C my thi gian lng t

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Vit bi Trn Nghim Th t, 24 Thng 11 2010 17:16 7 lt c
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c hc lng t
c my thi gian
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l su c
thuyt tng i

Justin Mullins (New Scientist, s ra ngy 20/11/2010)

C th du hnh thi gian m khng cn ti cc l en.

Ngi ni v s du hnh thi gian trong mt cn phng trng ra mt khonh sn xinh ti
ti Vin Cng ngh Massachusetts nghe c v hi l tai. Ta nh c xy tn nm 1916
v trng nh thi i ca n vy: mi trn cao, hnh lang chy di v nhng cn phng
lm vic m mc vi nhng cnh ca g nng n cch tn cht t vo thi k . Nu
nh khng c mt mn hnh my tnh t ti gc tng, th ni tht trong phng hu nh
y ht hi u th k trc.

Cn phng lm vic y thuc v Seth Lloyd, mt trong nhng nh l thuyt hng u th

gii v c hc lng t. Chng ta ang ni ti mt bi bo m ng cng cc ng nghip
ca mnh tung ra cch nay chng mt thng trc m t mt bc chuyn mi ht sc
tinh vi v s du hnh thi gian. Loi bi bo nh th ny rt phong ph trong vi nm tr
li y, v thng tp trung vo mt s loi th nghim tng tng s dng l gic v l
gii, thay cho thit b, m t lm th no s du hnh thi gian tht s c th xy ra
trong th gii thc.
Ngoi tr, lun lun c mt s bo trc; chng hn nh du hnh thi gian y ri ro
phi thc hin hnh trnh n ra ca mt l en thc hin k cng du hnh. Cho nn,
cha bao gi tng c mt php th thc nghim no ca nhng tng . Thng th
ngi ta ch ni cho vui v ng ti mt vi ct bo, nhng him khi c ci g hu
hnh bn tham gia vo.
Lloyd i n mt phng php mi kho st vn trn, s dng c hc lng t, v th,
ti chm ch lng nghe v th nghim tng tng ca ng v, tt nhin, tm hiu v
ci im bo khng th trnh khi y. ng ni cho ti nghe cc photon c th truyn
ngc dng thi gian nh th no ng thi ng ni ci g nghe tht l ... v chng
ti lm th nghim , ng ni mt cch t nhin. Anh cng xem qua bi bo ,
phi khng no?
Ti tr mt, bn tn bn nghi. Trong khonh khc, thi gian nh ngng tri vy. Th
nghim ?, ti ngh trong u mnh. Khi Lloyd k tip, cu chuyn ca ng cn gy
kinh ngc hn na. Khng ch ngh ti vic gi cc photon tr v qu kh, th nghim
cn l mt s ti hin vt l ca nghch l ng chu ni ting. y l bi ton kh hiu
trong mt nh du hnh thi gian i ngc v qu kh v th tiu ng ni ca anh ta
trc khi b ni ca anh ta c mt trong bc nh ngy ci, ngha l nh du hnh thi
gian s khng bao gi tn ti v v th khng th no i ngc v qu kh git cht
ng ni ca mnh.
Ti sng c ngi. Trong hng th k qua, chng ta v ang c gng lay chuyn tr tu
ca mnh xung quanh vn du hnh thi gian. Gi th Lloyd v cc cng s ca ng
va nhn ra mt cch tip cn mi vi bi ton , m ra mt th gii k l ca s du
hnh thi gian cho cc th nghim.
Ci tru ngi i vi s du hnh thi gian l dng nh chng c g ngn cm n c.
Trong chng mc m cc nh lut vt l cn pht huy tc dng, th thi gian c th tin
v pha trc hoc li ra pha sau. Nhng du hnh thi gian theo kiu nh Marty McFly
trong b phim Tr li Tng lai th l mt tnh hung rc ri khc. N i hi mt vt i
ngc dng thi gian trong khi mi th khc ang din tin v pha trc. Tuy nhin,
ngi ta chng h thiu tng l gii xem iu ny c th xy ra nh th no.
a s cc tng tp trung vo cu trc ca khng-thi gian l mi trng du hnh.
Theo thuyt tng i tng qut Einstein, khng-thi gian l mt loi cht liu c th nn
li v gin ra ging nh mt tm cao su khng l. Mt vt th s nh mt ngi sao

chng hn lm bin dng cu trc ny, lm cho mi th trong vng ph cn ca n chu

mt lc ht v pha n.
Tuy nhin, nu khng-thi gian xon mnh, th nhng iu k l c th xy ra. Nu
tm cao su khng l y b gp np, chng hn, th nhng vng bnh thng cch xa
nhau t ngt tr nn ni kt vi nhau, to thnh mt ci thng lng gi l ng cong
thi gian khp kn cho php nh du hnh thi gian lp li nhng chuyn ving thm n
cng mt im trong thi gian v khng gian (xem biu ).

