Jane Kodjabashia - Church Singing in Macedonia

1
D-r Jane Koxaba{ija: CRKOVNOTO PEEWE vo MAKEDONIJA

D-r Jane Kodjabashia: CHURCH SINGING in MACEDONIA

2

Posveteno na
50 godi{ninata od
obnovuvaweto na
Ohridskata arhiepiskopija
kako
Makedonskata Pravoslavna Crkva
(1958-2008)

3

Jane Koxaba{ija:
CRKOVNOTO
PEEWE
vo MAKEDONIJA

J ane Kodjabashia:
CHURCH
SINGING
in MACEDONIA

4

5

SODR@INA
CONTENTS

Prv del
ISTORISKIOT RAZVOJ NA CRKOVNOTO PEEWE
VO MAKEDONIJA
Voved: ..........................................................................................................13

I. Vizantiskite koreni na slovenskata kultura....................23
II. Crkovnoto peewe na slovenski jazik....................................26
III. Crkovnoto peewe vo Ohridskata arhiepiskopija.............30
IV. Srednovekovnite rakopisi na teritorijata
na Makedonija.............................................................................34
V. Crkovnoto peewe vo post-vizantiskiot period................39
VI. Crkovnoto peewe vo prerodbenskiot period.....................43
VII. Crkovnoto peewe vo Makedonija vo XX vek........................47
VIII. Genezata na srpskoto narodno crkovno peewe.................55
IX. Se ispolnuva prerodbenskiot amanet...................................60

Part one
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTOF CHURCH SINGING
IN MACEDONIA
Prologue........................................................................................................69

I. Byzantine roots of the Slavic culture.............................................72
II. Church singing in Slavic language ...............................................74
III. Church singing in the Ohrid Archbishopric..................................78
IV. Church singing during the post Byzantine period.........................81
V. Church singing during the period of renaissance..........................85
VI. Church singing in Macedonia in the 20
th
century.........................89

6

Vtor del

PRETSTAVNICI NA CRKOVNOTO PEEWE
VO (OD) MAKEDONIJA
I. Dimitar Zlatanov Gradoborski (ok.1800-1887)...............95
Epizodi odnegoviot ìvot..............................................97
Predanija................................................................................98
Solunskata pea~ka {kola.................................................99
Muzi~koto tvore{tvo na slovenski jazik................101
Muzi~kiot zbornik...........................................................103
Trojcata anatemisani......................................................106
Muzi~kiot jazik na Gradoborski..................................108
Zaklu~ok...............................................................................112
II. Naum Miladin (1817-1897).....................................................114
III. Kalistrat Zografski (ok. 1820-1913).................................118
Pi{ani tragi za Kalistrat........................................119
Zbornikot Isto~no crkovno peewe...........................122
Muzi~koto tvore{tvo.................................................126
Teoretskite postavki na Kalistrat......................127
IV. Joan Harmosin-Ohridski (1829-1890)................................132
Zbornikot Pashalija...................................................136
Dostojno est..................................................................140
Vla{kite napevi..............................................................142
Statii, nastani i odbeleùvawa...............................144
V. Vasil Ikonomov (1848-1934)................................................152
VI. Dimitar Pavlov-[tipjanin (1840-1919)..........................155
VII. Manasij pop Todorov (1856-1936).......................................158
VIII. George Kazana (XIX-XX vek)................................................166
IX. Andon [ahpaski (ok. 1860-1928).........................................170
[kolata za psalti vo Smojmirovo.............................174
Psaltikiskiot zbornik................................................176
X. Atanas Badev (1860-1908)......................................................181
XI. Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev (1876-1950)...................................189
Psaltikiskiot voskresnik..........................................190
Ortografijata na Vasil Ivanov................................196

7

Part two

REPRESENTATIVES OF THE CHURCH SINGING
IN (FROM) MACEDONIA

I. Dimitar Zlatanov-Gradoborski (ca. 1800-1887).....................203

Slavic and Greek Sources........................................................204
Gradoborskis Life..................................................................205
Music Collection.....................................................................206
Thessalonicas Singing School................................................207
Conclusion..............................................................................208

II. Naum Miladin (1817-1897).......................................................210
III. Kalistrat Zografski (ca. 1820-1913)........................................213
IV. Joan Harmosin-Ohridski (1829-1890)....................................218
Harmosins life......................................................................218
The collection Pashalia.....................................................221
Worthy Is (Dostojno est)........................................................224
Vlah melodies........................................................................226
Articles, events and notes......................................................227
Conclusion............................................................................231

V. Vasil Ikonomov (1848-1934)...................................................233
VI. Dimitar Pavlov-Shtipjanin (1840-1919)................................236
VII. Manasij Pop-Todorov (1856-1936).........................................239
VIII. George Kazana (19
th
-20
th
century)..........................................244
IX. Andon Shahpaski (ca 1860-1928)............................................248
X. Atanas Badev (1860-1908).......................................................255
XI. Vasil Ivanov Bojadjiev (1876-1950)........................................262
8

ANEKS

TVORBI OD MAKEDONSKI AVTORI

Dimitar Zlatanov Gradoborski
Dostoino esty. Glas i*. Ni..............................................................269
Na Prazdn. Cestnagw Kresta. Glas v*. .....................................270
Ou sl$jb$ sv\ennonacalnika. Glas i*. Ni.................................273

Kalistrat Zografski

Otqa i Sna. Glas e*. ...................................................................274
Dostoino esty. Glas a*.a. ..............................................................280
Dostoino esty. Glas d*.d.;...................................................282

Joan Harmosin Ohridski
Dostoino esty. Glas e*. Pa...............................................................284

Manasij pop Todorov
Otqa i Sna. Glas g*. [ S Ni.^
........................................................286

Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev
Poloji,Gospodi. Glas a*.a Pa. ........................................................289

BIBLIOGRAFIJA (BIBLIOGRAPHY)........................................294

9

Prv del

ISTORISKIOT RAZVOJ NA
CRKOVNOTO PEEWE VO MAKEDONIJA

10

11

Voved

Vo po~etokot, koga hristijanstvoto se zarodi i go ponese
krstot kako simbol na golemata qubov, na molitvenite sobiri vo
katakombite prvite hristijanski vernici koi{to poteknuvale od
redot na Evreite, niz pesna ja iskaùvaat svojata molitva.
1
Na
asketskiot duh, proniknat vo verata i ìvotot na starite hris-
tijani, pove}e mu odgovaralo ednostavnoto i nenametlivo peewe,
preku koe{to, vo prv red, }e se istaknuva porakata na religioz-
nite tekstovi, otkolku samata melodija.
2

Vo svojot ponatamo{en razvoj hristijanskata muzika }e po-
mine niz dve razli~ni i sprotivstaveni fazi: prvata - od skrom-
nite po~etoci na sozdavaweto i utvrduvaweto na bogoslu`beniot
obred na s#u{te progonetata hristijanska crkva, do t.n. milan-
ski edikt od 313 god., so koj carot Konstantin Veliki ustanovuva
verska tolerancija, a so toa i sloboden razvoj na hristijanskata
religija, i vtorata - vo koja{to ~ednata hristijanska bogoslu`ba
prerasnuva vo sve~ena liturgija na vizantiskata crkva.
So noviot status na Hristijanstvoto kako dràvna religija
na Rimskoto Carstvo, na planot na crkovnata muzika nastanuvaat
zna~ajni promeni. Hristijanskiot ritual od temnite, neprovetre-
ni i misti~ni katakombi se preseluva vo velelepnite hramovi, vo
koi{to bogoslu`bata se izvr{uva poslobodno, so poglasno i vpe-
~atlivo peewe, i so u~estvo na profesionalni pea~i. Ovie prome-
ni, naloùvaat crkovnite napevi da se zbogatat so novi, porazvie-
ni melodiski formi i so specifi~ni na~ini na izvedba, soodvet-
ni na sve~eniot ambient i na rasko{niot liturgiski ~in.

1
Bogoev , M. Mir~o, U~ebnik po crkovno penie, Sofi , 1940. p. 7.
2
Andreis, Josip, Povijest glazbe, vol I. Liber - Mladost, Zagreb, 1975. p. 78.
12

Iako vo 395 godina Rimskata imperija ve}e e nominalno po-
delena na dve carstva - isto~no i zapadno, s# do VI vek ne postojat
esencijalni razliki me|u na~inot na koj{to se peelo vo nivnite
prestolnini Konstantinopol i Rim, bidej}i crkovnata muzika
s#u{te e vo faza na formirawe.
1
Vo tekot na slednite nekolku
stoletija,so prifa}aweto na hristijanstvoto, sekoj narod vnesuva
vo crkovniot obred i vo peeweto niza novi elementi, karakteris-
ti~ni za nivnite avtohtoni muzi~ki tradicii. Vo ovoj kontekst,
od osobeno zna~ewe e upotrebata na sopstvenite jazici vo bogo-
slu`bata od strana na poedini narodi, {to ovozmoìlo da se raz-
vijat i razli~ni lokalni liturgii, kako: ermenska, siriska, kopt-
ska, persiska, slovenska i drugi.
2

Prodlabo~uvaweto na jazot me|u Isto~noto (Vizantija) i
Zapadnoto Rimsko Carstvo e vidlivo i na planot na crkovnoto
peewe. Prvobitnoto formalno edinstvo, koe so te{kotii se odr-
ùva na ogromniot prostor na Imperijata s# do nejzinata defini-
tivna podelba vo 476 godina, zapo~na da se raspa|a po golemite re-
formi na crkovnoto peewe: najprvin zapadnata na rimskiot papa
Grgur I Veliki (590-604), sprovedena kon krajot na VI i po~etokot
na VII vek, koga so izborot na duhovnite napevi (vo istorijata
poznati kako gregorijanski korali) koj{to go napravi so svoite
sorabotnici, go oslobodi crkovnoto peewe od isto~nata senzual-
na hromatika i melizmatika,
3
a skoro eden vek podocna i isto~-
nata reforma na sv. Jovan Damaskin (650-749), so koja go defini-
ra i naso~i idniot mileniumski razvoj na isto~noto crkovno pee-
we.
4
Imeno, so cel da go racionalizira i unificira crkovnoto
peewe na po{irokiot vizantiski prostor, sv. Jovan Damaskin
pristapi kon prestruktuirawe na Osmoglasnikot (gr. Oktoi_o),
odreduvaj}i go pritoa karakterot na glasovite i vidot na muzi~-
kite skali. Vo definiraweto na osmoglasniot sistem na ~etiri

1
Barbu-Bucur, Sebastian, Cultura muzical de tradiie bizantin pe teritoriul
Romniei in secolul XVIII i nceputul XIX i aportul original al culturii
autohtone, Editura muzical, Bucureti, 1989. p. 24.
2
Andreis, Josip, Povijest op. cit. p. 79, 113
3
Andreis, Josip, Povijestibidem. p. 80-81.
4
Popescu-Pasarea, I., Principi de muzica bisericeasc-oriental, Bucureti, 1939.
13

glavni (avtenti~ni) i ~etiri sporedni (plagalni), Damaskin se
opredeli za glasovi i crkovni napevi, sozdadeni vo raniot hris-
tijanski period na razni teritorii, od razni narodi. Na toj na-
~in, golemiot muzi~ki reformator postigna, Osmoglasnikot da
bide blizok i prifatliv za site hristijanski narodi, koi{to ja
naseluvale teritorijata na Isto~noto Rimsko Carstvo, vo nauka-
ta pove}e poznata kako Vizantija.
Koga stanuva zbor za muzi~kiot ìvot na narodite {to ja
naseluvale teritorijata na Vizantija, moè da se kaè, deka s#
{to bilo pozna~ajno na ovoj plan, se slu~uvalo pod znakot na cr-
kovnata muzika. So svoite lesno priemlivi sodrìni, ovaa priv-
le~na muzika ne ostanala strogo vrzana za crkovnata bogoslu`ba.
Vo izvorna ili modificirana forma, crkovnoto peewe zapo~na-
lo da se rasprostranuva i da se vnedruva vo drugi formi na op-
{testveno i doma{no muzicirawe, vo koi{to se vklu~eni i razni
vidovi na narodni muzi~ki instrumenti.
Slu{aj}i go i prakticiraj}i go vo sekojdnevnite crkovni i
doma{ni bogosluènija, crkovnoto peewe go pottiknuvaat narod-
niot tvorec, da sozdava melopoetski tvorbi na povisoko kreativ-
no nivo i so pogolema tematska raznovidnost. Pove}e intuitivno
otkolku svesno, i tvorcite na crkovna muzika se inspiriraat od
folklornata pesnopojna tradicija. Ovie vzaemni vlijanija }e
pridonesat crkovnoto peewe i muzi~kata praktika kaj hristijan-
skite narodi, koi{to vleguvaat vo kulturno-istoriskite i geo-
politi~kite ramki na Vizantija, da imaat mnogu zaedni~ki crti.
Ovie razvojni procesi na isto~nata hristijanska muzika najdoa
odraz i vo muzikata na slovenskite narodi, koi vo VI i VII vek go
naselija Balkanskiot Poluostrov. Vrz osnova na sopstvenite mu-
zi~ki tradicii i na vizantiskoto crkovno peewe, vo tekot na
slednite stoletija sekoj od ovie narodi }e si sozdade karakte-
risti~en muzi~ki folklor, a vo ramkite na vizantiskite stilski
relacii i svoj idiom na crkovno peewe.
* * *
[to se podrazbira pod poimot vizantiska muzika?
14

Vo odnos na ova pra{awe vo naukata se sre}avaat razli~ni
gledi{ta, koi ponekoga{ i sre}no se dopolnuvaat. Spored edni
muzi~ki pisateli, pod ovoj poim se podrazbira celokupnata mu-
zi~ka umetnost sozdavana vo vremeto i prostorot na Vizantis-
koto Carstvo, koja si sozdala svoi karakteristi~ni formi i svoj-
stva.
1
Za drugi, pokraj crkovnata muzika na Vizantiskata Impe-
rija, poimot vizantiska muzika ja opfa}a i svetovnata muzika ne-
guvana so osobeno bogatstvo i rasko{ na carskiot dvor,
2
kako i
drugi vidovi muzika so svetoven karakter, na pr: teatarskata.
Vsu{nost, vizantiskata svetovna muzika ne bila daleku od reli-
gioznata, zaradi faktot {to crkvata se razvivala vo potpolna
zavisnost od carskata vlast.
3

Pod ova pra{awe srpskiot muzi~ki pisatel i teolog Petar
Bingulac ja podrazbira i tretira samo crkovnata muzika. Spored
nego, gledano vremenski, vizantiskata muzika bi trebalo da gi
opfati celata muzika na Isto~nata crkva, od prvite po~etoci do
denes. A toa zna~i, i muzikata pred osnovaweto na gradot Kons-
tantinipol, a voedno i onaa po propasta na Vizantiskoto carstvo
vo 1453 godina, s# do dene{noto peewe na Isto~nata crkva. A vo
odnos na prostorot, ovaa definicija bi trebalo da ja opfati ne
samo vizantiskata crkovna muzika peana na gr~ki jazik, tuku i
celokupnata muzika na isto~nite crkvi, koi{to bile povrzani so
vizantiskata crkva so mnogu vrski, dolgotrajni i sloèni, i so
silni recipro~ni vlijanija, vospriemani i davani, vo razli~ni
stepeni na povrzanost, od najtesna zavisnost do pogolema samos-
tojnost.
4

Pod poimot vizantiska muzika, deneska naj~esto se podraz-
bira isto~noto crkovno peewe, odnosno peeweto na pravoslav-
nata crkva (bez ogled na koj jazik se prakticira), koe{to vo svojot
mileniumski razvoj gi zadràlo kako stoèrni slednite svoi

1
Barbu-Bucur, Sebastian, Cultura muzical ...op. cit. p. 14.
2
3
Bingulac, Petar, Vizantiska muzika, Muzicka enciklopedija, vol. III.
Jugoslovenski leksikografski zavod, Zagreb, 1977. p. 686.
4
Bingulac, Petar, Vizantiska muzikaibidem. p. 683.
15

komponenti: 1. Damaskinoviot osmoglasnik sistemot od ~etiri
avtenti~ni i ~etiri plagalni glasovi, 2. trite osnovni muzi~ki
skali dijatonskata, hromatskata i enharmonskata, 3. nevmat-
skoto muzi~ko pismo i 4. isklu~ivo vokalniot karakter i edno-
glasniot vid na muzi~kata izvedba.

Za potekloto na vizantiskata muzika naukata poso~uva po-
ve}e izvori. Najstarata traga se prepoznava vo Biblijata, preku
tekstovite na napevite i religioznite formi, prezemeni od stra-
na na prvite hristijani, za nivnite verski slu`bi. So vnimatelno
istraùvawe na site bibliski knigi - od prvata na Mojsievoto
petokniìe od Stariot zavet, pa, do poslednata od Noviot zavet,
se otkriva izobilstvo od detalni svedo{tva za {irokata primena
na muzikata vo religiozniot ìvot na evrejskiot narod. Vsu{-
nost, vizantiskata muzika pretstavuva prodolùvawe i prilago-
duvawe so specifi~no pro{iruvawe na verskite slu`bi, koi{to
se prakticirale vo evrejskata sinagoga.
1

Od svoite razurnati hramovi, prvite hristijani koi{to po-
teknuvale od redot na Evreite, gi imale vo hristijanskiot obred,
zaedno so tekstovite na psalmite, i svoite evrejski melodii. Bi-
dej}i hristijanstvoto, pred da se pro{iri na tloto na Evropa, se
pojavilo ne samo vo Palestina, tuku i vo Egipet, vo Sirija i vo
Ermenija, razbirlivo e toa {to site ovie zemji na svoj na~in }e ja
zbogatat ranohristijanskata melodika. Osven toa, kon sredinata
na XX vek vo naukata s# pove}e se istaknuva i muzi~kata praktika
na Sredozemjeto kako vaèn izvor na vlijanie na ranohristijan-
skata muzika.
2

Postojat mislewa, deka ve}e vo I vek vo ednoglasnata hri-
stijanska muzika postoela odredena podelba na dva globalni na~i-
ni na peewe: psalmodi~no (recitativno), vo koe{to zborot domi-
nira nad tonot, odnosno, na eden ist ton se peat pove}e slogovi od
tekstot, i melizmati~no (stil na razviena melodija), vo koe{to

1
Vasile, Vasile, Istoria muzicii bizantine i evoluia ei n spiritualitatea romneasc,
Editura interprint SRL, Bucureti, 1997. p. 5
2
Bingulac, Petar, Vizantiska muzika op. cit. p. 683.
16

tonot nadvladuva nad zborot, odnosno, na eden slog se peat pove}e
tonovi, a ~esto i dolgi nizi od tonovi. Obata principi hristijan-
stvoto, istotaka, gi na{lo na Istok. Dodeka psalmodiraweto e
tipi~no za muzikata na evrejskoto bogosluènie, melizmatikata
e karakteristi~na, osven za evrejskata, u{te i za siriskata, egi-
petskata i za ermenskata.
1

So proglasuvaweto na hristijanstvoto za dràvna religija
na Isto~noto Rimsko Carstvo, nastanaa op{testveni promeni,
koi{to crkvata kako nositel na duhovnata vlast gi ispolzuva da
si go zacvrsti svojot status. So cel da go pottikne religioznoto
~uvstvo kaj vernicite i da go zgolemuva svoeto vlijanie vo site
sferi na ìvotot vo Imperijata, crkvata zapo~nuva s# pove}e da
go sreduva i da go zbogatuva svojot religiozen obrednik. Se zboga-
tuvala i hristijanskata muzika i osobeno poezijata. Kako rezul-
tat na ova, vo IV vek se pojavuva himnata (gr. ,;), mo{ne zna-
~aen vid na crkovni pesni so poteklo od istok, koja nabrgu sta-
nuva neobi~no popularna i doìvuva vistinski procut. Po forma
strofi~na pesna, naj~esto silabi~na (na sekoj ton po eden slog,
retko po dva ili pove}e), himnata so svojata ednostavnost i pevli-
vost, prete`no ja izveduvale samite vernici, a poretko profesi-
onalni peja~i.
2

Prvata forma na vistinskata hristijanska poezija ja pret-
stavuva troparot (gr. ((). (;. ()), koj vo po~etokot
bil samo po nekoj vmetnat stih me|u stihovite na psalmite, za po-
toa da narasnat na cela strofa. Razvivaj}i se i ponatamu, tro-
parot stanuval porazraboten i spored sodrìnata dobival razni
nazivi, kako na pr: voskresen, bogorodi~en, troi~en itn. Prvite
pi{uva~i na tropari bile nare~eni melodi, bidej}i ja sozdavale
i muzikata i poezijata. Me|u prvite melodi se spomenuvaat Antim
i Timokle, koi ìveele vo V vek, vo vremeto na Leo I (457-474).
3

Tropari sostavuval i samiot car Justinijan I (527-565), na kogo mu

1
Andreis, Josip, Povijestibidem. p. 77.
2
Andreis, Josip, Povijest ibidem. p. 78.
3
Wellesz, Egon, A histori of Byzantine muzic and himnography, Oxford, 1962. p. 174.
17

se pripi{uva slavniot tropar od VI vek, Edinoroden, Sine (gr. U
,~);. 1;).
1

Vo sledniot period od razvojot na himnata najzna~ajna po-
etska forma e kondakot (gr. xx ili xx), poema so-
stavena od 18 do 30 strofi ili tropari, koi{to se peele spored
melodijata na prvata strofa. Vo pogled na brojot na slogovite i
mestata na akcentite site ovie strofi imale identi~na struktu-
ra so prvata strofa.
2
Prvata pesna, koja{to e obrazec za sledni-
te, se vika irmos (gr. ~(,;. od ~(. ~(. ~(x. ~(, - vrzuva,
svrzuva, se niè, ). Najpoznatiot avtor na kondakioni bil Roman
Melod, pokrsten Evrein od Sirija (krajot na V - VI vek), koj{to se
smeta za najgolem crkoven poet, ne samo na hristijanskata, tuku
moèbi i na svetskata sakralna knièvnost. Legendata zboruva za
iljada negovi himni vo forma na kondakion, od koi do deneska se
so~uvale osumdeset i pet.
3

Posledniot period na vizantiskata himnografija zapo~nal
kon krajot na VII vek so voveduvaweto na kanonot (gr. xw) vo
utrinskata bogoslu`ba. Kanonot e sloèna poetska forma izgra-
dena od 9 odi (gr. ) od koi sekoja sodrì od 6 do 9 tropari.
4

Zaedni~ko na pesnite im e toa {to se potpiraat na bibliski
sodrìni od Stariot i od Noviot zavet i se napraveni vrz ista
ritmi~ka osnova. Prviot poet na kanonot e Andreja Kritski
(okolu 660-740). Vo negovoto obemno delo se istaknuva Golemiot
kanon so 250 strofi.
5

Drug zna~aen poet od toa vreme e ve}e spomnatiot sv. Jovan
Damaskin, na kogo, osven brojni kanoni, kako {to e kaàno, mu se
pripi{uva i oformuvaweto na Osmoglasnikot, zaradi {to se
smeta za eden od najzaslu`nite reformatori na vizantiskata

1
Bingulac, Petar, Vizantiska muzikaop. cit. p. 685.
2
Barbu-Bucur, Sebastian, Filotei Sin Agi Jipei - Psaltichie rumneasc, vol. IV,
Stihirar - Pentikostar, Editura Episcopiei Buzului, Bucureti, 1992, p. 489.
3
Buhvald - Holveg - Princ, Re~nik gr~kih i latinskih pisaca antike
i sredweg veka, Vuk Karaxi}, Beograd, 1984. p. 398.
4
Wellesz, Egon, A historiop. cit. p. 198.
5
Buhvald - Holveg - Princ, Re~nikop. cit. p. 47.
18

muzika.
1
sv. Jovan Damaskin e avtor i na poznatiot Voskresen
kanon, koj e nare~en i Zlaten kanon ili Kralica na kanonite.
Koga se povlekol vo manastirot Sv. Sava kraj Mrtvo More, so
nego zapo~nala dejnosta na brojniot sobir od crkovni poeti, t.n.
savaiti.
2

Vo IX vek, vo carigradskiot manastir Studion se sozdava
nov centar na vizantiskata himnografija, pa, ottuka i poetite od
toj manastir se vikaat studiti. Me|u poetite studiti najistak-
nat e Teodor Studit (759-826), avtor na mnogubrojni dela, a poznat
e i kako eden od najzna~ajnite teolozi na borbata za ikonite, ~ie-
{to vlijanie na vizantiskata teologija bilo izvonredno silno.
3

Vo plodnata produkcija na ova vreme u~estvuvaat i carevite Lav
VI Mudri (886-912) i Konstantin VII Porfirogenit (912-961), ~ii
pesni se peat i denes.
4

Dodeka troparite i kondacite gi pi{uvale melodi, davaj-
}i im naedno i poezija i muzika, kaj podocne`nite himnografi s#
pove}e preovladuva obi~ajot na novata poezija da & se dade od
porano ve}e postoe~ka muzika. Opravdanosta na ovaa praksa e vo
postoeweto na ve}e pregolem broj melodii i vo nedovolnoto poz-
navawe na nevmatskata notacija, zaradi {to peja~ite ne bile vo
sostojba da nau~at novi melodii.
5
Ova e period vo koj{to s# po-
retko se javuvaat originalni kanoni, a vo praktikata s# pove}e se
imitiraat starite i se peat spored ve}e postoe~kite melodii.
Ovaa pojava kako da go navestuva opa|aweto na poetskata sila i
postepenoto zamirawe na crkovnata poezija. Po nejzinoto gasne-
we na Istok, taa go prodolìla svojot razvoj vo Ju`na Italija i
na Sicilija s# do XII vek.
6

Me|utoa, vo XI vek kako posledica na s# porasko{niot re-
ligiozen obred, a verojatno i pod vlijanie na arapskata muzika,
crkovnite melodii stanuvaat s# pobogati so ukrasi i melizmi. Vo

1
2
Andreis, Josip, Povijestop. cit. p. 114.
3
Buhvald - Holveg - Princ, Re~nikop. cit. p. 436.
4
5
Bingulac, Petar, Vizantiska muzikaibidem. p. 686.
6
Wellesz, Egon, A histori op. cit. p. 447.
19

ovie uslovi se razviva novo muzi~ko zanimawe: melurzi, ~ija os-
novna zada~a bila da gi ukrasuvaat i variraat postoe~kite na-
pevi.
1
Ova e po~etokot na podolgiot evolutiven proces vo koj-
{to se sozdavala novata forma na prostranata crkovna melodija
poznata kako papadikiska (gr. x - popski), koja pretstavu-
va najvisokiot dostrel na vizantiskata crkovna muzika. Za nejzi-
niot razvoj i rasko{niot na~in na izvedba najzasluèn e Sv.
Jovan Kukuzel (XIV vek), nenadminat tvorec, psalt i reformator
na isto~nata crkovna muzika, so makedonsko-slovensko poteklo.
Od sredinata na XV vek, so potpa|aweto na Balkanskiot Po-
luostrov pod vlasta na Turcite, }e nastapi period na opa|awe i
nazaduvawe na crkovnata muzika. Brojot na onie koi{to dobro go
poznavaat vizantiskoto muzi~ko pismo e s# pomal, a crkovnoto pe-
ewe }e bide prepu{teno na nedovolno obrazovanite ili nepisme-
nite crkovni pea~i. Ovaa sostojba }e potrae s# do XVIII vek, koga
so prvite znaci na slabeewe na Osmanliskoto Carstvo, isto~noto
crkovno peewe }e po~ne da zaìvuva. Toa e period vo koj{to ras-
te interesiraweto za tvorbite na drevnite pesnopisci i kompo-
zitori. Gri`livo ~uvanite stari rakopisi vo palestinskite i
svetogorskite manastiri s# po~esto se pojavuvaat vo razni prepi-
si. Kako reakcija na sloènata i vo golema mera zaboravena Ku-
kuzelova notacija, vo koja so tekot na vekovite se javilo i golemo
raznoobrazie vo zapi{uvaweto na melodiite, nekoi avtori na cr-
kovna muzika od ovoj period svoite tvorbi gi pi{uvaat so poed-
nostaveno notno pismo.
2

Na po~etokot na XIX vek trojcata u~iteli (gr. (w
x/w) i ugledni duhovnici na Isto~nata crkva Hrisant Prusen-
ski (`('; ();), Grigorij Protopsalt (!()(; (w
[/;) i Hurmuzij Hartofilaks (`(, `(/x;), }e
gi prodolàt nastojuvawata na prethodnite generacii crkovni
muzi~ari i vo 1814 godina uspe{no }e ja zavr{at poslednata gole-
ma reforma na vizantiskoto crkovno peewe i na negovoto muzi~-

1
Andreis, Josip, Povijestop. cit. p. 78.
2
Bogoev , M. Mir~o, U~ebnik op. cit. p. 9.
20

ko pismo. Na novata poednostavena notacija, koja{to za kuso vre-
me }e go osvoi po{irokiot pravoslaven prostor, }e bidat sozda-
deni brojni novi dela, kako u{te edno svedo{tvo za univerzal-
niot duh na vizantiskata muzi~ka umetnost.

21

I.

Vizantiskite koreni na slovenskata kultura

Civilizacijata koja{to zapo~na da se sozdava na {irokiot
trikontinentalen prostor na Vizantija pretstavuva avtenti~en
proizvod na vrski, odnosi i vlijanija na pove}e kulturni tradi-
cii, vo ~ija{to osnova leì Hristijanstvoto - noviot kvalitet
vo povrzuvaweto na razli~nite duhovni tekovi na stariot svet.
Kako takva, vizantiskata civilizacija, osven za istoriskiot i
kulturniot razvoj na narodite naseleni na nejzinata teritorija,
odigra presudna uloga i za razvojot na evropskata civilizacija i
za pojavata na niza drugi edinstveni i razvieni kulturi. Ova, vo
golema mera, se odnesuva i na kulturata na slovenskite narodi,
koi od Vizantija go dobija ona {to be{e su{tinsko za nivniot
civilizaciski procut: hristijanskata religija i pismenosta.
Prifa}aj}i go Hristijanstvoto, a preku nego i vizantiska-
ta kultura, kako izvori na sopstvenite kulturni sodrìni, slo-
venskite narodi razvivaat svoi osobenosti, svoi stvarni isto-
riski tipovi, no, temelite se, sepak, edinstveni, osnovnite sodr-
ìni - isti, i {to e najva`no - napolno e istoveten sistemot na
znaci. Eden e i edinstven jazikot na slikata i zborot so koj{to e
ovozmoèno duhovno op{tewe na Slovenite so Vizantija, a preku
nea i so s# ona {to se vgradilo vo svetot na nejzinata kultura od
minatite anti~ki vremiwa, i od drugite isto~ni svetovi.
1
Nekoi
vizantolozi duri se na mislewe, deka istorijata na slovenskite
narodi moè da se zeme kako docno poglavje na vizantiskata isto-

1
Bogdanovi , Dimitrije, Na putevima teorijskog prou~avawa ranovizantijske
kwièvnosti, (Predgovor, Averincev, S. S., Poetika ranovizantijske
kwièvnosti). Kwièvna misao, Beograd, 1982, r. 8.
22

rija. Spored niv, slovenskata srednovekovna umetnost, vsu{nost,
e vizantiska i kako takva, tokmu vo slovenskite prostori taa go
doìvea svojot najzna~aen docen razvoj.
1

Vizantiskata komponenta na slovenskata sakralna i narod-
na umetnost vo najgolema mera e zastapena vo makedonskata, za{to
nejzinite nositeli, kako potomci na anti~kite Makedonci i na
Slovenite koi{to go naselija ju`niot del na Balkanskiot Polu-
ostrov vo VI i VII vek, se polnopravni naslednici i prodolùva~i
na vizantiskata kultura, i nejzini neposredni sozdava~i. Zna~i,
ovoj status Makedoncite si go obezbedile najmalku po dve osnovi:
kako starosedelci, koi{to gi minale site fazi na anti~kata i na
rimsko-vizantiskata epoha, i kako novonaseleni slovenski ple-
miwa, najistureni kon Vizantija od site drugi Sloveni, koi pri-
maj}i ja hristijanskata religija, navlegoa dlaboko vo civilizira-
niot svet na Vizantija, soo~uvaj}i se so s# ona {to toa multiet-
ni~ko op{testvo moèlo da ponudi i da prifati.

Vizantiskata hristijanska kultura i umetnost, sozdadeni na
teritorijata na Makedonija pretstavuvaat arhetipski znaci pro-
niknati vo najdlabokite sloevi od kulturno-istoriskoto minato
na makedonskiot narod, koi jasno i nedvosmisleno go potvrduvaat
negoviot pridones vo razvojot na vizantiskata civilizacija. Is-
tovremeno, toa se avtenti~ni svedo{tva za kreativnite potenci-
jali na domorodnite Makedonci od raniot hristijanski period, a
podocna i na Slovenite, koi{to go naselija ju`niot del na Bal-
kanskiot Poluostrov. Ova osobeno vo periodot po nivnoto hris-
tijanizirawe, vo koj{to se ostvareni prosvetitelskite misii na
sv-te Kiril i Metodij, crkovno-prosvetnata dejnost na sv-te
Kliment i Naum vo Ohrid, a malku podocna i Makedonskata sred-
novekovna dràva, poznata kako Samoilovo Carstvo.
Od sevo ova proizleguva, deka hristijanskata umetnost, a vo
nejziniot sinkreti~ki korpus i crkovnata muzika na teritorija-
ta na Makedonija, ne moàt da se posmatraat izdvoeno i nadvor od

1
Talbot Rice, David, Mit o mracnom dobu, Rani srednji vek, Jugoslavija, Beograd, 1976, p.11.
23

istoriskiot kontekst na vizantiskata kultura. Isto kako {to i
mozaikot na vizantiskata civilizacija ne moè da bide celosen,
ako vo nejziniot kontinuum ne se zemat predvid najzna~ajnite eta-
pi vo kulturniot razvoj kaj poedini narodi, kako {to e kaj Make-
doncite, na primer, zlatniot crkovno-prosvetitelski period na
sv-te Kliment i Naum, vo koj{to e osnovopoloèna prvata slo-
venska eparhija, a vo nejzinite ramki i Ohridskata {kola, poz-
nata kako prv evropski univerzitet. Ottuka, kulturniot razvoj na
Makedoncite vo celiot period od primaweto na hristijanskata
religija do sozdavaweto na Ohridskata arhiepiskopija, pretsta-
vuva komplementaren proces vo razvojot na vizantiskata kultura
i civilizacija.

24

II.

Crkovnoto peewe na slovenski jazik

Po~etocite na crkovnoto peewe na slovenski jazik i na slo-
venskata pismenost se povrzani so gradot Solun, po Konstanti-
nopol najgolemiot vizantiski kulturen centar. Nao|aj}i se na te-
ritorija naselena prete`no so Sloveni, Solun moèl da posluì
kako prirodna vrska na vizantiskata kultura so Slovenite vo Ma-
kedonija, a preku niv i so celiot slovenski svet. Ottuka, razbir-
livo e {to vizantiskata dràvna i crkovna vlast tokmu od ovaa
sredina angaìra lu|e za izvr{uvawe na prosvetitelskite misii
me|u slovenskite narodi. Koga moravskiot knez Rastislav poba-
ral od vizantiskiot imperator Mihail III takvi misioneri, izbo-
rot padnal na solunskite bra}a Konstantin i Metodij.
1

Pomladiot brat Konstantin, poznat po svojata u~enost i ge-
nijalnite lingvisti~ki sposobnosti, ja sostavil prvata slovenska
azbuka i zaedno so brata si Metodij gi prevele na slovenski jazik
Svetoto Pismo i drugite bogoslu`beni knigi. Za àl, od ovoj
period ne e so~uvan nitu eden pi{an dokument, pa, za dejnosta na
sv-te Solunski Bra}a doznavame od nivnite ìtija i letopisite.
Vrz osnova na podatocite od ovie izvori moè da se zaklu~i deka
sv-te Kiril i Metodij i nivnite u~enici vo Moravija, vo Pano-
nija, vo Rim i na podra~jeto na dene{na Makedonija i Bugarija gi
peele na slovenski jazik glavnite delovi od bogosluènieto.
2

Nema somnenie deka prviot kontakt na vizantiskite crkov-
ni melodii so slovenskite tekstovi prevedeni od gr~ki jazik od

1
Ilievski, Hr. Petar, Gr~ko-slovenska kulturna simbioza, Slovenska pismenost,
Naroden muzej Ohrid, 1966. r. 47.
2
Stefanovi}, Dimitrije, Ohridski neumski rakopisi i po~etoci na slovenskata
muzi~ka kultura, Slovenska pismenost, Naroden muzej Ohrid, 1966, r. 131.
25

strana na sv-te Kiril i Metodij se odigral vo Makedonija, ozna-
~uvaj}i gi po~etocite na slovenskata crkovna muzika. Imeno, so
prilagoduvaweto na tie napevi kon noviot tekst vo metroritmi~-
ka smisla, se pokaàle prvite specifi~nosti na slovenskoto -
po{iroko gledano - i oddelno na makedonskoto crkovno peewe.
1

No, treba da se naglasi, deka vo periodot koga sv-te Solunski
Bra}a gi podgotvuvaat svoite slovenski misii, s#u{te ne postojat
su{tinski razliki vo crkovnoto peewe kaj poedini hristijanski
narodi. Ottuka, crkovnoto peewe so koe Solunskite Bra}a trgna-
le vo prosvetitelskite misii gi imalo op{tite ramki na sredno-
vekovnata vizantiska muzika. Fascinantnata melodija bazirana
na damaskinoviot Osmoglasnik i vpe~atliviot sakralen ritual
vo koj taa melodija imala centralno mesto, kone~no i slovenskiot
bogoslu`ben jazik, koj{to vo toj period e s#u{te razbirliv za si-
te slovenski narodi, bile glavnite aduti na sv-te Kiril i Me-
todij vo nivnata istoriska misija: da gi privle~at, pridobijat i
da gi privrzat slovenskite narodi kon hristijanskata religija.
Crkovnoto peewe na slovenski jazik na teritorijata na Ma-
kedonija, najverojatno zapo~nalo da se prakticira okolu sredina-
ta na IX vek, so bregalni~kata misija na solunskite bra}a Kon-
stantin i Metodij, zna~i, pred nivnoto zaminuvawe vo Moravija.
2

Svojot procut ova peewe }e go dostigne vo prosvetitelskiot pe-
riod na sv-te Kliment i Naum, kon krajot na IX i po~etokot na X
vek, a }e prodolì i vo vtorata polovina na istiot vek, za vreme
na makedonsko-slovenskata dràva, t.n. Samoilovo Carstvo, koga
e sozdadena i Ohridskata arhiepiskopija kako prva avtokefalna
crkovna organizacija na makedonskiot narod.
3

Pri krajot na IX vek Ohrid stana najva`no sredi{te na slo-
venskata kultura vo jugozapadniot del na Balkanskiot Poluos-
trov. Kako crkoven centar poznat ve}e od porano, raspoloèn na

1
Ortakov, Dragoslav, Ars nova Macedonica, Makedonska kniga, Skopje, 1986. p. 100.

2
Aleksova,Blaga, Materijalna kultura na Slovenite vo Makedonija,
Slovenska pismenost, Naroden muzej Ohrid, 1966, r. 142.
3
Bel~ovski, Jovan, Ohridskata arhiepiskopija od osnovaweto do pa|aweto na
Makedonija pod turska vlast, Skopje, 1997. p. 77.
26

eden od glavnite rimski pati{ta, toj grad kako da be{e predod-
reden da odigra posebna uloga vo vklu~uvaweto na Slovenite vo
kulturniot svet. Doa|aweto na sv-te Kliment i Naum vo Ohrid, go
ozna~i re{itelniot moment vo ostvaruvaweto na taa negova
uloga. Tie bea lu|e sposobni da organiziraat na {iroka osnova
edna kulturna i crkovno-prosvetna misija. Od druga strana, tie
tuka nao|aa ve}e razdvièna sredina koja moè{e da gi potkrepi
nivnite nastojuvawa.
1
Vo ovoj grad vo koj i porano zra~ela vizan-
tiskatakultura, sv-te Kliment i Naum razvija {iroka crkovna i
knièvna dejnost, sozdavaj}i na toj na~in i sopstveni kadri ne sa-
mo vo redot na klirot, ami i vo site drugi oblasti na op{testve-
noto ìveewe.
2
Osobeno golemi zaslugi vo organiziraweto na
{irokata op{to-kulturna dejnost vo ovaa slovenska sredina ima
sv. Kliment Ohridski, eden od najnadarenite u~enici na sv-te
Kiril i Metodij. Sudej}i spored so~uvanite podatoci za negovata
angaìranost na muzi~ki plan i za negoviot golem pridones vo
izgraduvaweto na makedonskoto crkovno peewe, moè da se kaè,
deka vo vremeto na sv. Kliment, Ohrid vo isto vreme bil i sre-
di{te na crkovnata muzika.
3
Vo ovoj grad e sozdadena i prvata
crkovno-pea~ka {kola me|u Slovenite, koja podocna }e ima silno
vlijanie vrz razvojot na crkovnoto peewe kaj ostanatite sloven-
ski narodi. Vo Klimentovoto ìtie se nao|a podatok, koj{to zbo-
ruva deka sv. Kliment gi podu~uval svoite u~enici vo peeweto
psalmi i gi snabduval so psalmopodobni penija, a vo svoite besedi
za crkovnoto peewe i pesnopenijata zboruva, deka heruvimskata
pesna se pee ednoglasno. Sevo ova svedo~i deka, sv. Kliment na
crkovnoto peewe mu posvetuval osobeno vnimanie kako na vaèn
segment od negovata s#vkupna crkovno-prosvetna dejnost.
4

Vo ambientot vo koj{to ve}e be{e zapo~nal procesot na
sozdavawe sopstveni duhovni vrednosti i na po~va vo koja slo-

1
Koneski, Blaè, Ohridska knièvna {kola, Slovenska pismenost,
Naroden muzej Ohrid, 1966, r. 57.
2
Ilievski, Hr. Petar, Gr~ko-slovenska ibidem. p. 47.
3
Golabovski Sotir, Osmoglasnik-makedonsko crkovno peewe, Kultura,
Skopje, 1993, r. 15.
4
Bel~ovski, Jovan, Ohridskata arhiepiskopija ... ibidem. p. 43.
27

venskata pismenost, kulturata i prosvetata ve}e bea pu{tile
koreni, vo vtorata polovina na X vek, bea sozreani uslovite
Samoil (976-1014) da ja sozdade svojata dràva, a vo ovie ramki i
makedonskata crkva so centar vo Prespa, a potoa vo Ohrid. I pok-
raj toa {to vo ovoj period postojano se vodat vojni, se zabeleùva
zna~itelen podem na kulturno-prosvetniot ìvot.
1
Brojnite
ostatoci na materijalnata kultura od vremeto na samoilovoto
vladeewe jasno govorat za po~etok na slovenska epoha, vo koja, vo
uslovi na prekinati vrski so Carigrad i so drugite vizantiski
duhovni centri, se pojavuvaat novi stilski nasoki vo umetnosta,
literaturata i arhitekturata so prepoznatlivi sloveno-makedon-
ski karakteristiki.
2
Na planot na crkovnoto peewe vo ovoj peri-
od nastanuva u{te pore{itelno svrtuvawe kon sopstvenite pesno-
pojni tradicii i sozdavawe na svoj muzi~ki izraz. Navistina, vli-
janieto na gr~kata kultura vo makedonskite gradovi e s#u{te sil-
no, no, kako rezultat na s#vkupniot op{testven razvoj, vo Make-
donija narasnuva slovenskata civilizaciska svest, a so nea i odre-
deni tendencii za distancirawe na makedonskoto duhovno i kul-
turno ìveewe od vizantiskoto. Se razbira, carigradskite dr-
àvni i crkovni vlasti na ovie razvojni procesi vo kulturniot i
prosvetniot ìvot na makedonskiot narod gledaat kako na anti-
vizantisko raspoloènie.
3

1
Ilievski, Hr. Petar, Gr~ko-slovenska op. cit. p. 48.
2
Bel~ovski, Jovan, Ohridskata arhiepiskopija ... ibidem. p. 105.
3
Velev, Ilija, Vizantisko-makedonski knièvni vrski, Skopje, 2005.
28

III.

Crkovnoto peewe vo Ohridskata arhiepiskopija

Karakterot na makedonskoto crkovno peewe, kako {to e ve-
}e kaàno, e za~nat u{te pri prviot dopir na slovenskiot crko-
ven tekst so vizantiskata melodija, vo vremeto koga solunskite
bra}a Konstantin i Metodij se podgotvuvaat za svoite prosveti-
telski misii. No, vistinskite stremeì da se sozdade sopstveno
crkovno peewe so prepoznatlivi sloveno-makedonski karakteris-
tiki moèle da se pojavat duri vo crkovno-prosvetitelskiot pe-
riod na sv-te Kliment i Naum Ohridski. Vaèn moment vo krei-
raweto na posebniot karakter na makedonskoto crkovno peewe vo
ovoj i vo sledniot period pretstavuva potpiraweto vrz sopstve-
nite muzi~ki tradicii. Folklornite melodii vovedeni i vkore-
neti vo crkovno-muzi~kiot repertoar pretstavuvaat izvonredno
vaèn element vo liturgiskiot ~in, so koj se obezbeduva narod-
niot karakter na crkovnoto peewe, a so toa, i privlekuvawe na
pogolem broj vernici vo bogoslu`bata. Vo ovoj pogled treba da se
naglasi, deka psaltite, koi istovremeno se nositeli i na narod-
nata muzi~ka tradicija, vo crkovnoto peewe vnesuvaat sveì fol-
klorni elementi. Tie duri i svesno go naglasuvale toj profan
sloveno-makedonski prizvuk vo crkovnoto peewe kako izraz na
otporot sprema gr~kiot na~in na peewe.
Crkovnoto peewe na teritorijata na Makedonija }e go pro-
dolì svojot razvoj i vo deceniite pred i po sozdavaweto na Sa-
moilovoto Carstvo i na Ohridskata arhiepiskopija. Ovoj proces
}e prodolì i po propasta na makedonskata dràva, za vreme na
Jovan Debarski (1018-1037), prviot, po s# izgleda, i edinstveniot
ohridski arhiepiskop vo vizantiskata epoha koj{to imal make-
29

donsko poteklo. Dejnosta na ovoj ohridski arhiepiskop Make-
donec, glavno, se sveduvala na postojana borba za za~uvuvawe na
narodniot karakter na Arhiepiskopijata. Vo celiot ovoj prosve-
titelski period koj trael okolu eden i polovina vek, vsu{nost, e
zapo~nat i zavr{en procesot na transformirawe na makedonsko-
to crkovno peewe od tipi~no vizantisko-gr~ko, vo peewe so ka-
rakteristiki na ìvata pesnopojna tradicija na Makedoncite, i
toa kako vo pogled na melodijata, taka i vo odnos na na~inot na
nejzinata izvedba ostvarena preku specifi~nata glasovna artiku-
lacija na tonot i zborot.
Vo periodot po smrtta na Jovan, po s# izgleda, deka so Oh-
ridskata arhiepiskopija rakovodele isklu~ivo episkopi Grci -
direktno postaveni od vizantiskata vlast, koi so site sili nasto-
juvale vo crkovnata praktika da go nametnat gr~kiot stil. So cel
da go isfrlat od crkvite peeweto sozdadeno i izdiferencirano
kako slovensko-makedonsko vo sveti-Klimentoviot prosvetitel-
ski period, vo makedonskite hramovi bile doveduvani dirigenti
od golemite centri na vizantiskata kultura.
1
No, bidej}i psal-
tite naj~esto bile Makedonci, osven gr~kiot jazik koj bil obli-
gatoren, s# drugo vo peeweto si ostanuvalo izvorno: postavenosta
i bojata na glasot, na~inot na ukrasuvawe na melodiskite tonovi
i drugi elementi.
Vtemelena vrz deloto na sv-te Kiril i Metodij i na nivni-
te u~enici sv-te Kliment i Naum, Ohridskata arhiepiskopija vo
tekot na svoeto osumvekovno postoewe nikoga{ sosema ne go izgu-
bila slovenskiot karakter i ostana za{titnik na crkovnite i
kulturnite tradicii na makedonskiot narod. Slovenskiot karak-
ter na Arhiepiskopijata go {titele i nekoi arhiepiskopi - Grci,

1
Lape, Quben, Odbrani tekstovi za istorijata na makedonskiot narod
Prosvetno delo, Skopje, 1959, p. 78.
(Vo ovaa smisla, sosema e razbirliv o~ajot na ohridskiot arhiepiskop
Teofilakt (1091- ?), koga se àli: Ohri|anite ja slu{aat pesnata moja ka-
ko magareto cigulkata. Pritoa, o~igledno e, deka cigulkata go pretsta-
vuva gr~koto crkovno peewe, a magareto - prostite i tvrdoglavi makedonski
vernici i psalti, koi uporno si go podrùvaat svoeto crkovno peewe, soz-
dadeno vrz osnova na sopstvenata pesnopojna tradicija.)
30

bidej}i samo na toj na~in moèle da ja odbranat samostojnosta na
svojata crkva, a so toa i sopstvenata pozicija. Od druga strana,
tie bile svesni, deka bi bile zaludni site napori za iskorenuva-
we na crkovno-prosvetnoto delo na sv. Kliment, koj{to gi pro-
niknuval ne samo tradiciite na Ohridskata arhiepiskopija, tuku
i na celokupniot op{testven ìvot na teritorijata na Make-
donija, pa i po{iroko. Za ova govorat brojni patepisi, od koi mo-
è da se izvle~at zaklu~oci za crkovnoto peewe, za folklornite
muzi~ki tradicii i, voop{to, za kulturno-prosvetniot ìvot vo
Makedonija.
1
Ona {to vo ovie patepisi pa|a v o~i, e otporot na
Makedoncite sprema gr~ko-vizantiskiot na~in na bogosluèwe
vo hramovite, a vrz osnova na toa i da se zaklu~i, deka crkovno-
prosvetniot ìvot, a vo ovie ramki i crkovnoto peewe na teri-
torijata na Makedonija, vo XIV vek s#u{te go sledat predanieto
na sv. Kliment. Ovie dragoceni podatoci govorat uverlivo i za
ìlavosta na narodnite tradicii, iako vo tekot na stoletijata po
padot na srednovekovnoto Samoilovo Carstvo, Makedoncite ì-
veat neposredno na podra~jeto na vizantiskiot dràven, praven,
sudski i vojni~ki sistem i vo ambient na silno vlijanie na vizan-
tisko-gr~kata kultura.

1
Lape, Quben, Odbrani tekstovi...ibidem. p. 122.
Vo ovoj pogled, od knigata na Q. Lape najprigodni se delovite od patepisot
na vizantiskiot pisatel Nikifor Gregora (XIV vek), koj vo 1326 godina na
pat za Srbija se zadràl nekolku dena vo Strumica: Utredenta po cel den
patuvawe, stasavme vo eden mal grad {to se kreva, taka da se re~e, nad obla-
cite, koj{to lu|eto od ovoj kraj go vikaat Strumica Ovde go praznuvavme i
svetiot Veligden, za àl, ne kako {to sme sviknale da go pravime toa kaj nas,
a sepak go proslavivme. Ovde gi smetaat za gluposti seta verska praktika,
seta ritmuvana i harmonizirana muzika na svetite himni No, glasovite
{to se slu{aa voop{to ne bea varvarski, tuku harmoni~ni, kako napevite
miksolidiski i, ako moè da se re~e, miksofrigiski (se misli na glasovi
od Osmoglasnikot na sv. Jovan Damaskin. Zab. m.) ...Nie ostanavme vo ova
mesto cel den; go praznuvavme kako {to dolikuva ovoj praznik i si napra-
vivme malku po~inka i zabava. Od yidovite na tvrdinata gi gledavme vo ram-
ninata dolu veselbite {to se pravat pri vakvi slu~ai, a naro~no, razli~nite
ora {to gi igraa mladite i starite lu|e (Na glasovite za koi{to zboruva
Gregora i deneska se peat golem broj makedonski narodni pesni kako {to se:
Zaplakalo e Mariovo, Ordan sedi na kulata, [esnaest-godi{en vojvoda, Po
drum odam, maj~e, i redica drugi. Z. m.)
31

No, i pokraj krajno vlo{enite uslovi, vo vekovite na vizan-
tiskoto vladeewe vo Makedonija se sozdadeni golem broj rakopisi
na slovenski jazik. Postojat brojni svedo{tva za raznebituvawe
na makedonskoto duhovno nasledstvo od strana na gr~koto sve{-
tenstvo. Pod izgovor deka gi uni{tuvaat ereti~kite knigi na bo-
gomilite, tie vr{ele sistematsko i bezmilosno uni{tuvawwe na
crkovnata literatura na slovenski jazik. I ona {to se so~uvalo
vo makedonskite manastiri poodale~eni od golemite gradovi, vo
post-vizantiskiot period }e bide razgrabuvano od strana na razni
istraùva~i" na slovenskoto kulturno nasledstvo.

32

IV.

Srednovekovnite rakopisi na teritorijata na
Makedonija

Sudbinata na slovenskite kulturni spomenici od site ob-
lasti na hristijanskata umetnost, sozdadeni na teritorijata na
Makedonija vo vizantiskiot i post-vizantiskiot period, ne seko-
ga{ bila izvesna i vo duhot na kosmopolitskite principi na vi-
zantiskata civilizacija. Na ova suptilno ukaùva i slavistot
Vladimir Mo{in (1894-1987) vo uvodot na Opisot na Ohridskata
zbirka rakopisi, kako tragi~no soznanie za raznebituvaweto na
makedonskoto kulturno nasledstvo.
1

Ohrid, starogr~kiot Lihnidos - gradot na Beloto Ezero -
sedi{teto na starata gr~ka arhiepiskopija, àri{teto na slo-
venskata pismenost vo vremeto na sv-te Kliment i Naum, prestol-
ninata na carot i na patrijarhot na Samoilovoto Carstvo, podoc-
ne`niot zna~aen centar na gr~kata kultura i nejzinata ekspanzija
sprema balkanskoto slovenstvo - odamna go privlekuval vnimani-
eto na vizantolozite i slavistite.
Vo 1845 godina Ohrid go posetil ruskiot slavist Viktor I.
Grigorovi~. Vo opisot na patuvaweto niz Balkanot izvestil deka
vo glavnata ohridska crkva videl 69 gr~ki i 23 slovenski rako-
pisi. Od gr~kite posebno citiral 52 zaglavija, a na slovenskite
im dal zaglavija na site 23, so poseben osvrt kon eden gr~ki minej
so ìtieto na sv. Kliment Ohridski.

1
Mo{in, Vladimir, Manuskripti - Rakopisi na narodniot muzej vo Ohrid,
Ohrid, 1961, p. 163. (Od ovoj nau~en trud, koj ugledniot slavist i istraùva~
Vladimir Mo{in go ostavi kako svoeviden epitaf za sudbinata na makedon-
skoto kulturno nasledstvo, vo sublimirana forma gi iznesuvam najkarak-
teristi~nite podatoci.)
33

Vo 1865 god. vo Ohrid do{ol arhimandritot Antonin. Ovoj
slavist opi{al pogolem broj slovenski rakopisi vo manastirite
Slep~e, Treskavec i Bukovi~kiot Manastir i naspomnal, deka vo
dolapot na crkvata Sv. Kliment izbroil 120 rakopisni crkovni
knigi, site na gr~ki jazik, so eden vizantiski hronograf.
Esenta, 1893 godina vo Ohrid prestojuva V. Kn~ev. Vo svo-
jata statija od 1894 godina dava podatoci za zbirka od 7 novoot-
krieni rakopisi, koi ne bile priklu~eni kon rakopisnata zbirka
na crkvata Sv. Kliment, podocna is~eznati od Ohrid - verojatno
bugarskite sve{tenici gi odnele vo Sofija vo vremeto na svoeto
definitivno povlekuvawe od Ohrid, vo 1912 ili 1918 godina.
Vo 1898 g. Ruskiot arheolo{ki institut od Carigrad upatil
nau~na ekspedicija vo Makedonija so zada~a za prou~uvawe na
starinite i registrirawe na rakopisite. Vo prviot izve{taj za
rabotata na komisijata objaven vo izvestuvawata na Institutot
se nao|a pregled na arheolo{ki i na epigrafski materiali. Iz-
ve{taj za rakopisite za istata godina dal direktorot na Insti-
tutot, vizantologot Uspenski. Vo izve{tajot e priveden op{t
broj od 89 gr~ki i 17 slovenski rakopisi i spomnato e, deka vo
zbirkata se nao|aat nekoi vonredno zna~ajni spomenici so kapi-
talna vrednost za naukata.
Po Uspenski, na po~etokot na XX vek vo Ohrid prestojuvale
germanskiot vizantolog Henrih Gelcer (Henrich Gelzer), koj{to vo
svoite patopisni bele{ki Sliki od patuvaweto dal nekoi
podatoci za spomnatiot Ohridski kodeks na patrijar{ijata, i
bugarskiot slavist Jordan Ivanov, koj od ohridskite gr~ki i slo-
venski rakopisi sobral nekolku zapisi za svoite Starini od
Makedonija.
Narodniot muzej vo Ohrid raspolaga so originalni potvrdi
na bugarski voeni vlasti od 1916 godina, deka zele od manastirot
Sv. Naum dve staroslovenski evangelija, i u{te edno rakopisno, a
od Klimentovata zbirka dragoceniot rakopis na Hronikata na
Skilica, edno staro evangelie so likot na sv. Klimenta i u{te
dvaesetina stari slovenski rakopisi. Na takov na~in prvobit-
34

nata slovenska zbirka, vo koja{to Grigorovi~ vo sredinata na
XIX vek na{ol 23 spomenici, a od koi{to vo vremeto na Uspenski
preostanale u{te 17, ostanala samo so eden edinstven rakopis, koj
po nekoja sre}a se za~uval do denes.
Svojot prv provizoren i nepotpoln inventar Ohridskata
zbirka go dobila duri vo 1938 godina. Taa godina H. Polenakovi}
gi pregledal bibliotekite na site 14 ohridski crkvi i na pette
manastiri. Od site tie biblioteki rakopisi se najdeni samo vo
crkvata Sv. Kliment. Vo ovaa zbirka Polenakovi} na{ol 68 gr-
~ki spomenici i eden rakopisen slovenski Oktoih.
Za vreme na Vtorata svetska vojna vo 1942 godina Upravata
na Narodnata biblioteka vo Skopje prezela inventarirawe na ce-
lata rakopisna zbirka vo crkvata Sv. Kliment vo Ohrid. Spiso-
kot na starite rakopisni knigi od crkvata na Kliment, koj-
{to e sostaven vo taa okolnost, opfa}a 89 gr~ki rakopisi (ed-
nakov broj so onoj od izve{tajot na Uspenski od 1898 godina), eden
slovenski rakopisen Oktoih i edna pe~atena kniga.
Vo 1961 godina, upravata na Muzejot na grad Ohrid go anga-
ìra ugledniot slavist Vladimir Mo{in da izvr{i definitiven
opis na ohridskata rakopisna zbirka. Seta zbirka dobi novi eti-
keti so reden broj na inventarot od 1942 godina, koj{to ve}e vle-
gol vo nau~nata literatura. Be{e sprovedena i identifikacija
na spomenicite sprema podatocite od porane{nite pregledi na
Grigorovi~a, Uspenski, Polenakovi}a i Snegarova, {to ovozmo-
ìlo da se utvrdat prvobitnite signaturi za 75 rakopisi.
Ovaa impozantna zbirka na dosta stari rakopisi so razli~-
ni tipovi na gr~ko pismo, so raznovidna rakopisna iluminacija i
so visoki dostigawa vo umetni~ki pogled, so liturgiski rakopisi
so slu`ba i ìtie na sv. Kliment, so mnogubrojni spomenici na
omiliti~ka i hagiografska knièvnost, so zbornici na crkovno-
soborski akti vo koi{to se tretiraat sporni bogoslovski i fi-
lozofski pra{awa, pa s# do brojnite tekstovi so muzi~ka nota-
cija od razli~ni sistemi, po~nuvaj}i od ekfonetskite znaci vo
rakopisi od X-XII, do neovizantiskite - pretstavuva dragocenost
35

ne samo za Makedonija i za sosednite balkanski dràvi, tuku i za
vizantologijata vo nejziniot {irok, svetski opseg.

Ohridskata rakopisna zbirka e zna~ajna za muzikologijata,
vo prv red, zaradi faktot {to taa sodrì i 14 rakopisi so nev-
matsko pismo. Site rakopisi se na gr~ki jazik, poteknuvaat od pe-
riodot me|u XI i XIV vek i vo niv se zastapeni, re~isi, site fazi
vo razvojot na vizantiskata notacija. Pet rakopisi od Ohrid-
skata muzi~ka zbirka sodràt t.n. ekfonetski znaci, koi sluèle
za sve~eno ~itawe na delovi od Stariot zavet, Evangelieto i
Delata apostolski. Posebno e zna~aen rakopisot br. 53 na t.n.
Coislin notacija, koja pretstavuva poslednata faza vo razvojot na
paleovizantiskata na preminot kon medievizantiskata notaci-
ja. Edna stranica od ovoj ohridski rakopis e reproducirana u{te
vo 1898 godina od strana na poznatiot francuski muzikolog @an-
Baptist Tibo (1872-1938) (Jean-Baptiste Thibaut) vo studijata so nas-
lov Etide de Musique Bysantine.
1

Pove}eto rakopisi od ohridskata muzi~ka zbirka se so me-
dievizantiska notacija, od koi{to {est sodràt napevi vo ir-
molo{kiot stil t.n. troparski, a samo vo eden rakopis tvorbite
imaat razviena melodija, karakteristi~na za stihirariskiot
stil na peewe. Rakopisot broj 58 e edinstveniot od ovaa zbirka
napi{an so neovizantiskata notacija, poznata i kako kukuzelo-
va. Za makedonskata muzikologija ovoj rakopis ima posebno zna-
~ewe zaradi faktot, {to vo nego se nao|aat i muzi~ki tvorbi od
sv. Jovan Kukuzel (XIV vek), eden od najgolemite imiwa na isto~-
noto crkovno peewe, koj poteknuva od Makedonija.
2

1
Stefanovi}, Dimitrije, Ohridski nevmatski rakopisi i po~etoci na sloven-
skata muzi~ka kultura, Slovenska pismenost, Naroden muzej Ohrid, 1966, r. 131.
2
Kako svetilnik izdignat nad celata epoha na isto~noto crkovno peewe - od XIV
vek, pa, preku padot na Vizantiskata imperija, s# do krajot na XVIII vek, na sv. Jovan
Kukuzel tradicijata mu pripi{uva osobeni zaslugi za razvojot na crkovnata muzi-
ka, onaka kako {to vo minatoto mu se pridavale na sv. Jovan Damaskin. Spored edno
narodno predanie sv. Jovan Kukuzel e roden vo s. Xermenci, - Debarsko, a edno ano-
nimno ìtie od XV vek za negovo rodno mesto go naveduva Dra~ vo dene{na Alba-
nija. Deneska mnozinstvoto nau~nici smeta deka ìveel vo XIV vek.
36

Pokraj ovie 14 srednovekovni muzi~ki rakopisi od zbirka-
ta na Narodniot muzej vo Ohrid, na teritorijata na Makedonija
vo poslednive decenii se otkrieni u{te nekolku desetini muzi~-
ki rakopisi me|u koi posebno zna~ajni se dvata rakopisi na gr~ki
jazik pronajdeni vo Bitola, od XVI i od XVII vek i za koi, sudej}i
spored kaligrafijata na tekstot i na nevmatskite znaci, kako i
spored bogatata ornamentacija, moè da se kaè deka se napi{ani
od u~eni i opitni lu|e.
1
So otkrivaweto na ovie dva crkovno-
muzi~ki rakopisi, donekade se popolni prazninata od nekolku ve-
kovi na postkukuzeloviot period vo Makedonija.
Od preostanatite otkrieni rakopisi napi{ani so aktuel-
noto muzi~ko pismo, t.n. hrisantova notacija, koi gi ima okolu
pedesetina, zna~ajni se onie {to nastanale vo prvata polovina na
XIX vek (vo najgolemiot broj slu~ai na gr~ki jazik), i osobeno
onie od periodot na Nacionalnata prerodba, vo koi{to e vidliv
stremeòt za vra}awe na slovenskiot jazik vo crkovnata bogo-
slu`ba. Vo ovoj period se pojavuvaat i prvite pe~ateni knigi so
nevmatsko muzi~ko pismo i na crkovno-slovenski jazik.

Na sv. Jovan Kukuzel mu se pripi{uva usovr{uvaweto na t.n. papadikiski
na~in na peewe, karakteristi~en za {irokite i bogato ornamentirani melodii, a
vo vrska so ova i zbogatuvaweto na neovizantiskata notacija so znaci za dinamika
i ukrasuvawe. Nekoi zapadni vizantolozi se na mislewe deka sv. Jovan Kukuzel vo
svoite kompozicii vnesuval i varvarski elementi, koi bi moèle da poteknuvaat
od folklornata muzi~ka tradicija na makedonskite Sloveni. Napi{al golem broj
crkovni tvorbi, koi po forma se posloèni i pobogati so melizmati~ki ukrasi od
dotoga{nite napevi na Isto~nata pravoslavna crkva.
1
Georgievski, Mihajlo, Nekolku novootkrieni muzi~ki rakopisi od Makedonija,
Makedonska muzika, br. 2, Skopje, 1979. p. 51.
37

V.

Crkovnoto peewe vo post-vizantiskiot period

Po pa|aweto na Konstantinopol pod vlasta na Osmanliite
(1453), zapo~nuva da slabee vlijanieto na Isto~nata crkva, eden
od doskora{nite stolbovi na Vizantiskata Imperija, a vo vakvi
uslovi i crkovnoto peewe postepeno da ja gubi svojata original-
nost i privle~nost. Ostaveno vo racete na sve{tenicite i psal-
tite, od koi pove}eto bile nepodgotveni vo muzi~ka smisla, cr-
kovnoto peewe se izveduvalo prakticisti~ki i, glavno, se prene-
suvalo po usmen pat.
Za crkovnoto peewe na teritorijata na Makedonija vo ovoj
period nema mnogu podatoci, nitu pak se za~uvani slovenski mu-
zi~ki rakopisi. Moè da se pretpostavi, deka na slovenski jazik
se peelo samo vo nekoi pooddale~eni selski i manastirski crkvi,
koi{to gr~koto sve{tenstvo ne moèlo da gi kontrolira, a vo
gradskite crkvi (onie {to ne bile pretvoreni vo xamii), glavno,
se peelo na gr~ki jazik. No, i vo vakvi ograni~eni uslovi, kako
{to e ve}e naglaseno, sveti-Klimentovoto predanie ostanalo
ìvo vo narodot. Postojat svedo{tva deka makedonskite pravos-
lavni vernici se snao|ale na razni na~ini da si ja prakticiraat
bogoslu`bata na naroden jazik.
1
Ovie i onaka te{ki uslovi do-
polnitelno se vlo{ile po ukinuvaweto na Ohridskata arhiepis-

1
Lape, Quben, Odbrani tekstovi... op. cit. p. 200.
(Pi{uvaj}i so voodu{evuvawe za Ohrid i za crkvata Sv. Sofija golemiot
patopisec Evlija êlebija (1611-1682) }e zapi{e: Mnogu golema xamija e. Nejze
ramni moàt da & se najdat samo vo Solun, kraj bregovite na Crno More vo Trape-
zund i vo Carigrad Vo vreme na nevernicite (hristijanite, z. m.) taa bila crkva
na koja ne & bile ramni drugi. Sega e, pak, islamska xamija. No, ponekoga{ kaurite
skri{no }e im dadat na xamiskite vratari po nekoja para, }e vlezat vo xamijata, na
brza raka }e otsluàt hristijanska bogoslu`ba, pa potoa }e ja napu{tat xamijata).

38

kopija vo 1767 god., koga nejzinite eparhii potpadnale pod juris-
dikcija na Carigradskata patrijar{ija. So toa vlijanieto na gr~-
koto sve{tenstvo vo makedonskite gradovi se zasililo u{te po-
ve}e i gr~kiot jazik se nametnuva kako dominanten vo crkovnata
bogoslu`ba i vo site sferi na op{testvenoto ìveewe.
Vo celiot period na Vizantija bez Vizantija Carigradska-
ta patrijar{ija pravi napori da si gi povrati vlasta i vlijanieto
i da si go obnovi svojot duhoven prostor. Vo ovaa smisla - zaradi
postignuvawe na pogolema kontrola vo prakticiraweto na crkov-
noto peewe, kako i za negovo unificirawe na po{irokata terito-
rija na isto~noto pravoslavie - taa me|u drugoto, prezema i ak-
tivnosti za reformirawe na vizantiskoto muzi~ko pismo. Taka,
po~nuvaj}i kon sredinata na XVIII vek, koga Osmanliskata Impe-
rija pokaùva znaci na vnatre{no slabeewe, Carigradskata pa-
trijar{ija napravi nekolku neuspe{ni obidi za reformirawe na
sloèniot i, vo golema mera, podzaboraven neovizantiski muzi~-
ki sistem. Kone~no, taa odgovorna zada~a }e bide zavr{ena duri
na po~etokot na XIX vek, vo 1814 godina, od strana na ve}e spo-
menatite vizantiski duhovnici - trojcata u~iteli Hrisant
Prusenski (+1843), Hurmuzij Hartofilaks (+1840) i Grigorij Pro-
topsalt - Levitski (+1822).
Hrisantovata notacija, kako {to vo nau~niot svet se na-
rekuva ova novoreformirano muzi~ko pismo, pretstavuva sinteza
na site prethodni fazi vo razvojot na vizantiskata notacija i na
nekoi iskustva od teorijata na zapadnata muzi~ka notacija. Zara-
di negovite neosporni predimstva vo pogled na prakti~nata pri-
mena, ovoj t.n. nov sistem na nevmatskoto muzi~ko pismo naide na
{iroko prifa}awe od crkovnite peja~i na po{irokiot balkan-
ski prostor vo XIX vek, pa taka i na teritorijata na Makedonija.
Se razbira, ovaa okolnost e iskoristena od strana na Carigrad-
skata patrijar{ija, od hrisantovata notacija da si sozdade nov
i poefikasen medium za u{te pozasileno vlijanie vo negr~kite
crkovni prostori. No, ako se pogledne po{iroko na ovaa pojava,
moè da se zabeleì, deka op{toto i relativno brzo prifa}awe
39

na hrisantovata muzi~ka reforma vo crkovnata praktika, pret-
stavuva svoeviden izraz na zaedni~kiot otpor sprema vekovnoto
ropstvo na balkanskite narodi pod Osmanliite. Taka moè da se
objasni faktot deka hrisantovata notacija bila prifatena sa-
mo vo crkovnite eparhii na onie narodi koi s#u{te se nao|ale
pod turska vlast. Taka, osven vo Grcija, taa se voveduva i vo cr-
kovnoto peewe vo Bugarija i vo Makedonija.
1

Sudej}i spored za~uvanite muzi~ki rakopisi, voveduvaweto
na noviot sistem na Hrisant vo crkovnata praktika na terito-
rijata na Makedonija vo prvata polovina na XIX vek, se ostvaruva,
re~isi, isklu~ivo na gr~ki jazik. Naiduvaj}i na op{to prifa}a-
we od makedonskite psalti, ovoj univerzalen muzi~ki sistem kon
sredinata na istiot vek }e posluì i kako medium za postepeno
zamenuvawe na gr~kiot jazik so slovenskiot. Vo ovoj period se
pojavija prvite rakopisni psaltikii so paralelna zastapenost na
gr~kiot i crkovno-slovenskiot jazik: vo po~etokot so gr~ka orto-
grafija, a podocna so s# poza~estena upotreba na slovenskoto pis-
mo. Vsu{nost, ovaa novosozdadena okolnost kako da gi pottikna
prerodbenskite stremeì na makedonskite intelektualci za vra-
}awe na crkovno-slovenskiot jazik vo bogoslu`bata i na narod-
niot govor vo u~ili{tata.

Najstariot poznat psaltikiski rakopis so reformiranata
nevmatska notacija pronajden na teritorijata na Makedonija, oh-
ridskiot Irmologion od 1818 god., se pojavil samo ~etiri godini
po objavuvaweto na hrisantovata reforma. Od ova moè da se zak-
lu~i, deka gradot Ohrid i po pet decenii od ukinuvaweto na Oh-
ridskata arhiepiskopija, s#u{te pretstavuva vaèn kulturen cen-
tar, koj odrùva neposredni kontakti so najrazvienite centri na
hristijanskata umetnost. Kako i celokupnata crkovno-religiozna
literatura so~uvana od ovoj period na teritorijata na Makedo-
nija, taka i ovoj ohridski psaltikiski zbornik e napi{an na gr~-
ki jazik.

1
Ortakov, Dragoslav, Ars nova.. op. cit. p. 106.
40

I podocne`nite crkovno-muzi~ki rakopisi i pe~ateni kni-
gi so hrisantova notacija koi{to se pojavuvaat vo makedonskite
crkovni prostori, se so tekstovi na gr~ki jazik. Gr~koto vlijanie
e osobeno silno vo ohridskiot region, kade{to po ukinuvaweto
na Ohridskata arhiepiskopija vo 1767 g., nejziniot centar bil pod
permanentno vnimanie na najvisokiot patrijar{iski kler. Vak-
vata situacija koja{to e karakteristi~na za prvata polovina na
XIX vek - period na celosna dominacija na gr~kiot jazik - zapo~-
nuva da se menuva kon sredinata na istiot vek. So nacionalnoto
osoznavawe na makedonskiot narod, op{testveno-politi~kiot i
kulturniot ìvot vo Makedonija s# pove}e dobiva slovenski ka-
rakter. Me|u nositelite na ovie prerodbenski idei za vra}awe
kon sopstvenite kulturni tradicii, kon narodniot govor i za
bogoslu`ba na crkovno-slovenski jazik, sre}avame i golem broj
pretstavnici na crkovniot ìvot vo Makedonija. Pove}eto od
niv imaat zna~ajna uloga, kako vo razvojot na crkovnoto peewe,
taka i vo ostvaruvaweto na vekovnite narodni ideali.

41

VI.

Crkovnoto peewe vo prerodbenskiot period

So napreduvaweto na slavisti~kite nauki i so zgolemenoto
interesirawe za avtenti~nite vrednosti na slovenskiot duh, vo
prvata polovina na XIX vek Makedonija - lulkata na slovenskata
pismenost - pobuduva s# pogolemo interesirawe me|u slavistite i
vizantinolozite od slovenskite zemji. Vo ovaa zemja tie gi baraat
korenite na svojata kulturna nadgradba so èlba da osvetlat {to
pomeritorno niza pojavi vo sopstvenite kulturni tekovi.
1

Istraùvaj}i go deloto na s#slovenskite prosvetiteli, sv-
te Kiril i Metodij i na nivnite u~enici sv-te Kliment i Naum
Ohridski, ovie nau~nici vo makedonskite crkvi i manastiri ot-
krivaat vistinska riznica na srednovekovni rakopisi.
2
Prisus-
tvoto na ovie nau~ni istraùva~i na slovenskata pismenost i
kultura vo Makedonija, pridonese nekoi povidni i poobrazovani
Makedonci da se zainteresiraat za sopstvenoto kulturno nasled-
stvo. So ova zapo~na procesot na preorientacija na nekoi elino-
filski nastroeni lu|e kon toa {to se vika{e slavjanizam.
3
Patot
do visokata kultura, koj za makedonskite intelektualci dotoga{
vodel preku Atina, sega s# pove}e vodi kon dale~nata Moskva.
Ova e ve}e po~etokot na novoto vreme, vo koe redicata zna-
~ajni nastani i pojavi ja navestija Nacionalnata prerodba. Zasi-
lenoto dvièwe protiv duhovnoto i ekonomskoto ropstvo, poste-
peno dobiva{e karakter na organizirana borba protiv vlasta na

1
Ortakov, Dragoslav, Ars nova op. cit. p. 90-100.
2
Mo{in, Vladimir, Rakopisi na Narodniot muyej vo Ohrid, Zbornik
na trudovi, Naroden muzej vo Ohrid, 1961. p.163.
3
Koneski, Blaè, Za makedonskiot literaturen jazik, Kultura,
Skopje, 1967. p. 167.
42

gr~kata Carigradska patrijar{ija.
1
Vo prviot period naso~ena
protiv upotrebata na gr~kiot jazik vo crkvata i vo u~ili{tata,
ovaa borba se pro{iruva i protiv obidite za nametnuvawe na bu-
garskiot jazik vo u~ili{tata vo Makedonija. Pojavata na s# pogo-
lem broj muzi~ki rakopisi i pe~ateni knigi so hrisantovata no-
tacija na crkovno-slovenski jazik i na prvite u~ebnici na naro-
den jazik, ja manifestira novata svest za samostoen nacionalen i
kulturen razvitok na makedonskiot narod.
Ovoj prerodbenski period go karakteriziraat i zasilenite
stremeì za vozobnovuvawe na Ohridskata arhiepiskopija. Mali-
ot broj makedonski intelektualci s# poglasno istaknuvaat deka,
ne moè da se postigne uspeh vo sprotivstavuvaweto na elinizmot
i na asimilatorskata politika na gr~koto duhovenstvo vo Make-
donija, bez postoeweto na sopstvena crkovna institucija i bogo-
slu`ba na naroden i na crkovno-slovenski jazik.
2

Zaradi faktot deka ekonomskiot i politi~kiot razvoj vo
Makedonija vo ovoj period be{e dosta pozaostanat nasprema onoj
vo sosednite zemji, samostojniot razvitok na makedonskiot narod
vo takvi uslovi ne se ostvaruva{e ramnomerno i lesno. U{te od
samiot negov po~etok hegemonisti~kite krugovi na sosednite
zemji razvija ogromna propagandna aktivnost i nastojuvaa so site
raspoloìvi sredstva da go zadu{at, odnosno, da go naso~at toj
razvoj vo pravec na svoite interesi.
3

Vo ovoj period, osobeno pri krajot na 60-tite godini na
XIX vek, koga nastojuvawata na makedonskite prerodbenici za
sozdavawe na u~ebnici na naroden jazik i nivno voveduvawe vo
u~ili{tata, kako i za bogoslu`ba na crkovno-slovenski jazik e
najsilno izrazeno, se izostruva i borbata na okolnite propagan-
di, sudiraj}i se i me|usebno hegemonisti~kite sili na gr~kata,
bugarskata i srpskata buròazija. Kakvi kobni posledici donese
taa borba za makedonskiot narod, govorat ponatamo{nite stra-

1
Koneski, Blaè, Za makedonskiot ibidem, p. 158.
2
Ortakov, Dragoslav, Ars nova op. cit. p. 28.
3
Istorija na makedonskiot narod, Makedonska kniga-Kultura-
Misla-Na{a kniga, Skopje, 1988. r. 135.
43

nici od negovata istorija ispolneta so stradawa, razdeluvawa,
bratoubistva
1

Vo vakvi istoriski okolnosti crkovnoto peewe vo Make-
donija vo tekot na XIX vek go minuva{e dramati~niot period na
jazi~na transformacija. Vo ovoj proces na vra}awe na sloven-
skiot jazik vo crkovnata bogoslu`ba se zabeleùvaat dve glavni
fazi: prvata, od objavuvaweto na hrisantovata muzi~ka reforma
vo 1814 god. do sredinata na vekot, so supremacija na gr~kiot jazik
i, vtorata faza, od polovinata na XIX vek, vo koja{to, kako rezul-
tat na nacionalnoto osoznavawe na makedonskiot narod, sloven-
skiot jazik, postepeno i s# pove}e, go istisnuva gr~kiot jazik od
crkovnoto peewe.
Vo ovoj pogled, zna~aen e Kratkiot prira~nik na struà-
necot Naum Miladin (1817-1897), napi{an na gr~ki jazik, vo 1843
godina. So ovoj zasega najstar so~uvan rakopis za izu~uvawe na
hrisantovata notacija, se potvrduva faktot deka na teritori-
jata na Makedonija se izu~uvalo ova muzi~ko pismo. Isto taka, so
toa se objasnuva i prisustvoto na brojni crkovno-muzi~ki rakopi-
si i pe~ateni knigi so ovaa notacija i nivnata {iroka primena
vo crkovnata praktika na celata teritorija na Makedonija, po~-
nuvaj}i od sredinata na XIX do prvite decenii na XX vek.
Najstar od ovie rakopisi e Voskresnikot na Janaki Stojme-
novi~ od s. Orizari, od 1849 godina. Vsu{nost, stanuva zbor za
prepis koj{to sodrì delovi od tri psaltikiski rakopisi od
bibliotekata na Rilskiot manastir pod redni broevi X (inv. br.
2860), XV (inv. br. 2865) sostaveni od Kiril Rilski i XIX (inv. br.
2969).
2
Ovoj dobro so~uvan rakopis, koj{to sodrì tvorbi na slo-
venski i na gr~ki jazik, e karakteristi~en za preodniot period,
koga vo makedonskite crkvi gr~kiot jazik zapo~na da se zamenuva
so slovenskiot.

1
Koneski, Blaè, Za makedonskiot op. cit. p. 167.
2
Stojmenovi~ Janaki, Voskresnik, NUB Sv. Kliment Ohridski, Skopje, Ms. 161.
Dinev, Pet r, Rilskata crkovno-pev~eska {kola v na~aloto na 19 vek i
ne nite predstaviteli, Izvesti na instituta za muzika, kniga IV,
Izdanie na BAN, Sofi , 1957. p. 19-22.
44

Od pe~atenite knigi napi{ani na hrisantovata nevmatska
notacija, koi{to se izdadeni od pretstavnici na isto~noto cr-
kovno peewe od Makedonija, najgolemo vnimanie privlekuvaat
zbornikot Pashalija od Joan Harmosin-Ohridski (1829-1890), pe-
~aten vo 1869 godina,
1
~etiritomniot zbornik Isto~no crkovno
peewe od Kalistrat Zografski (ok. 1821-1913) i monasite na zo-
grafskiot manastir, izdaden vo 1905 godina
2
i neodamna otkri-
eniot zbornik na Dimitar Zlatanov-Gradoborski (ok. 1800-1887),
pe~aten vo Solun vo 1886 godina. Ova, vo prv red, zaradi faktot
{to sodràt i nivni li~ni tvorbi, koi{to pretstavuvaat zna~a-
en moment i nesomnen pridones vo razvojot na crkovnata muzika
vo Makedonija.
Koga stanuva zbor za crkovnoto peewe vo Makedonija i na
po{irokiot pravoslaven prostor od sredinata na XIX i premi-
not vo XX vek i za okolnostite {to vlijaea vrz negoviot razvoj,
treba da se odbeleì silnoto vlijanie na evropskata muzika i
prodiraweto na ve}e evropeiziranata ruska svetovna i crkovna
muzika, preku voveduvaweto na ~etiriglasni horski ansambli vo
bogoslu`bata. Ovoj muzi~ki izraz vo crkovnoto peewe vo Make-
donija ima{e i svoi privrzenici, od koi najzna~aen e Atanas
Badev (1860-1908), prviot profesionalen muzi~ar, obrazovan vo
duhot na evropskata muzika.
No, i pokraj ovie vlijanija na evropskata svetovna i duhovna
muzika, koi vo Makedonija bea najsilno izrazeni vo poslednata
~etvrtina na XIX vek, blagodarenie na dlabokite koreni na cr-
kovnoto peewe, kako i na brojnite rakopisni i pe~ateni psal-
tikii sozdavani od makedonskite crkovno-muzi~ki tvorci vo pe-
riodot na Nacionalnata prerodba, crkovnoto peewe na terito-
rijata na Makedonija }e go za~uva duhot na sveti-Klimentovoto
predanie s# do nejzinoto raspar~uvawe po Balkanskite vojni i
Prvata svetska vojna.

1
Harmosin-Ohridski , Ioann , Pashali , Carigrad , 1869. Predgovor, r. 4.
2
Vostocno Qerkovno Phnè, FFF-a casty, Liturgf , Solun , 1905.
45

VII.

Crkovnoto peewe vo Makedonija vo XX vek

Borbata na makedonskiot narod za nacionalno i socijalno
osloboduvawe i sozdavawe na sopstvena dràva, koja{to ja zapo~-
na vo poslednata ~etvrtina na XIX, a kulminira{e so Ilinden-
skoto vostanie na po~etokot na XX vek, e mnoguslojna i delikat-
na: osven protiv Osmanliskata vlast, borbata se vode{e i protiv
{ovinisti~kite propagandi na sosednite dràvi, koi{to so site
sili i sredstva go spre~uvaa makedonskoto nacionalno dvièwe.
Naj~uvstvitelna i najte{ka be{e, sekako, borbata protiv ekspan-
zionisti~kata politika na bugarskata dràva i Egzarhijata, kako
nositel na bugarskata duhovna i kulturno-obrazovna propaganda
vo Makedonija.
1

Ilindenskoto vostanie i Desette dena Kru{evska Republi-
ka najslavnata epopeja vo ponovata istorija na makedonskiot
narod, be{e istovremeno i kobno navestuvawe na slednite drama-
ti~ni nastani: Balkanskite vojni (1912/1913) i Prvata svetska
vojna (1914-1918), koi Makedonija ja pretvorija vo arena na uni{-
tuvawe na nacionalnite bogatstva na makedonskiot narod. Osven
toa, kako epilog na kalkulantskite mirovni dogovori na golemi-
te evropski sili na krajot na ovie vojni, namesto avtonomija, be-
{e sankcionirana tragi~nata podelba na makedonskiot narod i na
negovata etni~ka teritorija.
Bez sopstvena dràva i crkva, makedonskiot narod vo celi-
ot ovoj period na vojni postojano }e gi menuva tu|inskite poli-

1
Katarxiev, Ivan, Za Ilindenskoto vostanie i sto godini po nego, Prilozi za
Ilinden IX. Nau~no-kulturni sredbi Deset dena Kru{evska republika,
Kru{evo, 2003. p. 9-20.
46

ti~ki i crkovni vlasti. Kako i pri sekoja podelba na Makedonija,
i ovojpat prodolì politikata na denacionalizacija i asimila-
cija na makedonskiot narod i bezskrupulozno ograbuvawe na nego-
voto kulturno nasledstvo. Taka, vo delot koj po Prvata svetska
vojna, & pripadna na Srbija, a toa e, glavno, dene{nata teritorija
na Republika Makedonija, tie celi zapo~naa da se ostvaruvaat, vo
prv red, preku crkvite i u~ili{tata.
Politikata na novosozdadenoto Kralstvo na Srbite, Hrva-
tite i Slovencite, se izrazi so strogite zabrani na upotrebata
na makedonskiot jazik i na pe~ateweto na knigi ili kakvi i da
bilo publikacii na makedonski jazik.
1
Vo u~ili{tata be{e vove-
den srpskiot jazik, a vo crkvite, tradicionalnoto crkovno peewe
be{e zameneto so srpsko narodno crkveno pojawe, popoznato kako
mokraw~evo peewe.
2
So ovoj ~in bea isfrleni od upotreba broj-
nite rakopisi i pe~ateni knigi na crkovno peewe od slovensko-
vizantiskata tradicija, dotoga{ izobilno zastapeni na po{i-
rokiot makedonski prostor, so tekot na vremeto se upotrebuvaa s#
poretko i so s# poslabo poznavawe na nevmatskoto muzi~ko pismo
od strana na zate~enite psalti i duhovnici.
3

Vo ova svojstvo Srpskata crkva }e upravuva so eparhiite vo
vardarskiot del na Makedonija s# do po~etokot na Vtorata svet-
ska vojna, vo 1941 godina, koga so bugarskata okupacija, ovie epar-
hii }e potpadnat pod jurisdikcija na Bugarskata egzarhija. Vo
ovoj period makedonskiot narod ja zapo~na svojata borba za naci-
onalna sloboda, i za sozdavawe na avtokefalna
Makedonska pravoslavna crkva.
4

1
Istorija na makedonskiot narod, Makedonska kniga-Kultura-Misla
-Na{a kniga, p. 218, Skopje, 1988.
2
Za istoriskiot razvojot na srpskoto narodno crkovno peewe t.n. mokraw~evo
peewe }e stane zbor vo slednata VIII glava od ovaa kniga.
3
Ortakov, Dragoslav, Ars nova op. cit. p.115.
4
Ova e jasno izrazeno na Sve{teni~koto sobranie vo Izdeglavje, Debarca, vo 1943
godina. Pred samiot kraj na vojnata ovaa opredelba povtorno e potencirana
na Prviot crkovno-naroden sobor vo Skopje vo 1945 godina, koga e donesena i
Odluka za obnovuvawe na Ohridskata arhiepiskopija. Srpskata crkva insis-
tira na povtorno vra}awe na srpskite vladici vo Makedonija. Po dolgi i
neuspe{ni pregovori, na Arhiepiskopskiot crkovno-naroden sobor odràn
vo Ohrid, 1958 godina, vozobnovena e Ohridskata arhiepiskopija so ime Ma-
47

Na krajot na Vtorata svetska vojna, po ~etirigodi{nata Na-
rodno-osloboditelna borba, vo ramkite na jugoslovenskata fede-
racija be{e sozdadena makedonskata dràva - Narodna Republika
Makedonija. Zaradi toga{nite op{testveno-politi~ki okolnos-
ti, srpskoto crkovno peewe ostana vo oficijalna upotreba vo
Makedonija i po osamostojuvaweto na Makedonskata Pravoslavna
Crkva. Iako vo makedonskite crkvi se praktikuva s# do na{evo
vreme, ova nametnato crkovno peewe ne be{e prifateno od pravo-
slavnite vernici vo Makedonija i ne zaìvea vistinski. Toa ne
im pre~e{e na nekoi pretstavnici na Srpskata crkva, me|u teri-
toriite vo koi se upotrebuva srpskoto crkovno peewe da ja vbro-
juvaat i Republika Makedonija, aludiraj}i na nejziniot srpski
karakter. Pritoa, ne se spomenuva, deka srpskoto crkovno peewe
vo makedonskite hramovi e nametnato na po~etokot na XX vek, so
potpa|aweto na vardarskiot del od Makedonija pod srpska vlast,
i deka vo prethodnite vekovi na ovoj del od teritorijata na Make-
donija se prakticiralo crkovnoto peewe od slovensko-vizan-
tiskata tradicija.

Kakva e i kolkava e razlikata pome|u slovensko-vizantisko-
to crkovno peewe, koe so vekovi se prakticiralo vo makedonskite
crkvi i novovovedenoto srpsko crkovno peewe najdobro zboruvaat
nastanite od ponovata istorija na makedonskiot narod. Za vreme i
vo periodot neposredno po gra|anskata vojna vo Grcija, kon sredi-
nata na XX vek, Makedoncite od egejskiot del na Makedonija bea
prinudeni vo begalski koloni od stotici iljadi da gi napu{tat
svoite ogni{ta i da baraat pribeì{te vo sosednite balkanski,

kedonska pravoslavna crkva. Toga{ e izbran i prviot poglavar vo liceto na
arhiepiskopot Dositej. Nedoslednosta na Srpskata crkva kon sopstvenite
odluki i stavovi, kako i nejzinite aspiracii sprema Makedonskata crkva,
bea pri~ina Svetiot arhierejski sinod na Makedonskata pravoslavna crkva
da donese Odluka za vozobnovuvawe na avtokefalniot status na Crkvata, a
Arhiepiskopskiot crkovno-naroden sobor odràn vo Ohrid, na 17 juli 1967
g., ja potvrdi Odlukata i proglasi celosna avtokefalnost na Makedonskata
pravoslavna crkva so arhiepiskopsko dostoinstvo. Po proglasenata avtoke-
falnost Srpskata crkva go prekina bogoslu`benoto i kanonsko op{tewe so
sve{tenstvoto na Makedonskata crkva.
48

vo zemjite od Sredna i Isto~na Evropa, pa i po{iroko. Golemiot
broj begalci koi{to bea zgrièni vo gradovite na novosozdadena-
ta makedonska dràva, dolgo vreme imaa otpor sprema srpskoto
crkovno peewe, zaradi {to v crkva odea retko i bez voobi~aenata
duhovna satisfakcija. Vo toj period svoite potrebi da slu{aat
crkovno peewe gi zadovoluvaa slu{aj}i direktni radio-prenosi
od nedelnite bogoslu`bi vo gr~kite crkvi. Voobi~aena pojava be-
{e, od retkite radio-aparati postaveni na otvorenite prozorci
na ku}ite da tre{ti ulicata vo koja{to ìveea egejskite begalci.
Na pra{aweto zo{to slu{aat gr~ko crkovno peewe?, tie odgova-
raa deka, iako popovite peat na gr~ki jazik, toa peewe bilo blis-
ko do nivnoto tradicionalno crkovno peewe.
Ovaa nostalgija na begalcite od Egejska Makedonija za svo-
jata crkovna muzika moèa da ja razberat samo povozrasnite lu|e,
koi se se}avaa na crkovnoto peewe, {to bilo vo upotreba vo var-
darskiot del na Makedonija, pred doa|aweto na Srbite. Za aktu-
elnoto crkovno peewe tie velea deka toa ne e na{e, tuku srpsko
crkovno peewe. Pritoa, nekoi od niv kaùvaa deka samo u{te vo
mal broj crkvi vo ovoj del na Makedonija moèlo da se slu{ne
tradicionalnoto crkovno peewe.
Podocne`nite istraùvawa pokaàa deka vo poedini sel-
ski crkvi, vo koi{to kontrolata na srpskite crkovni vlasti ne
dopirala, staroto peewe nikoga{ ne zamolknalo. Blagodarenie
na posvetenosta na nekoi od psaltite, crkovnoto peewe od slo-
vensko-vizantiskata tradicija moèlo da se slu{ne do pred sami-
ot kraj na XX vek. Moè da se pretpostavi kakva bila sudbinata
na tie posledni ~uvari na tradicionalnoto crkovno peewe vo de-
ceniite po Vtorata svetska vojna, koga, pokraj crkovno-srpskiot
{ovinizam, protiv sebe go imaa i noviot op{testveno-politi~ki
poredok vo Makedonija.
Zaradi sistemot na nejzinoto politi~ko ureduvawe, vo nova-
ta makedonska dràva crkovnoto i s# ona {to ima{e religiozno-
verski karakter be{e potisnuvano na marginite na op{testve-
noto ìveewe. So ogled na toa {to najzna~ajnite pretstavnici od
49

podale~noto muzi~ko minato se isklu~ivo li~nosti od crkovniot
ìvot, tie ne moèa lesno i bez otpori da vlezat vo redovna na-
u~na procedura ili da bidat zastapeni vo obrazovniot sistem.
Patem, vo muzi~kite u~ebnici od toj period za isto~noto crkovno
peewe ne moè{e da se sretne nitu edna re~enica. Ova kulturno
nasledstvo, koe{to e smetano za ~isto crkovna rabota, be{e vo
sostojba na ideolo{ka hibernacija. Vo muzi~ko-obrazovnite ins-
titucii se izu~uva{e evropskata svetovna i duhovna muzika, a na-
cionalnata muzika vo nastavno-obrazovnite planovi i programi
be{e zastapena so skromnoto muzi~ko tvore{tvo, glavno, horska
muzika na prvata generacija muzi~ari koi deluvaa vo triesettite
i ~etiriesettite godini na XX vek. Crkovnata muzika od sloven-
sko-vizantiskata tradicija ne se izu~uva{e, nitu za nea postoe{e
kvalifikuvan kadar. Nositelite na kulturata vo mladoto make-
donsko op{testvo ne bea vo sostojba da go sogledaat i da go raz-
berat zna~eweto na ova tvore{tvo za nacionalnata kultura i so-
odvetno da gi tretiraat negovite brojni pretstavnici od poblis-
koto i od podale~noto minato.
Zapostavenosta na crkovno-religioznoto tvore{tvo i na ne-
govite brojni pretstavnici be{e posledica i na zakoravenite
sva}awa vo nekoi nau~ni krugovi, deka vizantiskata civilizacija
i kultura & pripa|aat na Grcija. Ottuka, i muzi~kite rakopisi i
pe~ateni knigi na vizantiskoto crkovno peewe (~esto napi{ani i
na gr~ki jazik), spored ovie sva}awa bea tu|o kulturno nasled-
stvo. Ovoj otpor sprema sekakva ideja za vizantiskite koreni na
makedonskata religiozna umetnost pretstavuva{e seriozna pre~-
ka za pravilniot priod kon na{eto kulturno-istorisko nasled-
stvo, a vo ovie ramki i kon crkovnoto peewe. Vo dadeniov slu~aj,
toa be{e i osnovnata pri~ina za nesoodvetniot tretman na muzi~-
kite dejci od periodot na nacionalnata prerodba, i voop{to, za
crkovnata muzika na teritorijata na Makedonija.
Makar neka bide i povtoreno, treba da se kaè, deka vizan-
tiskata hristijanska umetnost vo celina, a vo tie ramki i crkov-
nata muzika, ne e gr~ka umetnost, kako {to mislat onie, koi, ne go
50

poznavaat nejziniot istoriski razvoj. Se znae, deka hristijan-
skata religija ja prifatile za svoja razni narodi. Hristijanstvo-
to, koe{to ne pravelo razlika me|u narodite {to vleguvaat vo
Crkvata, dopu{talo peeweto da bide spored nivnite narodni me-
lodii. Na toj na~in, vo op{tata muzi~ka riznica na Isto~nata
crkva site hristijanski narodi davale po ne{to svoe. Najubavite
crkovni napevi od ovaa riznica, bez ogled na toa od koj narod po-
teknuvaat, stanuvale svoina na celiot pravoslaven svet.
Vakvoto sva}awe na univerzalniot karakter na isto~noto
crkovno peewe go prepoznavame i vo brojnite rakopisi i pe~ate-
ni knigi so nevmatsko muzi~ko pismo, nastanati na teritorijata
na Makedonija, koi sodràt i tvorbi od avtori {to im pripa|aat
na razni narodi. Univerzalniot karakter na isto~noto crkovno
peewe taka go razbiraat i golem broj gr~ki vizantolozi, nare~u-
vaj}i go ova peewe isto~no crkovno peewe (^/x) (';
~xx/)x) ,x)). Na toj na~in tie jasno ukaùvat, deka vi-
zantiskoto crkovno peewe ne e samo gr~ko,
1
tuku toa im pripa|a i
na site pravoslavni narodi.

So osamostojuvaweto na Makedonskata pravoslavna crkva vo
1967 godina, koe vremenski se sovpa|a so konstituiraweto na
Makedonskata akademija na naukite i umetnostite i so Visokata
muzi~ka {kola (podocna Fakultet za muzi~ka umetnost), zapo~naa
prvite muzikolo{ki istraùvawata na crkovnoto peewe na teri-
torijata na Republika Makedonija. Svoeto interesirawe muziko-
lozite s# pove}e go naso~uvaa kon podale~noto muzi~ko minato,
posebno kon periodot na Prerodbata. Kako rezultat na ovie is-
traùvawa, bea otkrieni dotoga{ nepoznati avtori na crkovni
tvorbi, so {to se otvori novo, zna~ajno poglavje na nacionalnata
muzika. Ovie otkritija pridonesoa da se zgolemi interesiraweto
na makedonskata kulturna i nau~na javnost za crkovnoto peewe od
slovensko-vizantiskata tradicija. Vo ovoj period, za prvpat vo
ponovata kulturna istorija na Makedonija, Horot na makedon-

1
Bogoev , Mir~o, U~ebnik op. cit. p. 13.
51

skata radio-televizija pod dirigentstvoto na Dragan [uplevski
koncertno izvede delovi od Liturgijata po sv. Jovan Zlatoust
od Atanas Badev. Podocna, so istite izveduva~i vo studijata na
Makedonskata radio-televizija bea realizirani tonski i video
snimki na ovaa horska kompozicija, koi bea izdadeni na gramo-
fonski plo~i i na audio i video kaseti.
Vo slednata decenija bea otkrieni i pretstaveni pred kul-
turnata javnost redica nevmatski rakopisi i pe~atenite knigi
nastanati na teritorijata na Makedonija. Vo ovaa istraùva~ka
faza najzna~ajno be{e otkrivaweto na Psaltikiskiot voskres-
nik na Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev (1876-1950).
1
Ovaa rakopisna psal-
tikija be{e dotolku pozna~ajna, {to vo nea, me|u drugoto, be{e
otkriena i edna kompozicija na Dimitar Zlatanov-Gradoborski
(okolu 1800-1887), ~ie{to tvore{tvo dotoga{ se smeta{e za zagu-
beno. Ovoj rakopis e zna~aen i zaradi faktot {to sodrì cela
niza tvorbi od Manasij pop Todorov (1856-1936),
2
muzi~ki deec
roden vo egejskiot del na Makedonija, vo seloto Sabatkoj, Sersko,
koj eden period prestojuva{e vo Bitola, a vtoriot del od ìvo-
tot go pominal vo Bugarija kako psalt, u~itel po crkovno peewe i
izdava~ na golem broj psaltikii.
3

Interesirawe vo nau~nite krugovi pobudi i otkrivaweto na
Psaltikiskiot zbornik, napi{an vo 1907 godina vo Braila, Ro-
manija, od rakata na sestraniot prerodbenik od s. Lazaropole,
Vasil Ikonomov (1848-1934).
4
Pokraj tvorbi od Joan Harmosin-
Ohridski , ovoj prekrasen muzi~ki rakopis sodrì i tri dosega
nepoznati kompozicii na malku poznatiot kulturno-prosveten
deec i crkoven peja~ od periodot na Nacionalnata prorodba,
Dimitar Pavlov-[tipjanin (1840-1919).
5

1
Georgievski, Mihailo, Nekolku... op. cit. Skopje, 1979, r. 51.
2
Bojaxiev, Ivanov, Vasil, Psaltikien vzkresnik. M. IV 1862 (fotokopija)
NUB Sv. Kliment Ohridski Skopje.
3
Dinev, Pet r, Muzikou~itel t Manasi Poptodorov, C rkoven vestnik
br. 11, stp. 8, Sofi , 19 mart 1960 g.
4
Ristovski, Blaè,Vasil Ikonomov (1848-1934) Institut za nacionalna istorija,
Skopje, 1985. p. 126-127.
5
Zavoev , Pet r , Grad ip , Sofi , 1928, r. 25-28.
52

Vo1997 godina za vreme na moite postdiplomski studii vo
Bukure{t, otkriv eden muzi~ki rakopis na romanski jazik od cr-
koven peja~ i kompozitor od Makedonija. Vrz osnova na podato-
cite od naslovnata strana na rakopisot, kako i od nekoi drugi
izvori, zaklu~iv, deka stanuva zbor za George Kazana, Vlav, roden
okolu 1860 godina vo Bajasa, dene{na Grcija, koj{to na po~etokot
na XX vek bil protopsalt vo Carigrad i Bitola, a podocna se pre-
selil vo Bukure{t, kade{to se upokoil.
1

Neodamna otkriv u{te eden dragocen nevmatski rakopis na
dosega nepoznat pretstavnik na crkovnoto peewe vo Makedonija.
Stanuva zbor za Psaltikiskiot zbornik pi{uvan od 1882 do 1884
godina od Andon [ahpaski (okolu 1860-1928) od s. Smojmirovo
Male{evsko.
2
Zbornikot sodrì Kratok voskresnik i po{irok
izbor na prostrani liturgiski tvorbi od poznati vizantiski i
makedonski avtori.

Pokraj ovie pretstavnici na crkovnata muzika vo Makedo-
nija, za koi{to makedonskata muzikologija s#u{te ne go kaàla
svojot posleden zbor, postoi u{te cela niza nedovolno poznati
avtori na rakopisni psaltikii od prerodbenskiot i od podoc-
ne`niot period, koi sozdavale vrz osnova na hrisantovata gra-
matika, kako {to se: Dionosij Popovski, Ilija Haxi Dimzov,
Vasilij Mladenov, Ivan Stojkov, Aleksa P. Georgiev, Miletij
Hilendarec, Hristo pop Stojanov, Spiro Stojanov, K. Najdenov,
Hristo [aldev i redica drugi. Na makedonskata muzi~ka nauka &
pretstojat ponatamo{ni istraùva~ki napori za rasvetluvawe
na ovie li~nosti, a so toa i prodlabo~uvawe na soznanijata za
crkovnata muzika - onaa neophodna alka koja{to gi povrzuva XIX
i prvite decenii na XX vek so najnoviot period od razvojot na
nacionalnata muzi~ka kultura.

1
Cazana, Gheorghe, Musa bisericeasc, Bucureti, 1922. (Rakopis)
2
%axpaski, Andon, Psaltikiski zbornik, 1884 g. (Rakopis, svoina na semejstvoto
[ahpaski). Izdaden od Centarot za vizantolo{ki studii vo dva dela:
Kratok voskresnik i Liturgiski zbornik redaktor Jane Koxaba{ija.
53

VIII.

Genezata na srpskoto narodno crkovno peewe

Srpskoto narodno crkovno peewe spored svoite osobini
steknati vo tekot na istoriskiot razvoj, pretstavuva tvorba nas-
tanata so vkrstuvawe na vlijanijata na crkvata i na narodot. Dol-
gotrajnoto vlijanie na narodnite pevci vo dolgite istoriski eta-
pi e mnogu posilno od dejstvoto na povremenite crkovni merki za
regulirawe na crkovnoto peewe.
1
Dene{noto srpsko crkovno pe-
ewe ne e rezultat na dolgotrajni studii na muzi~kite rakopisi
(od koi na teritorijata na Srbija nema mnogu so~uvani, a verojat-
no ne gi ni imalo mnogu), tuku e proizlezeno od zapisite na posto-
e~koto ìvo peewe vo narodot, zaradi {to negova glavna osobina
ostanala folklornata crta.
2

Primaj}i ja hristijanskata religija, kon krajot na IX vek,
Srbite, kako i drugite novopokrsteni narodi, zaedno so obredot i
so crkovnite knigi ja primile i vizantiskata muzika, koe{to se
dokaùva so sli~nosta na nekoi napevi i muzi~ki skali vo narod-
noto crkovno peewe, inaku sosema tu|i za srpskiot folklor. A
kako se ostvaruvalo toa osamostojuvawe i izdvojuvawe na srpsko-
to crkovno peewe od vizantiskoto, ne moè da se odredi to~no, od
pri~ini {to za toa nema nitu podatoci, nitu so~uvani rakopisi.
Kako {to izgleda, pri Srpskata arhiepiskopija (od 1219 g.)
i pri podocne`nata Pe}ka patrijar{ija (od 1346 g.) ne postoel
nekoj centar koj{to bi moèl postojano da go kontrolira izvedu-
vaweto na crkovnoto peewe. Vo takvi uslovi, ve}e toga{ rastelo

1
Bingulac, Petar, Crkvena muzika u Jugoslavii, Srbija, Muzicka enciklopedija,vol. I.
Jugoslovenski leksikografski zavod, Zagreb, 1974.p. 370.
2
Bingulac, Petar, Crkvena muzika u Jugoslaviji Srbija, ibidem. p. 370, 371.
54

vlijanieto na samite peja~i i peeweto dobivalo novi varijanti,
oddale~uvaj}i se od vizantiskata tradicija. A po propasta na
srpskata dràva i ukinuvaweto na Pe}kata patrijar{ija, koga os-
labele vrskite na narodot i na sve{tenicite so episkopot (koj-
{to naj~esto bil Grk), srpskoto crkovno peewe moralo da trgne
po svoj samostoen pat.
1

So osnovaweto na Bogoslovijata vo Sremski Karlovac, vo
1794 god., a ne{to podocna i postavuvaweto na Dionizije ûpi}
(1775-1845) za u~itel po peewe, bil sozdaden centar za odrùvawe
na izvesno edinstvo vo dotoga{ sosema slobodnoto crkovno pee-
we. Vo situacija koga ne postoel drug na~in da se dojde do {kolu-
van kadar, a vizantijcite ve}e odamna ne moèle da se snajdat vo
novosozdadenoto narodno crkovno peewe, za nastavnik po crkovno
peewe doa|al samo peja~, koj{to ve}e imal steknato ugled kako
najdobar i toj od u~ili{teto gi {irel svojata verzija i svoite
varijanti kako oficijalni.
2

Kako osnova~i na dene{noto srpsko narodno crkovno peewe
se spomenuvaat trojca istaknati peja~i: Najstariot od niv, Dio-
nizije Krsti}, roden okolu 1762 godina, koj{to u~el peewe kaj
nekoj gr~ki daskal, potoa ve}e spomenatiot Dionizije ûpi} i
Jerotej Mutibari} (1799-1858), koj{to go skratil ûpi}evoto pe-
ewe kako premnogu razvle~eno. So izvesni, ne sekoga{ mali izme-
ni, srpskoto crkovno peewe ostanalo takvo, kakvo {to go {irele
u~enicite na ûpi} i Mutibari}.
3

Zaradi odamna prekinatiot ìv dopir na srpskoto crkovno
peewe so vizantiskata muzi~ka tradicija, kako {to e ve}e kaà-
no, toa s# pove}e se razvivalo pod vlijanie na folklornata muzi-
ka. Razvivaj}i se nekontrolirano vo mnogubrojni razli~ni vari-
janti i prenesuvaj}i se isklu~ivo po usten pat, toa peewe so tekot
na vremeto zagubilo mnogu od karakteristikite na vizantiskoto
peewe i dobilo tipi~ni folklorni osobenosti. Prv koj{to go za-

1
Bingulac, Petar, Crkvena muzika u Jugoslaviji Srbija, ibidem. p. 370.
2
3
55

pi{al srpskoto crkovno peewe i go prerabotil za me{an hor bil
Kornelie Stankovi} (1831-1865). Ovoj temelno obrazovan muzi~ar
od Srbija pogolemiot del od svoeto tvore{tvo & go posvetil na
crkovnata muzika. Komponiral duri tri liturgii, a posebna zas-
luga mu e zapi{uvaweto na t.n. karlova~ko pojawe, koe{to do-
toga{ se so~uvalo i odrùvalo samo po pat na usmeno predanie.
Delovi od toa peewe objavil vo Viena, vo tri knigi, vo periodot
od 1862 do 1864, pod naslov Pravoslavno crkveno pojawe u srpsko-
ga naroda.
1

êtiriesettina godini podocna t.n. belgradska varijanta
na peeweto vo srpsko-pravoslavnata crkva
2
ja zapi{al od razni
narodni peja~i srpskiot kompozitor i horski dirigent Stevan
St. Mokrawac (1856-1914) i ja sistematiziral vo dve knigi (Osmo-
glasnik i Op{to peewe). Ottoga{ vo Srpskata crkva se upotre-
buva peeweto spored ovie negovi zapisi, zaradi {to se narekuva
u{te i mokraw~evo peewe. Sporedbata na ovie zapisi so onie na
Kornelie Stankovi}, otkriva me|u niv dosta golemi razliki. Do-
deka vo belgradskata varijanta (spored zapisite na Stevan St.
Mokrawac) folklornata crta ostanala glavna osobina na ova cr-
kovno peewe, karlova~koto peewe (spored zapisite na Kornelie
Stankovi}), zaradi prisustvoto i vlijanieto na gr~kite daska-
li, zadràlo nekoi osobenosti na vizantiskoto crkovno peewe.
Od druga strana, dvajcata evropski orientirani muzi~ari koi
srpskoto crkovno peewe go zapi{ale i obrabotile individualno,
ne bile upateni vo vizantiskoto crkovno peewe.
Za karakterot i na~inot na koj{to se sozdavalo srpskoto
crkovno peewe indirektno moè da se zaklu~i i od predgovorot
na Stevan Mokrawac za negoviot Osmoglasnik od 1908 godina.
3

U{te vo svoeto detstvo gi znaev i gi peev crkovnite pesni, ka-
ko {to se peele toga{ so mnogu {ari i melizmi. // Vo ona vre-

1
Andreis, Josip, Istorija glazbe, vol. III , Liber - Mladost, Zagreb, 1975. p. 617.
2
Djuric-Klajn, Stana, Stevan St. Mocranjac, Muzicka enciklopedija, vol. II,
Jugoslovenski leksikografski zavod, Zagreb, 1974. p. 600.
3
Mokrawac, St. Stevan, Srpsko narodno crkveno pojawe - Osmoglasnik,
Beograd, 1908. p. 3.
56

me, re~isi, nitu eden ton ne se pee{e ~ist po svojata vrednost,
ami sekoja ~etvrtina, pa i sekoja osmina na svojot po~etok imala
razni treperewa na glasot, predudari // Vremeto gi izbri{a-
lo site tie efekti, i denes takov na~in na peewe navistina bi
predizvikal nedopa|awe, a moèbi i odvratnost.
1
O~igledno e
deka vo svojot predgovor Mokrawac govori za poslednite ostato-
ci na vizantiskoto crkovno peewe vo srpskoto, koi{to vremeto
gi izbri{alo vo golema mera, a toj samiot pri nivnoto zapi{u-
vawe go izvr{il poslednoto pre~istuvawe na srpskoto crkovno
peewe, odale~uvaj}i go na toj na~in u{te pove}e od vizantiskiot
izvor, koj{to sega odvaj se nasetuva.

Se nametnuva vpe~atokot deka Stevan Mokrawac ne gi poz-
naval nitu crkovnoto peewe od vizantiskata tradicija, nitu nego-
vata teorija. Za toa zboruva i faktot, deka negovata muzi~ka ter-
minologija e isklu~ivo evropska, duri i toga{ koga za odreden
vizantiski termin nema najsoodvetna evropska zamena. Taka,
koga zboruva za napevite na {esti glas, toj veli: Melodiskite
stavovi ne se dviàt pravilno nitu spored edna priznata molska
skala vo teorijata... /.../ Toa ~udno dvièwe so ~udni rastojanija
me|u poedini stapala im dava na ovie melodii posebna oriental-
na boja.
2
Neznaej}i deka takva skala postoi vo vizantiskata mu-
zika, Mokrawac objasnuva deka moèbi, vo ona vreme, pred pe-
deset i pove}e godini taka i se peele, ili, {to e pove}e za veru-
vawe, se peele neartikulirano, t.e. bez pravilen odnos me|u po-
edini stapala, pribli`no kako melodiite na na{ite gusli.
3

Ne poznavaj}i ja su{tinata na damaskinoviot osmoglasnik i
na negovite skali, pri zapi{uvaweto na napevite Mokrawac na-
pravi u{te eden previd. Imeno, za da moè polesno da se solfe-
ìraat i da se nau~at ovie melodii, kako {to pi{uva vo predgo-
vorot na knigata, gi napi{al vo eden tonalitet F,
4
so {to
pove}eto glasovi od srpskoto crkovno peewe, re~isi, se izedna-

1
Mokrawac, St. Stevan, Srpsko ibidem. p. 3.
2
3
4
57

~ija. So toa podelbata vo damaskinoviot osmoglasnik na niski i
visoki glasovi, kako nivna va`na karakteristika vo izvedbata, za
srpskoto crkovno peewe, prakti~no e izgubena. I kone~no, ovaa
psaltikija na Mokrawac so naslov Osmoglasnik, te{ko moè da
go opravda svojot naslov, bidej}i pove}eto glasovi gi izgubija
me|usebnite razliki.
1

1
Ona {to Stevan St. Mokrawac objektivno ne moè{e da go ostvari na podra~jeto
na crkovnata muzika, zaradi nepoznavaweto na nejzinata teorija, i pokraj seta
predadenost na ovaa rabota, uspea na najdobar na~in da go kompenzira vo oblasta na
umetni~kata muzika i horskoto dirigirawe. So svojata muzi~ka nadarenost i so
odli~noto evropsko obrazovanie Mokrawac sozdade muzi~ki dela koi{to mu
obezbedija mo{ne istaknato mesto ne samo vo srpskata muzika, tuku i vo po{iroki
ramki.
58

IX.

Se ispolnuva prerodbenskiot amanet

Eufori~nata obnova na zemjata i organiziraweto na mlado-
to makedonsko op{testvo kulminiraa vo {eesetite godini so
krupni postigawa vo site sferi na op{testvenoto ìveewe. Vo
oblasta na kulturata i naukata, bea sozdadeni brojni nau~ni,
literaturni i umetni~ki dela od kapitalno zna~ewe za makedon-
skata kultura. Vo nizata nastani koi go obeleàa ovoj period,
osamostojuvaweto na Makedonskata pravoslavna crkva i konsti-
tuiraweto na Makedonskata akademija na naukite i umetnostite,
vo 1967 godina, pretstavuvaa ostvaruvawe na vekovnite ideali na
makedonskiot narod i presuden ~ekor vo idniot sestran razvoj na
makedonskoto op{testvo.
No, i pokraj ovaa op{ta razdviènost vo op{testvoto, vo
ovoj period Crkvata i s# ona {to ima{e religiozno-crkoven
krakter, kako {to be{e, na pr., problemot so na{eto tradicio-
nalno crkovno peewe, ostanaa na marginite na op{testvenoto ì-
veewe. Iako pra{aweto za restavrirawe na makedonskoto crkov-
no peewe be{e postavuvano i vo periodot pred osamostojuvaweto
na Makedonskata pravoslavna crkva, se pokaà deka za reali-
zacija na ovaa kompleksna zada~a toga{, a i podocna, kaj nas ne
postoe{e soodveten kadar. Od druga strana, vo istiot period vo
na{ava Republika s#u{te ne bea sozdadeni povolni op{testveno-
politi~ki uslovi za tretirawe na pra{awa, koi zavleguvaat vo
~uvstvitelni me|unacionalni odnosi. Od ovie pri~ini srpskoto
crkovno peewe t.n. mokraw~evo peewe prodolì da se praktikuva
vo makedonskite hramovi i da se izu~uva vo novoformiranata Ma-
kedonska pravoslavna bogoslovija Sv. Kliment Ohridski vo
59

1967 godina, a deset godini podocna i na istoimeniot Pravosla-
ven bogoslovski fakultet. Podocna, so osamostojuvaweto na Re-
publika Makedonija i so po~etokot na demokratskiot proces vo
op{testvoto vo poslednata decenija na XX vek, koga zaìvea i
mona{tvoto vo makedonskite manastiri, crkovnoto peewe od
slovensko-vizantiskata tradicija be{e povtorno aktuelizirano.
Reafirmacijata na tradicionalnoto crkovno peewe zapo~na
po dolgiot preoden period, vo koj od strana na makedonskite mu-
zikolozi bea otkrieni dotoga{ malku ili sosema nepoznati av-
tori na crkovno-muzi~ki rakopisi i pe~ateni knigi sozdadeni na
teritorijata na Makedonija. So formiraweto na manifestacija-
ta Stru{ka muzi~ka esen, vo 1975 godina, zapo~na kontinuirano-
to prezentirawe na rezultatite od ovie istraùvawa. Brojnite
referati na slavistite, muzikolozite i vizantolozite od Repub-
likava i od stranstvo, podneseni na ovaa muzi~ka tribina gi pre-
zentiraa novite soznanija za makedonskata crkovna muzika i za
nejzinite brojni pretstavnici od minatoto.
Ovie otkritija, a so niv i novite soznanija za sopstvenoto
bogato muzi~ko minato, pridonesoa vo Makedonija da se formi-
raat pove}e horski ansambli, koi programski s# pove}e se ori-
entiraa kon duhovnata i crkovnata muzika. Vo ovoj domen zabe-
le`livi rezultati postignaa: Me{aniot hor od Skopje Sv. Kli-
ment Ohridski so dirigentot Pan~e Josifovski i @enskiot
kameren hor Sveta Zlata Meglenska so dirigentkata Letka Di-
movska-Polizova, potoa @enskiot hor od Bitola pod dirigent-
stvoto na Qubo Trifunovski, @enskiot hor Menada od Tetovo so
dirigentot Ivica Zori}. Vo ponovo vreme vo R. Makedonija bea
formirani pove}e horovi na crkovno peewe od slovensko-
vizantiskata tradicija, od koi zabele`livi rezultati postignaa:
Horot Kalistrat Zografski od Struga so dirigentot Dimitri
Kumbaroski, Horot Joan Harmosin-Ohridski pod rakovodstvoto
na Risto Solun~ev i Horot Dimitar Zlatanov-Gradoborski, pri
Centarot za vizantolo{ki studii - Skopje, rakovoden od Jane
Koxaba{ija.
60

Za podemot na crkovnoto peewe od slovensko-vizantiskata
tradicija govorat i muzi~kite izdanija koi se pojavija vo ovoj
preoden period: izdanieto na Lajons klubot Sv. Pantelejmon od
Skopje, na Otec Partenij i Bigorskite monasi, na Sestrinskiot
hor od manastirot Eleusa, na Horot Kalistrat Zografski od
Struga i onie na psaltite Goce Sekuloski od Prilep i Igor
Gulevski od Bitola.

Vo 1997 godina grupa intelektualci, privrzenici na idejata
za restavracija na crkovnoto peewe od slovensko-vizantiskata
tradicija go formira{e Centarot za vizantolo{ki studii
Skopje. Prioritetni zada~i na Centarot bea podgotvuvawe na
prira~nici i organizirawe na seminari za izu~uvawe na crkov-
noto peewe od starata tradicija. Blagodarenie na materijalnata
podr{ka od Ministerstvoto za kultura na Republika Makedonija,
kako i od nekoi stopanski organizacii i zdruènija (FIDKO-
Bor~e DOEL, Lajons klubot Sv. Pantelejmon od Skopje, Fonko,
Pe~atnicata Kiro Dandaro - Bitola, Komercijalna banka i
Fundament-Skopje), vo sledniot period Centarot za vizanto-
lo{ki studii izdade pove}e crkovno-muzi~ki knigi i organizi-
ra{e niza uspe{ni seminari po crkovno peewe.
Za zgolemenoto interesirawe za crkovnoto peewe od slo-
vensko-vizantiskata tradicija, svedo~at i za~estenite nastani i
manifestacii. Vo ovoj kontekst }e gi spomeneme pova`nite, od
koi prva be{e 170-godi{ninata od ra|aweto na Joan Harmosin-
Ohridski (1829-1890) i 130-godi{ninata od pojavuvaweto na nego-
viot zbornik Pashalija (1869). Po ovoj povod be{e pe~ateno no-
voto izdanie na ovaa psaltikija, ovojpat na dvete muzi~ki nota-
cii - isto~nata i zapadnata, vo redakcija na Jane Koxaba{ija.
1

So promocijata na spomenatoto novo izdanie na zbornikot Pas-
halija, koja{to se odrà vo ramkite na manifestacijata Denovi
na makedonskata muzika 2000 vo Soborniot hram Sv. Kliment

1
Koxaba{ija, Jane, Joan Harmosin - Ohridski: Pashalija, Unija za
kultura na Vlasite,Skopje, 1999.
61

Ohridski vo Skopje, be{e odbeleàn i jubilejot sto i deset
godini od smrtta na Joan Harmosin-Ohridski (1890).
Crkovnoto peewe od slovensko-vizantiskata tradicija se
najde vo centarot na vnimanieto i na me|unarodniot simpozi-
umot na tema Kulturata i umetnosta na Ohrid i hristijan-
stvoto, odràn po povod 2000-godi{ninata od hristijanstvoto
vo Ohrid. Avtorot na ovie redovi po toj povod nastapi so refe-
ratot Hrisantovata muzi~ka reforma i deloto na Joan Harmo-
sin-Ohridski. Po istiot povod se odrà i me|unarodniot nau~en
sobir vo Strumica na tema Hristijanstvoto vo kulturata i
umetnosta na strumi~kata eparhija, na koj{to avtorot na ovoj
tekst nastapi so referatot Isku{enijata na crkovnoto peewe
vo Makedonija tendencija za vra}awe kon peeweto od vizan-
tiskata tradicija.
1
Ovie referati, kako i drugite so koi{to
avtorot na hronikava nastapi na jubilejnite nau~no-kulturni
sredbi Deset dena Kru{evska Republika (Crkovnoto peewe vo
Makedonija vo XX vek)
2
, i na vozobnovenata Stru{ka muzi~ka
esen 2007 (Crkovnoto peewe vo Ohridskata arhiepiskopija) se
dobra ilustracija za aktuelnosta na crkovnoto peewe vo na{ata
kulturna sredina na pragot na noviot milenium.

Vtora manifestacija od prvostepeno zna~ewe za makedon-
skoto crkovno peewe, koja vo 2005 godina vleze vo kalendarot na
zna~ajni godi{nini na Sobranieto na Republika Makedonja, be{e
100-godi{ninata od prvoto izdanie na zbornikot Isto~no crkov-
no peewe vo ~etiri tomovi od Kalistrat Zografski. Vo ~est na
ovoj jubilej Centarot za vizantolo{ki studii so podr{ka na
Ministerstvoto za kultura na Republika Makedonija, Makedon-
skata pravoslavna crkva i Sojuzot na kompozitorite na Makedo-

1
Koxaba{ija, Jane, Isku{enijata na crkovnoto peewe vo Makedonija tendencija
za vra}awe kon peeweto od vizantiskata tradicija. Hristijanstvoto vo
kulturata i umetnosta na Strumi~kata eparhija, Zavod za za{tita na spome-
nicite na kulturata, prirodnite retkosti i Muzej,Strumica, 2002, p. 81.
2
Koxaba{ija, Jane, Crkovnoto peewe vo Makedonja vo XX vek,Prilozi za
Ilinden IX, Nau~no-kulturni sredbi Deset dena Kru{evska Republika,
Kru{evo, 2003, p. 193.
62

nija organizira{e trimese~en seminar po crkovno peewe, so d-r
Jane Koxaba{ija kako predava~.
Vo organizacija na Centarot za vizantolo{ki studii se
oddrà i Sve~ena akademija za Kalistrat Zografski, na koja{to
be{e promovirano novoto izdanie na negoviot zbornik Isto~no
crkovno peewe.
1
Za ìvotot i deloto na golemiot prerodbenik i
muzi~ki deec govorea episkop veli~ki g. Metodij i kompozitorot
Stojan Stojkov. Na ovoj sve~en sobir so prigodna programa nas-
tapi i Seminarskiot hor na Centarot za vizantolo{ki studii,
a bea prikaàni i likovniot portret na Kalistrat Zografski
izraboten od akademskiot slikar Stavre Dimitrov-Stadim i do-
kumentarnoto video za Kalistrat Zografski, izraboteno od Di-
mitrije Buàrovski, vo koe za golemiot makedonski prerodbenik,
kako i za negovite potomci govori otec Stefan Sanxakovski.

Vo ovoj period Makedonskata pravoslavna crkva, u~estvu-
va{e i gi koordinira{e aktivnostite za restavracija na staroto
crkovno peewe vo makedonskite hramovi. Taa opredelba be{e
krunisana so odlukata na Svetiot arhierejski sinod vo 2003 godi-
na: vo dvete obrazovni institucii na Makedonskata pravoslavna
crkva da se vovede predmet po teorija i praktika na crkovnoto
peewe od slovensko-viszantiskata tradicija. Istata godina, vo
u~ebnata 2003/2004, bea sozdadeni uslovi za organizirawe nastava
po crkovno peewe vo Makedonskata pravoslavna bogoslovija Sv.
Kliment Ohridski, a ~etiri godini podocna, vo 2007, po povod
jubileite 40-godini od osamostojuvaweto na Makedonskata pravo-
slavna crkva i 30-godi{ninata od formiraweto na Pravoslav-
niot bogoslovski fakultet Sv. Kliment Ohridski vo Skopje, vo
u~ebnata 2007/2008 godina zapo~naa studiite po crkovno peewe od
slovensko-vizantiskata tradicija i na ovaa visokoobrazovna in-
stitucija.

1
Koxaba{ija, Jane, Kalistrat Zografski: Isto~no crkovno peewe Liturgija i
Voskresnik,Centar za vizantolo{ki studii, Skopje, 2005.
Koxaba{ija, Jane, Kalistrat Zografski: Isto~no crkovno peewe Ve~erwa i
Utrewa, Centar za vizantolo{ki studii, Skopje, 2005.
63

* * *
Site ovie nastani i aktivnosti nedvosmisleno govorat deka
vo Republika Makedonija ve}e e zapo~nat procesot na vra}awe na
staroto crkovno peewe. S# pogolem e brojot na hramovite vo koi-
{to proli~uva crkovnoto peewe od slovensko-vizantiskata tra-
dicija. Raste i brojot na psaltite, koi so radost i so s# pogolema
ume{nost go prezentiraat ova prepoznatlivo peewe, prenesuvano
od edna generacija na druga kako amanet. So toa, kone~no se ispra-
va u{te edna istoriska nepravda sprema pravoslavniot makedon-
ski narod: namesto srpskoto narodno crkovno peewe, vovedeno
prisilno na po~etokot na XX vek, vo svoite pravoslavni hramovi
da si go praktikuva crkovnoto peewe od sveti-klimentovoto pre-
danie.

64

65

Part one

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
OF CHURCH SINGING
IN MACEDONIA

66

67

Prologue

In the beginning, when Christianity was conceived and took the cross
as a sign of great love at prayer gatherings in catacombs, first Christian
believers - who were of Jewish origin - expressed their prays
1
through
chants. Simple and un-intrusive singing suited better their ascetic spirit
rooted in the faith and life of ancient Christians, through which primarily
the message of religions texts would be emphasized instead the very
melody
2
.

In its further development Christian music would go through two
different and contradicting phases: the first from the humble beginnings of
creation and establishment of religious service of still oppressed Christian
church to the so called Edict of Milan of 313 A.D. with which the emperor
Constantine the Great established religious tolerance, and with that free
development of Christian religion, and the second when the chaste
Christian religious service grew into solemn liturgy of the Byzantine church.

With the newly acquired status of Christianity as a state religion of the
Roman Empire significant changes occurred in the area of church music.
From the dark, stuffy and mystic catacombs Christian ritual moved to
gorgeous temples where religious services were freely conducted, with
louder and impressive singing, with the participation of professional singers.
Those changes commanded that church chants become richer with more
developed melodic forms and specific ways of performance, adequate to the
solemn ambient of the splendid liturgy act.

Although the Roman Empire was nominally divided into two empires
(Eastern and Western) in 395, there were not essential differences in the way

1
Bogoev , M. Mir~o, U~ebnik po crkovno penie, Sofi , 1940. p. 7.
2
68

of singing in their capitals Constantinople and Rome up to the 6
th
century,
since the church music was still in its shaping phase.
1
In the course of the
next several centuries, with the adoption of Christianity, each nation
introduced new elements in the church ritual and a number of new elements
in singing, characteristic for their autochthon music traditions. In that
context, the use of own languages in religious services by different nations
was of particular importance, something which enabled development of
different local types of liturgy, like Armenian, Syrian, Copt, Persian, Slavic
and others.
2

The growing gap between the Eastern (Byzantine) and Western
Roman Empire is also evident in the field of church singing. The initial
formal unity that was difficult to keep across the large space of the Empire
until its final separation in 476 started to dissolve after the big reformations
of the church singing: firstly the western of the Roman pope Gregory I the
Great (560-640), conducted towards the end of the 6
th
and the beginning of
the 7
th
century, when with the choice of spiritual chants (known in history as
Gregorian chorals) that he made with his collaborators released the church
singing from the eastern sensual chromatic and melismatic traits
3
, and almost
one century later the eastern reform of St. John Damaskin (650-749) that
defined and directed the future millennium development of the east church
singing. Namely, in order to rationalize and unify the church singing at the
wider Byzantine region St. John Damaskin undertook the restructuring of the
octoehos (gr. xw );' defining than the character of voices and the kind
of music scales. By restructuring the system of eight voices into four major
(authentic) and four minor (plagal), Damaskin decided on voices and church
chants that had been created in the early Christian period on different
territories by different peoples. That is how the great reformer succeeded for
the octoehos to become familiar and acceptable to all Christian peoples
living on the territory of the Eastern Roman Empire, scientifically better
known as Byzantium.

1
Romniei in secolul XVIII i nceputul XIX i aportul original al culturii
autohtone, Editura muzical, Bucureti, 1989. p. 24.
2
Andreis, Josip, Povijest op. cit. p. 79, 113
3
Andreis, Josip, Povijestibidem. p. 80-81.
69

Speaking about the musical life of the peoples living on the territory of
Byzantium one can say that everything that is of importance happened under
the sign of church music. With its easily acceptable contents that attractive
music did not remain strictly connected with religious service. Church
singing started to spread in its original or modified form and entered other
forms of social and home music that also involved different kinds of folk
musical instruments.
Listening to and using it in everyday church and home religious
services church singing incited the people to create melopoetic works at
higher inventive level and of wider thematic variety. More intuitively then
conscious creators of church music ware also inspired by the singing
tradition. These mutual influences contributed to church singing and music
practice among Christian peoples that were within the cultural, historical and
geo-political frames of Byzantium, to have many common features. Those
development processes of the Eastern Christian music also found their
expression in the music of Slavic people that inhabited the Balkan Peninsula
in the 6
th
and 7
th
century. Upon their own musical tradition and the Byzantine
church singing during the following centuries each of those peoples created
characteristic music folklore, and their own idiom of church singing in the
frames of the Byzantine style relations.

70

I.

Byzantine roots of the Slavic culture

The tradition that started to be created at the wide area of Byzantium
on three continents represents an authentic product of connections, relations
and influences of more cultural traditions, with the Christianity as its base
the new quality of connecting different spiritual streams of the ancient world.
As such, the Byzantine civilisation, beside the historical and cultural
development of peoples settled on its territory, played a decisive role also for
the development of European civilisation and the appearance of other unique
and developed cultures. This is particularly relevant to the culture of Slavic
peoples that got from Byzantium what was crucial for the bloom of their
civilisation: Christian religion and literacy.
Accepting Christianity, and through it the Byzantine culture as sources
for their own cultural contents, Slavic peoples developed their particularities,
their very historical types, but however the foundations are unique and the
basic contents are the same, and what is most important the system of signs
is entirely the same. Also, the language of picture and word that enabled
spiritual communication of the Slavs with Byzantium is unique, and through
it everything that was built in the worlds of their culture from past ancient
times and other eastern worlds.
1
Some byzantologists even believe that the
history of Slavic peoples could be treated as a late chapter of the Byzantine
culture. According them, Slavic medieval art is actually Byzantine and as
such it experienced its most important late development at Slavic areas.
2

1
Bogdanovi , Dimitrije, (Predgovor, Averincev, S. S., Poetika ranovizantijske
kwièvnosti). Kwièvna misao, Beograd, 1982, r. 8.
2
Talbot Rice, David, Mit o mracnom dobu, Rani srednji vek, Jugoslavija, Beograd, 1976, p.11.
71

The Byzantine component of the Slavic sacral and folk art is mostly
present in Macedonian art, since its carriers, as descendents of ancient
Macedonians and Slavs that settled at the southern part of the Balkan
peninsula in the 6
th
and 7
th
century are fully righteous successors who
continued the Byzantine culture, and immediate creators. It means
Macedonians have secured that status by at least two grounds: as natives
who went though all phases of the ancient and Roman-Byzantine epoch and
as newly settled Slavic tribes, mostly extended towards Byzantium of all
other Slavs, who accepting Christian religion entered deep into the Byzantine
world of civilisation, facing everything that a multicultural society can offer
and accept.
Byzantine Christian art and culture, created on the territory of
Macedonia represent archetypal signs deeply rooted in the basic layers of
cultural and historical past of the Macedonian people, which undoubtedly
confirm their contribution to the development of Byzantine civilizations. In
the same time, these are authentic certificates for the creative potentials of
the indigenous Macedonians from the early Christian period, and later the
Slavs who settled in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula. That,
particularly during the period of their Christianisation when the education
missions of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, the church education activities of Ss.
Clement and Naum in Ohrid, and later the Macedonian medieval state,
known as Samuils Empire were conducted.
All this demonstrates that Christian art, and the church music in its
syncretic corpus on the territory of Macedonia, can not be regarded
separately and out of the historic context of the Byzantine culture. As the
mosaic of Byzantine civilization can not be complete unless the important
stages of cultural development among certain peoples - like Macedonians -
are taken into account. For instance, the golden church-education period of
Ss. Clement and Naum when the first Slavic eparchy was established, and
within its boundaries the Ohrid school, known as the first European
university. Hence, the cultural development of Macedonians in the whole
period from the acceptance of Christian religion to the establishment of the
Ohrid archbishopric represents a complementary process in the development
of the Byzantine culture and civilisation.
72

II.

Church singing in Slavic language

The beginnings of the Church singing in a Slavic language and
generally the Slavic literacy are connected with the city of Thessalonica, the
greatest Byzantine cultural centre after Constantinople (more known among
Slavs as Tzarigrad). Being situated on a territory mainly inhabited by Slavs,
Thessalonica could serve as a natural connection between the Byzantine
culture and the Slavs in Macedonia, and through them with the entire Slavic
world. Hence, it can bee understood that the Byzantine state and church
government engaged people exactly from that area to conduct the
educational missions among Slavic peoples. When the Moravian prince
Rastislav demanded such missioners form the Byzantine Emperor Michael
3
rd
the brothers Constantine and Methodius from Thessalonica was the
choice.
1

The younger of the brothers Constantine, known by his knowledge
and genius linguistic abilities, devised the first Slavic alphabet and together
with his brother Methodius translated the Holly Script and other books for
religious service into Slavic language. Unfortunately, not a single written
document is kept for that period, so we can learn about their activities from
their hagiographies and chronicles. Based upon data from these sources one
can conclude that Ss Cyril and Methodius and their disciples in Moravia,
Pannonia, Rome and the region of todays Macedonia and Bulgaria used to
sing major parts of their church religious service
2
in Slavic language.

1
Ilievski, Hr. Petar, Gr~ko-slovenska kulturna simbioza, Slovenska pismenost,
Naroden muzej Ohrid, 1966. r. 47.
2
Stefanovi}, Dimitrije, Ohridski neumski rakopisi i po~etoci na slovenskata
muzi~ka kultura, Slovenska pismenost, Naroden muzej Ohrid, 1966, r. 131.
73

There is no doubt that the first contact of Byzantine church melodies
with Slavic texts translated from Greek by Ss Cyril and Methodius happened
in Macedonia, marking the beginnings of the Slavic church music. Namely,
adapting those chants to the new text in metro-rhythmic terms the first
specifics of the Slavic - and broadly seen - Macedonian church singing were
demonstrated.
1
But, it must be stressed that in the period when the Brothers
from Thessalonica prepared their Slavic missions there were not any crucial
differences in church singing among particular Slavic peoples. Therefore, the
church singing that the Brothers used setting off for their education missions
possessed the general frames of the medieval Byzantine music. The
fascinating melody based upon Damascenes Octoehos and the impressive
sacral ritual - where that melody had the central place, finally also happened
in the Slavic liturgy language that was then still understood by all Slavic
peoples - were doubtless the trumps Ss Cyril and Methodius played in their
historic mission: to attract, gain and tie Slavic peoples with the Christian
religion.
Church singing in a Slavic language on the territory of Macedonia
probably started to be practiced around the middle of the 9
th
century, with the
Bregalnica mission of the brothers Constantine and Methodius, which means
before their leaving for Moravia.
2
That singing reached its blooming period
during the education period of St. Clement and St. Naum, towards the end of
the 9
th
and the beginning of the 10
th
century, and continued also in the second
half of that century, during the Macedonian-Slavic state, the so called
Samuels Empire, when the Ohrid Archbishopric was established as a first
auto-cephalic church organization of the Macedonian people.
3

About the end of the 9
th
century Ohrid became the most important
centre of the Slavic culture in the south-west part of the Balkan Peninsula.
As already known religious centre, situated at one of the main Roman
pathways, that city was a kind of predetermined to play a special role
regarding the inclusion of the Slavs in the world of culture. The arrival of Ss

1
Ortakov, Dragoslav, Ars nova Macedonica, Makedonska kniga, Skopje, 1986. p. 100.

2
Aleksova,Blaga, Materijalna kultura na Slovenite vo Makedonija,
Slovenska pismenost, Naroden muzej Ohrid, 1966, r. 142.
3
Bel~ovski, Jovan, Ohridskata arhiepiskopija od osnovaweto do pa|aweto na
Makedonija pod turska vlast, Pravoslaven bogoslovski fakultet Kliment
Ohridski, Skopje, 1997. p. 77.
74

Clement and Naum in Ohrid marked the decisive point in the fulfilment of
their role. They were persons capable of organizing a cultural and church
educational mission on a broad base. On the other hand they found there
busy environment that could support their endeavours.
1
That city, from
where Byzantine culture had been radiating even earlier, was a suitable place
for Ss. Clement and Naum to develop intensive church and literary activities,
creating their followers not only from the clergy but also from other fields of
the social living.
2
St. Clement from Ohrid, one of the most gifted disciples of
Ss. Cyril and Methodius, had particularly remarkable merits in the
organization of wide-spread social and cultural activities in that Slavic
environment. According preserved data regarding his engagements in the
field of music and his huge contribution to the development of Macedonian
church singing it can be noted that Ohrid was the centre of church music
during the time of St. Clement.
3
The first church singing school among the
Slavs was established in that city, and it had powerful influence upon the
church singing of the other Slavic peoples. There is a note in his
Hagiography that states St. Clement taught his disciples psalm singing,
provided chants and preaching church singing used to explain that heruvim
chants are to be sung in one voice. It all confirms that St. Clement dedicated
special attention to church singing as an important segment of his overall
church education activities.
4

In the environment where the process of creating own spiritual values
had already commenced and on the ground where Slavic literacy, culture and
education had already been rooted in the second half of the 10
th
century
there were favourable conditions for Samuel (976-1014) to establish his state
and within those frames Macedonian church, based in Prespa and later in
Ohrid. In spite of continuous wars being waged around there was noticeable
improvement of cultural and educational living.
5
Numerous remains of
material culture dating from the period of Samuels reign clearly speak about

1
Naroden muzej Ohrid, 1966, r. 57.
2
Ilievski, Hr. Petar, Gr~ko-slovenska ibidem. p. 47.
3
Golabovski Sotir, Osmoglasnik-makedonsko crkovno peewe, Kultura,
Skopje, 1993, r. 15.
4
Bel~ovski, Jovan, Ohridskata arhiepiskopija ... op. cit. p. 43.
5
Ilievski, Hr. Petar, Gr~ko-slovenska op. cit. p. 48.
75

the beginning of a Slavic epoch, where, under conditions of interrupted
connections with Constantinople and other Byzantine spiritual centres, new
artistic directions in style emerged in literature and architecture with
distinguished Slavic-Macedonian features.
1
That period is also marked by
more decisive turning towards own singing traditions and creation of own
music expression in the field of music singing. Indeed, the influence of the
Greek culture in Macedonian cities was still strong, but as a result of the
overall social development the Slavic civilization awareness in Macedonia
was raised, and with it certain tendencies for division of Macedonian
spiritual and cultural living from the Byzantine. Of course, state and church
authorities in Constantinople regarded such development processes in the
cultural and education living of the Macedonian people as counter-Byzantine
attitudes.
2

1
Bel~ovski, Jovan, Ohridskata arhiepiskopija ... op. cit. p. 105.
2
76

III.

Church singing in the Ohrid Archbishopric

The character of Macedonian church singing, as already mentioned,
was conceived with the first contact of the Slavic church text with Byzantine
melody, in the times when the brothers Constantine and Methodius were
preparing their educational missions. However, the real aspirations to create
own church singing with recognisable Slavic-Macedonian features could not
emerge until the church-educational stage of Ss. Clement and Methodius. An
important aspect in the creation of the particular character of Macedonian
church singing during that period and somewhat later was the support of own
musical tradition. Folk melodies that were introduced in the roots of the
church music repertoire represent a crucially important element of the
liturgical act, which provided natural character of the church singing, and
with it attracted more believers to the religious service. It should be stressed
that psalmists, who were also carriers of the folk music tradition, introduced
fresh folklore elements into church singing. They even deliberately
emphasised that profane Slavic-Macedonian sound in the church singing as
an expression of the resistance towards the Greek way of singing.
Church singing on the territory of Macedonia would also continue its
development before and after the creation of Samuels Empire and the Ohrid
Archbishopric. That process also continued after the collapse of the
Macedonian Empire, during Jovan Debarski (1018-1037), the first as it
seems and the only Ohrid archbishop during the Byzantine epoch who was
of Macedonian origin. The activities of that Ohrid archbishop a
Macedonian was characterised by continuous fight to preserve the peoples
character of the archbishopric. During that educational period which lasted
77

around a century and a half, the process of transforming of Macedonian
church singing from typically Byzantine-Greek into singing with features of
the live singing tradition of Macedonians was started and finished, and it
happened regarding music and also the way of its performance, which was
accomplished through specific voiced articulation of the sound and word.
It seems that only Greek bishops governed the Ohrid Archbishopric
during the period after Jovans death, and they were directly appointed by
the Byzantine government, which persisted with all their forces to impose
the Greek style in church practice. In order to discard the singing of
Macedonian psalmists from churches (that was created and differentiated as
Slavic during the educational period of St. Clement) conductors from big
centres of the Byzantine culture were brought. However, psalmists were
Macedonians and, apart the Greek language that was imposed as obligatory,
they kept all the rest original: the setting and the colour of voice, the way of
ornamenting melodic tunes etc.
1

Based upon the work of Ss. Cyril and Methodius and their disciples
Ss. Clement and Naum, the Ohrid Archbishopric never lost its Slavic
character during its eight centurys existence and remained protector of the
church and cultural traditions of Macedonian people. Even some
archbishops, ethnic Greeks, protected the Slavic character of the
Archbishopric because only that way they could defend the independence of
their church, and with it their own position. On the other side, they were
aware that the efforts to eradicate the church-educational work of St.
Clement were futile, because it contained not only traditions of the Ohrid
archbishopric, but the overall social living on the territory of Macedonia and
wider. Many accounts of travels do confirm it, and can be used for
conclusion regarding the church singing and the cultural and educational
living in Macedonia.
2
What is remarkable in those travellers accounts is the

1
(In connection with this, one can understand that the Ohrid archbishop
Teofilakt /1091-?/ was desperate complaining `People in Ohrid listen to music as
the donkey does the cigulka `. Evidently the cigulka (a kind of string instrument)
is the Greek Church singing and the donkey lay and stubborn Macedonian
believers and psalmists, that are persistent in their support of their church
singing, created upon their own singing tradition. )
2
Lape, Quben, Odbrani tekstovi...ibidem. p. 122.
78

resistance of the Macedonians towards the Greek-Byzantine way of religious
services - and as one could conclude that church and educational life, and
church singing on the territory of Macedonia, still followed St. Clements
attitudes. Those valuable data convincingly speak of the toughness of folk
traditions, although during centuries after the fall of Samuels Empire,
Macedonians lived immediately under Byzantine state, legal, juridical and
military system in the environment strongly influenced by the Byzantine-
Greek culture.
However, despite the extremely worsened conditions during centuries
of Byzantine government in Macedonia a large number of manuscripts were
created in Slavic language. There are many evidences of destruction of
Macedonian spiritual inheritance by the Greek clergy. Under pretext of
destroying heretic books written by Bogumils they mercilessly razed church
literature written in Slavic language. And, what remained preserved in
Macedonian monasteries that were far from big cities was looted during the
post-Byzantine period by many so-called `researchers` of the Slavic cultural
heritage.

79

IV.

Church singing during the post Byzantine period

After the fall of Constantinople under the reign of the Osman Turks
(1453) the influence of the Eastern Church, one of the pillars of the
Byzantine Empire, started to decrease, and under such circumstances church
singing was also gradually losing its originality and attractiveness. Left to
priests and psalmists, the majority of whom were not well prepared in
musical terms, church singing was performed practically and was mainly
orally transmitted.
There are not many data about the church singing on the territory of
Macedonia in that period, nor are Slavic music transcripts kept. One can
suppose that singing in Slavic language was practised only in some remote
village and monastery churches where the Greek clergy was not in position
to control it, while in towns, in churches that had not been transformed into
mosques, the singing was mainly conducted in Greek language. However,
even under such unfavourable conditions - as already mentioned the
tradition of St. Clement remained live among the population. There is
evidence that Macedonian orthodox believers found different (sometimes
incredible) ways to practice the religious service in native and church-Slavic
language.
1
Such unfavourable and hard conditions were additionally

1
Lape, Quben, Odbrani tekstovi... op. cit. p. 200.
(Writing enthusiastically about Ohrid and the church St. Sofia the well-known
traveller and writer Evlija Chelebija (1611-1682) wrote: Ìt is a very big mosque. Similar
can only be found in Thessaloniki, along the coast of the Black Sea in Trapezund and in
Istanbul During the time of non-believers /Christians/ it was a church that had no
equal. However, now it is a mosque. But, sometimes gaurs would secretly give some
money to mosque guards, would enter the mosque, quickly conduct a Christian religious
service, and then leave the mosque.` ).

80

worsened after the abolishment of the Ohrid Archbishopric in 1767, when its
eparchies fell under the jurisdiction of the Constantinople Patriarchate. That
gave additional force to the Greek clergy in towns on the territory of
Macedonia and the Greek language was imposed as dominant in all spheres
of the social living, and also in church religious service.
During the whole period of Byzantium without Byzantium the
Constantinople Patriarchate was putting efforts to regain governance and
influence and renew its spiritual area. In that terms aimed at gaining better
control of the church singing practice, as well as it unification at the wider
territory of Eastern Orthodox practice among other - different aspects
activities regarding reforms of the Byzantine music transcription were
undertaken. So, starting around the mid 18
th
century, when the Ottoman
Empire demonstrated signs of internal weakness, the Constantinople
Patriarchate made several unsuccessful attempts to reform the complex and
largely forgotten neo-Byzantine music system. That responsible task was
finally completed in the beginning of the 19
th
century (1814) by the
Byzantine spiritual actors, known as The Three Teachers (Greek (~;
=x/;) Hrisantos Prusis (1843), Gregorios Protopsaltis (1822) and
Humurazios Hartofilaks (1840).
The Hrisants notation, as this newly reformed music script is called
in the world of science, represents a synthesis of all previous phases of the
development of the Byzantine notation and some experiences from the
theory of the western musical notation. Due to its undisputable advantages
regarding its application, that so called new system of neumathic music
signature came across widespread acceptance by the church singers at the
broader Balkan region in the 19
th
century, and also on the territory of
Macedonia. Understandably, that novelty was used by the Constantinople
Patriarchate as a new and more efficient medium for emphasised influence in
those non-Greek church areas. But, looking broadly at that event, one can
notice that the general and relatively quick acceptance of the Hrisants music
reform in the church practice can be seen as a kind of expression of common
resistance towards the century-old slavery of Balkan people under the Turks.
It can be an explanation of the fact that the Hrisant's notation was accepted
81

only in church eparchies that were still under Turk governance. So, beside
Greece, it was introduced in the church singing in Bulgaria and Macedonia.
1

Judging according kept music manuscripts, the introduction of the new
Hrisant`s system on the territory of Macedonia during the first half of the
19
th
century the church practice was conducted almost exclusively in Greek
language. Being generally accepted by Macedonian psalmists that common
music system served as a medium for gradual replacement of the Greek
language by Slavic towards the middle of that century. The first psaltics with
parallel scripts in Greek and church-Slavic language appeared then, initially
with Greek orthography and later with more often use of Slavic letters.
Actually, that newly created environment was a kind of incentive for
renaissance intentions of the Macedonian intellectuals for the return of the
church Slavic language in the religious service and the public speech in
schools.
The oldest known psalm manuscript containing reformed neumatic
notation found on the territory of Macedonia, the Ohrid Irmologion of 1818
appeared only four years after the publishing of the Hrisants reform. It can
serve as a ground for conclusion that the town of Ohrid was still an
important cultural centre five decades after the abolishment of the Ohrid
Archbishopric, which kept immediate contacts with most developed centres
of Christian art. Like the whole church-religious literature kept from that
period on the territory of Macedonia the collection of psalms was written in
Greek language.
Later church-music manuscripts and printed books containing
Hrisant`s notation that appeared on Macedonian church territories were with
texts in Greek. Greek influence was particularly strong in the Ohrid region,
where after the abolishment of the Ohrid Archbishopric in 1767, its centre
remained under permanent attention of the highest patriarchate clergy. That
situation, which was characteristic for the first half of the 19
th
century a
period of total domination of the Greek language commenced to be
changing towards the middle of that century. Along with the raise of national
awareness among Macedonian people the social, politic and cultural living in
Macedonia was gradually acquiring more and more Slavic traits. There is a

1
Ortakov, Dragoslav, Ars nova.. op. cit. p. 106.
82

large number of representatives of the church living in Macedonia among the
carriers of those renaissance ideas for returning to own cultural traditions, to
the native speech and religious service in church-Slavic language. The
majority of them have had significant roles in the development of the church
singing as well as the accomplishment of peoples long-held ideals.

83

V.

Church singing during the period of renaissance

With the advancement of the Slavic sciences and raised interest for
authentic values of the Slavic spirit higher level of interest was roused
among slavists and byzantologists from Slavic countries during the first half
of the 19
th
century in Macedonia, the cradle of Slavic literacy. They were
searching for the roots of their cultural upgrade in the country with the aim
to relevantly enlighten many manifestations in their own cultural flows.
1

Researching the work of the pan-Slavic educators Ss. Cyril and
Methodius and their disciples Ss. Clement and Naum Ohridski, those
scientists discovered real treasure of medieval manuscripts in Macedonian
churches and monasteries.
2
The presence of these scientific researchers of
the Slavic literacy and culture in Macedonia contributed for some
respectable and more educated Macedonians to become interested in their
own cultural heritage. That was the beginning point for new orientation of
some hellenophilic oriented persons to what was named slavjanism.
3
The
road to high culture, that had led through Athens for Macedonian
intellectuals, began to divert towards the far away Moscow.
That was the beginning of the new era, with a sequence of significant
events that announced the National renaissance. The strengthened movement
against the spiritual and economic slavery gradually obtained the character
of organised fight against the governance of the Greek Constantinople

1
Ortakov, Dragoslav, Ars nova op. cit. p. 90-100.
2
Mo{in, Vladimir, Rakopisi na Narodniot muyej vo Ohrid, Zbornik
na trudovi, Naroden muzej vo Ohrid, 1961. p.163.
3
Skopje, 1967. p. 167.
84

Patriarchy.
1
Initially intended against the use of the Greek language in
churches and schools that fight broadened also against the trials of imposing
Bulgarian language in schools in Macedonia. The new awareness for
independent national and cultural development of the Macedonian people
was manifested by the growing number of music handwritings and printed
books in Hrisant`s notation in church-Slavic language and the first
schoolbooks in peoples language.
That period of renaissance was characterised by strengthened attempts
for reestablishment of the Ohrid Archbishopric. A few Macedonian
intellectuals were boldly emphasising that Hellenism and the policy of
assimilation could not be efficiently counterbalanced without the existing of
own church institution and religious service in peoples and church-Slavic
language.
2

Due to the fact that economic and political development in Macedonia
in that period was rather lagging behind neighbouring countries, the
independent development of the Macedonian people under such conditions
could not be uniformly and easily achieved. The hegemony circles of
neighbouring countries developed vast propaganda activities from the very
beginning, and they put all their efforts to suppress such developments and
divert them towards their interests.
3

At that time, and especially about the end of the sixties of the 19th
century, when the efforts for introduction of schoolbooks written in native
language in schools and religious service in church-Slavic language was
strongly stressed the fights of surrounding propaganda by the Greek,
Bulgarian and Serbian bourgeoisie became severe. The nature of fatal
consequences brought to the Macedonian people with those fights is
confirmed by many pages of its history full of sufferings, separations,
brother-killing
4

Under such historical conditions church singing in Macedonia during
the 19
th
century was going through its dramatic period of language

1
Koneski, Blaè, Za makedonskiot ibidem, p. 158.
2
3
Istorija na makedonskiot narod, Makedonska kniga-Kultura-
Misla-Na{a kniga, Skopje, 1988. r. 135.
4
Koneski, Blaè, Za makedonskiot op. cit. p. 167.
85

transformation. In that process of returning the Slavic language in religious
service two main phases are noticed: the first, from the announcement of the
Hrisants musical reform in 1814 to the middle of the century, with the
supremacy of the Greek language, and the second from the middle of the 19
th

century when, as a result of the national awareness of the Macedonian
people, the Greek language was gradually suppressed by the Slavic language
in church singing.
In that regard, the Short manual (1843) by Naum Miladin from Struga
(1817-1897), written in Greek, is important. That oldest kept manuscript
regarding the study of the Hrisants notation confirms that this music script
was learned on the territory of Macedonia. It also explains the presence of
many church-music manuscripts and printed books which contain that
notation and their widespread use in the church practice on the whole
territory of Macedonia, starting in the middle of the 19
th
century and until the
first decades of the 20
th
century.

The oldest of these manuscripts is the Voskresnik (Anastasimatar) by
Janaki Stojmenovich from the village Orizari, 1849. In fact, it is a transcript
containing parts of three psalm manuscripts from the library of the Rila
Monastery under numbers X (inv. No. 2860), XV (inv. No. 2865) composed
by Cyril from Rila and XIX (inv. No. 2969)
1
. This well preserved
manuscript, containing works written in Slavic and Greek language, is
characteristic for the transitional period, when the Greek language started to
be replaced by Slavic in Macedonian churches.
Of printed books that are written with Hrisant`s neumatic notation,
published by representatives of the Eastern church singing in Macedonia,
most attractive is the collection Pashalia by Joan Harmosin-Ohridski (1829-
1890), printed in 1860, the collection of East Church singing by Kalistrat
Zografski (around 1821-1913) and the monks from the Zograf Monastery in
four volumes, published in 1905 and the recently found collection of Dimitar
Zlatanov-Gradoborski (around 1800-1887), printed in Thessalonica in 1886.
This, primarily, because of the fact that they also contain their own works,

1
Stojmenovi~ Janaki, Voskresnik, NUB Sv. Kliment Ohridski, Skopje, Ms. 161.
Dinev, Pet r, Rilskata crkovno-pev~eska {kola v na~aloto na 19 vek i
Izdanie na BAN, Sofi , 1957. p. 19-22.
86

which is an important moment and undeniable contribution to the
development of the church-music in Macedonia.
When talking about the church singing in Macedonia and the broader
orthodox region during the second half of the 19
th
and towards the 20
th

century and circumstances that influenced its development the strong
influence of the European music should be noted, and the penetration of the
Russian secular and spiritual music already influenced by Europe,
manifested through the introduction of the four-voiced choir ensembles in
religious ceremonies. But, despite these influences of the European secular
and church music, that were mostly emphasized in Macedonia during the
last quarter of the 19
th
century, the church singing on the territory of
Macedonia - thanks to the deep roots of the church singing, and the
numerous manuscripts and printed psalms created by Macedonian church
music authors during the period of the National renaissance - preserved the
spirit of St. Clement`s heritage until its division after the Balkan Wars and
the World War I.

87

VI.

Church singing in Macedonia in the 20
th
century

The struggle of Macedonia people for national and social liberation
and creation of own state, that started in the last quarter of the 19
th
and
culminated with the Ilinden uprising at the beginning of the 20
th
century is
delicate and of multy-layer nature: apart the fight against the Turkish
governance, it was also against the chauvinistic propaganda of the
neighbouring countries, that put obstacles to the Macedonian national
movement with all forces and means. The fight against the expansionistic
policy of the Bulgarian state and the Exarchate, as a carrier of the Bulgarian
spiritual, cultural and educational propaganda in Macedonia was most
sensitive and hard.
1

The Ilinden uprising and the Ten days of the Krushevo republic the
most famous pope in the history of Macedonian people was
simultaneously the fatal omen of the dramatic events to follow: The Balkan
wars (1912-13) and the World War I (1914-1918) that turned Macedonia into
an arena of destruction of national treasures of the Macedonian people.
Beside that, as an epilogue of calculating peace negotiations of the great
European powers instead of autonomy at the end of these wars the tragic
separation of the Macedonian people and its ethnical territory was
sanctioned.
Without their own state and church, during that period Macedonian
people were under changing foreign political and religious governments. As
with every partition of Macedonia, this time the policy of denationalization

1
Katarxiev, Ivan, Za Ilindenskoto vostanie i sto godini po nego, Prilozi za
Ilinden IX. Nau~no-kulturni sredbi Deset dena Kru{evska republika,
Kru{evo, 2003. p. 9-20.
88

and assimilation of the Macedonian people and unscrupulous looting of their
cultural inheritance continued. So, in the part that after the World War I was
given to Serbia, and is mainly the territory of todays Republic of
Macedonia, those aims began to be accomplished primarily through churches
and schools.
The politics of the newly created Yugoslav state, the Kingdom of
Serbs, Croats and Slovenians was expressed by strict ban of use of the
Macedonian language and printing of any publications in Macedonian
1
.
Serbian language was introduced in schools, and in churches traditional
church singing was replaced by Serbian folk church singing, better known as
Mokranjac singing. With it, numerous manuscripts and printed books
containing church singing of Slavic-Byzantine tradition were put out of use.
Until then, they had been abundantly used at the wider Macedonian church
region and with time their usage became rare with weak knowledge of the
neumatic musical script by the existing psalmists and spiritual actors.
2

The Serbian church used to rule eparchies in the Vardar part of
Macedonia up to the beginning of the World War Two, in 1941 when with
the occupation by Bulgarians these eparchies fell under jurisdiction of the
Bulgarian Exarchy. In that period Macedonian people commenced their fight
for national freedom, and within those frames was the creation of the
autocephalous Macedonian Orthodox Church.
At the end of the World War Two, after the Peoples liberation war,
the Macedonian state Peoples Republic of Macedonia was established.
Because of the social and political factors Serbian church singing remained
in official use in Macedonia even after the independence of the Macedonian
Orthodox Church. However, it should be mentioned that, the imposed church
singing was not fully accepted by orthodox believers in Macedonia. Later
research has shown that in some village churches, where the control of
Serbian church government did not reach, the òld singing` has never been
silenced. Thanks to the dedication of Macedonian psalmists church singing
of Slavic-Byzantine tradition could be heard until the very end of the 20
th

century.

1
Istorija na makedonskiot narod, Makedonska kniga-Kultura-Misla
-Na{a kniga, p. 218, Skopje, 1988.
2
Ortakov, Dragoslav, Ars nova op. cit. p.115.
89

Because of the system of its political establishment, everything of
church and religious character was suppressed at the margins of the social
living in the newly created Macedonian state. Having in view that most
important representatives of older musical past were exclusively persons
from the church living they could not easily and without resistance enter in
regular educational procedures and be represented in the educational system.
By the way, not a single line could be found in music schoolbooks of that
period about the Eastern Church singing. That cultural heritage, being
considered as solely church matter, was in the condition of ideological
hibernation. European secular and spiritual music was taught in music
educational institutions, and the national music was modestly present with
mainly choral music by the first generation of musicians that were active
during the thirties and the forties of the 20
th
century. Church music of Slavic-
Byzantine tradition was not taught nor was qualified staff available. Carriers
of the culture in the young Macedonian society were not able to see and
understand the significance of those creations for the national culture.
With the independence of the Macedonian Orthodox Church in 1976,
which coincided with the constitution of the Macedonian Academy of
Science and Arts and the High Musical School (later Faculty for Musical
Art) the first musicological researches of the church singing on the territory
of the Republic of Macedonia started. Musicologists directed their growing
interest towards the further past, and especially to the period of the
Renaissance. As a result of those researches some until then unknown
authors of church works were found, which opened a new, important chapter
of the national music. Such findings contributed to raised interest of the
Macedonian culture and scientific community for the church singing of
Slavic-Byzantine tradition.
Although the question of restoration of Macedonian church singing
was posed also in the period before the independence of the Macedonian
Orthodox Church, in that period within the Yugoslav federation social and
political conditions were not established to consider that question, as they
penetrated sensitive inter-ethnical relations. Because of those reasons the
Serbian church singing, so called Mokranjac singing continued to be
practiced in Macedonian temples.
90

With the initiation of the democratic process in the Republic of
Macedonia during the last decade of the 20
th
century, and the revival of
monasticism in Macedonian monasteries, the church singing of Slavic-
Byzantine tradition was effectuated again. The Macedonian Orthodox
Church coordinated a number of activities in view of restoring the old church
singing in Macedonian temples. That was officially confirmed by the
decision of the Holly Archbishops Synod in 2003: in both educational
institutions of the Macedonian Orthodox Church the subject theory and
practice of the church singing of Slavic-Byzantine tradition was introduced.
That school year (2003-2004) conditions for organized teaching were created
for organisation of teaching church singing in the Macedonian Orthodox
Seminary Sv. Kliment Ohridski, and in 2007, related to the 40-year jubilee of
the independence of the Macedonian Orthodox Church and 30 years of
establishment of the Orthodox Theological Faculty Sv. Kliment Ohridski the
studies of church singing of Slavic-Byzantine tradition commenced in that
institution.
With those events and activities in the Republic of Macedonia the
process of restoring old church singing was started. There is a growing
number of churches were singing of Slavic-Byzantine traditions can be
heard. There are also more and more psalmists that present this kind of
singing joyfully and with greater skills, the singing that has been transmitted
as testament by generations. With it, finally one more historical wrongdoing
towards the orthodox Macedonian people has been corrected: instead of the
Serbian church singing, that was forcefully imposed in the beginning of the
20
th
century, church singing of St. Clements traditions is being practiced
now in orthodox temples.

91

Vtor del

PRETSTAVNICI NA
CRKOVNOTO PEEWE VO
(OD) MAKEDONIJA

92

93

I.

Dimitar Zlatanov-Gradoborski (ok. 1800-1887)

Podatocite za ìvotot i dejnosta na Dimitar Zlatanov se
s#u{te mo{ne skudni. Vo literaturata od prerodbenskiot peri-
od se sre}avaat malku podatoci za nego. Citiraj}i eden napis od
solunskiot dopisnik na vesnikot Pravo od 1873 godina, bugar-
skiot vizantolog od makedonsko poteklo Ivan Snegarov vo svo-
jata kniga Solun vo blgarskata duhovna kultura, od 1937 god.,
go spomenuva i solunskiot protopsalt Dimitrij Bulgara-
ki.
1
Zasega, toa e prvata pi{ana traga vo edna slovenska kniga
za Dimitar Zlatanov-Gradoborski. Prviot poop{iren tekst koj
dosega pretstavuva{e i osnoven izvor na podatoci za site podoc-
ne`ni navra}awa na bugarskite i na makedonskite muzikolozi
na Gradoborski e statijata na Hristo [aldev - Dimitar Zlata-
nov Gradobor~eto, objavena vo 1939 god. vo spisanieto Naroden
Stra`.
2
Vo slednata 1940 godina, koristej}i go ovoj izvor, vo
svojot U~ebnik po no eene, plovdivskiot u~itel Mir~o M.
Bogoev dava osnovni podatoci za ìvotot i muzi~kata dejnost na
Gradoborski.
3
Dvaesetina godini podocna bugarskiot vizanto-
log so poteklo od Makedonija Petar Dinev, ja napi{a studijata
Pro~ui crkovni ei-bgari vo koja soodveten prostor mu
posvetuva i na Dimitar Zlatanov.
4
Vo makedonskata muzi~ka
nauka tekst za Gradoborski prv objavi muzikologot i kompozi-

1
Snegarov, I(van), Solun vo blgarskata duhovna kultura,
Pridvorna pe~atnica, Sofi, 1937. p. 85.
2
[aldev, Hristo, Dimitar Zlatanov Gradobor~eto, sp. Naroden Stra`, br. 3,
Sofi, 1939.
3
Bogoev, M. Mir~o, U~ebnik op. cit. p. 101.
4
Dinev, Petr, Pro~ui crkovni ei-bgari, s. Bgarska muzika, br.1.
Sofi, 1963. p. 29-33.
94

tor Dragoslav Ortakov (1927-2007) vo spisanieto Makedonska
muzika broj 3, vo 1981 godina. Istiot tekst avtorot go objavi i
vo 2001 g. vo svojata kniga Ogledi za vizantisko-slovenskata
muzika vo Makedonija .
1

Ne se pobrojni i gr~kite izvori na podatoci za ìvotot i
muzi~kata dejnost na Dimitar Zlatanov Gradoborski. Iako sta-
nuva zbor za sosema kratki informacii, tie sodràt va`ni poda-
toci za Gradoborski, so koi donekade se rasvetluva negoviot ì-
voten pat i muzi~kata dejnost. Najstar izvor pretstavuva knigata
na carigradskiot istori~ar Georgios Papadopulos Prilozi kon
istorijata na crkovnata muzika (,p/ ~; ) ( (
), ~xx/)x); ,x);) od 1890 godina,
2
koi go citiraat
sovremenite gr~ki vizantolozi: Antonios E. Aligizakis,
3
Olim-
pija N. Tolika,
4
i Georgios I. Hayiteodoros.
5

So pronao|aaweto na negoviot muzi~ki zbornik na gr~ki ja-
zik Prira~nik za psalt '!x/ !~([/', vo 2003 godina
vo koj{to se nao|aat pove}e desetici negovi tvorbi, kako i adap-
tirani, skrateni i tolkuvani kompozicii od drugi avtori,
6
a vo
slednata 2004 godina i pe~ateweto na del od zbornikot na Grado-
borski so naslov Liturgija, prepeana na slovenski jazik od stra-
na avtorot na knigava Jane Koxaba{ija, definitivno Dimitar
Zlatanov - Gradoborski se potvrdi kako eden od zna~ajnite pret-
stavnici na isto~noto crkovno peewe od XIX vek.

1
Ortakov, Dragoslav, s. Makedonska muzika / 3Dimitar Zlatanov-Gradoborski,
Skopje, 1981. p. 15.
Ortakov, Dragoslav, Ogledi za vizantisko-slovenskata muzika vo
Makedonija Vorldbuk, Skopje, 2001.
2
/;. !. ,p/ ~; ) ( ( ), ~xx/)x);
,x);. ! ^');. 1890, p. 486.
3
^/x);. ! ^w;. M~/), x)~w /~(x);.
!x~; ! =~). U~/x). 1992. p. 33.
4
/x. ^ U/,. !, !xx/~x /~x ); p); ,x);
!(wx x~( ~);. ^'). 1993.
5
`)'~w(. ! !~w(;. !p/( ); p); ~xx/)x);
mousikh~j, Per. A '1820-1899' ((x (, ~(xw ,~/~w
U~/x). 1998. p. 177-178.
6
!/(x). =),)(;. !x/ !~([/. ( Mx~.
U~/x). 1886.
95

Epizodi od negoviot ìvot

Dimitar Zlatanov e roden vo makedonskoto selo Gradobor
(gr. ~/;), Solunsko, kon krajot na XVIII, ili na samiot po-
~etok na XIX vek. Osnovno obrazovanie na gr~ki jazik zavr{il vo
svoeto rodno mesto. Od najrana vozrast zapo~nal da pee vo lokal-
nata crkva, kade {to, blagodarenie na muzikalnosta i na neobi~-
no ubaviot glas, odli~no go sovladal crkovnoto peewe. Podocna
zaminal za Solun, kade bil pea~ vo crkvite Sv. Nikola, Sv. Ata-
nas i vo Sv. Mina, koja{to eden podolg period bila poznata kako
crkva na solunskite Makedonci. Vernicite se voshituvale od ne-
goviot glas, a qubitelite na ubavoto peewe doa|ale od site stra-
ni na gradot za da go slu{aat. Nabrgu stanal poznat i nadvor od
Solun i ~esto bil kanet i vo drugi gradovi, da u~estvuva vo arhi-
erejski crkovni slu`bi. Negovata slava na golem psalt se pro-
{irila na po{irokiot balkanski prostor.
1

Svesen za svoite nesekojdnevni muzi~ki i glasovni poten-
cijali, Dimitar Zlatanov - Gradoborski zapo~nal i samiot da si
pi{uva muzi~ki tvorbi, vo koi{to }e moàt da dojdat do izraz
neobi~no golemiot dijapazon na negoviot glas i ubavite tonovi
vo visokiot registar. No, nabrgu uvidel deka za toa mu se potre-
bni po{iroki teoretski znaewa. Spored nekoi podatoci, svoeto
muzi~ko obrazovanie Dimitar Zlatanov }e go prodolì vo Cari-
grad, najgolemiot centar na isto~noto crkovno peewe.
Spored Olimpija N. Tolika, gr~ka pisatelka i vizantolog,
Dimitrios Vulgarakis (imeto pod koe{to e poznat Dimitar Zla-
tanov - Gradoborski vo gr~kata istoriografija i vo isto~nata
crkovna muzika) bil u~enik na trojcata u~iteli - Hrisant, Gri-
gorij i Hurmuzij, tvorcite na noviot sistem na isto~noto crkov-
no peewe.
2
Poa|aj}i od ovoj podatok, moè da se zaklu~i deka
Vulgarakis (Dimitar Zlatanov) isto~no crkovno peewe u~el vo

1
Sofi, 1963. p. 29-33.
2
/x. ^ U/,. !, !xx/~x /~x op. cit.
96

Patrijar{iskoto u~ili{te vo Carigrad, vo periodot pome|u
1815, koga e formirano, i 1821 godina,
1
koga, zaradi vostanieto vo
Grcija protiv turskoto ropstvo, prekinalo so rabota. Vo ova
u~ili{te, koe bilo najpresti`no vo celiot isto~nopravoslaven
svet, Vulgarakis muzi~ka teorija u~el kaj Hrisanta, dodeka prak-
tikata na isto~noto crkovno peewe ja usovr{uval kaj Grigorija i
Hurmuzija.
Po koj pat prodolìl ìvotot na Dimitrios Vulgarakis
(Gradoborski) po zavr{uvaweto na Patrijar{iskoto u~ili{te
vo Carigrad? Moè samo da se pretpostavi, deka mladiot psalt so
dooformeni muzi~ki studii kaj trojcata u~iteli - Hrisant,
Grigorij i Hurmuzij, sekako deka imal hrabrost i odva`nost da go
izbere maestralniot pat, koj vodel do najgolemite metropoli na
crkovnata umetnost od vizantiskata tradicija. Eden od centrite
za koj{to }e ostane svrzan vo tekot na celiot svoj ìvot e Solun.

Predanija

Postoi predanie, spored koe, slavata na Dimitar Zlatanov
(Vulgarakis) kako golem psalt se pronesla niz celata Otomanska
Imperija. Nekoj smirnenski psalt naro~no do{ol vo Solun za da
go slu{ne. Otkako gi prosledil voskresnata ve~erna, utrenata i
sv. liturgija, toj mu predloìl na Vulgarakisa (Gradoborski) na
negov tro{ok zaedno da zaminat za Smirna, za da se natprevaruva
so drugi istaknati psalti. Gradoborski go prifatil ovoj prediz-
vik. Katedralnata crkva vo Smirna ne moèla da go sobere siot
narod, koj{to do{ol da go slu{ne slavniot psalt. Voodu{evenite
slu{ateli ostanaa bez zdiv od zvu~nosta i od prijatnata boja na
negoviot glas, kako i od neobi~no visokite tonovi, kakvi {to
nitu eden od drugite peja~i ne moèl da ispee. Dimitar Zlatanov
peel i vo drugi smirnenski crkvi, nasekade `neej}i samo uspesi,
zaradi {to bil i bogato daruvan.

1
Blagodarenie na ovoj podatok moè da se odredi deka vo periodot od 1815 do
1821 godina, koga bil u~enik na Patrijar{iskoto u~ili{te, Dimitar
Zlatanov imal najmalku 15 godini, odnosno deka e roden pred 1805 god.
97

Spored drugo predanie Vulgarakis i smirnenskiot psalt
od Smirna zaedno zaminale za Atina, za da go pokaè i tamu svo-
eto majstorstvo. Spored predanieto, vo ovoj grad ìveela nekoja
èna, koja{to se proslavila so svoite ubavi izvedbi na crkovni
pesnopenija. Za da se pokaàt glasovnite kvaliteti i neverojatno
visokite tonovi so koi{to raspolagal Vulgarakis (Gradoborski),
bil organiziran natprevar so atinskata pevica. Napregaj}i se da
dostigne nekoi, duri i za nego visoki tonovi, do{lo do izlevawe
krv od grloto na golemiot psalt. No, ovoj neprijaten slu~aj ne
ostavil posledici po negovata kariera. Po kuso lekuvawe, glasot
napolno mu se vozobnovil i slavniot protopsalt moèl povtorno
da zastane na crkovnata pevnica.
1

Ovie predanija za slavniot Vulgarakis mo{ne ~esto se sre-
}avaat vo pisanijata za nego i sekoga{ so ponekoi novi detali, a
neretko i vo razli~ni varijanti.
2
No, site tie napisi imaat
ne{to zaedni~ko: govorat za golem psalt so fenomenalni glasov-
ni mo`nosti, so raspon na glasot od celi tri oktavi, za nenad-
minat pea~ ~ija{to slava se pronesla niz celata Imperija itn.
Od sevo ova moè da se zaklu~i, deka Gradoborski nesomneno bil
golem psalt, koj{to so svoeto peewe gi voodu{evuval vernicite
vo golem broj hramovi na po{irokiot balkanski prostor.

Solunskata pea~ka {kola

Procesot na vra}awe na slovenskiot jazik vo crkovnata bo-
goslu`ba na teritorijata na Makedonija, zapo~nat kon sredinata
na XIX vek najdobro e vidliv preku ìvotot i muzi~kata dejnost
na Dimitar Zlatanov Gradoborski. ûvstvuvaj}i go otporot vo
narodot sprema gr~kiot jazik vo slovenskite crkvi i u~ili{tata,
kako i sprema dolgotrajnoto duhovno ropstvo i asimilatorskata
politika na Carigradskata patrijar{ija, vo periodot me|u 1840 i
1860 godina, koga se nao|al vo zenitot na slavata, Gradoborski
svojata muzi~ka dejnost ja prodolìl i na slovenski jazik.

1
Dinev, Petr, Pro~ui op. cit. p. 30-31.
2
Bogoev, M. Mir~o, U~ebnik op. cit. p. 101.
98

So cel da go pottikne i zabrza ovoj proces na vra}awe na
crkovno-slovenskiot jazik vo bogoslu`bata, toj zapo~nal da gi
preveduva na slovenski jazik svoite mnogubrojni crkovni tvorbi,
otporano sozdadeni na gr~ki jazik. Za istata cel, toj sobral oko-
lu sebe mladi crkovni pea~i od slovensko poteklo i zapo~nal da
gi u~i isto~no-pravoslavno peewe na slovenski jazik. So toa se
postaveni temelite na Solunskata pea~ka {kola, od koja{to }e
proizlezat brojni odli~no podgotveni psalti i nositeli na na-
cionalna prerodba.
Eden od u~enicite na Gradoborski e Hristo pop Mitrev,
dolgogodi{en psalt na starata crkva vo Gumenxe, koj{to prv za-
po~nal da gi pee negovite kompozicii vo prevod na crkovnoslo-
venski jazik. Podocna na pop Mitrev mu se pridruìja i nekoi
drugi u~enici na Dimitar Zlatanov - Gradoborski, koi prodolì-
ja da gi preveduvat i ispolnuvaat tvorbite na svojot omilen u~i-
tel. Vo vrska so ovie aktivnosti se spomenuvaat i bra}ata Petar
i Ivan Dimitrovi od solunskoto selo Zerovo (gr. ^x/). epar-
hija ^x ), poznati kako dolgogodi{ni psalti vo katedral-
nata crkva Sv. Nedela vo Sofija.
1

Me|u u~enicite na Gradoborski od gr~ka proveniencija, se
spomenuvaat Dimitrios Papadopulos, roden vo Solun, koj{to e
poznat po toa {to me|u prvite vo Grcija napi{al crkovni kompo-
zicii so evropskata notacija i Teoharis Hrist. Jerojanis, poznat
kako Lekarot od Atina (gr.!( ^')w), inaku, golem protiv-
nik na voveduvaweto na horski ansambli od evropskiot vid vo
atinskite crkvi.
2
Vo zbornikot na Dimitar Zlatanov T. Jerojanis
e zastapen so tri crkovni kompozicii.
Pop Petar Dimitrov od seloto Zerovo se spomenuva i kako
biv{ gr~ki sve{tenik vo Ser, koj{to vo periodot neposredno po
formiraweto na Egzarhijata, stanal centralna figura vo prerod-
benskite procesi na Solunskata op{tina.
3
Bez ogled na toa, dali

1
Dinev, Petr, Pro~uiop. cit. p. 30-31.
2
,/);. M );. =),)(; !/(x); (statija vo rakopis)
3
Snegarov, Iv(an), Solun vo op. cit. p. 85.
99

stanuva zbor za istata li~nost, koja{to pogore e spomenata kako
u~enik na Dimitar Zlatanov - Gradoborski, vo vrska so ovoj pop
Petar, bugarskiot vizantolog Ivan Snegarov vo svojata kniga
Solun vo blgarskata duhovna kultura, od 1937 god. go spomenu-
va i solunskiot protopsalt Dimitrij Bulgaraki. Imeno, po
povod proslavata na denot na Sv. Kiril i Metodij, na 11 maj 1873
godina vo Solun, dvajcata zaedno peele utrena slu`ba na sloven-
ski jazik i crkovnite zidovi odeknuvale od nivnoto nepovtorli-
vo peewe.
1
Nema somnenie deka Solunskiot protopsalt, koj{to
go spomnuva Ivan Snegarov e Dimitar Zlatanov Gradoborski.
Zasega, toa e prvata informacija vo edna slovenska kniga za ne-
govata muzi~ka dejnost.
Nekoga{nite u~enici na Gradoborski: Hristo pop Mitrev,
bra}ata Petar i Ivan Dimitrovi i redica drugi, na pragot na 70-
tite godini se ve}e glavni nositeli na prerodbenskite aktivnos-
ti vo Solun, Gumenxe i vo drugi gradovi od egejskiot del na Make-
donija. Od ova moè da se zaklu~i, deka Dimitar Zlatanov na svo-
ite u~enici ne im go prenesuval samo muzi~koto znaewe i ve{ti-
nata na psaltikiskoto peewe, tuku go pottiknuval i nivnoto na-
cionalno osoznavawe.

Muzi~koto tvore{tvo na slovenski jazik

Za muzi~koto tvore{tvo na Gradoborski, koe{to samiot toj
i negovite u~enici go preveduvale od gr~ki na crkovno-slovenski
jazik, nema soznanija deka bilo pe~ateno. Najverojatno, toa se
prenesuvalo od edna generacija psalti na druga po pat na razni
prepisi, naj~esto i bez oznaka za imeto na avtorot ili na pre-
veduva~ot.
Vo prilog na ova govori pronajdenata kompozicija O tebe
raduetsja na VIII glas od Sinesij Ivirit (gr~ki psalt i kompo-
zitor od XVIII-XIX vek) vo Stojakovo, napi{ana na praznite stra-
nici na krajot od zbornikot Liturgija na Kalistrat Zografski i

1
Snegarov, Iv(an), Solun vo ibidem. p. 88.
100

na monasite na svetogorskiot manastir Sv. Jovan Zograf (pe~aten
vo Solun, vo 1905 godina). Na po~etokot e zapi{ano deka tvorbata
od gr~ki na slovenski jazik e prevedena od Dimitar Zlatanov -
Gradoborski. Vo ovoj prepis ima odredeni muzi~ko-ortografski
nedoslednosti i nekoi nesovpa|awa na muzi~kite so tekstualnite
akcenti, koi verojatno, nastanale pri ~estoto prepi{uvawe na
tvorbata od strana na psaltite. Ova otkritie e od izvonredna
va`nost, bidej}i ja potvrduva tezata, deka Dimitar Zlatanov
Gradoborski svoite crkovni tvorbi na gr~ki liturgiski
tekstovi, kako i onie od drugite avtori, gi preveduval i peel na
slovenski jazik.
S# do pronao|aweto na rakopisniot Psaltikiski voskres-
nik na Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev (1876-1950) od Kratovo, vo 1978 g.,
1

edinstvenata poznata tvorba na Dimitar Zlatanov - Gradoborski
be{e Dostojno est na osmi glas, koja{to se nao|a vo zbornikot
Liturgija od spomenatata antologija Isto~no crkovno peewe na
Kalistrat Zografski i na monasite od Zografskiot manastir. Vo
rakopisot na Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev se nao|a u{te edna
kompozicija na Dimitar Zlatanov Gradoborski: Veliko slavoslo-
vie na {esto-sedmi glas.
2
Zasega ostanuva nepoznato, dali ovaa
kompozicija prvobitno e napi{ana na gr~ki jazik, a podocna
prevedena na slovenski od nejziniot avtor Gradoborski, ili e
komponirana na slovenski jazik. Ne e isklu~eno, prevodot na ovaa
tvorba od gr~ki na slovenski jazik da go napravil i Vasil Ivanov
Bojaxiev.
Vo ovie dve kompozicii na Dimitar Zlatanov Gradoborski,
kako i vo brojnite drugi otkrieni vo ponovo vreme, nao|ame svoe-
vidna potvrda za ona {to go zabeleàl Hristo [aldev, deka ima
mesta koi od aspekt na izvedbata im sozdavale te{kotii i na
najiskusnite psalti.
3

1
Georgievski, Mihailo, Makedonska muzika / 2, Nekolku novootkrieni muzi~ki
rakopisi od Makedonija, Skopje, 1979. p. 51.
2
Bojaxiev, Ivanov, Vasil, Psaltikien voskresnik, M. IV 1862 (kopija). Narodna
i univerzitetska biblioteka Sv. Kliment Ohridski, Skopje. p. 295.
3
[aldev, Hristo, Dimitar Zlatanov op. cit. Sofi, 1939.
101

Muzi~kiot zbornik

So pronao|aweto na eden o{teten i necelosen pe~aten zbor-
nik na Dimitrios Vulgaraki (Dimitar Zlatanov Gradoborski),
vo 2003 godina, vo koj{to se nao|aat pove}e desetici negovi kom-
pozicii na gr~ki jazik i adaptirani i tolkuvani tvorbi od drugi
avtori,
1
egzoteri~no-romanti~kite predanija za nenadminatiot
psalt se preto~ija vo fakt za negovoto nedvosmisleno umetni~ko
postoewe. So ova otkritie, se potvrdija i pretpostavkite na ma-
kedonskite i na bugarskite muzikolozi-vizantolozi za obemot i
karakterot na negovoto tvore{tvo. Osven toa, izlegoa na vide-
lina i okolnostite, pod koi{to Vulgarakis (Gradoborski) is~ez-
na od vizantiskata crkovna muzika.
Potragata po zbornikot na Dimitar Zlatanov-Gradoborski,
zapo~na so otkrivaweto na dvete kratki informacii vo knigite
na ve}e spomenatite gr~ki vizantolozi Antonios E. Aligizakis i
Georgios I. Hayiteodoros, spored koi, zbornikot na Dimitrios
Vulgarakis (Dimitar Zlatanov Gradoborski) nosi naslov Pri-
ra~nik za psalt ( !x/ !~([/) i deka sodrì redo-
sled na crkovnata slu`ba preku celata godina: za ve~erna, utrena
i liturgija. Prvoto izdanie na Prira~nikot za psalt e finan-
siran od N. Vikopulos i kompanija. Spored ovie dva izvora, zbor-
nikot e pe~aten so odobrenie na Sovetot za prosveta, vo pe~at-
nicata Makedonija, vo Solun, vo 1886 godina.
Vo svojot trud, Hayiteodoros go iznesuva i podatokot, deka
vo zbornikot se sobrani dotoga{ neobjaveni kompozicii od Di-
mitrios Vulgarakis (Gradoborski). Toj dava i kratok opis na
glavnite delovi na Prira~nikot za psalt, spored koj, knigata
ima 798 muzi~ki stranici i 30-tina koi sodràt razni tekstualni
prilozi. Na po~etokot ima posveta na toga{niot mitropolit na
Solun, vladikata Grigorios Kalidis i predgovor. Od strana 1 do
196 se nao|aat napevite za ve~ernata, od 197 - 488 za utrenata i
od 489 - 792 e redosledot na liturgijata. Na krajot na zbornikot,

1
!/(x;. =),)(;. !x/ .op. cit. U~/x). 1886.
102

od stranata 805 - 820 se nao|a i spisokot na pretplatnici i spoma-
gateli. Vo zabele{kata, koja{to Hayiteodoros ja dava na krajot
od ovaa informacija, stoi, deka zbornikot na Vulgarakis ne bil
odobren od Carigradskata patrijar{ija. Po toj povod, na solun-
skiot mitropolit Grigorios Kalidis mu bilo naloèno da preze-
me s# {to e neophodno za otstranuvawe na knigata, odnosno, za
spre~uvawe na nejzinata upotreba vo crkvite i u~ili{tata.
1
Na
vladikata Kalidis ova, sekako, ne mu se dopadnalo, bidej}i svojot
zbornik Gradoborski mu go posvetil nemu, kako na ~ovek koj{to
iskreno go saka i za{tituva isto~noto crkovno peewe.
2

Antonios E. Aligizakis, gi potvrduva podatocite za zabra-
nata na Prira~nikot za psalt, kako i toa deka toj sodrì mnogu-
brojni tvorbi od Dimitrios Vulgaraki (Dimitar Zlatanov Gra-
doborski). Kako pri~ina za zabranata na ovoj crkovno-muzi~ki
zbornik od strana na Patrijar{ijata, Aligizakis go naveduva ka-
rakterot na tie kompozicii: nekoga{ evropski, nekoga{ vo sti-
lot na arapsko-persiskite makami,
3
kako {to navodno si go
pretstavuval i samiot avtor Vulgarakis.
4
Pritoa, ne naveduva,
dali e toa oficijalnoto obrazloènie na Patrijar{ijata ili e
negov li~en stav. No, i vo dvata slu~ai, toa zna~i, deka muzi~koto
tvore{tvo na Dimitrios Vulgarakis (Dimitar Zlatanov) ne e vo
duhot na vizantiskata tradicija, odnosno, deka toa crkovno peewe
ne e gr~ko.
Site ovie informacii od knigite na Aligizakis i Hayite-
odoros se izvonredno va`ni, bidej}i sodràt podatoci za ìvo-
tot i muzi~kata dejnost na Dimitrios Vulgarakis (Dimitar Zla-
tanov Gradoborski). Osven podatokot deka e zabranet zbornikot
na Vulgarakis (Gradoborski), Hasiteodoros go naveduva i tekstot
na nalogot za negovata zabrana, koj{to po toj povod mu e vra~en na
solunskiot mitropolit od strana na Patrijar{ijata, a Aligiza-

1
`)'~w(. ! !~w(;. !p/( op. cit. p. 177-178.
2
,/);. M );. =),)(; !/(x); op. cit.
3
Na semanti~ki plan makam korespondira so glas od isto~noto crkovno peewe.
i so harmonija i tonos (kaj Starite Grci).
4
^/x);. ! ^w;. M~/), op. cit. p. 33.
103

kis, kako {to e navedeno pogore, gi iznesuva i pri~inite za taa
zabrana. O~igledno e deka, dvajcata gr~ki vizantolozi koristat
ist izvor, no, ne e isklu~eno, sekoj od niv da koristi i nekoj drug,
dopolnitelen izvor, koj{to ne go naveduvaat.
Vtoriot vaèn moment vo informaciite na dvajcata gr~ki
vizantolozi se odnesuva na tvorbite na Vulgarakis (Gradoborski)
zastapeni vo negoviot zbornik Prira~nik za psalt. Dodeka A.
Aligizakis samo konstatira deka zbornikot sodrì brojni tvor-
bi od Vulgarakis (Gradoborski), Hayiteodoros e poodreden i veli,
deka vo zbornikot se sobrani dotoga{ neobjaveni tvorbi od Di-
mitrios Vulgarakis (Gradoborski). Ova naveduva na zaklu~ok, de-
ka pokraj ovie tvorbi, koi{to za prvpat se objavuvaat vo Prira~-
nikot za psalt, postojat i drugi, porano objaveni vo nekoi drugi
zbornici na Vulgarakis.
Vnimanie zasluùva i podatokot, koj{to vo svojata kniga go
naveduva Hayiteodoros, spored koj, na samiot kraj na zbornikot, e
priloèn katalog na pretplatnici i spomagateli od 15 stranici,
{to e nevoobi~aeno mnogu. Ova nedvosmisleno govori vo prilog
na toa, deka zbornikot na Dimitrios Vulgarakis (Gradoborski)
pobudil ogromno interesirawe me|u crkovnite lu|e i deka neko-
ga{niot golem protopsalt s#u{te ne bil zaboraven. Vo kontekst
na nevoobi~aeno golemiot broj na pretplatnici i spomagateli za
zbornikot na Vulgarakis, treba da se kaè, deka ovaa preobemna
psaltikiska kniga, koja{to go sodrì redosledot na crkovnata
slu`ba preku celata godina: za ve~erna, utrena i liturgija i ima
830 stranici, sekako, deka ne bila eftina.
Na prv pogled, se ~ini deka Vulgarakis (Dimitar Zlatanov),
so prihodot od proda`bata na ovaa kniga moèl da razre{i nekoi
materijalni problemi, koi{to ~esto gi pridruùvaat ostarenite
psalti, a {to bi moèlo da bide i osnovnata pri~ina za izdava-
weto na zbornikot na gr~ki jazik. No, po s# izgleda, deka ne e
taka. Golemiot broj pretplatnici i spomagateli, sekako deka ne
moèle da bidat obezbedeni od ostareniot psalt, koj{to vo ovoj
period ima preku 80 godini, tuku od finansierot N. Vikopulos i
104

kompanija. Ne e te{ko da se pretpostavi, deka Dimitar Zlatanov
moèbi dobil nekoj pau{alen avtorski nadomestok pred pe~ate-
weto na Prira~nikot za psalt, dodeka celiot profit od izda-
nieto bi mu ostanal za finansierot.
O~igledno e, deka N. Vikopulos i kompanija gi obezbedile
site pretpostavki, zbornikot na Vulgaraki da donese dobar pri-
hod. Za taa cel, pokraj dozvolata za pe~atewe od Sovetot za pro-
sveta, ne pomalku e va`na i posvetata na Prira~nikot za psalt
na solunskiot mitropolit Kalidis, sekako so negova soglasnost.
Po s# izgleda, deka izdavaweto na zbornikot na Dimitrios Vul-
garakis (Dimitar Zlatanov) pobudil golemo interesirawe ne sa-
mo me|u psaltite i crkovnite lu|e vo solunskata mitropolija,
tuku i po{iroko. Ova ve}e moèlo da gi zagrozi interesite na
nekoi izdava~i i avtori od krugovite bliski na Patrijar{ijata.
Od strav knigata na Vulgarakis da ne se nametne poseriozno vo
crkvite i vo u~ili{tata na po{irokiot pravoslaven prostor, od
strana na Carigradskata patrijar{ijata donesena e odluka za nej-
zinoto zabranuvawe.

Trojcata anatemisani

Od ona {to dosega e kaàno, stanuva jasno, deka vistinskata
pri~ina za neprifa}aweto na negoviot zbornik od strana na Pa-
trijar{ijata ne se stilskite karakteristiki na negovoto tvore{-
tvoto, tuku voodu{evenoto opredeluvawe na golemiot protopsalt
za frontot na slovenskata prerodba i vr{eweto na crkovno-
muzi~kata dejnost na slovenski jazik i na makedonski naroden
govor. Carigradskata patrijar{ija nikoga{ nema da mu go prosti
ovoj grev na odmetnikot Vulgarakis (Gradoborski). Pove}e od
verojatno e, deka zabranata na ovaa kniga, neposredno po nejzino-
to pe~atewe vo 1886 godina, e samo posledica na otporano frlena-
ta anatema vrz nejziniot avtor.
Koga stanuva zbor za anatemite, ne e nebitno da se kaè, de-
ka vo XIX vek Patrijar{ijata zabranila tri psaltikii. Pokraj
spomenatiot zbornik na Dimitrios Vulgaraki (Gradoborski), za-
105

braneti se i knigite na Nikolaos Georgios od Kavala, isto taka
u~enik na trojcata u~iteli, protopsalt vo soborniot hram Sv.
Fotini vo Smirna, poznat avtor na crkovni kompozicii, koj vo
slovenskite psaltikii se javuva kako Nikola Protopsalt Smir-
nenski (po s# izgleda, istiot smirnenski psalt, koj go pokanil
Vulgarakisa da pee vo Smirna i vo Atina) i na Simonos Avajanos,
kompozitor, za koj vo ovoj moment se znae samo toa, deka e roden na
ostrovot Lezbos i deka vo 1885 godina bil protopsalt na sobor-
niot hram vo Atina.
Postojat indikacii za me|usebnata povrzanost na ovie troj-
ca psalti i kompozitori. Za Vulgarakis i za Nikola Protopsalt
Smirnenski se znae deka bile u~enici na trojcata u~iteli, a ne
e isklu~eno toa da bil i Simonos Avajanos, bidej}i & pripa|aat
na istata generacija psalti. Sekako ne e slu~ajno i toa, {to vo
svojot zbornik D. Vulgarakis (Gradoborski) stavil pogolem broj
kompozicii od Smirnenski i Avajanos i pokraj toa, {to znael
deka se zabraneti. Bezdrugo, i ovaa negova postapka Patrijar{i-
jata ja protolkuvala kako provokacija i izraz na nepo~ituvawe na
nejzinite odluki. O~igledno e, deka Vulgarakis sakal vo svojata
posledna kniga - Prira~nikot za psalt, pokraj svoite tvorbi, da
gi ima i tvorbite na svoite stari dobri prijateli, so koi, osven
istite muzi~ki gledi{ta, go povrzala i samata sudbina: Vulga-
rakis (Gradoborski) i Nikola Protopsalt Smirnenski umiraat
istata 1887 godina.
Imaj}i gi predvid ovie okolnosti, se nametnuva zaklu~okot
deka u~enicite na trojcata u~iteli i nivnite istomislenici,
kako pretstavnici na novoto vreme, bile protivnici na strogiot
tradicionalizam vo Isto~nata crkva. Ednostavno, tie ne sakale
da ja prifatat ulogata na pasivni prosleduva~i i metafrasti na
isto~noto crkovno peewe, tuku na negovi aktivni sozdava~i. No-
viot sistem, koj{to go promoviraa nivnite legendarni u~iteli
Hrisant, Grigorij i Hurmuzij, ne go razbiraat kako kolekcija od
gramati~ki pravila za novata hrisantova notacija, tuku kako
otvoren horizont za novi idei i tvore~ki odnos kon crkovnata
106

muzika od vizantiskata tradicija. So takvite nivni gledi{ta na
crkovnata muzika, sudirot na ovaa reformatorski orientirana
generacija na psalti i muzi~ki tvorci so Patrijar{ijata bil
neminoven.
So tekot na vremeto, zabranata od psaltikiite na Nikola
Protopsalt Smirnenski i Simonos Avajanos, postepeno i so pre-
mol~uvawe e simnata i na nivnata upotreba vo sekojdnevnata cr-
kovna praktika ve}e ne se gledalo tolku strogo. No, zabranata od
zbornikot na Gradoborski nikoga{ ne e simnata. Od 1886 godina,
koga e izdaden Prira~nikot za psalt, pa, s# do deneska, od strana
na gr~kite vizantolozi, vo nekolku navrati }e bidat izneseni
samo kusi informacii za zabranetiot zbornik i za negoviot av-
tor. Na toj na~in, Vulgarakis (Gradoborski) ostana edinstveniot
zabranet tvorec vo Isto~nata crkva. So toa, ve}e definitivno
stanuva jasno, koja e vistinskata pri~ina za zabranata na negoviot
muzi~ki zbornik.

Muzi~kiot jazik na Gradoborski

Kako {to e istaknato ponapred, vo prvata polovina na XIX
vek Dimitar Zlatanov komponiral crkovni tvorbi i peel isklu-
~ivo na gr~ki jazik. Vo vtorata polovina na istiot vek, kako
rezultat na nacionalnoto osoznavawe, zapo~nal da preveduva svoi
gr~ki tvorbi, a moèbi i da sozdava novi na slovenski jazik. No,
vo celiot ovoj preoden, a verojatno i vo podocne`niot period,
Gradoborski ne peel samo na slovenski jazik. Vo Solun (kade{to
uslovi za bogosluèwe na crkovno-slovenski jazik se sozdadeni
duri na pragot na sedumdesetite godini),
1
kako i vo drugite gra-
dovi, pred svoite mnogubrojni po~ituva~i, Dimitar Zlatanov
Gradoborski prete`no peel na gr~ki jazik. Vo toj period toa bi-
lo slu~aj i so drugite poznati psalti, kako od slovenska, taka i od
romanska proveniencija, koi{to bivale pokanuvani da peat vo
gr~kite pravoslavni hramovi.

1
Snegarov, Iv(an), Solun vo op. cit. p. 82.
107

Ottuka, stavot na nekoi vizantolozi, deka vo vtoriot del od
karierata Gradoborski, prodolìl da pee isklu~ivo na crkovno-
slovenski jazik i deka, za taa cel, zna~itelno go promenil i svo-
jot stil na komponirawe i peewe, se bez osnova. Vo razjasnuvawe-
to na ovaa dilema, treba da se naglasi, deka univerzalniot karak-
ter na isto~no-pravoslavnoto peewe vo najgolema mera proizle-
guva od muzi~kite skali zastapeni vo osmoglasnikot na sv. Jovan
Damaskin, a vo pomala od jazikot na koj se pee. Ottuka, koga
golemiot psalt po~nal da komponira i da pee tvorbi i na sloven-
ski jazik, nitu imal potreba, nitu, pak, bilo mo`no ne{to bitno
da menuva vo svojot ve}e izgraden i prepoznatliv stil vo duhot na
isto~no-pravoslavnata muzi~ka tradicija. Ova, dotolku pove}e,
{to Gradoborski toa go pravi kako ve}e oformena li~nost, vo
periodot koga imal dostignato tvore~ka i interpretatorska zre-
lost vo psaltikiskata umetnost. Ona {to edinstveno sakal i mo-
èl da go napravi e, vo crkovnata bogoslu`ba, povtorno da se
vospostavi jazikot na sv-te Kliment i Naum. Sakal, - bidej}i
~uvstvuval dolg sprema svojot slovenski rod, i moèl, - bidej}i
bil golem psalt, muzi~ki tvorec i avtoritativna li~nost so
presudno vlijanie vrz nastanite vo periodot na Prerodbata.
Koga stanuva zbor za preveduvaweto na crkovni napevi od
vizantiskata tradicija od eden jazik na drug, ne moè sosema da se
prenebregne faktot, deka jazikot do izvesen stepen ima vlijanie
vrz artikulacijata na nekoi melodiski segmenti, no, toa nema
presudno zna~ewe za op{tiot karakter na melodijata. Se razbira,
soobrazuvaj}i gi melodiskite linii od pesnopenijata, koi{to
prvobitno se napi{ani na gr~ki jazik, na soodvetnite kanonski
crkovno-slovenski tekstovi, osobeno onie koi{to se ispolnuvaat
vo pobrzo tempo (irmolo{kite), neophodni se odredeni interven-
cii vo melodijata (nejzino prodolùvawe ili skratuvawe). No, i
na ovoj na~in dobieni, prekroenite melodii ostanuvaat vo du-
hot na vizantiskata tradicija. Ova dotolku pove}e, {to ovie dej-
stvija gi sintetizira edna li~nost: Vulgarakis (Gradoborski), ka-
108

ko avtor na originalnata tvorba na gr~ki jazik, na slovenskiot
prevod i niven simultan interpretator.
[to se odnesuva do samoto muzi~ko tvore{tvo na Dimitar
Zlatanov-Gradoborski, barem do ona {to dosega be{e poznato i
delot koj{to se nao|a vo negoviot neodamna otkrien Prira~nik
za psalt, vo nikoj slu~aj ne moè da se kaè, deka toa e sozdavano
pod vlijanie na evropskata muzika ili na arapsko-persiskite
makami. Navistina, toj vo svoite kompozicii vnesuva nekoi nevo-
obi~aeni i poslobodni meloritmi~ki strukturi, no, ne so cel da
go promeni duhot na crkovnoto peewe od vizantiskata tradicija,
tuku, sprotivnoto: da go razotkrie i reafirmira negoviot neu-
ni{tiv univerzalen karakter.
Vo ovoj kontekst, interesno e misleweto na Konstantin
Sakelaridis, atinski psalt od XIX vek, koj reagiraj}i na evro-
peiziranoto crkovno-muzi~ko tvore{tvo na negoviot sovremenik
Joanis Sakelaridis (prezimeto slu~ajno im se sovpa|a), vo svojot
napis od 1888 godina, go spomenuva i Vulgarakisa (Gradoborski),
za kogo veli deka bil dobar kompozitor, no, vo negoviot muzi~ki
zbornik ima i nekoi kompozicii vo posloboden stil. Govorej}i
za crkovnite tvorbi na Joanis Sakelaridis (napevi vo duhot na
gr~kata religiozno-folklorna tradicija, harmonizirani za dvo-
glasen ili triglasen hor vo duhot na evropskata muzika), atin-
skiot psalt dodava, deka, ako Patrijar{ijata bila tolku stroga
sprema kompoziciite na Vulgarakis, toga{ Atinskata arhiepis-
kopija morala da bide postroga so Joanis Sakelaridis.
1

Od ova moè da se zaklu~i, deka zabranata na Prira~nikot
za psalt od Dimitrios Vulgarakis (Gradoborski) ne ostanala bez
soodvetni odglasi vo po{irokata gr~ka javnost. Reakcijata na
atinskiot psalt Konstantin Sakelaridis, pokaùva deka zabra-
netiot Vulgarakis ne ostanal samo solunski slu~aj, tuku pre-
rasnal vo nastan od po{iroki razmeri, koj{to go podelil i javno-
to mnenie. Se razbira, komentarite okolu zabranata na zbornik-
ot na Gradoborski naj~esto ja sledele linijata na oficijalniot

1
/;. !. ,p/ ~; ) ( op. cit. p. 486.
109

patrijar{iski stav, a toa e: tu|iot karakter na negovoto muzi~ko
tvore{tvo. Iako deneska vo Grcija e poznata zadninata na ovaa
zabrana, verojatno od strav, ili od laèn patriotizam, retko koj
gi kaùva glasno vistinskite pri~ini za frlenata anatema vrz
Vulgarakis (Gradoborski).
[to se odnesuva do kompoziciite na koi im staval oznaki:
evropski (~(wx), sozunak (x), buselik (,~/x),
axem (~,) i sl., so toa Gradoborski samo go ozna~uva (odreduva)
vidot na skalata vo koja{to se pee napevot, odnosno, karakteris-
ti~nite alteracii na poedini nejzini stapala. No, so postavuva-
weto na oznakata evropski nad edno Dostojno est na osmiot
glas vo svojot zbornik, Gradoborski kako da sakal da go odbeleì
novoto vreme i nadoa|aweto na branot na evropskata romanti-
~arska muzika. Ovaa tvorba treba da se razbere kako kultiviran
gest sprema umetnosta na modernata evropska civilizacija, i du-
hovit obid da se vospostavi odredena relacija so nea. Kako eden
od najobrazovanite psalti na svoeto vreme, Dimitar Zlatanov -
Gradoborski, sekako, deka imal poznavawa i od evropskata muzi-
ka. Dobro gi znael osnovnite karakteristiki na isto~nata i na
zapadnata muzika i imal oset za kriti~nata granica do koja{to
tie moàt da se dobliàt.
Vo spomenatoto evropsko Dostojno est na osmi glas, Vul-
garakis (Gradoborski) vo dva navrati upotrebuva snièno VI-to
stapalo, koe{to e pove}e karakteristi~no za evropskata durska
melodija (molska subdominanta), no, toa ne & e tu|o i na vizan-
tiskata muzika. Vo ovoj slu~aj, oznakata evropski e upotrebena
kako sinkreti~ka formula za osmi glas i za evropskata Ce-dur
skala, koja{to ne go odreduva nitu karakterot na crkovnata tvor-
ba nad koja{to e postavena, nitu na~inot na nejzinata izvedba.
Duri, bi moèlo da se kaè, deka voveduvaweto na oznakata
evropski pretstavuva zbogatuvawe na muzi~kata terminologija
na isto~nata crkovna muzika od strana na Dimitar Zlatanov -
Gradoborski. Spored sovremeniot gr~ki protopsalt Panajotis M.
Somalis, vo periodot na nezapirlivoto {irewe na evropskata
110

muzika, vakvite kompromisi se pravele so cel da se bide vo trend,
a so toa da se privle~at pove}e pravoslavni vernici na crkovnite
bogoslu`bi.
1

A, {to se odnesuva do drugite navedeni oznaki, od koi{to
nekoi imaat arapsko-persiski etimon, vo teorijata na crkovnata
muzika od vizantiskata tradicija so niv se ozna~uva transponi-
raweto na edna melodija od dijatonska vo enharmonska. Vo isto~-
nata crkovna muzika oznakite kako {to se axem, sozunak, buselik
i sl., iako poretko, se upotrebuvaat i deneska so istoto zna~ewe,
koe {to go imaat i vo muzi~kiot zbornik na Gradoborski.

Zaklu~ok

I pokraj ovie novi soznanija do koi{to dojde muzi~kata na-
uka, ìvotot i deloto na Dimitar Zlatanov - Gradoborski i pona-
tamu ostanuvaat nedovolno razjasneti. Na vizantolozite im pres-
tojat novi istraùva~ki napori za rasvetluvawe i na ulogata na
ovoj golem pretstavnik na isto~noto crkovno peewe vo procesot
na nacionalnoto osoznavawe na makedonskiot narod. Dotoga{ }e
ostanat otvoreni cela niza pra{awa, na koi{to vo ovoj moment
ne moè da se dadat zadovolitelni odgovori:
- Koi se vistinskite motivi na Dimitar Zlatanov, pred kra-
jot na ìvotot da go izdade svojot monumentalen zbornik na gr~ki
jazik: da se rehabilitira pred Gr~kata crkva, da si ja podobri ma-
terijalnata polo`ba ili ne{to treto?
- Dali se iznevereni negovite o~ekuvawa od Egzarhijata?
- Postojat li pri~ini zaradi koi{to vo brojnite rakopisni
i pe~ateni bugarski psaltikii XIX i od XX vek, nema nitu edna
tvorba na Gradoborski?
- Dali e slu~ajno toa, {to negovi kompozicii na slovenski
jazik se pojavile samo vo zbornikot na Kalistrat Zografski i vo
rakopisnata psaltikija na Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev od Kratovo
(pretstavnici na crkovnoto peewe od Makedonija)?

1
,/);. M );. =),)(; !/(x); op. cit.
111

Iako crkovno-muzi~koto tvore{tvo na Gradoborski ne e ce-
losno otkrieno, i ona {to do ovoj moment ni e poznato, ima im-
presivni razmeri. Sosema e izvesno deka Gradoborski zad sebe os-
tavi muzi~ko delo, koe{to vo isto~noto crkovno peewe od vizan-
tiskata tradicija, mu obezbedi mesto me|u najgolemite muzi~ki
tvorci na epohata.
Rasvetluvaweto na ìvotot i muzi~kata dejnost na Dimitar
Zlatanov - Gradoborski i na redicata drugi zna~ajni pretstavni-
ci na crkovnoto peewe od periodot na Prerodbata, vsu{nost,
pretstavuva prodolùvawe na nivnata potraga po sopstveniot
identitet, sjajno zapo~nata kon sredinata na XIX vek. Kako svoe-
vidno priglasuvawe (iso) i paralelno so ovie istraùva~ki na-
pori, deneska vo cela redica makedonski manastiri i crkvi se
manifestira opredelbata za vra}awe kon crkovnoto peewe od
slovensko-vizantiskata tradicija. So ovie inicijativi kako da
oìvea veli~estvenata borba na prerodbenicite za vra}awe kon
vekovnoto sveti-klimentovo predanie.

112

II.

Naum Miladin (1817-1897)

So usvojuvaweto na noviot sistem na nevmatska notacija
koj{to na po~etokot na XIX-ot vek go promoviraa Hrisant, Hur-
muzij i Grigorij, vo makedonskite duhovni prostori zapo~na cir-
kulacijata na muzi~ki rakopisi so ovaa notacija na gr~ki jazik.
Ovaa okolnost sama po sebe ja nametnuva{e potrebata od izu~u-
vawe na novata, poednostavena muzi~ka notacija. Povedeni i od
prakti~nata strana na rabotite, poima{livite semejstva so cel
u{te pove}e da si ja zacvrstat pozicijata vo mladoto gra|ansko
op{testvo, smetaat deka e korisno svoite sinovi da gi ispra}aat
na {koluvawe vo poznatite centri na crkovna muzika. Eden od
prvite, malkumina od Makedonija vo toj period koi{to imale i
materijalni mo`nosti, no, i muzi~ka darba za da se zafatat so
izu~uvaweto na isto~noto crkovno e Naum Miladin (sredniot
brat na Dimitrija i Konstantin Miladinovci).
Izvori na podatoci za ìvotot i muzi~kata dejnost na Naum
Miladin pretstavuvaat negovata Avtobiografija i tekstot na
Petar âkar pod naslov Nepoznatata dejnost na muzikologot
Naum Miladin, objaven vo vesnikot Nova Makedonija vo 1972
godina. Od ovie materijali doznavame, deka u{te kako dete Naum
projavil neobi~na muzikalnost. Interesen e podatokot deka za
vreme na negoviot prestoj vo Durus (Dra~, dene{na Albanija),
kade{to rabotel vo nekoja italijanska firma, negoviot muzi~ki
talent bil zabeleàn od grupa italijanski muzi~ari, so ~ija po-
mo{ za kuso vreme uspeal da ja sovlada zapadnata muzi~ka nota-
cija. Muzi~kata darba i ubaviot glas na Naum Miladin bile zabe-
leàni i od strana na mitropolitot vo Janina (na eden koncert
113

odràn vo negova ~est), koj na direktorot na janinskata gimnazija
mu prepora~al, da go isprati Nauma na Visokata duhovna akade-
mija na ostrovot Halki, vo blizinata na Carigrad.
Na ovaa crkovna visoko-obrazovna institucija na koja{to
od odredeni pri~ini se zapi{al nekolku godini podocna (vo 1841
godina), Naum Miladin imal mo`nost temelno da ja sovlada teo-
rijata na isto~noto crkovno peewe. Po ugled na kusite gramatiki
na isto~no crkovno peewe, kakvi {to ~esto se sre}avaat vo psal-
tikiskite zbornici, Naum napi{a kratok prira~nik po crkovno
peewe. Moè da se pretpostavi, deka prira~nikot go napi{al
neposredno po vra}aweto vo Ohrid, kade po~nal da raboti kako
u~itel po gr~ki jazik i formiral {kola za izu~uvawe na crkov-
noto peewe spored noviot sistem na Hrisant. Od ovaa {kola na
Naum Miladin, najstara poznata od takov vid na teritorijata na
Makedonija, izlegoa niza crkovni pevci i poznava~i na nevmat-
skoto pismo, koi{to ja prodolìja ovaa dejnost niz Makedonija.
Na toj na~in, po zasluga na stru{kiot muzi~ki deec, vo vtorata
polovina na vekot, vo makedonskite crkvi se najdoa golem broj
{koluvani pevci i avtori na ednoglasni duhovni tvorbi.
1

Kako {to e ve}e istaknato, Prira~nikot po crkovno peewe
na Naum Miladin e napi{an na gr~ki jazik vo 1843 godina i zasega
e najstariot so~uvan rakopis, koj{to sluèl za izu~uvawe na hri-
santovata muzi~ka notacija na teritorijata na Makedonija. Od
ovoj prira~nik pred javnosta dosega se prezentirani samo dve
strani~ki, {to zna~i deka rakopisot s#u{te nema nau~na verifi-
kacija. No, i pokraj toa, negovata vrednost e nesporna, bidej}i,
kako {to e kaàno malku ponapred, go potvrduva faktot za posto-
eweto na {koli na teritorijata na Makedonija, vo koi{to se iz-
u~uvala novata notacija na isto~noto crkovno peewe.
Za odbeleùvawe e i melografskata dejnost na Naum Mila-
din. Postojat brojni indicii deka toj e prviot melograf vo Ma-
kedonija. Podatocite govorat, deka po sovet na poznatiot ruski
slavist Viktor I. Grigorovi~, koj{to vo 1845 godina prestojuval

1
114

vo Struga, se zafatil so sobirawe i melografirawe na narodni
pesni. Se pretpostavuva deka pe~ateweto na pesnite melografi-
rani od Naum Miladin vo Zbornikot od narodni pesni na nego-
vite bra}a Dimitrija i Konstantin, izostanalo po nastojuvawe na
biskupot Jurij [trosmaer (zaradi antiunijatskoto drèwe na me-
lografot), pod izgovor deka tie bi moèle da se izdadat vo oddel-
na publikacija.
1

Iako melografskata dejnost na Naum Miladin ne e potkre-
pena so nekoj za~uvan muzi~ki rakopis ili pe~atena kniga, nema
somnevawe deka svojata stru~na podgotvenost za edna takva muzi~-
ka aktivnost toj ja prenesuval na brojnite u~enici, koi{to pomi-
nale niz negovata muzi~ka {kola. Spored raspoloìvite podato-
ci, od {kolata na Naum Miladin se proizlezeni golem broj na
poznati muzi~ki imiwa, me|u koi Krstan Sanxak, podocne`niot
golem pretstavnik na makedonskoto crkovno peewe, pove}e poz-
nat pod mona{koto ime Kalistrat Zografski i Georgi Hristidis
(Georgi pop-Hristo Ikonomov), podocne`niot zet na prerodbe-
nikot Dimitrija Miladinov.

* * *
So ogled na toa deka na Kalistrat Zografski malku podocna
}e se osvrnam i poop{irno, na ova mesto za Georgi pop-Hristo
Ikonomov nakuso }e istaknam deka, pokraj drugite aktivnosti
{to se zna~ajni za Nacionalnata prerodba, toj }e ostane poznat i
kako osnova~ na gradski crkoven hor vo Struga vo 1863 godina. Od
ovoj stu{ki muzi~ki deec e za~uvan i eden rakopis so hrisantova-
ta muzi~ka notacija, pi{uvan na gr~ki i na crkovno-slovenski
jazik so gr~ka transkripcija. Vo ovoj zna~aen rakopis nastanat vo
1853 godina, koj pretstavuva redok dokument i dragoceno svedo{-
tvo za toga{nite procesi vo crkovnoto peewe na teritorijata na
Makedonija, se zastapeni crkovni tvorbi od Jovan Kukuzel, Jovan
Protopsalt, Petar Lambadarij, Konstantin Protopsalt i dr.
2

1
Ortakov, Dragoslav, Ars nova ibidem. p. 58.
2
Golabovski, Sotir, Makedonska muzika/ Od muzi~koto minato na Struga,
Skopje, 1977, r. 46-47.
115

Imaj}i go predvid ova {to e kaàno za Georgi pop-Hristo
Ikonomov, kako i ona {to sleduva podolu, vo redovite posveteni
na Kalistrat Zografski, moè da se zaklu~i deka vo {kolata na
Naum Miladin u~enicite dobivale solidno muzi~ko znaewe, so
koe moèle da se zafatat so sekakov vid muzi~ka dejnost. Podoc-
ne`nite nivni rezultati na muzi~koto pole }e go potvrdat ova na
uverliv na~in.

116

III.

Kalistrat Zografski (ok. 1820-1913)

Ona {to dosega & e poznato na na{ata muzi~ka nauka za
Kalistrat Zografski, eden od najmarkantnite pretstavnici na
crkovnoto peewe vo Makedonija vo vtorata polovina na XIX-ot i
po~etokot na XX-ot vek, e mo{ne skudno. Golemiot teoreti~ar,
kompozitor i psalt e roden vo Struga, so svetovnoto ime Krstan
Sanxak, najverojatno okolu 1820 godina. Osnovno obrazovanie na
gr~ki jazik steknal vo svojot roden grad, no, ne e poznato kade go
prodolìl i so kakov stepen na obrazovanie se zdobil. Postojat
soznanija deka ja posetuval i muzi~kata {kola na Naum Miladin
i deka bil u~itel po gr~ki jazik vo Struga.
Za sledniot period od ìvotot na golemiot prerodbenik i
duhovnik - po napu{taweto na rodnata Struga i zaminuvaweto na
Sveta Gora, kade {to kako ve}e vozrasen ma` se zamona{uva,
1

makedonskata muzikologija isto taka ima malku soznanija. Se na-
veduva podatokot, deka Kalistrat Zografski stanal arhiman-
drit na manastirot Sv. Georgi Zograf, kade{to doìveal dlabo-
ka starost. Umrel vo 1913 godina.
Me|u dene{nite ìteli na manastirot Sv. Georgi Zograf
na Sv. Gora s#u{te se ìvi spomenite na Kalistrat, ~ie{to ime
se izgovara so dlaboka po~it. Od edna generacija monasi na druga
vo Zografskiot manastir so qubov se prenesuvaat se}avawata
za najpoznatiot arhimandrit na ovoj manastir, koj so svojata neu-
morna rabota i posvetenost u{te za ìvotot stanal poznat na

1
Vo semejstvoto Sanxakovski, e so~uvan podatokot deka nivniot predok
Krstan Sanxak, po vesta za tragi~nata smrt na Bra}ata Miladinovi,
demonstrativno ja napu{til u~itelskata slu`ba vo Struga i zaminal
na Sveta Gora, kade {to se zamona{il so sve{tenoto ime Kalistrat.
117

po{irokiot pravoslaven prostor. Onie koi{to li~no go pozna-
vale, so neizmerna po~it zboruvale za negoviot patriotizam i
predadenosta na Nacionalnata prerodba. S#u{te i so posebna
vozbuda i voshitenost se preraskaùva sredbata na Kalistrat so
pretstavnici na gr~kata crkva, koi so cel da go pridobijat vo
nivniot crkoven tabor, mu nudele visoki arhierejski ~inovi.
Odele duri dotamu, {to go ubeduvale deka toj, vsu{nost, ne e
Sloven, za{to samo Elin moè da bide tolku u~en i prosveten i
besprekorno da go vladee gr~kiot jazik. A toj, skromniot jeros-
himomah Kalistrat, so~uvuvaj}i ja i vo takvi okolnosti svojata
voobi~aena smirenost, im odgovoril na Grcite so slednite zbo-
rovi: Koga bi znael samo, deka vo svojata brada imam makar edno
gr~ko vlakno, i toa }e go iskubam. Na ovoj samo nemu svojstven
na~in, dostoinstveniot monah i prerodbenik im stavil do znae-
we na Grcite, deka nivnata ponuda ja odbiva so prezir.

Pi{ani tragi za Kalistrat

Najranata pi{ana traga koja{to Kalistrat ja ostavil za
sebe e rakopisnata Psaltikija napi{ana vo 1862 godina, koja-
{to e pronajdena vo 1982 godina vo seloto Lazaropole. Nadeì-
te deka vo toj rakopis }e se otkrie nekoja tvorba na Kalistrat
Zografski ili na nekoj drug kompozitor od Makedonija, ne se
ispolnija. Osnovnata vrednost na ovoj rakopis ostana vo faktot
deka e napi{an od rakata na Krstan Sanxakovi}, idniot golem
muzi~ar i prerodbenik, kako i toa {to naslovite se napi{ani
na makedonski govoren jazik.
1
Podocna konstatirav deka stanu-va
zbor za prepis na psalktikijata na bugarskiot kompozitor i
izdava~ Nikola Trendafilov Cvetosobranie, pe~atena vo
Bukure{t, vo 1847 godina.
2
Prepisot e celosen, so samo nekolku

1
Georgievski, Mihailo, Makedonska muzika/ 5, Kratok opis na ~etiri
novootkrieni muzi~ki rakopisi od 19-ot vek, Skopje, 1982, p. 83.
2
Trendafilov, Nikola, Cvtosobranie, Bukur, 1847.

118

nezna~itelni izmeni vo redosledot na tvorbite, pri samiot kraj
na rakopisot.
Za pobudite na Krste Sanxakovi} da ja prepi{e ovaa kni-
ga, koja{to bezmalku ima 200 stranici, moè da se pretpostavi,
deka na ovoj na~in ja manifestiral svojata radost od sredbata
so prvata pe~atena kniga so novoreformiranata hrisantova mu-
zi~ka notacija na crkovno-slovenski jazik. So toa, Kalistrat
Zografski ni ostavi vo nasledstvo uverliv argument za {iroka-
ta rasprostranetost na hrisantovoto nevmatko pismo na terito-
rijata na Makedonija.
Blagorodnata i eti~ka priroda na Kalistrat Zografski
moè da se prepoznae i vo predgovorot na zbornikot Psaltfkfina
lit$rgi na Manasij pop Todorov. Zablagodaruvaj}i im se na si-
te onie koi{to materijalno go podràa izdavaweto na negovata
kniga, Manasij so posebna voshitenenost govori za pismoto na
bra}ata od Svetoto Zografsko semejstvo, so koe{to tie ja
podrùvaat blagorodnata inicijativa za ostvaruvawe na toa
sveto delo i se odzivaat na negovata molba, ispra}aj}i mu 5
turski liri. A toa go pravat, (vo istiot period z.m.) koga i
samite tie bra}a izdavaat psaltikiski knigi! Navistina, kakva
visoko blagorodna, vistinska hristijanska postapka!, voodu{e-
veno voskliknuva Manasij pop Todorov vo predgovorot za svojata
kniga Psaltfkfina lit$rgi (izdadena vo Sofija, 1905 god.). Iako
Manasij pop Todorov ne spomenuva ime, nema nikakvo somnenie
deka zad ovaa blagorodna postapka stoi Kalistrat, koj{to vo toj
period e arhimandrit na manastirot Sv. Georgi Zograf i duho-
ven tatko na Svetoto Zografsko semejstvo.
Od sevo ova moè da se zaklu~i deka Manasij pop Todorov
dobro bil zapoznat so muzi~kata dejnosta na Kalistrat Zograf-
ski i na zografskite monasi, a verojatno i so nivniot zbornik od
~etiri delovi Vostocno Qerkovno Phnè, koj se pojavuva istata
1905 godina, koga e izdadena i negovata crkovno-muzi~ka kniga
Psaltfkfina lit$rgi.
119

Za àl, osven ovie pi{ani tragi za li~nosta na Kalistrat
Zografski i kaùvawata preneseni po usten pat, drugi podatoci
za negoviot ìvot ne se so~uvani. Ne ostana zapi{ana nitu godi-
nata na negovoto ra|awe. Vrz osnova na malkute i sosema kratki
bele{ki vo nekoi bugarski muzi~ki knigi od podocne`niot pe-
riod, kako i od sodrìnite na negovite psaltikiski izdanija,
moè da se zaklu~i deka Kalistrat Zografski vo manastirot Sv.
Georgi Zograf na Sveta Gora razvil {iroka i plodna teoret-
ska, kompozitorska, preveduva~ka i izdava~ka dejnost. Kako re-
zultat na ovaa dolgogodi{na tvore~ka rabota, zaedno so zograf-
skite monasi, vo 1905 godina go izdavaat zbornikot od ~etiri
knigi Vostocno Qerkovno Phnè, koj{to mu obezbedil golem ugled
vo crkovno-muzi~kite krugovi. Vo ovoj kontekst se spomenuva
poznatiot bugarski teoreti~ar Petar Sarafov (1850-1915), koj,
neposredno pred pe~ateweto na svojata kniga Rkovodstvo za
prakti~eskoto i teoreti~eskoto izu~vane na isto~noto cr-
kovno phnie (izd. 1912, vo Sofija), za da si razre{i nekoi teo-
retski dilemi, specijalno oti{ol na Sveta Gora vo zografski-
ot manastir na konsultacii so ugledniot Jeroshimonah Kalis-
trat Zografski.
1

Bugarskiot teoreti~ar Mir~o M. Bogoev vo svojot U~eb-
nik po izto~no peene (izdaden vo Plovdiv, 1940 g.), za knigata na
Petar Sarafov, govori deka ovoj prira~nik e najiscrpnoto po-
jasnuvawe na teorijata za isto~noto crkovno peewe od site do-
toga{ izdadeni.
2
Za makedonskata muzika ova e va`no, dotolku
pove}e, {to eden golem teoreti~ar, kakov {to nesomneno bil
Petar Sarafov, visoko gi po~ituval li~nosta na Kalistrat i
negovite poznavawa na isto~noto crkovno peewe. Vo svojot teo-
retski trud Mir~o M. Bogoev, go spomnuva i zbornikot Vostocno
Qerkovno Phnè, naglasuvaj}i deka toj e podgotven od monasite na
manastirot Sv. Georgi Zograf na ~elo so golemiot Jeromonah
Kalistrat.

1
2
Bogoev, Mir~o, U~ebnik op. cit. p. 105.
120

I poznatiot bugarski muzikolog-vizantolog i kompozitor
od makedonsko poteklo Petar Dinev (1889-1980), vo svojot teo-
retski trud Rkovodstvo po svremenna vizantiska nevmena
notaci (izdaden vo Sofija, 1964 godina), kako osnovna stru~na
literatura za svojata kniga, me|u drugite, go koristi i zborni-
kot Vostocno Qerkovno Phnè vo ~etiri delovi od zografskite pe-
a~i pod rakovodstvo na Arhimandrit Kalistrat.
1

Najnovata pi{ana traga za Kalistrat Zografski ja pronaj-
dov vo knigata na sovremeniot romanski muzikolog-vizantolog
Sebastian Barbu Bukur (1930) Romanskite muzi~ki rakopisi od
Sveta Gora (Manuscrisele muzicale romnesti de la Muntele Atos). Vo
opisot na rakopisot od bibliotekata na manastirot Prodromu
br. 133/138, prepis od 1911 godina, na strana 560 stoi: Aksioni
(dostojno est, z.m.) od Nektarij prevedeni na bugarski (crkovno-
slovenski z.m.) od jero|akon Kalistrat, glas I i IV legetos.
2
Vo
ovoj obemen rakopis od 648 stranici se nao|aat u{te nekolku
tvorbi od Nektarij prevedeni na crkovno-slovenski jazik, zad
koi se pretpostavuva deka stoi Kalistrat Zografski. Zasega
edinstvena potvrda deka ovie prevodi gi napravil Kalistrat e
faktot {to tvorbata Dostojno est, glas I podocna ja stavil vo
svojot zbornik Vostocno Qerkovno Phnè.
3

Zbornikot Isto~no crkovno peewe

Vo ponovo vreme izleze na videlina deka zbornikot na Ka-
listrat Zografski Vostocno Qerkovno Phnè se ima dve verzii:
prvata vo tri knigi so naslovi 1. Voskresnik, 2. Ve~erwa i utre-
wa i 3. Liturgija, izdadeni vo 1905 godina vo Solun od kniàr-
nicata na K. G. Samarxiev, i vtorata vo ~etiri knigi so naslovi
1. Voskresnik, 2. Aniksandari, 3. Ve~erwa i utrewa i 4. Litur-

1
Dinev, Petr, Rkovodstvo po svremenna vizantiska nevmena notaci,
Sofi, 1964.
2
Barbu-Bucur, Sebastian, Manuskrisele muzicale romnesti de la Muntele Atos,
Editura Muzicala,Bucuresti, 2000. p. 250.
3
Vostocno Qerkovno Phnè, Solun, 1905.
121

gija, izdadeni od manastirot Sv. Georgi Zograf vo Sveta Gora,
istata 1905 godina. Dvete izdanija imaat identi~ni grafi~ki
re{enija na koricite, na koi{to razli~ni se samo imiwata na
izdava~ite. Na dvete korici pi{uva deka knigite se uredeni od
zografskite crkovni pea~i, dodeka imeto na Kalistrat voop{to
ne e istaknato. No, i pokraj toa, sekoga{ koga stanuva zbor za
ovoj monumentalen muzi~ki zbornik, site muzikolozi-vizanto-
lozi ja naglasuvaat prvostepenata uloga i zasluga na Kalistrat
Zografski za negovoto sozdavawe. Moè da se pretpostavi deka
Kalistrat Zografski, od skromnost i od po~it sprema svoite
bra}a monasi, ne sakaj}i da se izdvojuva, zastanal zaedno so niv
zad ovie psaltikii.
Muzi~kite sodrìni na ovaa crkovno-muzi~ka antologija
pretstavuvaat {iroka osnova vrz koja{to moè sestrano da se
sogledaat li~nosta i celokupnata muzi~ka dejnost na Kalistrat
Zografski. O~igleden e negoviot obemen anga`man vo realizi-
raweto na ova monumentalno crkovno-muzi~ko delo: kako teore-
ti~ar, redaktor na celoto izdanie i kako preveduva~ na golem
broj napevi od gr~ki, a vo pomala mera i od romanski na sloven-
ski jazik. Od sevo ova moè da se zaklu~i, deka stanuva zbor za
mnogustrana, duhovno bogata li~nost so izvonredno {iroka op-
{ta i muzi~ka kultura i so neiscrpna tvore~ka energija, i pokraj
toa {to ova go raboti vo ve}e poodminati godini.
Za makedonskata muzi~ka kultura posebno zna~ewe ima
~etvrtiot del na zbornikot Vostocno Qerkovno Phnè so naslov
Liturgija, zaradi zastapenite tvorbi na avtorite od Makedoni-
ja: Dimitar Zlatanov - Gradoborski, Joan Harmosin - Ohridski
(1829-1890) i Kalistrat Zografski. Koga stanuva zbor za tvorbi-
te na Kalistrat, sudej}i spored nivnata ~esta zastapenost vo
razni prepisi na psaltikiski zbornici, od koi nekoi se nasta-
nati i pred izdavaweto na ovoj zbornik, moè da se zaklu~i deka
za niv postoelo naglaseno interesirawe me|u crkovnite peja~i
na celata teritorija na Makedonija, pa i po{iroko.
122

Liturgijata na Kalistrat Zografski i na zografskite
monasi dolgo be{e spomenuvana od slovenskite muzikolozi-
vizantolozi zaradi faktot {to vo nea e zastapena tvorbata na
Dimitar Zlatanov Gradoborski Dostojno est na osmi glas,
koja dolgo vreme se smeta{e za edinstvena so~uvana tvorba od
ovoj golem muzi~ki deec od periodot na Nacionalnata prerodba.
Vrz osnova na ovaa kompozicija, nad koja{to e staveno imeto na
nejziniot avtor - Dimitrà Vulgaraki Gradoborskagw, moè da se
zaklu~i, deka Kalistrat dobro znael koj e Gradoborski. Moè da
se pretpostavi deka toj raspolagal i so zbornikot na Dimitar
Zlatanov na gr~ki jazik Prira~nik za psalt,
1
zabranet od stra-
na na Carigradskata patrijar{ija, od koj{to ja prezel i ja pre-
vel na slovenski jazik spomnatata kompozicija.
Vo istata psaltikija Joan Harmosin Ohridski e zastapen
so pri~esnata Thlo Xr`stovo, na prvi glas, koja{to Kalistrat ja
naredil me|u tvorbite na Georgij Kritski, Petar Lambadarij
Peloponeski i Grigorij Protopsalt - Levitski, trojcata tvor-
ci koi{to vleguvaat vo redot na najgolemite imiwa na isto~-
noto crkovno peewe na site vremiwa.
2
So ova, na nedvosmislen
na~in, Kalistrat Zografski ja izrazuva svojata po~it kon li~-
nosta i muzi~koto delo na svojot golem sonarodnik i sovreme-
nik Joan Harmosin Ohridski. (Zo{to sudbinata ne ni dodelila
u{te nekoj podatok za povrzanosta na dvajcata velikani!?)
Vo ~etvrtiot del na zbornikot Vostocno Qerkovno Phnè, so
naslov Liturgija, me|u drugoto, Kalistrat Zografski ima vklu-
~eno i 24 tvorbi Dostojno est, po tri za sekoj glas pooddelno.
Avtorite na ovie kompozicii im pripa|aat na razli~ni narodi:
grci, romanci, sloveni i dr. Samiot Kalistrat kako avtor e pot-
pi{an samo na dve kompozicii Dostojno est na prvi i ~etvrti
glas i, se razbira, kako preveduva~ na najgolemiot del od zasta-
penite tvorbi vo ovoj zbornik.

1
!/(x). =),)(;. !x/ !~([/. Mx~. U~/x). 1886.
2
(Arximandrit, Kalistrat), Vostocno qrkovno op. cit. p. 246
123

Vo ovoj kontekst, posebno vnimanie zasluùvaat kompozi-
ciite Dostojno est na prvi, {esti, sedmi i osmi glas na roman-
skiot kompozitor Shimonahot Nektarie (1804-1899).
1
Nad ovie
tvorbi stoi zabeleàno, deka od vla{ki gi prevel Kalistrat
Zografski. Ne e slu~ajno toa, {to Nektarie - najugledniot pro-
topsalt i u~itel po isto~no crkovno peewe na Sveta Gora vo
vtorata polovina na XIX-ot vek, e zastapen duri so ~etiri tvor-
bi, a drugite kompozitori so po edna. Ova nedvosmisleno ukaù-
va na povrzanosta na dvajcata muzi~ari.
2
Spored nekoi podato-ci
od romanski izvori, do koi{to dojdov vo posledno vreme,
Kalistrat Zografski bil u~enik na golemiot protopsalt i
kompozitor - Nektarie, kogo psaltite na Sveta Gora go vikale
Protopsalt na site psalti, Vtoriot Kukuzel i sl. Spored
pogore spomenatiot romanski muzilolog-vizantolog Sebastijan
Barbu - Bukur, Nektarie sozdal fascinanten broj crkovni tvor-
bi - pove}e otkolku {to sozdale zaedno site romanski kompo-
zitori vo periodot od XI do XX vek. Vo {kolata na Nektarij
Vlaha (Prodromita), vo koja{to crkovno peewe u~ele psalti od
najrazli~na proveniencija - Romanci, Grci, Rusi, Bugari, Make-
donci i Srbi,
3
Kako u~enik na Nektarij, Kalistrat imal mo`-
nost, pokraj gr~kiot, koj{to go vladeel od porano, da go nau~i i
romanskiot jazik. No, ona {to e najbitno, vo ovaa {kola Kalis-
trat Zografski moèl da go sogleda na~inot na koj{to Roman-
cite si go transformiraa svoeto crkovno peewe od tipi~no
gr~ko vo peewe so nacionalni osobenosti. Ova dragoceno is-
kustvo Kalistrat Zografski }e go iskoristi podocna, koga }e go
podgotvuva zbornikot Vostocno Qerkovno Phnè.

1
(Arximandrit, Kalistrat), Vostocno qrkovno ibidem. p. 115.
2
Vrz osnova na soznanijata do koi{to Stefan Sanxakovski (potomok na Kalistrat
Zografski) do{ol pri poslednata poseta na manastirot Sv. GeorgiZograf,
visokou~eniot duhovnik gi potvrdi moite pretpostavki, deka Kalistrat bil
u~enik na Nektarie. Na po~ituvaniot otec Stefan iskreno mu blagodaram za
ovaa dragocena informacija.
3
Barbu-Bucur, Sebastian, Muzica romneasc de tradiie bizantin n Muntele Atos,
Acta Musicae Bizantinae IV, Centrul de Studii Bizantine Iai, 2002, p. 79-82.
124

Muzi~koto tvore{tvo

Vo zbornikot Liturgija Kalistrat Zografski e zastapen
so dve kompozicii na Dostojno est: po edna na prvi i ~etvrti
glas i dve tvorbi Otca i sina: na peti i sedmi glas. Za odbele-
ùvawe e deka toj ne gi stavil vo zbornikot site svoi kompozi-
cii, tuku nastojuval da vklu~i {to pove}e tvorbi od drugi av-
tori. Vo prilog na ova govori faktot, deka vo Psaltikiskiot
voskresnik na Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev (1876-1950), koj{to e ot-
krien vo 1978 godina, se zastapeni tri negovi kompozicii Otca
i sina: po edna na vtori, peti i sedmi glas, od koi poslednite
dve, po s# izgleda, deka se prezemeni od zbornikot Liturgija na
Kalistrat Zografski i na zografskite monasi.
1

Kompoziciite Dostojno est na prvi i ~etvrti glas, spa-
|aat vo redot na antologiskite ostvaruvawa na makedonskata
crkovna muzika, koi{to nedvosmisleno govorat za muzi~kiot
talent na Kalistrat Zografski. Ona {to se zabeleùva ve}e so
prvoto slu{awe na ovie tvorbi, se {iroko razvienata melodija
i muzikalnite modulacii od eden glas vo drug, koi majstorski gi
koristi za gradewe i definirawe na muzi~kata forma. Ovie
filigranski kompozicii vo duhot na vizantiskata tradicija, na
koi{to nemoè nitu da im se dodade, nitu da im se odzeme ne{to,
istovremeno plenat so svojata ednostavnost i so vozvi{enosta.
Posebno poglavje se negovite tvorbi Otqa i Sna na vto-
ri, petti i sedmi glas. Sudej}i spored edinstvoto na tematski-
ot materijal i negovata motivska razrabotka, vo ovie kompozi-
cii se ~uvstvuva nivnata vnatre{na povrzanost, od {to moè da
se zaklu~i deka se sozdadeni vo ist period. Osven vlijanieto na
negoviot u~itel Nektarij, vo ovie kompozicii na Kalistrat se
~uvstvuva i vlijanieto na evropskata romanti~arska muzika.
[irokata melodija so nevoobi~aeno golemi intervalski skoko-
vi i ~estata upotreba na alterirani tonovi, so koi go naglasuva

1
Bojaxiev, Ivanov, Vasil, Psaltikien Vzkresnik, (manus.)
NUB Sv. Kliment Ohridski Skopje, M. IV 1862.
125

molitveniot karakter na tvorbite, se belezi na novoto vreme
kon koe inklinira nivniot avtor. Osven toa, vo niv svesno se
potenciraat nekoi tonovi, koi dobivaat svojstva na tonalno-
harmonski centri, karakteristi~ni za zapadnata muzika.
Nema somnenie deka Kalistrat Zografski napi{al pogo-
lem broj na crkovni kompozicii, od onoj koj{to e poznat denes-
ka. Vo prilog na ova govorat i nekoi stranski vizantolozi koi-
{to istraùvale vo Svetogorskite manstiri, i vo ~ii{to tru-
dovi se spomenuva i Kalistrat Zografski kako kompozitor koj-
{to e zastapen vo nekolku rakopisni ostavnini. Na{ata muzi~-
ka nauka s#u{te nema soznanija za kakvi tvorbii stanuva zbor,
no, sigurno e deka ovaa traga, koja{to moèbi vodi do nepoznati
kompozicii na Kalistrat, vo sledniot period }e se sledi so po-
golema istraùva~ka nastoj~ivost i qubopitnost.

Teoretskite postavki na Kalistrat

Osven so preveduva~ka i kompozitorska dejnost Kalistrat
Zografski se zanimaval i so teorijata na isto~noto crkovno pee-
we. Negoviot edinstven teoretski trud ima naslov Pravila i
pretstavuva voved vo Voskresnikot - prviot del od zbornikot
Vostocno Qerkovno Phnè. Razbirlivosta i ednostavnosta na jazi-
kot so koj{to Kalistrat govori vo ovaa kratka gramatika ukaù-
vaat na visokiot stepen na obrazovanost i studioznosta , od edna,
i negovoto suverenoto vladeewe so teorijata na hrisantoviot mu-
zi~ki sistem, od druga strana.
Vo svoite istraùvawa Kalistrat Zografski do{ol do in-
teresni sogleduvawa za vizantiskata muzi~ka semiografija i or-
tografija. Za àl, teoriskoto obrazloènie na ovie svoi istra-
ùvawa, po s# izgleda, ne gi objavil, tuku samo prakti~no gi pri-
menil vo zbornikot Vostocno Qerkovno Phnè. Vo edna od tvorbi-
te Dostojno est na peti glas vo Liturgijata vo nekolku navrati
se upotrebeni posledovatelni gorgoni, {to e mnogu nevoobi~aeno
vo teorijata na isto~noto crkovno peewe. Vo sledniot fragment
126

od ovaa kompozicija se sre}avaat dva takvi primeri: 1. tonovite
koi{to sleduvaat po elafronot (vrz slogot ga) apostrofot
so punktiran gorgon i dvete kentimi so gorgon i 2. tonovite
pretstaveni so ison i dve kentimi so gorgon grupirani so oligon
(vrz slogot e) i iporoi so gorgon.

(fragment 1)
i ma - - - - tery______Bo - - ga_____________na-
- - e - - - - - gw.

Vo prviot primer ne e jasna nitu logi~na upotrebata na dva-
ta posledovatelni gorgoni. Po s# izgleda, stanuva zbor za pe~atna
gre{ka: dvete kentimi so gorgon pod oligonot (v), bi trebalo
da se stavat nad oligononot( ). No, toa ne moè da se kaè i za
vtoriot primer, vo koj{to idejata na Kalistrat e: grupata od tri
tonovi (dvete kentimi so gorgon i iporoi so gorgon) da se ispee
kako vtor del od taktot. Ovoj primer najpribli`no moè da se
zapi{e so trigorgon punktiran na prvoto koleno:

(fragment 1a)
na - - - e - - - - - - gw.

O~igledno e deka Kalistrat so ova go otvara pra{aweto za
racionalizacija na hrisantoviot ortografski sistem: so razli~-
no kombinirawe na eden ist znak (vo slu~ajov toa e gorgonot) da
se dobijat i drugi vrednosti i da se izbegne upotrebata na novi
znaci. Ovaa ritmi~ka figura od dva poledovatelni gorgoni, koja-
{to Kalistrat Zografski ja koristi vo svoite muzi~ki zbornici,
od teoreti~arite na isto~noto crkovno peewe ne e obrazloèna i
ne e upotrebuvana po{iroko.
127

Vo 1997 godina, rabotej}i na zbornikot Pashalija od Joan
Harmosin - Ohridski, na edno mesto vo pri~esnata na prvi glas
(Thlo Xr`stovo) naidov na sledniot fragment, vo koj{to dva pos-
ledovatelni tonovi (apostof i dve kentimi) imaat gorgon:

(fragment 2)
bez - sme - - - - - - - - - - - -

Smetaj}i deka stanuva zbor za pe~atna gre{ka, vo novoto
izdanie na knigata Pashalija (izdadena vo 1999 godina), gorgonot
od apostrofot go premestiv vrz znakot oligon so antikenoma
(koj{to se nao|a neposredno pred nego):
1

Podocna, koga rabotev vrz zbornikot Liturgija, zabeleàv
deka Kalistrat, prezemaj}i ja od Pashalija ovaa ista kompozicija
na Joan Harmosin - Ohridski, ne samo {to ne ja ispravil pe~at-
nata gre{ka so posledovatelnite gorgoni, tuku vo istava tvorba
na Joan Harmosin, gi upotrebil u{te edna{. Toga{ svativ, deka
dvata posledovatelni gorgoni se upotrebeni so cel da se dobie
druga ritmi~ka figura, koja{to moè da se zapi{e i so diargon
punktiran na prvoto koleno:

(fragment 2a)
bez - sme - - - - - - - - - - - -

Na slednite dva primeri e prikaàn e u{te eden fragment
od pri~esnata na Joan Harmosin, onaka kako {to e predaden vo
zbornikot Pashalija
2
(fragmentot 3) i so intervencijata na Ka-
listrat Zografski vo zbornikot Liturgija (fragmentot 3a):
3

1
Koxaba{ija, Jane, Joan Harmosin-Ohridski: Pashalija, Unija za kultura na
Vlasite od Makedonija, Skopje, 1999. p. 108.
2
Fwann Xarm: Ohridskyfi, Pasxali, Qarigrad, 1869. p. 71.
3
Arximandrit, Kalistrat), Vostocno qrkovno phnie, Liturgi op. cit. p. 248.
128

(fragmentot 3)
'
vk$ - - si - - - - - - - - - - - -

(fragmentot 3a)
'
vk$ - - si - - - - - - - - - - - -

Na prviot primer (fragmentot 3) tonskata niza koja{to po~-
nuva so apostrof so tripli ( u ) i zavr{uva so iporoi so gorgon
i so to~ka( ), e sostavena od tonovi koi{to traat po polovina
udar (takt), vo vtoriot primer (fragmentot 3a), vo koj{to interve-
niral Kalistrat, toj ednoli~en ritam na tonskata niza e razbien
so postavuvawe na gorgon nad elafronot. Kako {to se gleda i na
muzi~kiot primer, so ovoj elafron gorgoniranod Kalistrat do-
biena e niza od tri posledovatelni gorgoni. Idejata na Kalistrat
e: elafronot so gorgon i dvata tona so gorgon {to se nao|aat ne-
posredno pred i po nego da se ispeat za vreme na vtorata polovina
od taktot (dodeka rakata se kreva nagore), kako mala triola.
Vnimanie zasluùva u{te edna ritmi~ka finesa koja{to
Kalistrat ja upotrebil vo svojata tvorba Otqa i Sna na sedmi
glas od zbornikot Liturgija. Ovojpat, eden po drug se postaveni
dva razli~ni temporalni znaci - digorgon i gorgon:
1

(fragmentot 4)
A - - - miny.____________________

Vo ovoj fragment gorgonot koj{to se nao|a nad oligonot so
antikenoma, ima vlijanie vrz znakot iporoi so digorgon, koj{to
se nao|a neposredno pred nego, odnosno vrz vtorata negova nota,
odzemaj}i & polovina od vreme traeweto. Vsu{nost, gorgonira-

1
Arximandrit, Kalistrat), Vostocno qrkovno ibidem. p. 100.
129

niot oligon so antikenoma se izveduva po principot na gorgon,
vo vremeto odzemeno od vtorata nota na iporoi so digorgon. Naj-
pribli`no ova moè da se zapi{e na sledniot na~in:

(fragmentot 4a)
A - - - miny.__________________

Ovie ritmi~ki vrednosti dobieni so dva i tri posledova-
telni gorgoni, ili so digorgon po koj{to sleduva gorgon, vo
isto~nata crkovna muzika teoretski dosega ne se obrazloèni.
Kalistrat e eden od prvite koi{to gi upotrebuva vo pogolema
mera, so {to dava nesomnen pridones vo razvojot na teorijata na
hrisantoviot muzi~ki sistem.

130

IV.

Joan Harmosin-Ohridski (1829-1890)

Periodot vo koj{to Joan Harmosin-Ohridski go podgotvu-
va i pe~ati svojot crkovno-muzi~ki zbornik Pashalija, izobilu-
va so izvonredno zna~ajni istoriski nastani i pojavi vo Makedo-
nija so koi Nacionalnata prerodba dostigna izrazito dramati-
~en stadium. Navesten so Zbornikot od narodni pesni od bra}a-
ta Dimitar i Konstantin Miladinovci, objaven vo 1861 godina
vo Zagreb i so nivnata tragi~na smrt vo slednata 1862 godina vo
carigradskite zandani, kako i so pojavata na prvite u~ebnici na
naroden makedonski jazik, ova e period na zasileno dvièwe
protiv duhovnoto i ekonomskoto ropstvo, vo koj toa dobiva ka-
rakter na organizirana borba protiv vlasta na Carigradskata
patrijar{ija.
1
Vo prvo vreme naso~ena protiv upotrebata na
gr~kiot jazik vo crkvite i vo u~ili{tata, ovaa borba podocna se
pro{iruva i protiv obidite za nametnuvawe na bugarskiot jazik
vo Makedonija. I samata pojava na zbornikot Pashalija na Joan
Harmosin-Ohridski, prv od takov vid na slovenski jazik od eden
makedonski avtor, vsu{nost, pretstavuva inkarnacija na vekov-
nite stremeì za ostvaruvawe na narodnite ideali za samostoen
kulturen razvitok na makedonskiot narod.

Joan Harmosin - Ohridski, ~ie{to svetovno ime e Ivan
(Jovan) Genadiev, e roden vo Ohrid, vo 1829 godina, vo sve{te-
ni~ko semejstvo. Osnovno obrazovanie na gr~ki jazik dobil vo
rodniot grad (mo`no e kaj svojot tatko Georgi, koj vo toa vreme
rabotel kako u~itel), a sredno vo Bitola i vo Carigrad. Kako i

1
Skopje, 1967. r. 158.
131

redica drugi poima{livi Makedonci od toa vreme, koi imale
solidni predznaewa i poznavawe na gr~kiot jazik, i Ivan Gena-
diev svoeto ponatamo{no obrzovanie go prodolìl na Filozof-
skiot fakultet vo Atina. Od toj period poteknuvaat i negovite
prvi literaturni obidi. Pi{uval poezija, kako i drugi knièv-
ni vidovi na gr~ki jazik, so koi{to go svrtel vnimanieto kako
talentiran poet. Poznato e deka zaedno so svojot prijatel, oven-
~aniot poet Grigor Prli~ev, ja izdavaat zbirkata od gatanki vo
stihovi Sfinks. Vo prilog na negovata nadarenost za literatu-
ra, treba da se navede deka vo 1859 godina Ivan Genadiev objavil
komedija vo stihovi. Osven ova, kako jasno navestuvawe na nego-
vata podocne`na opredelba za crkoven peja~, vnimanie zasluù-
va i podatokot, deka me|u kolegite na fakultetot, mladiot Ivan
Genadiev bil zabeleàn i kako muzikalen peja~ so neobi~no pri-
jaten glas.
Po zavr{uvaweto na studiite Ivan Genadiev, raboti kako
crkoven slu`benik. Postoi podatok deka, koga tatko mu bil ra-
kopoloèn za Debarski mitropolit so sve{teno ime Genadij
(1864-1867), Ivan stanuva negov sekretar. Za da moè da kores-
pondira so sve{tenicite vo Debarskata eparhija i da se vklu~i
aktivno vo crkovnata bogoslu`ba, Ivan Genadiev prestojuval vo
manastirot Pre~ista kaj Ki~evo, kade {to odli~no go sovladal
crkovno-slovenskiot jazik. Istovremeno, ovde na u~enicite im
predaval isto~no crkovno peewe. Vo vrska so ova se naveduva, de-
ka Ivan Genadiev za potrebite na u~enicite pi{uval i pesni na
naroden makedonski govor.
1

Sogleduvaj}i gi odblizu sostojbite vo crkovnoto peewe na
teritorijata na Makedonija, kako i prakti~nite potrebi od
crkovno-muzi~ka literatura na slovenski jazik, Ivan Gendiev
ve}e vo ovoj period zapo~nal intenzivno da preveduva muzi~ki
tvorbi od gr~ki na crkovno-slovenski jazik. Verojatno, ovaa
rabota go inspirirala da komponira i crkovno-muzi~ki tvorbi,

1
Stoilov, Anton, P. B lgarski kniòvnici ot Makedoni , 1704-1878,
s 11 portreta, Sofi , 1922. p. 64.
132

koi{to podocna }e gi stavi vo svoite zbornici. Paralelno so
ovaa dejnost, a za istata cel, se zafatil i so sobirawe na napevi
za~uvani preku usno predanie, za koi{to imal soznanija deka
vle~at koreni od postarata crkovno-muzi~ka tradicija vo Ma-
kedonija. Rezultat na ovaa tvore~ka rabota na Ivan Genadiev se
dvata zbornika od crkovni napevi - Veliki voskresnik, koj, za
àl, e izguben, i Pashalija, pe~atena vo 1869 godina vo Cari-
grad. Na ovaa kniga nejziniot sostavuva~ za prvpat se potpi{al
kako Joan Harmosin-Ohridski. Osven crkovni kompozicii, ima
komponirano i nekolku mar{ovi i popularni pesni.
1

Zaradi nivnite aktivnosti na planot na nacionalnoto
osoznavawe na Makedoncite od Debarsko, vladikata Genadij i
negoviot sin Joan Harmosin do{le vo sudir so Carigradskata
patrijar{ija. Redovno izvestuvana od Bitolskiot mitropolit
Venedikt za nivnoto aktivno u~estvo vo borbata za voveduvawe
slovenski jazik vo crkovnata bogoslu`ba, Patrijar{ijata & go
pretstavila Joana na policijata kako nemirna li~nost, koj-
{to, zaedno so tatko mu, treba da bide isteran od Debar. Kako
posledica na ova, po direkten nalog od vselenskiot patrijarh, vo
1867 godina vladikata Genadij ja gubi polo`bata na debarski mi-
tropolit. Zaradi serioznosta na situacijata Joan Harmosin
otpatuval vo Carigrad na objasnuvawe so Patrijar{ijata. No,
namesto toa, toj tamu mu se pridruìl na dvièweto protiv gr~-
koto vlijanie vo crkvata. Vo ovoj period Joan Harmosin inten-
zivno raboti vrz svoite dve knigi, od koi, kako {to e ve}e kaà-
no, vo 1869 g. uspeal da go pe~ati samo zbornikot Pashalija.
Koga stanuva zbor za negovata profesionalna opredelba za
crkovnite raboti, treba da se kaè i toa deka Ivan Genadiev vo
carigradskite vesnici napi{al nekolku statii so crkovno-
religiozna problematika. Verojatno, so ovie tekstovi go priv-
lekol vnimanieto na Derkonskiot mitropolit Gerasim, koj{to
go zel za svoj sekretar vo Carigrad. Za koj period od ìvotot na
Ivan Genadiev stanuva zbor, s#u{te ostanuva nepoznato.

1
Leksikon jugoslovenske muzike, Zagreb, 1984, p. 260
133

Vo 1870 god., po fermanot na sultanot so koj im se dava cr-
kovna nezavisnost na podanicite koi{to ne ja prifa}aat vlasta
na Carigradskata patrijar{ija, vladikata Genadij ja dobil
Vele{kata eparhija, kako nejzin privremen mitropolit, a Joan
Harmosin i ovojpat ostanal so svojot tatko, kako negov sekretar.
Vo 1872 god., od starost ili od nekoja druga pri~ina, Genadij se
povlekuva od slu`bata i od Veles se preseluva vo Bitola. Joan
Harmosin, najverojatno, ostanal na mestoto sekretar na mitro-
polijata vo Veles, s# do postavuvaweto na nov mitropolit vo
proletta 1873 godina.
1
Po s# izgleda, ve}e vo ovoj period Joan
Harmosin razmisluval da zamine vo nekoj drug mitropolitski
centar vo Egzarhijata. Kako {to }e pokaè tekot na nastanite,
toj }e se odlu~i za Plovdiv glavniot grad na Trakija.

Deneska moème samo da pretpostavuvame, {to go nateralo
Harmosina da se preseli vo Plovdiv: so preseluvaweto vo ovoj
grad Joan Harmosin-Ohridski, kako avtor i izdava~ na crkovno-
muzi~ki knigi bi bil poblizu do Carigrad, vo koj{to ve}e go
pe~atel svojot zbornik Pashalija. Od druga strana, Plovdiv,
kako najgolem grad vo evropskiot del na toga{nata Otomanska
Imperija, bil razvien kulturen i duhoven centar, vo koj Joan
Harmosin veruval deka mnogu polesno }e najde spomagateli za
pe~atewe na svoite novi izdanija.

Spored bugarskiot istraùva~ Stefan Hrkov, za ovaa
opredelba na Joan Harmosin va`na uloga odigral i toga{niot
mitropolit vo Plovdiv, Panaret. Roden vo s. Patele, Lerinsko,
vo 1805 g., Panaret Plovdivski bil vrsnik, a verojatno i prija-
tel na vladikata Genadij (tatkoto na Joan Harmosin). Kako eg-
zarhiski mitropolit Panaret zapo~nuva da raboti vo oktomvri
1872 godina. Ne e isklu~eno Panaret da bil i u~itel na Joan
Harmosin vo Bitola vo 40-te godini na XIX vek.
2

1
Markova, Zina, B lgarskata ekzarhi 1870-1879, - Sofi , 1989, p. 126.
2
Hrkov, Stefan, Muzi~ko-preveduva~kata dejnost na Joan Harmosin-
Ohridski, (Stru{ka muzi~ka esen-95)Novootkrieni dokumenti za
Joan Harmosin- Ohridski, (Stru{ka muzi~ka esen 2001).
134

Vo 1873 godina Joan Harmosin zaminuva za Carigrad, kade
{to ostanal nepolna godina. (Za ovoj negov prestoj vo golemata
hristijanska prestolnina dosega ne se znae{e i se smeta{e deka
od Veles direktno se preselil vo Plovdiv). Vo tekot na esenta
1874 godina od Carigrad se preselil vo Plovdiv, kade {to rabo-
ti kako u~itel po istorija, veronauka i crkovno peewe. Isto-
vremeno, toj tuka ja vr{el i dol`nosta protopsalt na plovdiv-
skata mitropolitska crkva Sveta Bogorodica.
Po zavr{uvaweto na rusko-turskata vojna (1877-1878) Joan
Harmosin-Ohridski e nazna~en za sekretar na Plovdivskata
mitropolija, dol`nost koja{to }e ja izvr{uva s# do krajot na
svojot ìvot.
Umira na 13 mart, 1890 godina vo Plovdiv.

Zbornikot Pashalija

Crkovno-muzi~kiot zbornik Pashalija na Joan Harmosin
- Ohridski pretstavuva tematski sistematizirana psaltikija od
tvorbi i tradicionalni crkovni napevi nameneti za bogoslu`ba
vo Svetlata sedmica na najgolemiot hristijanski praznik -
Voskresenieto Hristovo, kako i za drugi praznici vo tekot na
godinata. Ovaa svoevidna crkovno-muzi~ka antologija sodrì
cela niza tvorbi od najpoznatite avtori od XVII i preminot vo
XVIII, pa s# do prvata polovina na XIX vek. Pred sekoja tvorba
Joan Harmosin-Ohridski gi naveduva imiwata, ili samo inici-
jalite na avtorite zastapeni vo zbornikot: Petar Bereket, Hri-
sav Novago, Jakov Protopsalt, Petar Lambadarij, Georgij Krit-
ski, Teodor Fokejski, Panajot Hala~oglu, Hurmuzij Hartofi-
laks i Grigorij Protopsalt.
Za makedonskata muzika ovaa psaltikija e zna~ajna i zaradi
faktot, {to taa pretstavuva prva pe~atena kniga od takov vid na
crkovno-slovenski jazik, koja{to sodrì i kompozicii od make-
donski avtor - li~nite tvorbi na nejziniot sostavuva~ i izda-
va~, Joan Harmosin. Ne e pomalku zna~ajno i toa {to tvorbite od
spomenatite vizantiski avtori i drugite napevi zastapeni vo
135

Pashalija se prepeani od gr~ki (a moèbi i od romanski), na
crkovno-slovenski jazik od samiot Joan Harmosin-Ohridski. Os-
ven ova, moè da se pretpostavi deka toj izvr{il i odredeni
korekcii na tradicionalnite napevi od zbornikot, vo smisla na
nivno stilsko nivelirawe.
Se razbira, nekoi od ovie tvorbi Joan Harmosin-Ohridski
moèl da prevzeme od slovenskite rakopisi i pe~ateni knigi,
koi vo toj period cirkulirale na teritorijata na Makedonija.
Od dosega{noto sporeduvawe na sodrìnite od zbornikot Pas-
halija so onie od knigite na crkovno-slovenski jazik pe~ateni
pred nejzinoto izdavawe (zna~i, porano od 1869 godina), dosega
konstatirav, deka od psaltikijata Cvetosobranie od Nikola
Trendafilov-Slivnenec, izdadena vo Bukure{t, vo 1847 godina
(prva crkovno-muzi~ka kniga na slovenski jazik vo pravoslav-
niot svet), Joan Harmosin-Ohridski vo svojot zbornik go prezel
prepevot na edna Pri~esna (Telo Hristovo) od Grigorij Pro-
topsalt.
1
Sporedbata pokaùva deka vo ovoj prepev vklu~en vo
Pashalija, Joan Harmosin izvr{il nezna~itelni izmeni. Ne e
isklu~eno, vo svojata kniga Joan Harmosin da vklu~il u{te ne-
koj prepev i od drugite slovenski izdanija od toj period.
Nekoi od tvorbite so koi{to Joan Harmosin e zastapen vo
Pashalija kako avtor, po s# izgleda, gi napi{al otkako go utvr-
dil izborot na tvorbite od drugite avtori, koi{to }e vlezat vo
knigata. Do ovoj zaklu~ok dojdov sporeduvaj}i gi negovite tvor-
bi so onie na drugite zastapeni avtori, so koi{to imaat vidlivi
tematsko-stilski korelacii, a ponekoga{ se voo~uvaat i nekoi
pozajmeni delovi od niv. Vo vrska so ova treba da se istakne, de-
ka vo vizantiskata crkovno-muzi~ka literatura, nekoi napevi od
razli~ni avtori, so ista ili srodna sodrìna, za ista ili sli~-
na liturgiska namena, se sli~ni ili identi~ni vo po~etokot, no
vo prodolènieto se razvivaat samostojno, vo zavisnost od ide-
jata i talentot na nivniot avtor. Vsu{nost, stanuva zbor za gle-
di{te koe drì do tradicijata na pravoslavnata crkva, spored

1
Trendafilov, Nikola, Cvetosobranie, Bukure , 1847. p. 141.
136

koja, i melodijata, i tekstot na crkovnite penija imaat boès-
tveno poteklo, koi na ovoj na~in (so prezemaweto od drug avtor -
prethodnik) se za~uvuvaat vo prvobitnata forma i sodrìna.
1

Vakvi postapki, kako {to rekov pogore, sretnuvame i vo kompo-
ziciite na Joan Harmosin-Ohridski, pokonkretno, vo negovata
Pri~esna na I glas, ~ija{to po~etna muzi~ka fraza e zemena od
samiot po~etok na Heruvika na prvi glas od Teodor Fokejski. Vo
ovoj slu~aj, moèbi stanuva zbor i za pozajmuvawe na muzi~ki
motiv od strana na Joan Harmosin, so cel da postigne pogolemo
edinstvo na svojot psaltikiski zbornik kako muzi~ko-tematska
celina.
Vo zbornikot Pashalija, samiot sostavuvuva~ i izdava~
Joan Harmosin -Ohridski e zastapen so slednive crkovno-muzi~-
ki tvorbi:

1. Elici vo Hrista, na prvi glas,
2. Otca i sina na petti glas,
3. Telo Hristovo, na prvi glas,
4. Telo Hristovo (drugo), na prvi glas,
5. Bogorodi~en tropar, na petti glas,
6. Katavasii Bogorodi~ni, na ~etvrti glas i
7. Dostojno est na petti glas.

Pove}eto od ovie tvorbi na Joan Harmosin-Ohridski se
komponirani so tradicionalni muzi~ki sred-stva i se vklopuva-
at vo tematskata celina na zbornikot Pashalija. Isklu~ok pret-
stavuva tvorbata Dostojno est na peti glas, koja{to spored ka-
rakterot na tematskiot materijal i na~inot na negovata razra-
botka, se izdvojuva od drugite. Stavena na samiot kraj na knigata,
tvorbata Dostojno est na petti glas se doìvuva kako nekoe
navestuvawe, kako nova pojdovna to~ka na avtorot i na negovite
viduvawa na makedonskata crkovna muzika.
[to se odnesuva do prepevite na avtorskite tvorbi i na
tradicionalnite napevi od gr~ki na crkovno-slovenski jazik,

1
Jonescu, Gheorghe C., Studii de muzicologie i bizantinologie, Bucureti, 1997. p. 69.
137

kako i do nivnoto adaptirawe vo zbornikot Pashalija, toa e na-
praveno na na~in koj{to mu prilega na sestrano obrazovan mu-
zi~ar so {iroka kultura, kakov {to nesomneno bil Joan Harmo-
sin. Vo prilog na ova govori i faktot deka poznatiot bugarski
muzikolog i kompozitor od makedonsko poteklo Petar Dinev vo
predgovorot na svojot Prira~nik za sovremena vizantiska nev-
matska notacija, me|u trojcata prvopevci i muzikou~iteli
koi{to vo XIX vek se zanimavale so ovaa dejnost go vbrojuva i
makedonskiot prerodbenik Joan Harmosin-Ohridski.
1
Od druga
strana, sudej}i spored toa {to Joan Harmosin vo svojata kniga
Pashalija nikade ne se potpi{al kako prepejuva~, nitu, pak, so
ne{to navestuva deka izvr{il prepev i adaptacija na tvorbite,
moè da se zaklu~i deka za nego prepevuvaweto pretstavuva po-
ve}e tehni~ki, otkolku avtorski ~in. Sudej}i spored tematsko-
stilskata izedna~enost na tradicionalnite napevi koi{to se
zastapeni vo zbornikot, ne e isklu~eno tie da se obraboteni od
samiot Joan Harmosin-Ohridski. Toj vo predgovorot na zborni-
kot Pashalija ni dava na znaewe, deka site tvorbi gi proveruval,
peej}i gi vo brojni makedonski crkvi i po{iroko.
2

Zbornikot Pashalija ne e mehani~ki napraven izbor od
crkovni napevi i tvorbi, tuku vnimatelno sozdadena celina so
jasna koncepcija. Ovaa psaltikija koja{to vo svojot naslov isto-
vremeno sodrì i kanon i metafora, so prekrasnite melopoet-
ski sodrìni posveteni na Vokresenieto Hristovo, se doìvu-
va kako avtenti~no delo od najubavite tradicii na slovensko-
vizantiskata crkovna umetnost.
Pi{uvaj}i go svojot zbornik Pashalija na slovenski jazik
i spored na hrisantovata muzi~ka teorija, Joan Harmosin-
Ohridski i oficijalno go vovede makedonskoto crkovno peewe
vo najnovata faza od razvojot na vizantiskata crkovno-muzi~ka
umetnost, vo t.n. nov sistem. Istovremeno, pod vlijanie na no-
viot romanti~arski koncept na umetni~koto sozdavawe, vo svo-

1
Dinev, Pet r, R kovodstvo po s vremenna vizanti ska nevmena notaci ,
Sofi , 1964. p. 5.
2
Harmosin-Ohridsk i oann , Pashali , Carigrad , 1869. p. 4.

138

ite tvorbi Joan Harmosin me|u prvite kompozitori vnesuva mo-
tivi od folklornata pesnopojna tradicija. No, zbornikkot Pas-
halija na Joan Harmosin e delo so po{iroko zna~ewe za make-
donskata kulturna istorija. Pojavuvaj}i se vo najzna~ajniot pe-
riod od na makedonskata Prerodba, Pashalija prerasna vo zname
na borbata za vozobnovuvawe na Ohridskata arhiepiskopija i
prodolùvawe na Sveti-Klimentovoto predanie.

Dostojno est

Od muzikolo{ki i kulturolo{ki aspekt dragocen e pred-
govorot na zbornikot Pashalija, vo koj{to na mo{ne ìv i ne-
posreden na~in Joan Harmosin-Ohridski ni dava mno{tvo inte-
resni podatoci za svoite tvore~ki i izdava~ki planovi i èlbi,
kako i odredeni informacii od koi, pokraj drugoto, moè da se
naseti i toga{nata konfiguracija na socijalen i politi~ki
plan vo Makedonija. Isto taka, predgovorot sodrì i interesni
muzi~ki iskaùvawa, koi{to se odnesuvaat na nekoi istoriski
li~nosti, na negovi sovremenici, kako i na nekoi konkretni na-
pevi od zbornikot.
Na edno mesto od Predgovorot na Pashalija avtorot zbo-
ruva za tvorbata Dostojno est na peti glas, vo koja{to, ovde-
onde, se slu{aat mesnite napevi od Gorna Makedonija, milata
na{a tatkovina.
1
Pove}e otkolku vo site drugi kompozicii na
Joan Harmosin-Ohridski, vo Dostojno est na peti glas se ~uv-
stvuva prisniot dopir na avtorot so Nacionalnata prerodba i
nejziniot naglasen streme` za otkrivawe i afirmirawe na sop-
stvenite kulturni tradicii. Vo ovaa tvorba, ~ija{to melodija
treperi kako nostalgi~no-rodoqubivite stihovi na Konstantin
Miladinov - prviot poet na Prerodbata, se nasetuva zdivot na
nacionalniot romantizam.
No, osnovnata vrednost na Dostojno est na peti glas kako
crkovno-muzi~ka tvorba, sepak, leì vo nejziniot sakralen ka-

1
Harmosin-Ohridsk i oann , Pashali , ibidem, p. 5.
139

rakter, {to e, bez somnenie, rezultat od tragaweto po avten-
ti~noto makedonsko crkovno peewe, po primarnata ìca na slo-
venskiot hristijanski napev, najbliska do vizantiskite origi-
nalni crkovni melodii. Vo kompozicijata Dostojno est na
peti glas avtorot uspeal da iznajde va`ni punktovi na spe-
cifi~nata slovenska nota na kultnata muzika od ova podnebje,
kako svedo{tvo za originalniot duh na sopstvenata sredina, no,
vo isto vreme i kako silen pe~at na zaedni~kata tvore~ka misla
na balkanskiot ~ovek.
1

Deka kompozicijata Dostojno est na peti glas bila
omilena i ~esto izveduvana, govori faktot {to taa se sretnuva
vo brojni prepisi i pe~ateni knigi od podocne`niot period.
Dosega ja evidentirav vo ~etiri rakopisi nastanati na terito-
rijata na Makedonija kon krajot na XIX i vo prvata decenija na
XX vek
2
i vo eden, nastanat vo Romanija.
3
Najstariot prepis na
ovaa tvorba e, napraven od Andon [ahpaski vo 1882 godina, tri-
naeset godini po nejzinoto objavuvawe vo zbornikot Pashalija.
Osven vo ovie muzi~ki rakopisi, harmosinovata Dostojno est
na petti glas se nao|a i vo Psaltikiskata liturgija od Mana-
sij pop Todorov, pe~atena vo Sofija, vo 1905 godina,
4
kako i vo
Pentikostarionot na gr~kiot jeromonah Gavriil Kuntiadis,
~ie prvo izdanie e pe~ateno vo 1931 godina, vo Seres (Grcija).
Zasega ova e edinstveniot prevod na ovaa harmosinova kompozi-
cija i, voop{to, na edna slovenska crkovno-muzi~ka tvorba na
gr~ki jazik.
5

Za àl, vo svojot Pentikostarion Gavriil Kuntijadis
pokraj naslovot na tvorbata ne go stavil i imeto na nejziniot
avtor Joan Harmosin-Ohridski, tuku vo podnaslovot napome-
nuva deka kompozicijata ja zapi{al vo oktomvri 1917 godina vo

1
Ortakov Dragoslav, Ars nova macedonica, ibidem, p. 118.
2
NUB Sv. Kliment Ohridski, Skopje, Ms -112, Ms-125, Ms-159.
[ahpaski, Andon, Psaltikiski zbornik, 1883. (manus. privat)
3
Ikonomov, Vasil, Psaltiki, Braila,1907. (manus.)
4
Teodorov Pop Manasi , Psaltiki na liturgi , Sofi , 1905. p. 175.
5
!);. !()/. Mx ~x~. !~( M(/;
~((w x ^();. 1931. p. 560.
140

Stara Zagora (Bugarija), kade {to vo viorot na vojnata se na{ol
kako zalo`nik. Sudej}i spored prevodot na tekstot, moè da se
kaè, deka G. Kuntijadis imal odredeni poznavawa na crkovno-
slovenskiot jazik, a od aspekt na ortografijata so koja{to go
napravil muzi~kiot zapis moè da se zaklu~i, deka go imal na
raspolagawe zbornikot Pashalija na Joan Harmosin, ili nekoj
soliden prepis od negovata tvorba Dostojno est. I vo prviot i
vo vtoriot slu~aj, na Kuntijadis sekako mu bilo poznato i imeto
na Joan Harmosin Ohridski, no, koe, sepak, ne go zapi{al so
tvorbata. Ako i postojat nekakvi pri~ini zaradi koi{to ne go
napravil toa, jeromonahot Gavriil Kuntijadis ne moèl da &
odolee na prekrasnata kompozicija na Joan Harmosin-Ohridski,
koja i po ~etirinaeset godini, otkako prvpat ja slu{nal, ja stavi
vo svojata kniga.
Ako kon ova se dodade i toa deka prepe~atuvaweto na kom-
pozicijata Dostojno est vo spomenatiot zbornik na Manasij pop
Todorov se slu~uva celi 36, a vo knigata na Gavriil Kuntijadis
na gr~ki jazik, 62 godini od prvoto izdanie na Pashalija, stanuva
u{te pouverlivo, deka tvorbata Dostojno est na petti glas na
Joan Harmosin-Ohridski so svojata originalnost i ubavina si
obezbedila dostojno mesto vo antologijata na pravoslavnata
crkovna muzika.

Vla{kite napevi

Vtorata re~enica od predgovorot na Pashalija, koja{to
privlekuva vnimanie so svojata zagado~nost, glasi: Po podrù-
vaweto na t.n. vla{ki napevi, koi{to sme gi peele vo crkvite
vo Bitola, Prilep, Veles, Vrawe, Debar, Kumanovo, Ki~evo i Ca-
rigrad, sekade sme naiduvale na podrùvawe i spomenuvawe.
1

Pra{aweto {to se postavuva eslednoto: koi se tie vla{ki nape-
vi {to gi spomenuva Joan Harmosin-Ohridski? Istraùvaj}i i
razmisluvaj}i okolu ovaa muzi~ka enigma, dojdov do slednite
zaklu~oci:

1
Koxaba{ija, Jane, Joan Harmosin-Ohridski: Pashalija op. cit. p. XIX.
141

1. Vo makedonskiot naroden govor se sre}avaat izrazite
vla{ko peewe, vla{ka pesna, koi{to se upotrebuvaat za premnogu
razvle~eno peewe, odnosno za pesna koja{to trae predolgo. Mo`-
no e t.n. papadikiski na~in na crkovno peewe da bilo narekuvano
vla{ko, kako aluzija na takvite svojstva na napevot. Sepak, malku
e verojatno, Joan Harmosin-Ohridski da prifatil naziv so takva
konotacija za prekrasnite crkovni napevi vo papadikiski stil
(na~in) na peewe.
2. Vremeto vo koe{to Joan Harmosin go podgotvuva i go iz-
dava svojot crkovno-muzi~ki zbornik Pashalija, kako {to e kaà-
no i ponapred, e vreme na èstoka borba na makedonskiot narod
protiv upotrebata na gr~kiot jazik vo crkvite i vo u~ili{tata.
Pribli`no vo istoto vreme, so s#srdno angaìrawe od strana na
tuku{to obedinetata Romanija od kneèvstvata Vla{ka i Molda-
vija, i vo vla{kite crkvi na ju`niot del na Balkanot, gr~kiot
jazik vo bogoslu`bata zapo~nuva postepeno da se zamenuva so
vla{ki jazik. Ne e isklu~eno, Joan Harmosin-Ohridski vo nekoja
od ovie crkvi da slu{al vla{ki napevi, ili preku svojot tatko -
vladikata Genadij, koj spored nekoi istraùva~i po narodnost
bil Vlav,
1
da do{ol do crkovno-muzi~ki knigi na vla{ki jazik, od
koi{to odbral i prevel pogolem broj napevi za svojot zbor-nik
Pashalija, narekuvaj}i gi vla{ki.
Pri sporeduvaweto na tradicionalnite crkovni napevi od
Pashalija so onie od soodvetnite muzi~ki izdanija na romanski
jazik, konstatirav deka vo nekoi delovi napevite imaat upadliva
sli~nost, a nekoi se, re~isi, identi~ni.
2
Vo ovoj kontekst inte-
resen e faktot, deka vo zbornikot Pashalija Joan Harmosin ima
naredeno i eden napev Hristos voskrese na vla{ki jazik, kako
{to samiot ima ozna~eno vo knigata, a koj{to, vsu{nost, e napi-
{an na arhai~en romanski jazik, so staroslovenska ortografija.
(Vo ovoj period oficijalno pismo vo Romanskite Zemji e s#u{te
slovenskoto). Seto ova upatuva na zaklu~ok, deka Joan Harmosin-

1
Hrkov, Stefan, Novootkrieni dokumenti op. cit. p. 6.
2
Suceveanu Dimitrie, Idiomelar, Trinitas, Iai, 1997. p. 191. Sporedi so: J. Harmosin-Ohridski,
Pashalija, r. 22. i so rakopisot na Janaki Stojmenovi~, od 1849. NUB Ms-161, r. 52.

142

Ohridski go poznaval romanskiot (vla{kiot) jazik, ili deka
napevot Hristos voskrese, go prezel od nekoj romanski zbornik.
3. Po~nuvaj}i od vtorata polovina na XVII, preku XVIII, pa s#
do XIX vek (osobeno pred i po voveduvaweto na t.n. nov sistem) vo
Romanskite Zemji rabotele brojni vizantiski duhovnici, koi-
{to gi smetale za naturalizirani vlasi. Ve}e spomenatite Hri-
sav Novago, Jakov Prvopevec, Petar Vizantiski i Teodor Fokej-
ski
1
se zastapeni i vo zbornikot Pashalija, i toa so daleku po-
golem broj tvorbi otkolku drugite kompozitori pretstaveni vo
knigata. Osven toa, za nekoi od niv postojat indicii deka imale i
vla{ko poteklo. (Na nekoi od tvorite na Hrisav Novago kopisti-
te mu gi dodavale i prekarite Kucovlahu i Makedonu).
2
Vra}aj}i
se na ona {to Joan Harmosin go spomenuva vo predgovorot na
zbornikot Pashalija, moè da se zaklu~i, deka vla{kite napevi
se, vsu{nost, tvorbite na pogore spomenatite vla{ki avtori.

Statii, nastani i odbeleùvawa

@ivotot i deloto na Joan Harmosin-Ohridski, go privle-
kuvaat vnimanieto na istraùva~ite pove}e od eden vek. Samo
devet godini po smrtta publikuvana e statija za Joan Harmosin
vo enciklopediskiot re~nik na Luka Kasrov (1899). Desetina
godini podocna (1912), negovite zaslugi za crkovnoto peewe se
odbeleàni od bugarskiot muzikou~itel Petar Sarafov. Vo
1928 g. vo Sofija se pojavuva prvata statija na Petar Dinev, vo
koja, govorej}i za duhovnata muzika od minatoto, obrabotuva te-
ma za Joan Harmosin. So toa zapo~nuva dolgogodi{nata istraù-
va~ka dejnost na ovoj bugarski muzikolog od makedonsko poteklo,
{to rezultira so prvite pocelosni soznanija za ìvotot i mu-
zi~kata dejnost na Joan Harmosin-Ohridski, publikuvani od
Petar Dinev vo 50-tite i 60-tite godini na XX vek.
3

1
Ionesku C. Gheorghe, Lexicon, .op. cit. p. 138, 165, 169, 367, 369.
2
Barbu-Bucur, Sebastian, Prezumii privind origineaetnic a lui Hrisafi cel Nou,
Centrul de Studii Biyantine Iai, Vol. III. 2001. p.78.
3
Hrkov, Stefan, Novootkrieni dokumenti za Joan Harmosin-Ohridski, Muzika,
- Skopje, 2001, god. 5, br. 8, p. 3-13.
Kas rov, Luka, Enciklopedi~en re~nik, Plovdiv, 1899, p. 235-237.
143

Vo istiot ovoj period makedonskata nau~na i kulturna jav-
nost, osven nekoi {turi podatoci za knièvnata dejnost na Joan
Harmosin-Ohridski, re~isi, nema nikakvi drugi soznanija za
svojot golem sonarodnik. Za nego ne{to poodredeno se dozna od
eden napis na slavistot Mihajlo Georgievski, objaven vo vesni-
kot Nova Makedonija, vo 1969 god., otkako neposredno pred toa
otkri eden primerok od zbornikot Pashalija. Interesno e {to,
ovie nastani se sovpa|aat so 100-godi{ninata od pe~ateweto na
Pashalija vo Carigrad, i na 140-godi{ninata od ra|aweto na
nejziniot avtor. S# dotoga{ deloto na Joan Harmosin-Ohridski
mu se pripi{uva{e na Joan Dimitrievi}-Ohri|anin.
1

Vo spomnatiot napis M. Georgievski citira eden bugarski
izvor,
2
koj naveduva deka osnovnite podatoci za Joan Harmosin
(Ivan Genadiev) se dobieni od usnite iskaùvawa na negoviot
sin Pavle Genadiev. Nekoi od ovie podatoci podocna }e bidat
koregirani od istraùva~ite.
Vo 1973 godina slavistot Mihajlo Georgievski go otkriva
edinstveniot dosega poznat rakopis na Joan Harmosin-Ohridski.
Malku podocna, na novoformiranata manifestacija Stru{ka
muzi~ka esen 75, istiot istraùva~ podnese referat so naslov
Polo`bata na notiranite muzi~ki rakopisi vo Makedonija
nastanati do krajot na XIX vek, koj{to, so delot posveten na
zbornikot Pashalija i na nejziniot avtor Joan Harmosin pobudi
ogromno interesirawe vo makedonskite muzi~ki krugovi.
3
Deka
Joan Harmosin-Ohridski i zbornikot Pashalija se najdoa vo
centarot na vnimanieto, zboruva i faktot, deka ve}e vo slednata

Sarafov, Pet r, R kovodstvo za prakti~eskoto i teoreti~esko izu~avane
na vosto~nata ~erkovna muzika, - Sofi , 1912, p. 15.
Dinev, Pet r, U~astieto na b lgari v razvitieto na duhovnata muzika na
minatoto, - Muzikalen vestnik, Sofi , 1928, br. 4-5, p. 9-10.
Dinev, Pet r, C rkovnopev~eskoto tvore{tvo na Joan Harmosin-Ohridski,
- C rkoven vestnik, Sofi , 18 juli 1959, br. 28, p. 6-7.
Dinev, Pet r, Muzikalni materiali ot v zro`denskata epoha, - B lgarska
muzika, Sofi , 9/1962, p. 32-34. (Citirano spored Stefan Hrkov)
1
Georgievski, Mihajlo, Nedovolno prou~en makedonski knièvnik od XIX-vek,
Skopje, Nova Makedonija, God. XXV, 23 noemvri, 1969.
2
Sto nov Man o, Blgarska vzro`denska knièvnost, p. 274.
3
Georgievski Mihajlo, Polo`bata na op. cit. p. 31.
144

godina na Stru{ka muzi~ka esen 76 od strana na muzikologot
Sotir Golabovski be{e podnesen referat so naslov @ivotot i
deloto na Joan Harmosin-Ohridski.
1

Novo navra}awe na Joan Harmosin-Ohridski ima{e muzi~-
kiot pisatel Dragoslav Ortakov vo svojata kniga Muzi~kata
umetnost vo Makedonija, izdadena vo 1982 godina. Prilogot so
naslov Posledniot vek na otomanskoto vladeewe - epoha na Ma-
kedonskata nacionalna prerodba od ovaa muzi~ka kniga sodrì
bele{ka so osnovnite podatoci za ìvotot i muzi~koto delo na
ovoj makedonski prerodbenik.
Slednata informacija za Joan Harmosin se pojavi nekolku
godini podocna, vo 1986 godina, vo novata kniga na Dragoslav
Ortakov Ars nova Macedonica. Vo tretata glava na ovaa kniga, vo
delot so podnaslov Muzi~koto tvore{tvo vrz Hrisantovata
nevmatska notacija ~etiri strani~ki avtorot mu posvetuva na
Joan Harmosin-Ohridski. Iako ovie redovi ne donesoa nekoi iz-
razito novi momenti od ìvotot na Joan Harmosin-Ohridski,
tie sodràt prodlabo~eni sogleduvawa za tvore{tvoto na ovoj
muzi~ki deec od periodot na Prerodbata.
2

Vo sledniot period od istraùva~ite na Joan Harmosin-
Ohridski najgolemo interesirawe pobudi muzikologot Stefan
Hrkov, koj vo dva navrati se pretstavi i na manifestacijata
Stru{ka muzi~ka esen
3
. Osobeno vpe~atlivo be{e prezentira-
weto na novootkrienite tri pisma i dve raspiski na Joan Har-
mosin, koe{to Hrkov go ima{e na muzikolo{kata tribina na
Stru{ka muzi~ka esen 2001. Otkrivaweto na ovie nekolku novi
dokumenti osvetluvaat eden od najmalku poznatite i prou~uvani
periodi od ìvotot na Joan Harmosin - godinite po napu{tawe-
to na Makedonija i zaminuvaweto vo Bugarija (od 1873 do krajot
na negoviot ìvot 1890 godina).

1
Golabovki, Sotir, @ivotot i deloto na Joan Harmosin-Ohridski,
Makedonska muzika, br. 2, Skopje, 1979. p. 31-35.
2
Ortakov, Dragoslav, Ars nova macedonica,... op. cit. p. 116.
3
Hrkov, Stefan, Muzi~ko-preveduva~kata dejnost na Joan Harmosin-Ohridski,
(Stru{ka muzi~ka esen-95)Novootkrieni dokumenti za Joan Harmosin-
Ohridski, (Stru{ka muzi~ka esen 2001).
145

Najcelosno pretstavuvawe na Joan Harmosin-Ohridski i na
negovoto tvore{tvo koe pobudi ogromno interesirawe vo ma-
kedonskata kulturna i nau~na javnost pretstavuva izdanieto na
zbornikot Pashalija vo 1999 god., po povod 130 godini od prvoto
izdanie i 170-godi{ninata od ra|aweto na nejziniot avtor, koj-
{to go priredi Jane Koxaba{ija so paralelna transkripcija na
evropska notacija. Vo komentarot kon ova izdanie na Pashalija
pod naslov Po tragite na makedonskoto crkovno peewe napra-
ven e presek na socijalno-politi~kite i na kulturno-prosvetni-
te sostojbi vo Makedonija vo vtorata polovina na XIX i po~eto-
kot na XX vek. Vo ovoj tekst posebno e naglasen prerodbenskiot
period, vo ~ii ramki, kako jasen izraz na borbata za osloboduva-
we od gr~koto duhovno ropstvo, e pretstaven zbornikot Pasha-
lija od Joan Harmosin-Ohridski.
Odbeleùvaj}i go ovoj nastan, muzikologot i bibliotekar
Jelica Todor~evska vo Utrinski vesnik od 22-23 januari, 2000
godina, objavi statija pod naslov: Sinteza na makedonskata
crkovna muzika, so podnaslov: Pashalija od Joan Harmosin-
Ohridski (1829-1890), vo transkripcija na Jane Koxaba{ija.
1
Vo
ovoj napis me|u drugoto stoi: Denovive, makedonskata muzi~ka
istorija vo oblasta na crkovnata muzika odbeleùva eden golem
nastan. Povtorno e izdadeno deloto na Ivan Genadiev - so
crkovno ime Joan Harmosin-Ohridski (1829-1890) od Ohrid, pod
naslov Pashalija zbornik od crkovni napevi i tvorbi za Svet-
lata sedmica na Hristosovoto voskresenie - najgolemiot praznik
na hristijanite. // Deneska e pred nas (vo dekemvri 1999 g.)
vtoroto izdanie na Pashalija od Joan Harmosin-Ohridski, iz-
dadeno vo transkripcija na makedonskiot kompozitor i magistar
po psaltika i paleografija Jane Koxaba{ija, posle 130 godini
(1869-1999). // Mo{ne op{irniot komentar na m-r Jane Ko-
xaba{ija ovozmoùva deloto da bide razbrano i pretstaveno vo
najstru~na i najdobra forma, {to }e mu pomogne na sekoj prak-

1
Todor~evska Jelica, Sinteza na makedonskata crkovna muzika, Utrinski
vesnik, Skopje, g. II, br.175, Sabota-nedela, 22-23 januari, 2000. p. 15.
146

ti~ar ili sve{teno lice, bez problem da ja ostvari interpre-
tacijata. Od golema pomo{ za ~itatelot e i Terminolo{kiot
re~nik, koj{to gi prezentira prete`no crkovnite muzi~ki ter-
mini, zaedno so registarot na imiwata, kako i bogatata bibli-
ografija na koristena literatura. //
Po istiot povod slavistkata Violeta Martinovska vo ves-
nikot Dnevnik od 18 juli 2000 godina
1
me|u drugoto istaknuva:
...Mnogu zna~aen pridones vo crkovnata muzika e objavuvaweto na
knigata Pashalija od Joan Harmosin-Ohridski, ~ij prireduva~ e
d-r Jane Koxaba{ija. Taa e objavena po povod 2000 godini od Hris-
tijanstvoto i 130 godini od prvoto objavuvawe na Pashalija. Nej-
ziniot prireduva~ d-r Jane Koxaba{ija e redok profil od oblas-
ta na vizantiskata crkovna muzika, koj svoeto obrazovanie go
steknal na Muzi~kiot univerzitet vo Bukure{t. // Transkrip-
cijata (gvidonska) i vovedniot tekst na d-r Jane Koxaba{ija se
neizmerliv, dragocen pridones za crkovnata muzika. Nau~no iz-
dràna i fragmentirana, so paralelizam na originalnite nevmi
i transkribiranite noti se zaokruùva kompaktnata muzi~ka ce-
lina. Vakov paralelizam e mo{ne redok od vakov vid kaj nas i toa
go stava nejziniot transkriptor, koj e verziran prou~uva~ na ovaa
~udesna oblast, na zasluèn piedestal. //
Vo svojata recenzija za izdanieto na zbornikot Pashalija,
vo 1999 g., d-r Mihajlo Georgievski, naglasuva, deka ...hrisanto-
vata nevmatska notacija, kako sinteza na prethodnite fazi vo
razvojot na vizantiskoto muzi~ko pismo, e izobilno upotrebu-
vana na teritorijata na Makedonija s# do po~etokot na XX vek.
Ottuka, pojavata na prvata publikacija kaj nas so ovaa muzi~ka
notacija ima prvostepeno nau~no i kulturolo{ko zna~ewe. Ovaa
dosega neobjavena, izvonredno zna~ajna kniga od vremeto na Pre-
rodbata, sega ponudena i vo transkripcija na evropsko notacija,
}e otvori niza novi pra{awa vo odnos na makedonskata tradici-
onalna muzika i na nejzinite tvorci. // Samo po sebe deloto
Pashalija na Joan Harmosin e vredno kako zbornik na veligden-

1
Martinovska, Violeta, Skopje, Dnevnik, 18 juli 2000 god.
.
147

ski napevi, koi vo minatiot vek bea vo {iroka upotreba vo make-
donskite crkvi. Negoviot paralelen prikaz i na evropsko notno
pismo, ovoj trud istovremeno go pravi i svoeviden prira~nik za
izu~uvawe na nevmatskoto muzi~ko pismo. // Poradi isklu~i-
telnata vrednost na crkovnite napevi dadeni vo dvete muzi~ki
notacii i mo`nosta od op{irniot voveden tekst odblizu da se
sogleda profilot na Joan Harmosin - Ohridski kako intelek-
tualec, literat i muzi~ki tvorec od periodot na Prerodbata, ovoj
trud na Jane Koxaba{ija go zasluùva vnimanieto na kulturnata
i nau~nata javnost.
Etnomuzikologot d-r \or|i M. \or|iev, vo svojata recenzija
za istoto izdanie na zbornikot Pashalija od Joan Harmosin go
podvle~e negovoto zna~ewe, naglasuvaj}i, deka ...ovaa crkovno-
muzi~ka kniga vo paralelna transkripcija na zapadnoto muzi~ko
pismo, dojde isto taka vo zna~aen period, koga tradicionalnoto
crkovno peewe povtorno se vra}a vo makedonskite crkvi. Ovaa
kniga indirektno go nametnuva pra{aweto za vzaemnoto vlijanie
na crkovnata muzika od slovensko-vizantiskata tradicija i stara-
ta gradska pesna, od edna strana, i muzi~kite vlijanija od po{i-
rokite prostori na nekoga{noto Isto~no rimsko carstvo na ma-
kedonskite prostori. Ovaa interesna pretpostavka pretstavuva
predizvik za ponatamo{no istraùvawe na na{ata crkovna i
folklorna muzika. // Zbornikot Pashalija na Joan Harmosin
pretstaven pred nau~nata javnost po ramno 130 godini, trans-
kribiran i na zapadna notacija od Jane Koxaba{ija, e dotolku
pozna~aen, {to inicira{e nekoi obrazovni institucii kaj nas da
go vovedat izu~uvaweto na crkovnata muzika od slovensko-vizan-
tiskata tradicija. Promocijata na zbornikot Pashalija na Joan
Harmosin-Ohridski pred po{irokata nau~na i kulturna javnost
pretstavuva nov silen pottik za ponatamo{ni isleduvawa na
crkovnata muzika, kako eden od bazi~nite segmenti na na{ata
nacionalna kultura...
Po povod spomenatite jubilei na Joan Harmosin-Ohridski,
na pokana na Negovoto blaènstvo Arhiepiskopot makedonski i
148

poglavar na Makedonskata Pravoslavna Crkva g. g. Mihail, na 10
mart, 1999 godina, pred studentite na Bogoslovskiot fakultet
Sv. Kliment Ohridski vo Skopje, odràv predavawe na tema
Po tragite na makedonskoto crkovno peewe, so naglaska na ì-
votot i deloto na Joan Harmosin-Ohridski. Osven ova, vo ram-
kite na manifestacijata Denovi na makedonskata muzika 99,
koja{to ja organizira Sojuzot na kompozitorite na Makedonija,
na 28 mart, istata jubilejna godina, vo Soborniot hram Sv. Kli-
ment Ohridski vo Skopje, za prvpat bea izvedeni kompozicii na
Joan Harmosin-Ohridski od negoviot zbornik Pashalija. Trans-
kribirani i adaptirani za izvedba vo duhot na slovensko-vizan-
tiskata tradicija od moja strana, ovie tvorbi bea izvedeni od
Horovite (ma{ki, ènski i me{an) na Makedonskata radiote-
levizija i solistot proto|akon Aleksandar Candovski, pod di-
rigentstvoto na Oliver Balaburski. So istite izveduva~i i so
kompozitorot Risto Avramovski kako muzi~ki urednik, Muzi~-
kata produkcija na Makedonskata radio-televizija, po povod
jubileite na Joan Harmosin-Ohridski vo svoite muzi~ki studija
snimi pogolem broj negovi kompozicii.
Jubilejnata 110-godi{nina od smrtta na Joan Harmosin e od-
beleàna so promocijata na spomenatoto novo izdanie na zbor-
nikot Pashalija, koja{to se odrà vo ramkite na manifestaci-
jata Denovi na makedonskata muzika 2000 vo Soborniot hram Sv.
Kliment Ohridski vo Skopje, na koja{to za istoriskata pojava
na crkovno-muzi~kata kniga Pashalija i za ìvotniot pat na
nejziniot avtor govore{e Akad. Cvetan Grozdanov. Ugledniot vi-
zantolog, me|u drugoto, naglasi, deka ova izdanie za ìvotot i de-
loto na Joan Harmosin-Ohridski be{e dolgo o~ekuvano vo make-
donskata nauka i pretstavuva dragocen pridones kon prou~uvawe-
to i reafirmacijata na crkovnoto peewe od slovensko-vizantiska
tradicija vo Makedonija. Vo ovaa prigoda so kompozicii od Joan
Harmosin-Ohridski nastapi @enskiot kameren hor Sv. Zlata
Meglenska i solistot proto|akon Aleksandar Candovski, pod
dirigenstvoto na Letka Dimovska-Polizova.
149

Godi{ninata od smrtta na Joan Harmosin ja odbeleà i
Lajons Klubot Sv. Pantelejmon od Skopje. Po toj povod Klubot
organizira{e predavawe na tema Makedonskoto crkovno peewe
i negovite najzna~ajni pretstavnici, koe{to go odrà d-r Jane
Koxaba{ija. Po istiot povod Klubot Lajons Sv. Pantelejmon za
svoja himna ja proglasi tvorbata na Joan Harmosin-Ohridski -
Bogorodi~en tropar na petti glas. Klubot isto taka trajno gi
odbeleà jubileite na Joan Harmosin-Ohridski so izdavawe na
kompakt-disk so negovi muzi~ki tvorbi.
Od dosega navedenoto vidlivo e deka vo tekot na celiot XX
vek za Joan Harmosin-Ohridski se napi{ani pogolem broj sta-
tii od strana na poznati istraùva~i na crkovnata muzika od
Makedonija i Bugarija, a vo poslednive petnaesetina godini vo
na{ava sredina preku razni formi se afirmira{e negovoto
crkovno-muzi~ko i prerodbensko delo. Preku ovie aktivnosti
kako da voskresna prerodbenskiot duh na Joan Harmosin-Ohrid-
ski od dlabo~inata na XIX vek vo presudniot moment: vo voz-
nesot na pravednata borba na Makedonskata Pravoslavna Crkva
za ramnopravno mesto vo pravoslavniot svet.

150

V.

Vasil Ikonomov (1848-1934)

Vo ostavninata na istaknatiot kulturno prosveten deec od
vremeto na Prerodbata, Vasil Ikonomov (1848-1934), koja{to se
~uva kaj negovite potomci otkrien e navmatski rakopis, napi-
{an so rakata na prerodbenikot, vo Braila - Romanija, vo 1907
godina.
1
Ovaa besprekorno ubavo napi{ana Psaltikija, me|u
drugite crkovni napevi i tvorbi od najpoznatite pretstavnici
na isto~noto crkovno peewe (od gr~ko poteklo), sodrì i tvorbi
od makedonskite avtori Joan Harmosin-Ohridski i od Dimitar
Pavlov-[tipjanin, dotoga{ spomnuvan kako kulturno-prosveten
deec od prerodbenskiot period, no, ne i kako avtor na crkovno-
muzi~ki tvorbi.
Dinami~nata li~nost na Vasil Ikonomov, koj so svoeto
folkloristi~ko-etnografsko i pe~atarsko-publicisti~ko delo,
kako i so svojata u~itelsko-buditelska i nacionalno-kulturna
aktivnost,
2
vo XIX i XX vek, na kulturnata javnost vo Makedo-
nija & e poznata od nau~nite trudovi na Aleksandar Matkovski,
Gligor Todorovski, Kiril Penu{liski, Blaè Ristovski i dr.
Daleku pomalku e poznata negovata crkovno-muzi~ka dejnost.
Novootkrienata Psaltikija pretstavuva ubav povod, da se za-
drìme na mnogustranata li~nost na nejziniot sostavuva~.
Vasil Ikonomov e roden vo 1848 god. vo seloto Lazaropole,
vo Makedonija, vo trgovsko semejstvo. Rano ostanuvaj}i sirak bez
dvajcata roditeli, griàta za {estogodi{niot Vasilko ja pre-

1
Vasil Ikonomov, Psaltikija, Braila,1907. (So fotokopija raspolaga NUB
Sv. Kliment Ohridski Skopje).
2
Ristovski, Blaè,Vasil Ikonomov (1848-1934), Institut za
nacionalna istorija, Skopje, 1985. p. 9.
151

zel negoviot ~i~ko Kosta Martinov Dimkoski. Osnovno obrazo-
vanie zavr{il kaj poznatiot lazaropolski sve{tenik i u~itel
Martin Dimkoski, a podocna, po preporaka na toga{niot debar-
sko-ki~evski gr~ki vladika bil ispraten vo Grcija da zavr{i
gr~ka seminarija.
Za ponatamo{niot ìvoten pat na Vasilko ne postojat
sigurni podatoci. Kade, vo koja seminarija vo Grcija se {ko-
luval Vasil i kolku vreme traelo toa {koluvawe, zasega ne zna-
eme. Imaj}i ja predvid negovata sklonost kon duhovnata proble-
matika, moè da se pretpostavi deka se raboti za nekoja gr~ka
duhovna seminarija. Stepenot na negovite kaligrafski sposob-
nosti i poznavaweto na crkovnoto notno peewe, bezdrugo sugeri-
raat edno takvo redovno duhovno {koluvawe. // Toj se pretsta-
vuva kako poliglot {to znae i srpski, bugarski, ruski, gr~ki,
albanski, romanski i verojatno i francuski, pokraj makedon-
skiot i turskiot jazik. Dali navistina ne bil vo Ploe{t (1870-
1873), kade{to imalo i dosta pe~albari od Lazaropole? Dali
slu~ajno podocna zaminuva vo Braila?
1

Vo periodot 1902-1907 godina Vasil Ikonomov prestojuval
vo Braila, Romanija, kade{to rabotel kako psalt vo crkvata Sv.
Voznesenie. Bil neobi~no po~ituvan zaradi svoeto melodi~no i
slatko peewe vo crkvata i zaradi dobrata du{a i blagiot karak-
ter. Kako {to pi{uva i samiot na vtorata stranica od spomena-
tata Psaltikija, za vreme na svojot petgodi{en prestoj kako
peja~ vo edinstvenata bugarska crkva vo Braila, napi{al, prevel
i izdal nekolku du{epolezni kni{ki, koi, za àl, do ovoj
moment ne se pronajdeni.
Poa|aj}i od faktot deka vo edinstveniot so~uvan rakopisen
zbornik na Vasil Ikonomov najmnogu se zastapeni gr~ki avtori,
koi{to trajno bile naseleni vo Romanskite Zemji, moè da se
zaklu~i deka toj se orientiral kon crkovno-muzi~kata literatu-
ra, koja{to lesno moèl da ja najde vo Romanija. Ottuka i pretpo-
stavkata deka osven od gr~ki, toj moèbi preveduval tvorbi i od

1
Ristovski, Blaè,Vasil Ikonomov ibidem. p.17-18.
152

romanski na slovenski jazik. Pritoa ostanuva nepoznato, dali
preveduval i tvorbi od romanski avtori, iako e pove}e od vero-
jatno, deka Vasil Ikonomov imal i vreme i mo`nosti da se za-
poznae so romanskoto crkovno peewe i so negovite glavni pret-
stavnici.
Po vra}aweto vo Makedonija Vasil Ikonomov eden pokra-
tok period se zanimaval so izdava~ka dejnost vo Solun, kade{to
za taa cel osnoval sopstvena pe~atnica. Po vra}aweto vo rodno-
to Lazaropole bil nazna~en za kmet. Odvreme-navreme so zado-
volstvo prestojuval vo ki~evskiot manastir Pre~ista. Ovde ja
komponiral i edinstvenata dosega otkriena tvorba Dostojno
est na peti glas.
1

Vo poslednite godini Vasil Ikonomov ìveel miren sta-
re~ki ìvot, vo svoeto rodno selo, a negovite potomci pomnat
deka izvesno vreme ìveel i sam vo manastirot Pre~ista. Um-
rel vo dlaboka starost, vo 1934 godina vo rodnoto Lazaropole.
2

Vo sporedba so negovite aktivnosti kako istaknat folk-
lorist, etnograf i u~itel, crkovno-muzi~kata dejnost na Vasil
Ikonomov, koja{to s#u{te ne e sogledana vo site nejzini ele-
menti, izgleda skromna, no, sepak mo{ne zna~ajna. Od malkute
podatoci so koi{to vo ovoj moment raspolaga makedonskata
muzikologija moè da se zaklu~i deka Vasil Ikonomov ne bil
samo vreden i pasioniran preveduva~, prepi{uva~ i izdava~ na
crkovni tvorbi, tuku i odli~en psalt, koj{to neumorno gi pro-
pagiral crkovnite tvorbi od makedonski avtori. Po negova zas-
luga makedonskata crkovna muzika deneska e pobogata za tri
interesni, dosega nepoznati tvorbi, kako i za muzi~kiot pro-
fil na nivniot avtor - Dimitar Pavlov-[tipjanin. Vo s#u{te
neotkrienite rakopisi na Vasil Ikonomov verojatno leàt i
drugi dragoceni tvorbi i podatoci za crkovno-muzi~koto minato
na Makedonija.

1
Georgievski, Mihailo, Dosega neobjaven, op. cit. p. 3.
2
Ristovski, Blaè,Vasil Ikonomov op. cit. p. 126-127.
153

VI.

Dimitar Pavlov-[tipjanin (1840-1919)

So otkrivaweto na muzi~kiot rakopis na Vasil Ikonimov
(1848-1934), preku no}, na stranicite na makedonskata crkovna
muzika osamna li~nosta na Dimitar Pavlov-[tipjanin. Dosega
spomenuvan samo koga stanuva{e zbor za kulturno-istoriskoto
minato na gradot [tip, so otkrivaweto na del od negovoto cr-
kovno-muzi~ko tvore{tvo, }e moè da se kaè ne{to poodredeno
i za negoviot tvore~ki profil.
Dimitar Pavlov-[tipjanin e roden vo 1840 godina, kako
sin na poznatiot {tipski u~itel Pavle Grozdanov. Za~uvanite
podatoci zboruvaat deka tatko mu na Dimitar, kako gradski
milemik, bil ispraten da se doobrazuva vo ]ustendil kaj Neo-
fit Rilski (1793-1881), eden od najistaknatite slovenski pret-
stavnici na isto~no-pravoslavnoto crkovno peewe vo XIX vek.
Deka Pavle Grozdanov na svojot sin mu dal mo{ne solidno obra-
zovanie, zboruva i faktot deka, po smrtta vo 1857 godina, nego-
voto mesto na u~itel go nasledil sin mu Dimitar, iako toga{
imal samo 17 godini.
Vo rodniot grad [tip Dimitar Pavlov rabotel do svojata
23-godi{na vozrast, a potoa zaminal vo Plovdiv na povisoko ob-
razovanie. Po uspe{noto zavr{uvawe na klasnoto u~ili{te vo
ovoj grad, Dimitar Pavlov se vra}a vo Makedonija i nekolku go-
dini raboti kako u~itel vo Novo Selo, kade{to aktivno zema
u~estvo vo dvièweto za duhovno osloboduvawe od Grcite. Pre-
sudno za negovoto ponatamo{no napreduvawe e u~estvoto na pr-
viot egzarhiski kongres vo Carigrad, po ~ie zavr{uvawe e zadr-
àn od egzarhijata kako u~itel i peja~ vo egzarhiskata crkva vo
154

Carigrad. Za vreme na ovoj petgodi{en prestoj vo Carigrad, Di-
mitar Pavlov istovremeno go posetuval i Robert - kolexot, ka-
de{to gi usovr{il znaewata po francuski, gr~ki i turski jazik,
a isto taka i znaeweto na zapadnata istorija i kulturata, oso-
beno na francuskite filozofi od XVIII vek.
Nasproti primamlivite ponudi karierata da ja prodolì
vo Bugarija, po pette dinami~ni godini pominati vo Carigrad,
ispolneti so razni i brojni aktivnosti, Dimitar Pavlov odlu-
~uva da se vrati vo Makedonija, vo rodniot grad [tip, kade{to
u~itelstvuva u{te celi 18 godini. Vo ovoj period toj izvr{uva
razni drugi dol`nosti: direktor na klasnoto u~ili{te, sekre-
tar na op{tinata, crkoven peja~, glaven u~itel i drugo. Toj
zemal aktivno u~estvo i vo novite revolucionerni dvièwa vo
Makedonija, zaradi {to do{ol vo sudir so lokalnite vlasti i
bil prinuden da go napu{ti [tip.
Slednite sedum godini Dimitar Pavlov-[tipjanin gi po-
minuva vo Skopje, kade{to po barawe na Mitropolijata ostanuva
da gi izvr{uva dol`nostite na u~itel, vospita~ vo u~eni~kiot
pansion i crkoven peja~. Po ova negovo posledno u~itelstvu-
vawe, Dimitar Pavlov-[tipjanin zaminuva vo Bugarija, kade{to
ìvee kako skromen penzioner i crkoven peja~. Isto{ten od
mizerniot ìvot i od bolestite, umira vo edna polurazurnata
ku}a vo Sofija, vo 1919 godina.
1

Osven bogatata u~itelsko-prosvetitelska i crkovna dej-
nost, od Dimitar Pavlov-[tipjanin se poznati i pove}e statii i
prilozi vo razni vesnici vo koi{to go prikaùva kulturno-
prosvetniot i crkovniot ìvot vo Makedonija vo poslednata
~etvrtina na XIX vek.
2

Od tvore{tvoto na Dimitar Pavlov-[tipjanin, kako {to
e ve}e kaàno, poznati se samo tri crkovno-muzi~ki tvorbi, koi-
{to se so~uvani vo Psaltikijata na Vasil Ikonomov:

1
Zavoev , Pet r , Grad ip , Sofi , 1928, p. 25-28.
2
Sto nov, Man o, B lgarska v zro`denska kni`nina (t. 1),
Sofi ,1957, p. 274.

155

-Heruvika, na ~etvrti glas,
-Dostojno est, na prvi glas i
-Otca i Sina, na prvi glas.
Vo koj period od ìvotot na avtorot se napi{ani ovie
tvorbi, dali osven ovie ima napi{ano i drugi, kako se na{le vo
zbornikot na Vasil Ikonomov, napi{an vo Braila, ne e poznato.
Dotoga{, za kompoziciite moè da se kaè deka se napi{ani od
visokoobrazovan i iskusen muzi~ar, koj{to so tradicionalni
muzi~ki sredstva go izrazuva sezibilitetot na novoto vreme.
Kompoziciite Heruvika i Dostojno est plenat so svojata edno-
stavnost i pevlivost i nivnoto prisustvo vo zbornikot na Vasil
Ikonomov, sekako, ne e slu~ajno.
Tretata kompozicija, Otca i Sina na prvi glas, so gusta-
ta primena na alterirani tonovi u{te na samiot po~etok, pre-
minuva vo napev so hromatsko-enharmonski karakter. Ovaa kom-
pozicija na Dimitar Pavlov, vsu{nost, go sodrì liturgiskiot
tekst koj{to zapo~nuva so Otca i Sina i zavr{uva soTebe
poem. Sostavena od pove}e kratki epizodi i delovi vo ~ija{to
izvedba u~estvuvaat sve{tenik i psalti, ovaa dijalo{ka forma,
vo koja{to melodijata e polna so emocii, se doìvuva kako edin-
stvena dramatur{ka celina.

156

VII.

Manasij pop Todorov (1856-1936)

Imeto na Manasij pop Todorov vo makedonskata muzi~ka
nauka se spomenuva{e vo poslednive dve-tri decenii, koga stanu-
va{e zbor za pe~atenite psaltikiski zbornici vo Bugarija, koi
kon krajot na XIX i po~etokot na XX vek cirkulirale na teri-
torijata na Makedonija. Kako avtor na crkovni tvorbi prvpat
be{e spomnat vo 1978 godina, so otkrivaweto na rakopisniot
Psaltikiski voskresnik na kratov~anecot Vasil Ivanov Boja-
xiev (1876-1950),
1
vo koj, me|u avtorite (Jovan Kukuzel, Petar
Lambadarij, Dimitar Zlatanov-Gradoborski, Kalistrat Zograf-
ski, Hristo [aldev, Hristo pop Stojanov, Atanas Badev, Petar
Dinev, N. Nikolaev), e zastapen i Manasij pop Todorov i toa so
najgolem broj tvorbi. Vo ovoj period, na makedonskata muzi~ka
nauka s#u{te ne & be{e poznato negovoto makedonsko poteklo i
toj se spomenuva{e samo kako bugarski izdava~ na crkovni knigi.
Najranata pi{ana informacija za makedonskoto poteklo
na Manasij pop Todorov i nekoi drugi podatoci za negoviot ì-
vot i dejnost, se nao|a vo U~ebnikot po isto~no crkovno peewe,
na bugarskiot u~itel i crkoven pea~ Mir~o M. Bogoev, izdaden
vo Plovdiv (Bugarija), vo 1940 godina. Spored ovoj skuden izvor
Manasij pop Todorov e Makedonec, dolgogodi{en u~itel po is-
to~no crkovno peewe vo Samokovskoto bogoslovsko u~ili{te i
vo Sofiskata duhovna seminarija, kade {to sozdal cela genera-

1
Georgievski, Mihailo, Makedonska muzika/ 6, Pe~atenite slovenski
muzi~ki (nevmatski) zbornici vo Makedonija, Skopje, 1986, p. 81.
Ortakov, Dragoslav, Ogledi za vizantisko-slovenskata muzika vo Makedonija,
Vorldbuk, Skopje, 2001. p. 100.
157

cija na peja~i. Spored ovoj izvor, Manasij pop Todorov ìveel
do 1938, a spored drugi, do1936 godina.
Zboruvaj}i za izdava~kata dejnost na pop Todorov, Mir~o
M. Bogoev naveduva, deka svojot prv crkovno-muzi~ki zbornik -
Voskresnikot, go pe~atel na zapadna notacija, vo 1898 godina,
dodeka preostanatite sedum, izdadeni vo periodot od 1905 do
1922 godina, se napi{ani na hrisantovata notacija. Spored ovoj
izvor, Manasij pop Todorov ne sozdal ne{to originalno, svoe.
So mali isklu~oci, toj prepi{uval, prerabotuval (popraval),
glavno, tvorbi od Angel Sevlievec, bugarski avtor od XIX vek.
Pri seto toa, Manasij pop Todorov ima neprocenliva zasluga za
zbogatuvaweto i {ireweto na crkovno-muzi~kata literatura, za-
radi {to e priznat za golem muzi~ki deec.
1

Podocneèn i zna~itelno pobogat izvor na podatoci za
Manasij pop Todorov pretstavuva statijata na Petar Dinev, ob-
javena vo C rkoven vestnik od 1960 godina vo Sofija.
2
Dedo
Manasij - kako {to go vikale negovite mnogubrojni u~enici od
Samokovskoto bogoslovsko u~ili{te i od Sofiskata duhovna se-
minarija, koi vo svoite srca za~uvale drag spomen i dlaboka
po~it kon svojot u~itel po isto~no crkovno peewe - pove}e od 30
godini, so retka predadenost kon crkovno-muzi~koto delo, ne-
prekinato sozdaval kvalifikuvani kadri od crkovni pea~i i
pe~atel psaltikiski zbornici.
Manasij pop Todorov e roden vo 1856 godina vo s. Sabatkoj,
Sersko, vo egejskiot del na Makedonija. Obrazovanie na gr~ki ja-
zik dobil vo sve{teni~koto u~ili{te pri manastirot Sv. Joan
Prodromos, blizu do Seres. Tamu toj go sovladal psaltikiskoto
peewe i stanal crkoven peja~. So cel da go sovlada crkovnoto
peewe na slovenski jazik i da premine vo egzarhiska slu`ba,
Manasij go napu{ta rodniot kraj i zaminuva za Bitola.
3
Zasega,

1
2
Pet r Dinev, Muzikou~itel t Manasi Poptodorov, C rkoven vestnik, br. 11
19 mart 1960 g. Sofi . p. 8.
3
Pet r Dinev, Muzikou~itel t op. cit.. p. 8.

158

ostanuva nepoznato, koga to~no do{ol i kolku dolgo ostanal vo
ovoj makedonski duhoven i kulturen centar.
Sledniot podatok koj{to go naveduva Petar Dinev vo svoja-
ta statija e zaminuvaweto na Manasij pop Todorov vo Samokov
(Bugarija). Imeno, po zaminuvaweto na Atanas Badev od Samo-
kovskoto bogoslovsko u~ili{te, sinodot na Bugarskata crkva
go pokanil Manasija da ja prezeme dol`nosta na u~itel po
isto~no-pravoslavno peewe. Imaj}i predvid deka Atanas Badev
vo Samokov do{ol vo 1898 godina i, deka zaradi nekoi nesogla-
suvawa so Sinodot, po kratko vreme dobil otkaz od Samokov-
skata seminarija, na novata dol`nost Manasij pop Todorov, po
s# izgleda, stapil istata ili vo narednata 1899 godina. Poa|aj}i
od podatokot, deka vo 1895 godina pop Todorov vo Samokov ve}e
ja ima otpe~ateno svojata prva kniga Boèstvena liturgija, mo-
è da se zaklu~i, deka toj ve}e bil preselen vo Samokov.
Vo 1902 godina Samokovskoto bogoslovsko u~ili{te bilo
premesteno vo Sofija i se preimenuvalo vo Sofiska duhovna
seminarija. Ottoga{, pa, s# do 1924 godina, Manasij pop Todorov
neprekinato bil u~itel na seminarijata. Po penzioniraweto,
nekolku godini po red predaval crkovno peewe vo êrepi{koto
sve{teni~ko u~ili{te, a vo preostanatoto vreme, s# do 1930 go-
dina, peel vo crkvata Sv. Paraskeva vo Sofija.
Po~inal vo 1936 godina.

Osven kako izdava~ na brojni psaltikiski knigi, spored
Petar Dinev, Manasij pop Todorov ima zaslugi i kako crkoven
peja~ i pedagog-u~itel. Kako negov sovremenik, Dinev dava in-
teresni poedinosti za peeweto na Manasij pop Todorov. Za nego
kaùva, deka kako ispolnitel imal prijaten glas so dijapazon na
vtor tenor i bariton. Peeweto mu bilo spokojno, tivko, so malku
nosovo oboeni vokali. Visokite tonovi obi~no gi peel so posi-
len glas, koj postepeno go sti{uval koga se vra}al vo sredniot
registar. I pokraj toa {to pominal niz gr~ka crkovno-pea~ka
{kola, toj vo muziciraweto gi odbegnuval preteranite ukrasu-
vawa na tonovite. Kako rezultat na izrazito razvieniot sluh i
159

na vrodenite muzi~ki sposobnosti, Manasij pop Todorov peel
~isto bez nikakvo distonirawe.
1

Kako dolgogodi{en u~itel po isto~no crkovno peewe, koj-
{to poseduval prirodna darba za svojot u~itelski poziv, pop
Todorov sozdal golem broj odli~ni crkovni pea~i. Ako, moèbi,
negovite objasnenija ne sekoga{ bile soobrazni so metodskite
pravila, tie se odlikuvale so naglednost i uverlivost. Strogo se
pridrùval kon principot za ednoglasniot karakter na peeweto
vo isto~nata crkva i, osven isonot, na svoite u~enici ne im do-
pu{tal nikakvo drugo priglasuvawe na melodijata.
6

Govorej}i za muzi~kata dejnost na Manasij pop Todorov, i
Dinev e na mislewe, deka toj se nema projaveno kako kompozitor,
tuku samo kako izdava~ na brojni zbornici so tvorbi prezemeni
od drugi postari crkovno-muzi~ki izdanija. Do ovoj zaklu~ok
Petar Dinev do{ol po detalnata analiza na zbornicite od pop
Todorov izdadeni vo periodot od 1905 do 1922 godina:

- Psaltikiska liturgija i
- Kratok voskresnik, vo 1905 godina;
- Psaltikiski trebi, vo 1911;
- Op{iren voskresnik, vo 1914;
- Psaltikiska utrena, vo 1915;
- Stihiri i slavi od Triodot i Pentikostarot i za
minejskite praznici i
- Psaltikiska liturgija (povtoreno izdanie so neznatni
skratuvawa i dodatoci), vo 1922.
Sporedbata na tvorbite od ovie knigi, ~ii{to avtori ne se
poso~eni, so onie od zbornicite na drugite avtori, izdadeni vo
periodot do 1905 godina, koja{to ja napravil Dinev, pokaàla
deka me|u niv nema nitu edna sozdadena od Manasij pop Todorov.
Pritoa, Dinev konstatiral deka vo nekoi tvorbi pop Todorov
napravil nezna~itelni izmeni, so cel melodijata podobro da ja

1
Pet r Dinev, Muzikou~itel top. cit. p. 9.
6
160

izrazi smislata na tekstot ili da korigira nekoi nepravilni
akcenti.
7

Ostanuva nepoznato, od koi pri~ini Petar Dinev vo ovoj
kontekst ne gi spomenuva i zbornicite na Manasij pop Todorov
izdadeni pred 1905 godina, dotolku pove}e {to ~etiri od niv se
spomnati od A. Teodorov - Balan vo Blgarski knigopis za 100
godini 1806-1905 i edno od Mir~o M. Bogoev vo spomnatiot
U~ebnik po isto~no crkovno peewe, koi{to na Dinev, bezdrugo,
mu bile poznati. Interesno e toa, {to i ovie dva bugarski izvo-
ri, vo odnos na izdanijata na pop Todorov, ne se sovpa|aat, tuku
se dopolnuvaat: Mir~o M. Bogoev ne gi spomenuva knigite na pop
Todorov izdadeni vo 1895, 1897 i 1900 godina, koi{to gi naveduva
A. Teodorov-Balan,
8
tuku edinstveno Voskresnikot pe~aten na
evropska muzi~ka notacija vo 1898 godina, a Balan, pak, ne go
spomenuva voop{to ovoj evropski Voskresnik na Manasij pop
Todorov.

Vo odnos na ovie dilemi za crkovno-muzi~koto tvore{tvo
na Manasij pop Todorov, novi momenti vnese otkrivaweto na
rakopisniot Psaltikiski voskresnik na Vasil Ivanov Bojaxi-
ev, vo 1978 godina, vo koj{to Manasij pop Todorov e zastapen so
najgolem broj tvorbi od site avtori :

- Kosnokratki veliki slavoslovija na prvi, vtori, treti,
~etvrti, peti, {esto-sedmi, {esti, prvo-sedmi, sedmi
i osmi glas
- Otca i sina na treti i {esti glas.

Vo vrska so ova, va`no e da se napomene, deka ovoj rako-
pisen zbornik na Vasil Ivanov pretstavuva eden od najobemnite
i najsolidno napraveni, koi{to se pojavile na teritorijata na

7
8
Teodorov-Balan, A. Blgarski knigopis za 100 godini 1806-1905 Sofi , 1909.
Bojestvena lit$rg`, Plovdiv, 1897.

Bojestvena lit$rg`, Samokov, 1895.
Liturg v dvh casti,

Sofi , 1897.

Vzkresnik, Sofi , 1900.
161

Makedonija, pa i po{iroko. Vrz osnova na negovite sodrìni is-
pi{ani so ubav rakopis i so dosledna ortografija, moè da se
zaklu~i, deka sostavuva~ot Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev, osven {to
odli~no ja poznaval teorijata na hrisantovata notacija, bil do-
bro upaten i vo literaturata na isto~no-pravoslavnoto peewe,
osobeno vo onaa na slovenski jazik. Ottuka, moè da se pretpo-
stavi deka Vasil Ivanov dobro znael koi se avtorite na tvorbi-
te {to gi vklu~il vo svojot Psaltikiski voskresnik. Me|u dru-
gite, kako {to e kaàno ponapred, vo svojot psaltikiski zbor-
nik toj ja vklu~il i dragocenata tvorba na Dimitar Zlatanov
Gradoborski - Veliko slavoslovie na {esto-sedmi glas.
Dve od kompoziciite so koi{to Manasij pop Todorov e zas-
tapen vo zbornikot na Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev (Otca i Sina na
treti i {esti glas), se pojavija vo ~etvrtoto izdanie na Krat-
kiot psaltikiski voskresnik (osmoglasnik) na Manasij pop To-
dorov, reizdadeno vo 1992 godina od strana na Bugarskata pravo-
slavna crkva, kade{to se staveni kako dodatok na samiot kraj
na knigata (zaedno so u{te edna Otca i Sina na ~etvrti glas).
Interersno e toa {to ovie tvorbi ne se nao|aat vo prvoto iz-
danie na Kratkiot voskresnik od 1905 godina. Moèbi avtorot
Manasij pop Todorov, bez da gi potpi{e kako sopstveni tvorbi,
gi stavil vo nekoe od podocne`nite svoi izdanija, otkade {to i
gi prezel Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev.
Vo ovoj kontekst se postavuva pra{aweto: zo{to Manasij
pop Todorov vo svoite brojni knigi ne se potpi{al na na nitu
edna muzi~ka tvorba? Dali e vo pra{awe samo negovata skrom-
nost ili tuka postoi i nekoja podlaboka pri~ina? Govorej}i
hipoteti~ki za negovite psaltikii izdadeni pred 1900 godina,
bidej}i vo Makedonija dosega ne e pronajdena nekoja od niv,
9
ne e
isklu~eno, tie, od odredeni pri~ini, vo Makedonija voop{to i
da ne dospeale. Moè da se pretpostavi, deka materijalite koi-
{to pop Todorov gi podgotvuval za svoite zbornici za vreme na
negoviot prestoj vo Bitola (grad vo koj{to vlijanieto na gr~-

9
Georgievski, Mihailo, Makedonska muzika/ 6, Pe~atenite p. 85.
162

koto crkovno peewe e s#u{te silno), da ne bile po vkusot na ne-
koi egzarhiski krugovi vo Bugarija. Od druga strana, Manasij
pop Todorov, kako psalt koj{to se obrazoval vo gr~ko crkovno
u~ili{te, moèbi, s#u{te ne bil celosno preobraten od gr~ki
vo slovenski crkoven pea~. Od pri~ini {to bugarskite kom-
poziteri s#u{te ne gi poznaval, mo`no e, vo ovie zbornici
Manasij pop Todorov da stavil samo svoi tvorbi i od gr~ki av-
tori prevedeni na crkovno-slovenski jazik. Moèbi, tokmu ovaa
okolnost ne im se dopadnala na egzarhiskite crkovni vlasti vo
Samokov i mu naloìle da gi koristi i bugarskite postari
izdanija so crkovni tvorbi od bugarski avtori. Podocna, otkako
gi prifatil ovie sugestii, moèl da gi izdava svoite psalti-
kiski zbornici.
Ne treba da se zaboravi deka Manasij pop Todorov vo Buga-
rija se preselil kako vozrasen ~ovek, na koj sekoga{ se gledalo
kako na dojdenec. Od druga strana, toj so svoeto odli~no gr~ko
crkovno-muzi~ko obrazovanie, sekako gi zagrozuval poziciite
na domorodnite muzi~ki avtoriteti. Za da se smirat duhovite,
Manasij pop Todorov pravel kompromisi od sekakov vid: vo svo-
ite psaltikiski knigi staval tvorbi od razni bugarski avtori,
koi samiot toj gi doteruval, a pod sopstvenite kompozicii ne se
potpi{uval.

Vo vrska so prestojot na Manasij pop Todorov vo Bitola i
so negovoto zaminuvawe za Samokov, se nametnuva pra{aweto:
Dali se poznavale Badev i pop Todorov? Ako se utvrdi deka vo
periodot okolu 1892 godina, koga Badev ìveel vo Bitola, pop
Todorov s#u{te se nao|al vo ovoj grad, toa zna~i deka se pozna-
vale. Pogolema e verojatnosta tie da se sretnale vo Samokov,
kade{to Manasij pop Todorov, po s# izgleda se nao|al u{te pred
postavuvaweto na Atanas Badev za u~itel vo Samokovskata semi-
narija. Vo vrska so ova moè da se postavi u{te edno, dopolni-
telno pra{awe: Dali e koincidencija toa, {to dvajcata muzi~ki
dejci tokmu vo 1898 g. pe~atele po edna crkovna kniga na zapad-
nata muzi~ka notacija: Badev - svojata liturgija po Sv. Jovan
163

Zlatoust, a pop Todorov - Voskresnikot? Za da se odgovori na
ovie pra{awa, potrebni se ponatamo{ni istraùvawa vo mesta-
ta kade {to prestojuval i rabotel Manasij pop Todorov.

Po s# ova {to e kaàno za Manasij pop Todorov, sosema e
izvesno deka stanuva zbor za izvonredno zna~aen pretstavnik na
isto~no-pravoslavnoto peewe. Poa|aj}i od faktot deka negovite
brojni knigi izdadeni vo Bugarija bile prisutni i vo makedon-
skite duhovni prostori i deka, bezdrugo, imale vlijanie vrz
razvojot na crkovnata muzika vo Makedonija, kako i od samiot
podatok deka toj poteknuva od makedonskite prostori i deka
karierata na psalt na slovenski jazik ja zapo~nal vo Bitola,
na{ata muzikologija ima moralna obvrska da gi otkrie tragite
koi{to Manasij pop Todorov gi ostavil vo ovoj grad za vreme na
svojot prestoj i da gi pro{iri soznanijata za negoviot ìvot i
crkovno-muzi~kata dejnost.

164

VIII.

George Kazana (XIX-XX vek)

Vo istorijata na Isto~nata crkovna muzika se sre}avaat
golem broj muzi~ari so vla{ko poteklo, koi{to deluvale na
po{irokiot balkanski prostor. Me|u onie Vlasi za koi{to pos-
tojat podatoci deka se rodeni vo Makedonija i deka eden podolg
period od ìvotot prestojuvale vo razni makedonski gradovi
kako crkovni peja~i e George Kazana.
Iako ìvee relativno blizu do na{evo vreme (vo vtorata
polovina na XIX i vo prvite decenii na XX vek), za George Ka-
zana se znae mnogu malku. Nekoi osnovni podatoci za negoviot
ìvot, glavno, se crpat od ona {to samiot go zapi{uval na nas-
lovnite stranici na negovite brojni muzi~ki rakopisi. Nekoi
podatoci za George Kazana moàt da se najdat edinstveno vo
Leksikonot na romanskiot muzikolog-vizantinolog George K.
Jonesku, vo koj{to ìvotot i muzi~koto delo na George Kazana
se zbeleàni vo nekolku redovi: Crkoven peja~ na Romanskata
Kapela vo Carigrad, od 1897. Sostavuva Psaltikiska antolo-
gija naslovena kako Romansko razdenuvawe od pove}e delovi,
trud adaptiran za Vlasite od Grcija i Bugarija, spored tradici-
onalnite crkovni napevi.
1
Vo ovoj, inaku, mnogu soliden Leksi-
kon, ne e navedena nikakva bibliografija vo vrska so imeto na
George Kazana, {to upatuva na zaklu~ok, deka negovoto muzi~ko
delo dosega voop{to ne e istraùvano, nitu publikuvano. Site
delovi na spomenatata Psaltikiska antologija se nao|aat vo
bibliotekata na Sv. Sinod od Bukure{t.

1
Ionescu, Gheorghe C., Lexicon, Editura Diogene, Bucureti, 1994. p. 72.
165

Za makedonskata crkovna muzika George Kazana e zna~aen
so golemiot broj na crkovni kompozicii, koi{to gi sozdal za
vreme na svojot prestoj vo Bitola kako crkoven peja~.
2
Ova se
potvrduva so rakopisot na zbornikot Poredok na dvanaesette
denovi, od 24 dekemvri do 6 januari (ms. I 93),
3
vo koj{to stoi de-
ka e napi{an vo 1907 godina vo Bitola, i vo dvata dela na Idi-
omelarot (ms. II 183) so vkupno 646 stranici napi{ani vo Bito-
la, vo dekemvri 1911 godina, so dodatok od 11 stranii bez pagina-
cija. Vrz osnova na ovie podatoci koi{to samiot gi zapi{al vo
svoite muzi~ki rakopisi, moè da se zaklu~i deka George Kazana
vo Bitola prestojuval najmalku pet godini: od 1907 do dekemvri
1911 godina.
Vo sledniot period George Kazana go sre}avame vo Romani-
ja kako crkoven peja~ i kompozitor, koe{to moè da se konsta-
tira od negoviot podocneèn rakopis Crkovna muza (sostaven
od dva dela: Razni crkovni napevi i Posledovanie na Blagoves-
ti). Imeno, na naslovnata stranica na ovoj rakopis stoi napi-
{ano: Crkovna muza od George Kazana, porane{en protopsalt
vo Makedonija, a vo ovoj moment na crkvata Dobroteasa od pre-
stolninata, 1922 - Bukure{t.
4

O~igledno e deka George Kazana go naglasuva i mu dava po-
sebno zna~ewe na svojot prestoj vo Makedonija, vo gradot Bito-
la, kako protopsalt i kompozitor. No, od kade se doselil vo Bi-
tola, kolku godini ostanal vo ovoj vaèn politi~ki i kulturen
centar, dali prestojuval u{te vo nekoj makedonski grad, zasega
ostanuva nepoznato. