1.

Telephone Office

The caller picks up the phone triggering the flow of current in wires that connect to the telephone office.

2.

Telephone Office

The current is detected and a dial tone is transmitted by the telephone office to indicate that it is ready to receive the destination number. The caller sends this number by pushing the keys on the telephone set. Each key generates a pair of tones that specify a number. (In the older phone sets the user dials a number which in turn generates a corresponding number of pulses.) The equipment in the telephone office then uses the telephone network to attempt a connection. If the destination telephone busy, then a busy tone is returned to the caller. If the destination telephone is idle, then ringing signals are sent to both the originating and destination telephones. The ringing signals are discontinued when the destination phone is picked up and communication can then proceed.

3.

Telephone Office

4.

Telephone Office

5.

Telephone Office

6.

Telephone Office

Either of the users terminate the call by putting down a receiver.

Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks

Figure 1.1

 Transportation Network
Transport Passengers Produce Freight Solid Liquid Specialty Transport Vehicle Personal Automotives Cars Trucks Minivans Busses Tractor Trailers Transportation City streets Highways Interstates
Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks

1.

The user clicks on a link to indicate which document is to be retrieved.

2.

The browser must determine the address that contains the document. It does this by sending a query to its local name server.

3.

Once the address is known the browser establishes a connection to the specified machine, usually a TCP connection. In order for the connection to be successful, the specified machine must be ready to accept TCP connections.

4.

The browser runs a client version of HTTP, which issues a request specifying both the name of the document and the possible document formats it can handle. The machine that contains the requested document runs a server version of HTTP. It reacts to the HTTP request by sending an HTTP response which contains the desired document in the appropriate format.

5.

6.

The TCP connection is then closed and the user may view the document.

Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks

Figure 1.4

Realplayer example

Copyright 1995-2000, RealNetworks, Inc. All rights reserved. RealPlayer is a trademark of RealNetworks, Inc.

Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks

Figure 1.5

t0 Network

t1

Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks

Figure 1.6

(a) A switch provides the network to a cluster of users

Network (b) A multiplexer connects two access networks

Access network

Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks

Figure 1.7

1*

(a)
2

a
4

A
d

Metropolitan network A consists of access subnetworks a, b, c, d.

Metropolitan

(b)
A

a b g

National network consists of regional subnetworks a, b, g. Metropolitan network A is part of regional subnetwork a.

Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks

Figure 1.8

Transmission capacity (bits/second)

1.0E+14 1.0E+12 1.0E+10 1.0E+08

T-1 carrier

DWDM SONET OC-48 T-4 carrier

1.0E+06 1.0E+04
Baudot multiplex

1.0E+02 1.0E+00
Printing telegraph

1850

1875

1900

1925

1950

1975

2000

Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks

Figure 1.9

(a) A switch in the form of an operator with a patch cord panel (not shown)

(b) Cords interconnect user sockets providing end-to-end connection

Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks

Figure 1.10

Toll Tandem
Tandem CO CO CO CO CO

Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks

Figure 1.11

(a) Time-Shared Computers & Cables for Input Devices

C
(b) Dial In

. . .

T T

. . .

T T T
Modem Pool

PSTN

Modem

T = terminal

Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks

Figure 1.12

Poll to terminal

C
T T T

Response from terminal

Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks

Figure 1.13

Host
Address Info

Mux

. . .

Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks

Figure 1.14

Host

San Francisco Chicago

T T T

New York City Atlanta

Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks

Figure 1.15

AMES

McCLELLAN

UTAH

BOULDER

GWC

CASE

RADC ILL LINC AMES USC MIT UCSB STAN SCD ETAC MITRE CARN

UCLA

RAND

TINKER

BBN

HARV

NBS

Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks

Figure 1.16

transceivers

(a)

(b)

Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks

Figure 1.17

net 3 G net 1 G G G net 5 G net 4

net 2

G = gateway
Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Figure 1.18

Technology Standards

Regulation

Market

Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks

Figure 1.19

Capability

Capability

Third type of invention Second type of invention Initial class of invention

(a)

time

(b)

time

Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks

Figure 1.20