Cc ht lng t nh photon v electron khng b rng buc

bi mi tn thi gian.
Ngi u tin ch ra c lm th no s tng i a n cc ng cong thi gian
khp kn l nh ton hc ngi o Kurt Godel. Bn thit k nm 1949 ca ng cho mt
c my thi gian i hi ton b v tr ang quay trn. Nhiu tng c lin quan
c t ln bn tho lun k t , t nhng dy nng lng di gi l dy v tr cho
n cc l en ang quay trn v cc ng hm xuyn khng-thi gian gi l l su c.
Vt l lng t bc vo giai on cc nh l thuyt bt u nu cu hi mt ht lng t
s hnh x nh th no nu n thc hin mt bc nhy tr v qu kh. Nm 1991, nh
vt l ngi Anh David Deutsch t ra cu hi ny da trn mt nn tng l thuyt
chc chn. ng tng tng mt ht truyn ngc dng thi gian v ph hy ht tin
thn ca n, to ra mt nghch l kiu ng chu.
Hon ton khc vi ci ngi ta trng i, Deutsch i gii nghch l trn. ng i gii
bng cch vin dn cch hiu a th gii ca c hc lng t trong ti khonh khc
ht lng t i vo trong ng cong thi gian khp kn, v tr b tch ra lm hai na.

Trong mt v tr ny, ht sng st khng t git n; cn trong v tr kia th n b ph

hy. Bng cch vin dn quan im a v tr, Deutsch khn kho trnh c nghch l
ng chu v gii c mt trong nhng bi ton c bn ca s du hnh thi gian. Nhng
nhiu nh vt l cm thy khng hi lng vi quan im a th gii v n ra mt con s
ln n mc kh tin ca nhng v tr khc v v n phc tp khng cn thit.
Lloyd cng cc ng nghip ca ng chn ly mt cch tip cn khc i vi s du hnh
thi gian lng t, s dng thc t l cc ht lng t nh photon v electron khng b
rng buc bi mi tn thi gian.
C s ton hc ca l thuyt lng t pht biu rng trng thi lng t m t chng pht
trin v pha trc ln v pha sau trong thi gian. Trng thi k l nh th ny khin cho
mt s nh nghin cu khng nh rng khng th p dng c cc quy lut bnh thng
ca tnh nhn qu, v th nhng ci xy ra trong tng lai ca mt ht lng t s nh
hng n qu kh ca n.
Mt trong nhng ngi u tin ch ra lun im ny l John Wheeler ti trng i hc
Princeton. ng trnh by rng th nghim hai khe c in, trong mt photon cha
c quan st i qua hai khe mt cch ng thi, c th b nh hng bi mt php o
din ra sau khi th nghim c v nh hon tt.

Cc c trng sng ca photon cha quan st cho bit n i qua c hai khe cng mt
lc. Nu ngi ta quan st lc n i qua khe, th th nghim cho thy n s c nhng i
lng kiu ht v ch i qua mt khe. Wheeler mun bit iu g xy ra nu nh bn hon
quyt nh kho st bn cht sng hay ht ca photon cho n mt thi gian di sau khi
photon i qua khe.

ng xut rng vic s dng mt cp knh thin vn xa nhn ngc vo hai khe
cng s buc photon nhn ly cc tnh cht kiu ht. S lc la tnh cht nh th ny sau
khi phn chnh ca th nghim v c bn hon tt c gi l hu chn lc. Gi l
hu chn lc c l nghe khng hay. Tuy nhin, cc th nghim thc hin bi Jean
Francois Roch ti trng Ecole Normale Superieure Cachan, Php, v nhng ngi
khc, cho thy s hu chn lc tht s lm thay i cc tnh cht ca mt photon ln ti
mt vi nano giy v pha qu kh.
Theo cch hiu Copenhagen ca thuyt lng t, khng c mt thc th no tn ti cho
n khi mt php o c thc hin. Nhng chng ta ang bt u bit rng ngay c thc
ti cng c th l mt ba tic di ng: trng thi qu kh ca mt ht lng t khng c
nhiu thc ti hn trng thi tng lai ca n. l nguyn do v sao s hu chn lc c
tc dng. Ni cch khc, mi th ch chng ta tm ly. Trn l thuyt, qu trnh hu chn
lc thm ch c th lm thay i ton b lch s ca v tr.
Lloyd v Aephraim Steinberg, thuc trng i hc Toronto, Canada, cho bit tnh cht
k l ny ca th gii lng t c th l cha kha cho mt c my thi gian thc s. Kinh
nghim hng ngy cho chng ta bit rng cc iu kin cho ti lc bt u ca mt th
nghim s xc nh kt qu ca n. Nhng nu cc ht lng t khng th phn bit gia
nhng th nh hng n chng v pha trc v v pha sau trong thi gian, th iu
c ngha l vic ch r mt iu kin cui cng c th xc nh ci g xy ra trc n.
V mt ton hc, chng c nguyn do no m cc iu kin cui cng khng th no
cho trc v mi th phi tun theo t chng mt cch hp l, Steinberg ni.
S vin ti trong thi gian
Chnh kiu suy ngh nh th ny a cc nh vt l Charles Bennet ti Trung tm
Nghin cu IBM Yorktown Heights, New York, v Ben Schumacher ti trng i
hc Kenyon Gambier, Ohio, xut rng c th s dng c hc lng t xy dng
mt c my thi gian bng cch khai thc s vin ti lng t, mt hin tng c
chng minh bng thc nghim v s ln. Qu trnh trn khai thc mt tnh cht lng t
l lng gi l s vng vu, nh hai ht, th d nh hai photon, tr nn lin h gn gi
vi nhau n mc chng chia s cng mt s tn ti. Cc ht b vng vu tht c bit,
v mt php o thc hin trn ht ny lp tc nh hng n ht kia, cho d chng cch
xa nhau bao nhiu.
Gi hy tng tng bn mun vin ti mt ht du hnh khng gian th ba t A n B.
Th thut l to ra mt cp ht b vng vu v t mt ht ti A v ht kia B, sau
tin hnh mt tp hp php o c hai ni. Nu bn lm ng thao tc ny, bn c th s
dng tc dng ma qu t xa, nh Einstein gi nh th, m bo rng ht th hai i
n mt trng thi ging ht nh ht du hnh khng gian kia.
Cng bng m ni, ht du hnh chng di chuyn v mt vt l, nhng thng tin lng t
m t trn vn ht du hnh thc hin hnh trnh thay th v iu ny cho php ht
th hai ti B nhn ly nhn dng ca ht du hnh kia.

Ci k l s vin ti l n xy ra tc thi. Trong qu trnh ny, thng tin lng t di

chuyn t im A n im B, cho nn tht t nhin l ngi ta s ngh rng cc php o
ti A lp ra hnh trnh di chuyn.
Nhng v s vin ti xy ra tc thi, cho nn cng hp l khng km l ngh rng php o
ti im B kch hot hnh trnh trn, mc d n xy ra nhng thi khc mun hn
(xem biu ). y l s hu chn lc ang pht huy tc dng v n l mt c im m
cc nh vt l lng t lun s dng lm nhng vic nh s in ton lng t. Chnh
s nhp nhng ny gia nhn v qu l ci Steinberg v Lloyd khai thc trong vt m
phng du hnh thi gian ca h. Tm li, du hnh thi gian chnh l s vin ti,
Steinberg ni.
C cng iu qu mc hay khng khi gi nh th ny l du hnh thi gian? C l vy
theo kiu ging nh s vin ti lng t truyn ti mt trng thi lng t ch khng
truyn ti mt i tng vt cht thc s. Nhng Lloyd v Steinberg cho rng c s l
gic ca s vin ti hu chn lc l ging vi l gic ca s du hnh thi gian, cho nn th
nghim ca h l mt vt m phng du hnh thi gian. V trong khi th nghim c v
khng gy ho hng nh mt c my thi gian c th a chng ta v vi thi i khng
long, nhng vi n ngi ta c th trin khai mt s th tht s k l.
Ci u tin m i ca Lloyd v Steinberg thc hin l m phng nghch l ng chu
bng cch gi mt photon ngc tr v qu kh t hy n i. lm nh vy, i
nghin cu s dng s vin ti, nhng vi bc chuyn quan trng. S vin ti lng t
thng thng s cung cp cho bn mt bn sao ca trng thi m bn mun gi i. Ci
Steinberg v Lloyd mun bit l iu ny c xy ra i vi cc photon theo d tnh t
hy chng i vi mt khu sng lng t hay khng.

 hot ng c, m phng ca h i hi c thm hai c tnh na: mt khu sng

lng t thnh thong khai ha, v mt phng tin lm cho s vin ti t dng li. i
nghin cu cn quyt nh rng, thay cho hai photon b vng vu, nh thng xy ra
trong s vin ti lng t, h s lm vng vu hai thuc tnh ca mt photon c thn.
Trng thi phn cc ca photon s th hin hin ti ca photon, cn hng chuyn
ng ca n s th hin qu kh. Tip theo, h cp cho photon mt khu sng lng
t c th hoc khai ha, hoc im lm. Dng c ny, gi l mt bn sng, c th lm o,
hoc khng lm o, trng thi phn cc ca photon. V s phn cc ca photon v
hng ca n b vng vu, nn vic cp cho photon mt khu sng nh vy lm nh
hng n qu kh.
Gi th lm th no m bo c rng s vin ti thnh thong ngng li? iu l d
hn, v s vin ti vn c mt c ch hng. Tr khi bn tin hnh cc php o ca mnh
theo mt cch c bit no , cn khng n ch hot ng trong 25% thi gian m thi.
Cho nn t th nghim ca i nghin cu c th c bn kt cc, ty thuc vo tnh
hung kt hp ca s vin ti v khu sng.
Khi th nghim ny c thc hin, s xy ra mt s iu th v: mi thi khc m s du
hnh thi gian hot ng, th khu sng khng ln nng. V khi s du hnh thi gian tht
bi, th khu sng khai ha. Din t kt qu ny theo ngn ng ca nghch l ng chu,
th h khi no cn c c hi cho khu sng ca bn tt ngi v cuc mu st bt thnh, th
s du hnh thi gian cn c th hot ng. Bn c th ngm bn nhng khng th bp
c, Lloyd ni.
R rng s du hnh thi gian c mt s ng quan trng, khng phi ch cho bn cht
ca s t pht m cn cho kh nng ca chng ta lm quen vi n. Cc nh du hnh thi
gian c th v l do g ngn khng ngh ti vic nhm bn vo ng ni ca h, hoc c
l h c th quyt nh ch bn lc vo mt hng khc no . T nhin chng mng
vic n phi hp tt bao nhiu vi cc synap thn kinh ca ti, hay vi khu Colt 45 ca
ti, Steinberg ni.
Trong khi tng v mt vt m phng du hnh thi gian nghe c v xa l vi nhiu
ngi, th cho n nay, cng trnh nghin cu t nhiu gy n tng i vi cc nh
vt l lng t. l v th nghim trn hot ng ng nh c hc lng t tin on
chng c ai tranh ci xem s vin ti hot ng nh th no hoc cc bit thng tin lng
t, hay qubit, hnh x ra sao. Chc chn, rt vui v y, nhng mi ngi u bit ht
sc r kt cc trc mt s l g, pht biu ca Scott Aaronson, mt nh khoa hc my
tnh cng MIT.
Lloyd v Steinberg th c suy ngh khc. H ni vic ngh ti s du hnh thi gian theo
kiu nh th ny lm pht sinh nhng cu hi quan trng v mang n nhng kin thc
mi ht sc su sc. Trc ht, n tht s c th thm tra trong phng th nghim, khng
ging nh cc ng cong thi gian khp kn ca Deutsch. V trong khi s hu chn lc
c th cm thy hi xo quyt, th ch l v chng ta lun c xu hng nghing v mt
chiu c bit trong thi gian.

Trong khi th nghim ca Lloyd v Steinberg m phng c s du hnh thi gian, th

vn cn mt cu hi na. C phi tht s c th du hnh thi gian m khng cn ti
cc l en hay khng?
Theo nhng cng thc nht nh ca c hc lng t, cu tr li l c. Mt trong nhng
kha cnh ri rm nht ca c hc lng t l n khng tng thch vi thuyt tng i
tng qut. Trong hng thp k qua, cc nh vt l c gng kt hp hai l thuyt thnh
mt l thuyt lng t ca s hp dn, nhng u tht bi. Trong khi nhiu nh vt l
li cho thuyt tng i, th nhng ngi khc cho rng vn tht s nn gii quyt
l tnh khng hon thin ca c hc lng t (New Scientist, s ngy 21/8/2010, trang
33).
Vn ny thc y nhng dng thc thay th khc ca c hc lng t. Aram
Harrow, mt nh vt l lng t ti trng i hc Washington Seattle trnh by rng
nhng vn ny c th lm bp mo cc php o c lng t theo kiu ging nh s
hu chn lc lm, ngha l s du hnh thi gian l c th xt trn phng din l
thuyt. Cho n nay, cc nh vt l vn khng c bng chng no cho nhng dng thc
mi nh vy ca c hc lng t, mc d khng th ni rng khng c ni no trong v
tr s du hnh thi gian c th hot ng c.
By gi tr li cu hi cn bn ban u: du hnh thi gian s c th thc hin c hay
khng? C l, nhng vic ni v s du hnh thi gian trong mt cn phng trng ra mt
khonh sn xinh ti ti Vin Cng ngh Massachusetts dng nh hi l mt cht. Ta
nh c xy tn nm 1916