
- Lnh ng 1 pha: l qu trnh h ngay nhit ca thc phm xung nhit
lnh ng
- Lnh ng 2 pha: l qu trnh h ngay nhit ca thc phm xung khong
0
0
C v gi nhit trong khong 24gi, sau mi a vo phng lnh
ng.
Da vo qu trnh lm lnh ng ngi ta chia chng thnh 3 loi:
- Lnh ng chm
- Lnh ng nhanh
- Lnh ng cc nhanh
Phng php lm lnh ng chm
- Mi trng khng kh c nhit (tkk) ln hn -25
0
C.
- Vn tc i lu khng kh (vkk) < 1m/s.
- Thi gian lm lnh thng ko di t 15 20h ty theo k thut v loi sn
phm.
S tinh th hnh thnh trong gian bo v t bo t nn c kch thc ln, d
gy c xt lm rch mng t bo v ph hy cu trc m t bo. Khi a sn phm
lnh ng ra tan gi, lng bo b thot ra lm gim dinh dng ca sn phm.
Phng php lm lnh ng nhnh
Phng php lm lnh nhanh thng c p dng trong mi trng khng kh
hoc lng. Mi trng thng dng l cc dung dch mui (hoc hn hp mui)
nhit ng bng ca dung dch cng thp cng tt.
50

Lm lnh ng trong mi trng khng kh khi tkk
s
-350C vi vkk = 3

4 m/s.
Nhn chung thi gian lm lnh ng l 2

10h ty thuc dng sn phm. Vi

tht heo con hoc con c khi lng khong 50kg th lm lnh ng khong 10h.
Vi tht, c c khi lng 0,5kg th lm lnh ng nhanh ch 2,5h.
Sn phm lm lnh ng to nhiu tinh th c to thnh trong t bo v
gian bo vi lng rt nhiu v kch thc tinh th rt b nn khng lm rch mng t
bo v cu trc m v vy c th gi c tt cht lng ban u ca tht.
Phng php lm lnh ng cc nhnh
Lm lnh ng cc nhanh thng c tin hnh trong mi trng lng: nit
lng, freon lng hoc mt s kh ha lng khc. Thi gian lm lnh ng cc nhanh
sn phm ch trong 5 10 pht. Do rt ngn thi gian nn lm lnh ng cc nhanh
lm gim c hao ht khi lng 3 4 ln.
Sn phm lm lnh ng cc nhanh hu nh gi c nguyn vn phm cht
ti sng ca sn phm ban u.
Thng thng, ngay sau khi ly sn phm lnh ng ra khi thit b lnh ng,
ngi ta tin hnh m bng hay bao gi sn phm (c bit l i vi thy sn lnh
ng), v chuyn n kho bo qun lnh ng
C th m bng bng cc phng php sau:
- M bng bng cch nhng trong thau nc: l phng php khng c khuyn
khch. Nhit ban u ca nc tng i cao nhng s gim khi tin hnh m bng; v
th b dy lp m s thay i. Cn cung cp nc m bng lin tc v cho chy trn.
- M bng bng cch phun sng: phng php ny tin li. Thc hin m bng tt
rt c li, khi cc iu kin vn chuyn, bo qun cn km, nhng nu m bng ti s
lm tan gi tng phn thy sn, khi vo kho tr ng thy sn s ti ng chm lm thit
hi to ln hn na.
- M bng va nhng va phun.
Hin tng to bng: Khi lm lnh ng nc trong thc phm ng bng li.
Lm lnh chm, tc l vn tc thot nhit t tht ra ngoi mi trng thp. Khi
nhng tinh th xut hin ch yu l gian bo (nguyn nhn l do nng mui,
acid v cc cht khc ca dch m trong gian bo nh hn cht t so vi trong t bo
v nh vy im ng bng ca gian bo cao hn so vi trong t bo). S h thp
nhit tip theo lm cho kch thc cc tinh th ln ln, v vy khi tan gi, hao ht
trng lng nhiu.
Lm lnh nhanh, tc l vn tc thot nhit t tht ra mi trng ngoi cao. Khi
nhng tinh th nc xut hin tng i nhiu v s h thp nhit tip theo s
51

lm cho cc tinh th ln ln, nhng v c nhiu tm kt tinh nn kch thc tinh th
khng ln lm. V vy, trng thi t bo khng b thay i, khi tan gi tht hp thu
li cc nc nhanh nn t hao ht trng lng. Tuy vy, nu nhit lm lnh qu
thp, nc lin kt c th b ng bng, tnh cht ha tan ca tht b gim.
2.1.2.3. Nhng bin i c tht khi lnh ng
Bin i vi sinh vt
Khi h nhit ca tht xung im ng bng, VSV hot ng chm li. Xung
n 10
0
C, vi khun cc loi khng pht trin c nhng nm mc, nm men c th
cha b c ch. Phi xung n -15
0
C, nm men, nm mc mi ngng pht trin.
Bin i h hc
Bin i protein
-20
0
C, protein b ng li, sau 6 thng bo qun c s phn gii nh.
khong 1 -5
0
C, protein b bin tnh, c bit l myosin b kt ta. Thi gian
lnh ng cng ko di th protein cng b bin tnh. Lm lnh ng nhanh s b
bin tnh protein.
Bin i cht bo
Nu nhit -12
0
C sau 10 tun, ch s peroxit tng ln r rt. Tnh cht ha tan
ca vitamin A trong m cng thay i, cht m s c li v do.

Bin i glucid
Khi lnh ng chm, glycogen phn gii ra nhiu acid lactic nhit thp hn
l trng hp lnh ng nhanh.
Bin i vitamin
Vitamin t b mt trong giai on lnh ng, a s b mt trong lc ch bin, ra.
Bin i cht khong
Nhit lnh khng nh hng ln cht khong nhng do s bin i c cu sn
phm khi lnh ng khin hao ht mt lng ln khong cht tan trong dch t bo
chy ra ngoi khi tan gi.
Bin i l hc
Tng th tch
Nc trong tht ng bng c th lm tng th tch ln 10%.
Thay i mu sc
52

Do mt nc,sc t Mb chuyn thnh Methemoglobin lm mu sm li. Ngoi ra
do tc lnh ng chm hay nhanh, tinh th hnh thnh ln hay nh m c tit x
quang hc khc nhau. Tinh th bng nh th tht c mu nht hn tht v thy sn lm
lnh ng chm tinh th to.
Gim trng lng
Sn phm ng lnh b gim trng lng do bc hi nc hoc do thit hi l
hc trong qu trnh lm lnh ng.
Lu : Khng nn lm lnh ng nhanh tht ang giai on t cng v lc ny
protide ca n c kh nng hydrate ha km nht: tht cng, s n nh v phn b m
ca n km nht nn khi tan gi tht ny mt nhiu dch, km kh nng gi m v cht
lng tht gim.
Nu lm lnh ng tht ti cha qua giai on t cng th sau khi bo qun tht cha
n giai on chn ti nn cht lng tan gi cng gim.
Khi bo qun lnh ng tht giai on qua t cng, tht s pht trin giai on
chn ti. Thi gian bo qun d c di th nhng bin i cng cha qu gii hn ca
chn ti, do vy, cht lng tht c tng ln, khi tan gi t mt dch bo.
2.2. Bo qun tht bng phng php p mui.
2.2.1. Mc ch
- To iu kin khng thun li c ch VSV sinh trng v pht trin. Mt
phn l do mui n lm gim ha tan ca oxy vo mi trng lm cho VSV hiu kh
khng c iu kin thun li sinh trng v pht trin. Mt l do na l do hin tng
thm thu, khi mui tht v thy sn, nc trong t bo s di chuyn ra ngoi lm gim
m ca sn phm, nn xy ra hin tng teo nguyn sinh gy c ch VSV.
- Lm thay i gi tr cm quan ca sn phm: c v mn, nng cao tnh bn
vng ca sn phm khi bo qun.
Tc dng ca mui n
- Lm cho sn phm mn, nng cao tnh bn vng ca sn phm khi bo
qun.
- Xc tin cc qu trnh oxy ha cc thnh phn trong tht lm cho sn phm
thay i mu.
- NaCl l cht st khun nh, nng 4,4% n c th lm ngng s pht
trin ca mt s vi sinh vt gy bnh. Tuy nhin c mt s vi khun chu c nng
cao hn, v d vi khun thi ra ch b tiu dit nng >12%.
- To p sut thm thu v gim m ca sn phm.
53

- Gim t l oxy ha tan trong mi trng lm c ch cc vi sinh vt hiu
kh.
- Cl
-
s kt hp vi protein cc dy ni peptide lm cho cc enzyme phn
hy khng cn kh nng phn hy protein.

2.2.2. Cc phng php mui
2.2.2.1. Mui kh
L phng phpdng mui ht p mui sn phm. C th tin hnh bng
cch xt mui chung quanh ming xp vo thng thnh tng lp, trn cng dng v
tre ci cht ln. Trong thi gian bo qun nc t bn trong tht hoc thy sn r dn ra
bn ngoi. Ty theo kiu mui mn, nht m t l mui l 15%, 11% hay 6%.
p mui kh c u im: hao ht dinh dng t hn. Hn ch l tht mn, km
mm mi.
2.2.2.2. Mui t
L cch a mui vo bn trong tht nhanh nht. Trong nhiu xng ch bin tht
bacon hin nay ngi ta s dng dung dch nc mui c nng NaCl 0,15 1%
vi 500 1000ppm nitrate natri. Bm dung dch vo trong tht bng bm c gn mt
hay nhiu kim di. Mt phng php khc, tim dung dch vo tht theo cc ng
mch chnh ca ming tht.
p mui t c u im: mui thm u, gi c tnh mm mi ca tht. Hn
ch chnh l hao ht dinh dng nhiu.
2.2.3. K thut p mui i vi tht
2.2.3.1. K thut p mui t
Chun b: Dung dch mui (14 20%) c t trng 1,1 v cha 0,5% dim tiu,
0.5% ng. Th tch cn pha bng 50% trng lng ca tht.
Thc hin: Tht sau khi git m, lc b xng (nht l tht i), ct thnh tng
ming c trng lng 1 2kg. Dng kim tim vo mt s im mui ngm vo
trong khi tht nhanh v u. Lng dung dch tim khong 8 12% trng lng
ca tht. Sau xp tht vo bao b ri ngp nc mui chun b. Thi gian p
6 ngy, nhit 2 4
0
C (trong phng lnh), sau vt tht ra cho chy ht nc
mui tha.
2.2.3.2. K thut p mui kh
Chun b: Dung dch mui cha 0.5% mui dim, 3% ng. Lng mui kh
bng 5 8% trng lng tht. Hn hp mui xt b mt bao gm 93% NaCl, 2% dim
tiu, 5% ng. Lng mui bng 5% trng lng tht
54

Thc hin: Sau khi chun b tht v nguyn liu p xong, dng kim tim vo
mt s im dung dch mui trn (cho tht ngm nhanh v u). Sau dng hn hp
mui xt vo b mt tht ri xp vo thng g, c mt lp tht mt lp mui. Thi gian
gi trong mui khong 7 10 ngy. Trc khi dng phi ly tht ra ln gi cho
chy ht nc mui d (8 10 ngy) nhit 2 4
0
C.
2.2.3.3. K thut p mui hn hp
Trc tin tim dung dch mui vo tht mt s im, sau xt hn hp mui ln b
mt ri xp vo bao b. Thi gian p kh t 3 5 ngy. Sau dung dch mui vo
ngm trong thi gian 6 20 ngy. Khi dng vt tht ra ln gi g cho chy ht nc
mui d (thi gian 5 10 ngy, nhit 2 4
0
C).
2.2.4. Nhng bin i c tht khi p mui
Ho ht trng lng: y l qu trnh mt nc do s chnh lch p sut thm
thu, nc cc m i vo dung dch mui, lm cho sn phm mt tnh mm mi, tr
ngi trong ch bin thc n. mn cng ln, hao ht cng nhiu, sn phm cng ti
hao ht cng ln.
Ho ht dinh dng: L qu trnh cc protein tan, cc acid amin t do, cc cht
trch ly, vitamin, chuyn vo dung dch mui. Mc hao ht ty thuc vo nng
mui, thi gian p Hao ht ti a ln n 10 12%. Nu nng mui ln n
24% th ha tan ca protein m s gim, khi thi gian p khng nh hng n
hao ht protein. S hao ht protein thng lm gim gi tr sinh hc ca sn phm v
mt cc thnh phn myosin, albumin v globin.
Bin i sinh h: Cc qu trnh sinh ha din ra chm hn. Hm lng acid
amin t do gim. Cc acid bo lc u t sau tng ln. Cc cht thm c tng ln
t t.
2.3 Bo qun tht bng phng php xng khi.
2.3.1. Mc ch
Mc ch ca vic xng khi l bo qun tht, to mu v hng v c trng.
Chnh s thay i nhit trong phng xng khi kt hp vi cc cht ha hc trong
khi g lm gim ng k vi khun trn b mt tht t 10 ln xung 4 ln v ngn
cn c s oxy ha m bi oxy khng kh.
2.3.2. Thnh phn tc dng c khi
Nhin liu to khi thng dng cc loi g, khi t sinh ra khi hun v ta
nhit. Chnh v vy m vic la chn loi g no trong qu trnh xng khi l vn
rt quan trng.
55

G s dng c rt nhiu loi v c s khc nhau gia cc nc, thng dng g
cng (g si) hoc dng hn hp vi g mm (g dng, g bul) l nhng cy l
rng. Khng nn dng g cy l nhn hun v cc loi cy ny c nhiu nha to
khi lm sn phm c v ng, mu sc sm ti, gim gi tr ca sn phm. Mt s nh
ch bin cn trn thm mt lng nh cc cy thm to nn nhng sn phm c
trng ca h.
Thnh phn trung bnh ca cc cu phn g nh sau:
50-60% l cellulose
20-30% l hemicellulose
20-30% l lignin
Cellulose, hemicellulose v lignin l nhng hp cht hu c cu thnh ch yu t
cacbon, hydro v oxy; s t chy hon ton chng to ra nc, kh CO
2
, v tro. c
c lng khi cn thit, khi hun thng phi khng ch nhin liu trong iu kin
chy khng hon ton (thiu oxy), thng dng mn ca khng ch.
G v mn ca dng hun khi c m vo khong 25-30% l tt nht, nu
thp hn mc ny, khi chy s to la khng khi hoc t khi, nhng nu m qu th
nhit hun thp, lung khi c, khng tt.
Khi nhit g (mn ca, dm bo) khong t 100-250
o
C s sn sinh khi
cha mt lng nh cc acid bay hi. Vic gia tng nhit ko theo s phn hu
nhanh chng cellulose v hemicellulose. S lng cc hp cht to thnh rt nhiu.
Trn 310
o
C n lt lignin phn hu to nn cc dn xut phenol v phn ln l mui
khi.
Vi la bnh thng, phn ln cc tp cht bay hi to thnh s t t chy hon
ton. c c khi gi c phn ln cc hot cht ca n, vic t chy phi
khng hon ton, lng kh cung cp phi c hn ch, mt lng ln cc hp cht
bay hi phi khng c t chy.
Khi nhn chung c sn sinh qua hai giai on: giai on th nht tng ng
vi vic phn hu nhit ca g vi nhit thch hp khong t 300-400
o
C; cc hp
cht bay hi va c to thnh t nhiu b oxy ho bi oxy khng kh giai on 2
vi nhit thch hp khong 200
o
C.
2.3.3. Nguyn liu to khi
Nguyn liu dng to khi hun c tnh cht quyt nh n thnh phn cakhi
t nh hng trc tip n mi v ca sn phm. Cc loi g c chn to khi
56

l cc loi g c cc tnh cht nh l t nha, t mi, l nhng loi g trng nh g d ,
g si.
+ G si: rt thng dng, cho sn phm c mu vng m n nu, mi d chu
+ G d gai: cho sn phm mu vng sng, mi d chu dng kt hp vi g si.
+ G h o: cho sn phm mu vng m, mi d chu.
+ G cy ht d, tn b: cho sn phm mu ti, mi d chu.
2.3.4. C ch c qu trnh xng khi
Thnh phn khi hun l mt nhn t quan trng trong khi hun, v n c quan h
mt thit vi cht lng v kh nng bo qun ca sn phm. Sn phm ca qu trnh
t chy khng hon ton g gm bn loi chnh l than tro, du nha g, nc dm
g v kh g vi khong 300 hp cht khc nhau, cc hp cht thng thng nht l
cc hp cht phenol, acid hu c, ru, cacbonyl, hydratcacbon v mt s thnh phn
kh t nh: CO
2
, CO, O
2
, N
2
, N
2
O ... Cc hp cht phenol: C khong 20 hp cht
phenol khc nhau trong thnh phn khi, nhiu nht l guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol,
phenol, 4-ethylguaiacol, o-crezol, m-crezol, p-creazol, 4-propylguaiacol, vanilin, 4-
vinylguaiacol. Ngi ta thy rng cc hp cht phenol c tc dng chng li cc qu
trnh oxy ha, to mu, mi cho sn phm v tiu dit cc vi sinh vt xm nhim vo
thc phm.
Cc hp cht alcohol: nhiu loi ru khc nhau c tm thy trong khi,
ph bin nht v n gin nht l metanol. Ngi ta tm thy dng nh ru khng
ng vai tr quan trng trong vic to mu v mi cho sn phm hun khi mc d n
cng c tc dng nh trong vic tiu dit vi sinh vt.
Cc acid hu c: cc acid hu c n gin trong khi c mch cacbon bin ng
t 1 n 10 nguyn t cacbon, nhng trong cc acid hu c c mch cacbon t 1
n 4 l nhiu nht, v d acid formic, acid acetic, acid propionic, acid butyric, iso
butyric v.v... Cc acid hu c hu nh khng nh hng n mi ca sn phm hun
khi, chng ch c tc dng bo qun nh ch lm cho pH b mt sn phm hun
khi gim xung, ng thi n cng c tc dng trong vic ng t protein b mt
sn phm hun khi, c bit l xc xch khng v, cng vi nhit n c tc dng
to thnh lp o (v) ngoi ca sn phm hun khi.
Cc hp cht carbonyl: c khong trn 20 hp cht carbonyl c tm thy trong
thnh phn ca tht hun khi, v d: 2-pentanone, butanal, aceton, propanal, ethanal,
metyl vinyl ketone... Phn ln cc hp cht carbonyl c mch carbon ngn ng vai
tr quan trng trong vic to mu v mi cho sn phm hun khi.
57

Cc hp cht hydrocarbon: Nhiu hp cht hydrocarbon a vng c tm
thy trong thc phm hun khi. Chng bao gm ben[a]anthracene,
diben[a,h]anthracene, benz[a]pyrene v dibenz[a,h]anthracene c ghi nhn l cht
gy ung th.
Mc d hm lng ca nhng cht ny l thp trong hu ht thc phm hun khi,
tuy vy hm lng a vng ny kh cao trong c hi (2,1mg/1000g trng lng t)
v tht cu hun khi (1,3mg/1000g trng lng t). Rt may l nhng hp cht
hydrocarbon a vng ny khng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic bo qun thc
phm v chng c tch ra trong nhng pha hun khi c bit. C th dng phng
php hun khi bng dung dch khi loi tr cc hp cht gy hi trn.
Tc ng c khi ln sn phm
tc ng trn sn phm, khi phi c xm nhp vo bn trong sn phm.
S xm nhp ny c thc hin qua hai giai on:
Giai on 1: kt t cc thnh phn ca khi ln sn phm: s hp th.
Giai on 2: di chuyn cc cu phn ny vo bn trong sn phm: s hp ph.
S hp th v hp ph ph thuc vo bn cht v bc, vo m v vo hm
lng m ca sn phm.
Mt sn phm hun khi bo qun trong 24-48 gi v mt cm quan tt hn sn
phm va mi a ra khi bung hun khi. Khi c tc ng trn mi v, mu sc,v
trn s bo qun thc phm. Thm vo nhng tc ng ny, mt vi hp cht ca khi
lm thay i kt cu b mt bi vic lm se cc si c v nht l cc v bc.
Tc ng c khi ln gi tr dinh dng
Cc hp cht phenol v polyphenol c xu hng phn ng vi nhm
hydrosulphua ca protein, trong khi cc hp cht carbonyl li tng tc vi cc
nhm amin. C hai loi tng tc ny c th lm gim gi tr dinh dng ca protein
do lm gim lng acid amin, c bit l lysine. Hun khi c th gy nn mt s h
hng ca thiamine nhng c t nh hng n niacin v riboflavin. c tnh chng
oxy ha ca khi gip cho vic gi c cc vitamin tan trong m v gip chng oxy
ha b mt ca sn phm tht hun khi.
Tc ng c khi ln mi v
Tc ng u tin ca khi trn sn phm l to cho chng mt mi v c trng.
Do s lng ln ca nhng cu phn nn rt kh xc nh hp cht no c nh hng
chnh trn tnh cht cm quan ny.
Cc phenol trong pha kh (dimethoxyphenol, gayacol, creosote) hnh nh l
nhng cht ch yu to nn mi v ca vic hun khi, cc hp cht cacbonyl lm gim
58

mi hc, kh chu ca mt vi hp cht trong s chng. Tnh acid nh ca sn phm
hun khi do mt vi acid (acid acetic, formic). Tuy nhin iu ny khng gii
thch mi v in hnh ca cc sn phm hun khi.
Tc ng c khi ln mu sc
Vic to mu cho cc sn phm hun khi l do bi cc phn ng ho hc gia
cc th kh (chng hn cc cacbonyl) vi cc protein v to nn cc phc hp dng
melanoidin, ging nh chng c to ra trong cc phn ng Mailaird. Trn thc t,
mt sn phm c t l m cng cao th m mu cng nht.
S hnh thnh mu cng nhanh nu m khi v nhit hun khi cng cao.
Mt khc, b mt sn phm phi m hp ph mt phn kh ca khi v kh
cho php cc hp cht phn ng vi protein b mt trc khi khuych tn vo bn
trong sn phm. Mu bn trong sn phm khng phi do khi m ch yu do phn ng
ca mui nitrit trn mu sc tht.
Tc ng c khi ln vic bo qun
Tc ng dit khun v nh khun ca khi trong a s trng hp ch l u
im th yu. Tc ng dit khun trong hun khi l do tc ng x l phi hp ca
nhit , ca vic lm kh cc phenol v acid c trong khi. Khi cng c tc dng
chng nm, cht c s dng trong vic ch bin cc saussage kh. Mt qu trnh
hun khi nh lm ngn cn s pht trin ca nm mc trn b mt sn phm.
Cui cng, khi cn c tc ng chng oxy ho. Tc ng chng oxy ho l do
vai tr ca cc hp cht phenol m nht l cc phenol c im si cao.
Tc ng c hi
Bn cnh nhng tc ng c li l nhng tc ng c hi.
Trc mt l nguy c nhim bn bi cc HPA trong c mt vi cht c th
sinh ung th; tip theo l nguy c tht thot nhng acid amin ch yu, nhng
vitamin do phn ng ho hc vi mt vi cu phn ca khi.
Mt s cht thuc loi phenol v aldehyde nh formanldehyde c hi cho c th.
Tuy nhin hm lng trong sn phm hun khi khng cao, thc t lng
formanldehyde ch khong 5-13 mg%, nh hn so vi quy nh trong thc phm l
khng qu 20 mg%. Hn na, khi n vo, cc cht ny qua cc phn ng ha sinh
trong c th s lm gim nh hay mt c tnh, nh formaldehyd s kthp vi protid
to ra hp cht c cha gc metylen khng c.
Trong khi hun c hai cht c th gy ung th l 3-4 bezpyren v 1,2,5,6
dibenzanthrancen, tuy nhin hm lng ca chng trong sn phm rt t, t5-50 g, hm
lng ny cha th gy bnh c. Hai cht ny thuc dng hydrocacbua do khi t
59

g nhit cao, hydro sinh ra kh nhiu tn ti trong du nha g v trong bi khi.
V vy c th hn ch bng cch khng hun nhit qu cao, cn kh bi than v
du nha g trong khi hun, hoc nu ht th c th nghin cu tch kh cht ny.
2.3.5. Cc phng php xng khi
2.3.5.1. Xng khi nng: l phng php c thc hin khong nhit 15
25
0
C, khi s ngm vo bn trong sn phm ci thin v gic v c tc dng bo
qun. Thi gian xng khi lnh c th ko di 24 gi ty thuc loi sn phm.
2.3.5.2. Xng khi lnh: l phng php c nhit khong 60 70
0
C c tc
dng thc y mu b mt xut hin nhanh v ci thin mi sn phm.
2.4. Bo qun tht bng nhit co.
2.4.1. Mc ch
S dng nhit cao tiu dit cc VSV, ph hy cc enzyme trong nguyn
liu.
Thng thng nhit cao tiu dit cc VSV a lnh, a m v c nhm a nhit
nhng khng hon ton v c mt s vi khun v bo t nm mc khng tt vi
nhit.
Salmonella typhimurium b tiu dit 50
0
C trong thi gian 3 4 pht
Staphyloceccus aureus b tiu dit 60
0
C trong thi gian 8 18 pht
Streptococcus thermophilus b tiu dit 70 75
0
C trong thi gian 15 pht
Bo t ca trc khun than b tiu dit 100
0
C trong thi gian 17 pht
Bo t Bacillus subtilis b tiu dit 100
0
C trong thi gian 15 20 pht
Bo t Clos.botulinum b tiu dit 100
0
C trong thi gian 100 300 pht
2.4.2. Cc phng php bo qun tht bng nhit co
2.4.2.1. Sy
Sy nhit cao, m thp bng phng thc tip xc trc tip vi hi nng
hoc bc x.
T lu ngi ta ng dng bc x hng ngoi trong cng ngh ch bin tht.
ng dng sy tht v cc sn phm t tht bng bc x hng ngoi rt ngn thi
gian gia cng nhit v tiu dit mt phn vi sinh vt c tr trong nguyn liu.
2.4.2.2. Thanh trng
L dit khun nhit thp, thng p dng cho thc phm d b thay i bi
nhit cao. C th p dng hai ch :
60

Dit khun ch 80 95
0
C trong 2 3 pht.
Dit khun 63 65
0
C trong 20 30 pht
Ap dng cho sn phm khng chu nhit cao: xc xch, jambon, sn phm c
kt cu mn.
2.4.2.3. Tit trng
Tit trng l x l nhit nhit cao 115-121
0
C trong th gian ngn, thng p
dng cho cc loi thc phm m gi tr dinh dng v cm quan t thay i bi nhit
cao.
Nhit thanh trng ph thuc vo thnh phn ha hc ca sn phm, thnh
phn, ging loi v s lng VSV nhim vo, tnh cht vt l ca sn phm, kch
thc v cht liu ca bao b, nhit ban u ca thc phm khi thanh trng..
Biu thc biu th ch thanh trng:
A - B - C
p
t

Trong : A: l thi gian nng nhit
B: thi gian gi nhit
C: thi gian h nhit
P: p sut i khng
t: nhit cao nht trong thi gian gi nhit
- Tiu chun xt mc tit trng l lng vi khun Clostridium botulinum trong
sn phm sau khi tit trng.
2.5. Bo qun trng.
2.5.1. Bo qun lnh
Nguyn tc: H nhit ca kho bo qun xung gn im ng bng ca trng
(nhit ng bng ca lng trng l -0,42
o
C; lng l -0,59
o
C), nhit bo qun t
0 2
o
C.
2.5.2. Bo qun trong nc vi
61

Nguyn tc: Cho trng vo ngp dung dch Ca(OH)
2
nhm ngn trng vi mi
trng xung quanh, ngn nga s xm nhp ca vi sinh vt vo trng (do cc l kh b bt
li).
Nc vi dng bo qun trng phi c pha t vi nung v nc sch, theo t
l 5g CaO/lt nc, 1m
3
dung dch cho 8000 qu trng. C th thm mui vo dung dch
vi nng 4 15%.
2.5.3. Bo qun trong lp mng bo v
Nguyn tc: To mt lp mng trn b mt v trng nhm mc ch trm kn
cc l trn v, c tc dng lm gim s thot hi nc, ng thi ngn cn s xm nhp
ca vi sinh vt.
Cc cht to mng thng dng nh silicat, parafin hoc hn hp parafin + nha
thng + tricloetylen.
2.5.4. Bo qun bng x l nhit
Nhng trng vo nc nng, ty nhit nc m thi gian nhng khc nhau:
49
o
C nhng 35 pht
54
o
C nhng 15 pht
59
o
C nhng 10 pht
60
o
C nhng 5 pht


















62



















Chng 3: K THUT GIT M GIA SC, GIA CM

Nhng qui nh chung ca l git m gia sc, gia cm:
- L git m phi l ni cao ro, thong kh, khng vng nh hng ca khi
bi, ha cht c hi.
- L m phi c tng bao quanh, cch khu dn c, tri chn nui, gn khu
vng cung cp th sng, c 2 cng (cng vo v cng ra), phi c khu h khn
ring bit v phng lu gi tht nghi ng bnh.
- L m phi c h thng in nc y cung cp cho nh my hot ng
ht cng sut, c h thng x l nc thi.
- Gia sc, gia cm git m phi l nhng con th khe mnh t vng an ton
dch (c giy kim sot st sinh t vng xut x). Gia sc gia cm phi t tiu
chun xut chung, c vn chuyn bng xe chuyn dng.
3.1. Vn chuyn gi sc, gi cm.
63

- Bt gi khng tt gy bm dp gia sc, gia cm, gy xng. Xe chuyn ch
khng thong, sn xe trn d gy stress cho th, c bit l ging heo Polan China,
Pietrain, b Braham v Afrikander.
- Vn chuyn ng xa, dng xe nhiu ln , k thut iu khin khng tt tng t
l quy tht bm dp. H Lan heo cht do vn chuyn nm 1960: 1,5%; 1969- 0,69%
nhng nm 1973 cn 0,41% v nm 1976-0,3%. Heo cht do vn chuyn ch yu xy
ra vo ma nng, th n qu no trc khi vn chuyn. min Nam nc ta ging
Landrace, Pietrain d b cht do vn chuyn.
- ng xa nn vn chuyn bng xe la s gim t l cht v hao ht khi lng
gim. Dc ng cho n ung bnh thng s ci thin c phm cht quy tht.
- Ngoi ra s hao ht, stress ca th cn ph thuc vo ging, gii tnh.
3.2. Tn tr th ch h tht.
- Mc dch ca vic tn tr th ch h tht l phc h tnh trng sc kho cho th,
khng gy kch thch cho th, khng nh p th trc khi h tht .
- Nn phn chia th thnh tng l cng ging, cng tui, cng th trng, ngun
gc( nu c).
- Khng nht th qu cht, mt 0,6m
2
/con( heo), 1,8-2,2 m
2
/con (i vi tru
b)
thng xuyn tm cho th hoc phun sng trong chung h nhit c th th,
gim s kch thch, gim s nh nhau do hp n v m bo v sinh cho n th.
- Cho th ngh ngi t nht 24 gi n 2-3 ngy nhng nu tn tr th lu s tng
s lng vi khun bi tt vo mi trng.
- Cho th ung nc y , nhn n trc khi git m 12 gi. Th c nhn
ung 2-3 gi trc khi khi h tht
- Hng ngy phi v sinh chung tri (2 ln/ngy).
- Tm ra th trc khi h tht.
3.3. S dy truyn git m heo (c ttrnh by hnh 3.1.)
64

Hnh 3.1: Dy truyn git m heo
3.3.1. Gy bt tnh:
3.3.1.1. Gy bt tnh bng cch dng ba :
- C th thc hin heo ln tru b nhng thng thng cch ny dng i gia
sc.V tr p l giao im ca hai ng cho ni sng bn phi vi mt bn tri v
ni sng bn tri vi mt bn phi. Yu cu l c nh th nht l nhng con th hung
d c dy x mi, v tr p phi chnh xc, nht ba p phi dt khot v mnh
gy bt tnh con vt Nhc im ca phng php ny l nu p khng chnh xc
hoc khng mnh gy bt tnh th, th s phn ng mnh gy nguy him cho
ngi chung quanh v gy stress cho th.
3.3.1.2. Gy bt tnh bng sng
- Dng sng np n m t hoc sng lc gy bt tnh. V tr nhm bn nh v
tr p u.
- Nhc im ca phng php ny l gy nguy him cho ng xung quanh nu
ng i ca vin n khng chnh xc v lm gim gi tr ca no b do lng v
xng theo ng n dnh vo no.
3.3.1.3. Gy bt tnh bng cch ph hnh tu:
C th s dng dao nhn hoc dng ba. Sau khi c nh th dng dao nhn di
25-30 cm cn g m mnh vo ch lm gia xng t vi xng chng (t sng c
th nht). Th bt tnh, ng qy xung dng dao nhn tip tc ph hnh tu.
3.3.1.4. Gy bt tnh bng phng php carbonic :
- Phng php ny pht trin mnh M vo nhng nm 1940 hin nay cn p
dng an Mch.
65

- Thit b gm ng hm (phng gy chong), hn hp kh 65% kh CO
2
.Heo
bt tnh trong vng 60 giy sau khi th bng hn hp ny. Tnh trng bt tnh ko di
60 giy.
- Nhc im ca phng php ny ch lm cho m c sm mu. Mt s nh
nghin cu cho rng trc khi cht th vn vng vy mnh. u im ca phng
php ny l gim t l quy tht nht mu.
3.3.1.5. Gy bt tnh bng dng in:
- K thut s dng dng in c hiu in th thp di 110 volt c p dng
u tin H Lan vo u thp nin 1930. Mt s quc gia cng nghip pht trin
s dng hiu in th cao (>240 volt).
- Dng c: hp bin th, kp in, khu vc gy bt tnh. Vi con ng va
rng dn v la th theo hng trong t th hon ton t nhin, nhm gim ti a
nhng stress cho con vt trc khi bt tnh. Khi cung cp dng in vo c th, th
phi tri qua nhng pha ln lt nh sau:
+ Pha cng hay co cng (rigidity phase or tonic phase) ko di trong vng 10-
20 giy trong pha ny u c con vt hng v pha trc, cc chi dui thng, cc c
co rt mnh.
+ Pha bt tnh hoc chn (kicking phase) ko di 40 giy.
V vy phi ly tit ngay sau khi ngng cung cp in i vo ci cht m thm.
Thi gian ly tit ra khong 30-35 giy. Nu ly tit chm th c kh nng hi tnh v
c phn ng. Nu th vng vy mnh trc khi cht, co tht c gia tng trong iu
kin thiu O
2
, pH st gim nhanh m c sau khi h tht, tht b PSE.
Ngoi ra nu ly tit tr theo Thornton(1968) s gia tng kh nng xut huyt
c v s rch m (warrington- 1974).
i lng in cung cp v cc yu t nh hng:
i lng in dng gy bt tnh th c tnh bng cng thc:
A=U.I.t
m
66

U=I.R
R=
s
l

l in tr sut, l l on ng gia 2 v tr p t in cc truyn in vo
c th, s l tit din ca on dy ti in. Vy cng dng in ph thuc vo
in tr sut, dy ca cc m c trn ng dn in nh da xng, xng lng.
Ngoi ra m, cht bn cng nh hng n s truyn ti in. V vy trc khi git
m th phi c tm sch s. heo cng dng in gy bt tnh l 3-5mA vi v
tr kp in l h mt, gc tai hoc cm. heo A= 189W.s, vi i gia sc A=285W.s
ta s iu chnh hiu in th v cng dng in, thi gian kp in.
3.3.2. Ly huyt
Ly huyt ngay sau khi lm bt tnh (trong vng 20 giy), dng mc treo chn
sau th ln ng dy cao 3.1-3.4m( heo), 4.9m(b, tru). Sau tin hnh ly huyt
con th v tr treo thng ng. Dng dao nhn bng cht liu khng g cn rng di
20-22cm ni lin vi ng nha thng vi thng thu huyt.Dao rch vo ng mch
ch c con vt huyt chy ra. Lng huyt chy ra chim 4% khi lng con
vt(tru,b), 3% (i vi heo). Dng mng di hng huyt cn li trc khi a th
vo bn trng. Huyt mng thng khng s dng. Trnh dng dao m thng vo
tim v nh vy tim ngng p, mu chy ra khng ht cn gi li trong cc c, v ni
tng, quy tht c mu .
3.3.3. Trng, nh lng
- i vi heo: sau khi ly huyt s chuyn vo bn trng, nhit bn trng 55-
60
0
C(ty thuc ging heo, tui, khi lng), thi gian trng 2-3 pht, sau
chuyn sang my nh lng.my nh lng gm 3 trc : 2 trc di quay ngc chiu
nhau nh lng v xoay con heo trn trong my, heo khng vng ra ngoi, 2 trc
ny c nhng cnh tay bng st ngn hn trc trn.Trc trn u cnh tay bng st
c gn nhng ming cao su dy 3cm. nh lng trong khong 2-3 pht.
- i vi i gia sc: phi lt da sau khi ly huyt. con th c a ln dy
truyn cao hn, ngi cng nhn s ct ln lt 4 chn, ui v lt da t di ln trn
u.Cui cng l lt da u v ca sng.ct u treo trn ng y.
67

3.3.4. X mnh:
+ i vi heo:Trc ht ct u.Ct st 2 bn m vung gc vi ct sng
xung t sng c th nht, treo ln ng dy, mnh heo cng c treo ln. Cng
on tip theo l co li lng hoc c my t lng, c vi nc i km ra li
mnh heo. Tip theo l m bng di theo ng trng khet phn hu mn ly lng
trng, ln mm ca dy chuyn lng. M xoang ngc ly lng treo ln dy
chuyn lng v x mt ng theo sng lng. K tip x thn heo thnh 2 mnh theo
ng x sng lng. Km theo cng on ny c vi nc ra mnh. Hai mnh heo v
u i song song vi lng trng v lng n cui ng dy th y khm.Sau khi
khm mnh heo s a xung kho lnh hn ch tht b PSE, lng a xung b
phn lm lng.
+ i vi i gia sc: cng tng t nh heo nhng x thnh 4 mnh. Phi c
h thng thy lc nng h ngi cng nhn ln xung tin cho vic lt da v x
mnh. ng trt cao 3.4m. Tht sau khi git m cng a xung phng lnh hn
ch tht b PSE. Th trng Chu u(EU) qui nh tht ti lu hnh trong cc quc
gia ca khi ny phi c lm lnh ngay sau khi th y kim tra. Quy tht gi nhit
7
0
C, 3
0
C (i vi ph tng)
Trong phng lnh thit k ng trt qui nh khong cch gi 2 ng trt
0.9m(i vi tru, b); 0.7cm((heo). Khong cch gia hai quy tht trn thanh trt l
0.3-0.4m.Khong cch b tr nh vy khng kh lu chuyn trong phng n cc
quy tht. Ca phng lm bng nhng vt liu khng g, bn trong c nhng tm chn
bng nhiu ming nha ghp li hn ch s thot hi lnh ra ngoi.
Ngoi ra cn c mt phng lu gi tht nghi ng c mm bnh. Phng ny phi
tch bit vi phng cha quy tht t yu cu.
3.4. Git m gi cm:
3.4.1. Vn chuyn:
- Bt v b gia cm vo lng cn tin hnh cn thn trnh gy thng tch
cho gia cm. kiu chung phi hp l, khng rch lng, khng c nht qu ng
hoc qu t.
68

- Thi gian nht trong lng, cch thc a gia sc t lng vo chung trnh gy
xo trn cho gia cm.
Phng tin vn chuyn ph hp, iu khin xe ng k thut.
3.4.2. Tn tr gi cm:
- Chung rng, d v sinh st trng, thong khng c nh sng chiu trc tip.
- C chung cch ly.
- Nhn n trc 18 gi nhn ung 2-3 gi trc khi git m.
3.4.3. Gy chong
- Vic treo mc gia cm ln ng dy phi hp l, trnh nhng thao tc thiu
hp l gy chn thng cho gia cm.
- Thi gian chuyn gia cm t con u tin vo lng cho n khi ton b gia cm
vo nh ch git m chm nht l 12 gi.
- Gy chong hiu qu lun c xem xt qua in cc c trng ph hp gia cm
v thi gian l tng.
- Thit b gy chong lun sn sng hot ng tt s dng hng ngy.
- Mi kiu gy chong phi c s chun y ca c quan c trch nhim.
- Gy chong bng in trong h nc t ra ph hp vi vic git m s lng ln
la theo n.
3.4.4. Ly huyt
Ly huyt phi c tin hnh ngay v hon tt trong khon 10-15 giy.
- Ct mch mu c g trc tip bng tay hoc my trn dy chuyn
- u chc xung di t c vng cung vi u.
- Dng in tt nht hnh thnh si huyt trong g l 105-110 mA.
- Phng php tnh trung bnh trn u g.
- Sau nhng ci rng mnh u tin, 2 chn g dui . Hai cnh gi cht ly thn
sau khi rung cnh nhiu ln.
69

- Nu ly huyt lm thc phm th pha m bo khng b vy nhim.
- Nu ly huyt bng cnh thi gian ti thiu ly huyt l 2 pht i vi g
ty.90 giy i vi gia cm khc.
3.4.5. Trng, nh lng ct gi:
G c nhn chm trong h nc trng nhit 50
0
C i vi g gi ( g ty,
g mi v vt th nhit cao hn) 1-2 pht> Nhit h trng cao qu th quy tht
chn, kh nh lng, nhit thp cng kh nh lng.
Nh lng thc hin bng tay hoc bng my t ng. Nu s dng my phi iu
chnh my chnh xc khng lm h hi quy tht.
Sau c ra sch, nh lng li.
3.4.6. Ly rut v ct u, ct c
Xoang bng c m tin hnh khm ph tng v quy tht. Sau khi khm
xong, ph tng c tch ra khi quy tht v tch nhng phn khng n c mt
cch ht sc cn thn.
u c v ph tng khng n c chuyn theo h thng my n ch lm thc
n gia sc. Phn n c nh tim gan m chuyn sang khu vc ring.
M c b i v ly sch phn vt cha, ch ra sch trc khi chuyn sang v
tr th y khm.
3.4.7- Lm lnh:
lm lnh s b quy tht h xung di 10
0
C. Mun vy phi lm lnh trong
mi trng khng kh 0
0
C hoc trong nc .
Phng lm lnh chuyn dng 0
0
C, quy tht c trong bao plastic hoc trong
hp carton cng trng sp.
* Yu cu chung:
- a gia cm xung xe v vo chung phi trnh c nhng xo trn cho n gia
cm.
- Nh nht gia cm v ch h tht phi thng thong, bo v c b lng ca chng.
70

- Bt g nht vo lng phi trnh gy thng tch cho gia cm
- Thi tit lc vn chuyn v tn tr.
- Chung khng c gy, kiu chung hp l, khng rch lng.
- ng dy khng qu di nhm gip nhn vin quan st c ton b n g treo
mc v v sinh ca chng
- Tc ng dy treo mc phi ph hp vi tc hon thnh hiu qu ca phn
vic.





Hnh 3.2: My nh lng, ly ph tng g





My lm lnh My nh lng



My ly ph tng
71













Chng 4: CNG NGH CH BIN CC SN PHM
T THT V TRNG
4.1.Mt s thit b dng trong ch bin.
4.1.1. My xy tht (mincer):
Mc ch:
Xay tht thnh nhng phn nh c kch thc t C1-3 mm. my xay tht thng
c dng trong bc u tin ca vic nghin nh tht.
Nguyn tc
My gm mt bn cha tht, trc xon, dao ct v v chn vi ng knh l ra
khc nhau. Dao c 4 hoc 8 nhnh, c th tho ri v c lp rp xen k vi cc v.
Mt ng xon c chuyn tht n b dao ct. Khi tht quanh trc n cui trc dao
ct ct t cc m lin kt, si c, t bo m. Cc ht ct c kch thc ng nht,
chng c a ra ngoi theo chiu vn hnh ca trc. Trong qu trnh ct, nhit
ca nguyn liu tng nh hng n qu trnh kt ni v sau gia chng.
72

Trc xon c
C np liu
V chn Do ct
Do ct
V chn
Ngi ta chia my xay theo nhit nguyn liu s dng. My xay dng cho tht
nhit bnh thng, my xay dng cho tht ng lnh v my xay dng cho tht c
nhit trung gian. iu quan trng l tht phi c bm nhanh bi v nht ca
tht tng nhanh trong tin trnh bm.
My xay tht khng c chy khng ti v lm hng dao v a. Tt c cc phn
tip xc vi tht c lm bng cht khng b n mn.






Hnh 4.1: Thit b xay tht
4.1.2. My ct v trn tht (cutter):
y l my chuyn ct v trn tht thnh nhng phn t nhuyn hoc thnh dng
nh tng.N cho php c c lt ct phng nhng kch thc khng ng nht. C
2 dng my ct: my ct c mm c nh v my ct vi mm quay. My ct vi
mm quay v mt b dao gn c nh pha sau chn (gm 6-8 dao). Nhng dao ny
c th quay 500-5000 vng/pht, dao phi lun lun bn. Nguyn liu cho vo mm,
khi my hat ng nguyn liu tip xc vi c dao ct nh. Gn dao c h thng
lm lnh h thp nhit nguyn liu
4.1.3. My lm nc (Ice mchine):
l my sn xut nc vy, dng trong ch bin tht nht l nhng sn phm
dng nh. Khi ct trong my ct, tht m dn ln, do nc gip cho nhit tht
gim.
4.1.3.4. Phng xng khi
73


M
in tr
Xe y
My iu ho m
Bc ngn cch
Qut
M
My iu ho
Ca chp
Khi
My quy
Khe h
in tr
n t
My lm m
Khng kh Khng kh

Hnh 4.2: Phng xng khi
- Phng xng khi hin i l n v bit lp nn thi gian xng khi c rt
ngn. Thi gin n nh ph thuc vo tng loi thc phm.
- Nguyn tc lm vic:
+ Nu bung sinh khi v bung xng khi ring, khi to ra do t chy mn
ca. Lung khi i vo bung xng khi, khi lu chuyn t trn xung di vi
m.
+ Nu bung sinh khi v bung xng khi chung, khi to ra di sn, sn
phm treo pha trn. C h thng iu chnh khng kh v hi nc khi lu
chuyn ln trn ngng t vo sn phm ri thm thu su vo trong sn phm.
+ Cc sn phm xng khi : Jabon xng khi, xc xch kh, ba ri xng khi.
4.1.5- Thit b xm mui (injector)
- Mc ch ca xm mui l a mt lng dung dch mui, gia v, cht ph gia
vo tht. Cch ny thng c dng sn xut tht ba ri ch bin v cc loi tht
i ch bin. Lng dung dch tim vo tht ty thuc loi sn phm, c th tim dung
74

Hnh 4.5: Ni hp tit trng dng nm ngang
dch vo tht hn 100% trng lng tht ti. iu quan trng my tim phi ra sch
sau mi ngy sn xut. Vn tht cn st li bt k b phn no ca my tim u c
th to nn tnh trng vy nhim qua li. Kim tim phi sc v nu khng s gy tnh
trng rch mng bao c dch trn ra ngoi.

Hnh 4.3: Thit b xm mui
4.1.6. My nhi v trn tht (tumble,mssge)
- Mc ch trong qu trnh nhi protein tht g ra t t, nh tht v dung dch
mui lin kt vi nhau.
- My rt quan trng trong vic sn xut cc loi tht i ch bin. My nhi trn
ging nh my trn b tng bn trong my c nhng cnh tay bng thp khng g
chuyn tht ln trn nh my v ri tht rt xung.

H nh 4.4: My massage
4.1.7. Ni hp tit trng
75













Ni hp tit trng l dit khun nhit cao thi gian ngn. C hai dng ni hp tit
trng: Ni dng ng v ni dng nm. Khi a sn phm vo ni hp tit trng cc van
x c m ra x bt khng kh trong ni. Sau m cc van a hi nc v hi
nang vo ni tng nhit ni n khi t nhit cn tit trng. Sau khi thi
gian tit trng th m cc van x h nhit ni tit trng.

4.2. Mt s gi v, ph gi s dng trong ch bin tht.
Vai tr ca cht ph gia thc phm l ci thit mt c tnh c th no ca sn
phm, gip nng cao cht lng sn phm. Nhng k hiu thng dng trong Danh
mc cc cht ph gia c s dng trong thc phm:
- INS (International Numbering System) k hiu c y ban Codex v thc phm
xc nh cho mi cht ph gia khi xp chng vo danh mc cc cht ph gia thc phm.
- ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) lng n vo hng ngy chp nhn c l lng xc
nh ca mi cht ph gia thc phm c c th n vo hng ngy thng qua thc phm
hoc nc ung m khng gy nh hng c hi ti sc kho. ADI c tnh theo mg/kg
trng lng c th
76

- ADI c th c biu din di dng: Gi tr xc nh
Cha qui nh (CQ)
Cha xc nh (CX)
- MTDI (Maximum Tolerable Daily Intake) l lng ti a cc cht m c th nhn
c thng qua thc phm hoc nc ung hng ngy. MTDI c tnh theo mg/ ngi/
ngy.
ML (Maximum level ) mc gii hn ti a ca mi cht ph gia s dng trong qu
trnh sn xut, ch bin, x l, bo qun, bao gi v vn chuyn thc phm.
GMP ( Good Manufactering Practices) thc hnh sn xut tt l vic p ng cc
yu cu s dng ph gia trong qu trnh sn xut , x l, ch bin , bo qun, bao gi v
vn chuyn thc phm bao gm:
- Hn ch ti mc thp nht lng ph gia thc phm cn thit phi s dng.
- Lng cht ph gia c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut, ch bin, bo qun,
bao gi v vn chuyn c th tr thnh mt thnh phn ca thc phm nhng
khng nh hng ti tnh cht l ha hay gi tr khc ca thc phm.
- Lng ph gia thc phm s dng phi ph hp vi cng b ca nh sn xut
c chng nhn ca c quan c thm quyn.
4.2.1. Mui n(NCl)
Mui l cht bo qun cn bn trong qu trnh ch bin. Mui c tc dng ph hu k
sinh trng nhng go heo go b ch b h hng trong dung dch mui 25%. Vic x l
mui khng m bo tiu dit ton b vi khun. Nng mui trn 4,5% c tc dng
lm ngng s pht trin ca vi khun.
S dng mui lm tng tnh ha tan protein. n mui 4% s t ti a tnh ha
tan protein ca tht.
Mui xc tc tin trin ca tht trong qu trnh chn ti. giai on chn ti tht c
mi v thm, mm mi.
Mui to v cho sn phm: vi hm lng 3-8% dng cho sn phm kh, mn; vi
hm lng 1.5-2% dng cho sn phm nu.
77

Nhc im ca mui: tht p mui s c mu nu, nu p vi m th m b oxy
ha
4.2.2. ng
Trong qu trnh mui nguyn liu ngi ta thng dng lactose v glucose l nhng
cht c tnh kh, saccharosse khng c tnh kh nhng chng nhanh chng b thy phn
cho ng kh l glucose v fructose. ng cung cp dng cht cho vi khun pht
trin kh nitrat thnh nitrit.
S dng ng to v, lm du v mn ca sn phm, ng hn ch vic gia tng qu
hm lng nc trong sn phm. Liu lng khng gii hn m ty thuc vo s
thch v v ca tng mn n nhng ngy nay ngi ta c khuynh hng hn ch s dng
ng nhiu.

4.2.3. Mui nitrit
Mui nitrit: hin din dng mui kali hoc natri. Vic s dng mui nitrit c p
dng u tin M theo kt qu nghin cu ca Lewis (1925 v Ker(1926) vi hm
lng 156ppm. Dn dn mui nitrit c ph bin s dng sang nhiu nc khc.
Vit nam mui nitrit khng c s dng
c tnh ca mui nitrit, nitrat
+ To mu: kt hp vi myoglobin to hp cht c mu hng bn vng (nitrosohem)
+ To mi: to ra mi rt c bit pht trin theo thi gian v trong qu trnh nu.
Mui nitrit km hm phn ng i kht ca m.
+ Tc dng khng khun: tc dng trn phn ln cc vi khun nh Lactobacillus,
Streptococcus c bit l vi khun Clostridium botulinum.
c tnh ca mui nitrit
+ Mui nitrit oxy ha Hb trong mu thnh MetHb dn n tnh trng thiu mu.
+ Mui nitrit tc dng vi axit amin to ra nitrosamin gy ung th.
4.2.4. Mui nitrt:
78

Mui nitrat dng mui natri hoc kali, mui nitrat s dng trong sn phm c qu
trnh mui chm
Cch s dng c trng cho 3 loi sn phm
+ Dng mnh chn hoc sng khng tri qua qu trnh chn ti lm kh,
+ Dng mnh chn hoc sng.
+ Dng xay
S chuyn ha t mui nitrat sang mui nitrit
N0
3

2
NO

Liu lng s dng: 125ppm
V dng mui nitrat v mui nitrit qu liu lng qui nh gy c hi nn khng bao
gi dng ring l m phi trn vo mui n theo t l 0.6%.
4.2.5. Polyphosphat
Mui phosphat c nhiu dng v tn thng mi khc nhau. Trn th trng poly
phosphat l dng hn hp, cc hn hp ny c trng ch yu l hm lng P
2
0
5
. Hm
lng P
2
0
5
ca mt s polyphosphates c trnh by bng 4.1
Bng 4.1 : Hm lng P
2
0
5
ca mt s polyphosphates
Danh php Cng thc %P
2
0
5

Pyrophosphates disodique Na
2
P
2
0
7
63.9
Pyrophosphates tetrasodique Na
4
P
2
0
7
53.4
Tripolyphosphatess pentassodique Na
5
P
3
0
10
57.9
Pentapolyphosphatess heptasodique Na
7
P
5
0
16
62.0
Metaphosphate Na(P04)
n
69.6
Pyrophosphates tetrapotassique K
4
P
2
0
7
43.2
Polyphosphates em li s thnh cng cho sn phm ch bin t tht dng nu v
dng mui v n c c tnh gi nc vi c ch to cu trc m do b gy cc mch
79

pepetid, mi trng c hydrat ha. Polyphosphates c nh hng n s ha tan
protein din ra sau qu trnh thoi bin, do nhit hoc do h thp pH. Polyphosphates
c kh nng to phc vi cc kim loi nn chng s oxy ha cho sn phm, ngn cn s
tng sinh ca vi sinh vt nh Pseudomona, Micrococcus , Staphylococcus, Streptococcus,
Bacillus, Clostridium perfrigens. Khi dng Polyphosphates trong ch bin lm cho v
mn ca sn phm tng nh.
Liu lng s dng 2-3g/kg sn phm
4.2.6. Axit ascorbic v ascorbat natri:
Axit ascorbic v ascorbat natri thng bit di tn vitamin C, n c tc dng bo
v Mb khng b oxy ha , xc tc cho mui nitrit phn ng vi Mb cho mu hng mong
mun trong sn phm cui cng. Liu lng dng 300mg/kg sn phm
4.2.7. V bc
V bc t nhin c lm t rut ng vt (ch yu l rut heo, cu). V bc t nhin
c kh nng hp thu c mu ca khi, sau khi ch bin v bc ny n c, nhng sn
phm hao ht nhiu. V bc t nhin bt li l kch thc khng ng nht Ngy nay
phn ln l v bc nhn to c kch thc ng nht bn thnh chui lin tc.
V bc collagen: collagen c lm tan chy trong mi trng axt sau trung ha
bng kim v ko thnh dng ng . Loi v bc ny sau khi ch bin th n c. Ngoi
ra cn v bc cellulose cng cho khi i qua.
V bc plastic chu c nhit cao, khng lm mt nc ca sn phm trong qu
trnh nu v tn tr.
. 4.3.Cng ngh ch bin mt s sn phm t tht.
4.3.1. Ch bin sn phm dng nh
4.3.1.1. Nh tng
Trong cng ngh ch bin thc phm, vic phn ct v ti cu trc bt tht l hai cng
on thng gp i vi dng sn phm khc nhau t tht (nh xc xch , Pat, gi
la).Cc m c, m m di tc dng ca dao ct cc m ny b ph hy cc mi lin
80

kt trong m, b bin dng cu trc. Da vo kch thc cc ht c c sau khi phn ct
ngi ta phn bit 2 dng: ct th v ct mn. Vic ti cu trc tip sau da trn nn
tng thit lp cc mi lin kt ha hc mi gia cc cu phn phn ct.
Nh tng tht l sn phm ca qu trnh xay ct mn hn hp nc, m. Nguyn liu
c phn ct thnh nhng ht c kch thc rt nh khng th phn bit c bng mt
thng.
Vic ch bin nh tng bao gm 2 cng on: phn ct nguyn liu v ti kt ni cc
cu phn phn ct. Trc ht lipid v protein c phng thch t nguyn liu b ph
hy, k n thit lp kt cu mi nh ch yu cc c tnh chc nng ca 2 c cht trn.
Thnh phn ca nguyn liu khng c nh thay i ty theo dng sn phm v yu
cu ca ngi tiu dng. Mt s gia v v cht ph gia cng s dng nhm ci thin v
lm tng gi tr nguyn liu to nn cht lng sn phm nh mong mun. Thng thng
l mui nitrate, polyphosphat.
4.3.1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n kt cu ca nh tng.
- Nguyn liu: pH cao c a chung trong ch bin nh. Loi tht ny c kh nng
lin kt tt vi m, nc.
- Nhit : y l thng s duy nht c th xc nh c mc xay ct trong qu
trnh ch bin. Thi gian ct cng ko di nhit bt tht cng tng v nh hng n
cht lng sn phm cui cng. Nhit bt tht khng vt qa 14
0
C, nu vt qu th
nguy c mt n nh nh tng.
4.3.1.3. Cng ngh sn xut xc xch, gi la
Xc xch tit trng, gi la c to thnh t dng nh ca hn hp tht, m, gia v, nc
, cht to nh.
Cng thc:
Tht heo(b) 70kg
M: 10kg
Nc : 10kg
Protein u nnh: 10kg
81

Gia v, ph gia cho 1kg thnh phm
Mui thng/mui nitrat: 20g
Polyphosphat : 30g
Bt ngt: 10g
Tiu : Tu s thch.
Tht xay dng ht p vi mui nitrate 24gi. Sau khi p cho vo my cutter xay
nhuyn cho gia v, cht ph gia trong qu trnh xay nhit hn hp tng nn thm nc
, gia v, ph gia cn li, cho m vo xay u. Sau khi c paste dng nh chuyn sang
my nhi t ng, nhi vo mng film chu c nhit tit trng. Sau khi nhi vo
mng film ra sch cy xc xch chuyn ln khay a vo my hp tit trng. Hp xong
lm ngui, lm kh ra thnh phm.



Hnh 4.6: S h thng sn xut xc xch tit trng
4.3.2. Ch bin cc sn phm dng hp
82

4.3.2.1. Pat gan
Pat gan c sn xut t dng nh ca hn hp gan, tht, m v cc ph gia, gia
v thc phm
Cng thc
Gan 40%
Tht heo 20%
M heo 30%
N 10%
Gia v cho 1 kg thc phm
Mui thng /nitrat 16g Hng Pat
Tiu 2g Bt bp 9g
Ti 12g Hnh 10g
Vitamin C 0.2g Polyphosphat 3g
Nhc u khu 2g
Qui trnh sn xut









Gan heo
Phi trn
Gia v
V hp
ng np
Thnh
phm
Xay Xay
Gia
v
Tht heo
83





Thuyt minh
Gan ti hoc ng lnh xay cho 1/2 lng gia v ring.
Tht xay 3mm cho m vo xay tip, cho phn gia v cn li xay tip to dng nh.
Sau khi xay to dng nh chuyn sang my nhi. My nhi nh lng cho tng hp,
sau chuyn sang cng on ng np. Ra sau khi ng np lm sch nhng
nguyn liu dnh trn np v thnh hp. Hp lm sch chuyn vo xe goong y
vo ni hp tit trng ra thnh phm (pat gan hp 150g tit trng 115
0
C/60 pht).

4.3.2.2. Cng ngh ch bin hp ( hp b)
B hm hp l dng tht b nguyn ming c p gia v ng hp, tit trng,
bo qun nhit thng.
Cng thc:
Tht nc b 100kg
Gia v cho 1kg nguyn liu:
ng : 1%
Mui thng/nitrat: 0.2%
Hnh: 2%
Ti : 1%
Gng: 0.1%
Ng v hng: 0.2%
Nc chm vo hp:
Mui thng 0.2%
ng: 0.2%
Mu caramen: Ty thch
84

Qui trnh ch bin:


Thuyt minh
Tht b ng lnh r ng, kim tra hp theo khi lng tng hp nhng. V hp xong
chm dung dch pha theo cng thc. Bi kh bng cch a hp v lon lnh ri
a v nhit cao bi kh hoc dp np c ht chn khng. Sau khi dp np ra sch
hp cn dnh nhng gia v hoc nhng mu tht xung quang hp, a vo my tit trng
nhit cao(121
0
C), thi gian ty theo kch thc hp, ri lm ngui. bo n 10
ngy, kim tra trc khi dn nhn ra thnh phm.
4.3.3. Cng ngh sn xut lp xng
- Lp xng l sn phm ch bin c bit n t lu c ngun gc t ngi
Trung Quc.
- Lp xng c ch bin t nguyn liu chnh l tht, m heo c xay thnh dng
ht phi trn cng vi gia v, cht ph gia sau nhi vo v bc em sy vi ch sy
thch hp.
* Cng thc ch bin:
- Nc heo: 50%
85

- M heo : 50%
- Gia v cho 1kg
- Mui thng/nitrate 20g
- Mui thng 6g
- ng 37g
- Ru Mai qu l 30-35ml
- Mu ty theo tng c s sn xut
Qui trnh sn xut















Thuyt minh s
Thnh phm
Tht, m



Sy
S ch
Xay
Phi trn
Gia v
Nhi
86

- Tht, m xay ring, kch thc 3-6mm.
- Trn tht, m v gia v yn trong 3 gi nhit lnh.
- Nhi vo v bc thng l rut kh c ch bin t rut non heo hoc cu. Rut kh
xm ri ngm trc 1 gi. Nhi vo v bc nhi va phi trnh b rut. Sau khi nhi
vo rut kh ri c ngt thnh cy lp xng c chiu di nht nh ty theo c s sn
xut.
- Sy bng hi nng ca than ci trong 4 ngy. Thnh phm c m cui cng phi <=
15%, Bo qun nhit thng(1 thng), nu ht chn khng nhit thng
trong 6 thng.
4.3.4. Cng ngh sn xut jmbon
Jambon l dng tht nc i vai tinh lc qua xm mui, massage ri nu.
Thnh phn:

Cng thc:
Tht nc heo: 100kg
Gia v cho 1kg nguyn liu
Mui thng/mui nitrat: 20g
ng: 20g
Polyphosphat : 3g
Bt ngt: 1g
Hng jambon: 2g
Qui trnh sn xut:



Tht nc
heo
Lc sch
Massage
Xm
mui
lnh
87









Thuyt minh:
Tht nc heo phi c cht lng tt trc, khi lm jambon phi tinh lc ht m
lin kt ri treo mt nhit 0
0
C-4
0
C. Sau khi treo mt a vo xm mui, dung
dch xm mui gm mui, mui nitrit, polyphosphat v mt s gia v khc ty theo
loi jambon, khi xm mui xong trng lng tng ln 120-150% . Qu trnh xm mui
lu mi kim phi s v ton b h thng xm mui phi sch v bt c mt s mt
v sinh no cng lm nh hng khng tt n sn phm. Chuyn sang massage ri v
bao em nu (c loi jambon nu v xng khi). Sau khi nu xong lm mt sn phm
ri chuyn vo phng mt 0
0
C 4
0
C
4.3.5. Quy trnh sn xut nem chua
L sn phm tht c ln men nh vi sinh vt Lactobacillus plantarum, L.Brevis.
Sn phm chc c mu , v hi chua, s dng trong 1-2 thng ( mt).
Qui trnh sn xut





Ct lc
Trn
nh hnh
Xay
Tht heo Da heo
Gia vi, ph gia
Luc
Xt si
88










Cng thc
Tht nc heo 100kg
Da heo 20kg
Gia v cho 1kg thnh phm
Mui 10g Bt ngt 5g
Tiu ht 10g Men ci 2g
ng 100g t tri 40g
Ti 25g
Thuyt minh
Tht heo lyphi sch cht lng tt khng dnh d, trnh ti a vic nhim bn
trong ch bin v bo qun. Tht heo lc sch gn xay kch thc 3mm. Da heo co
sch lc ht m, luc, xt nh. Trn tht, gia v, men ci, da heo cho u. Cn tng gi
nh theo khi lng qui nh (50g, 100g) gi trong bao PE c lt l chui. trong
3 ngy nhit thng. Nu cha dng ngay phi bo qun nhit 0-4
0
C.
4.3. Cng ngh ch bin mt s sn phm t trng.
4.3.1. Cng ngh sn xut trng mui.
89


Hnh 4.7: Trng mui
Mui t
Bc 1: Tip nhn trng. Chun b dung dch mui v dng c ng. Dung dch
mui c nng 20 30%, c 1 lt dung dch ny bo qun c 8 qu trng.
Bc 2: Xp trng vo thng xi mng, vi snh, v.v ri nc mui vo
ngp trng 20 30cm.
Bc 3: Bo qun. y cc thng li trnh bi bm. Kho bo qun phi
thong mt. Nhit kho 18 20
o
C, m 80 85%. Thi gian bo qun 40 ngy.
Mui kh
Bc 1: Tip nhn trng. Chun b hn hp mui gm: tro bp 3kg, mui n 2
kg/100 qu, bt sn 0,1kg. Bt sn nu thnh h ri trn 2 th trn vo (nn chun b
hn hp trc khi mui mt ngy).
Bc 2: Ra sch v lau kh trng.
Bc 3: Mui trng. Dng hn hp trn bc xung quanh qu trng ri ln qua
tru ( trnh trng dnh vo vi nhau).
Bc 4: Bo qun. Xp trng vo thng hay vi, y kn. Xp thng, vi vo
kho. Kho c iu kin sau: nhit 18 20
o
C, m 80 85%. Thi gian bo qun
30 40 ngy.
4.3.2. Trng bch tho

Hnh 4.8: Trng bch tho
Nguyn liu: Trng : 100 120 qu
Tro bp : 2 kg
90

Nc ch xanh : 1,3 lt
Mui n : 350 g
Dm : 200 ml
Tru : 200 g
Vi sng : 350 g
Cch lm: Nn chun b hn hp trc mt ngy. Trn u cc nguyn liu ni
trn, trc thy kh sau cng trn cng thy nho nh h. Dt thnh nhng ming mng
bc ly qu trng ri ln qua tru. Bc xong cho vo vi chum bo qun y kn,
ni mt m v sau 20 30 ngy th thnh trng bch tho. Ngi ta cho rng kim trong
tro bp v acid tanic trong nc ch lm cho trng ng li.
4.3.3. Cng ngh sn xut bt trng
Bt trng c th l bt lng trng trng, bt lng trng hay bt trng hn hp.
Bt trng c sn xut ch yu bng phng php sy phun. Di p sut cao,
trng c phun thnh bi trong phng sy. Di tc dng ca nhit cao, trng kh
ngay v ri xung, nh vt chuyn ra ngoi lm ngui.

Hnh I.16: Cc sn phm bt trng [11.8]
4.3.4. Chit xut cc hp cht t trng
Vi s pht trin ca k thut tch chit, cc protein t lng trng trng, lng
trng vi c tnh c li c tch ra s dng v tinh sch, nh:
Chit t lng trng
+ Lysozyme dng trong cc sn phm sa v dc.
+ Coalbumin: dng lm cht vn chuyn khong trong t bo sinh vt.
+ Ovomucoid, ovoinhibitor: l nhng protein c dng c ch trypsin.
+ Avidin, flavoprotein: c li v gi tr dinh dng v chng c th chuyn thnh
biotin (avidin) v riboflavin (flavoprotein).
Chit t lng
91

+ Lecithin: dng trong thc phm v m phm.
+ Phosvitin: mt mt n l ngun cung cp photpho nhiu v d tiu ha hn so
vi casein, mt khc n cn c tnh chng oxy ha.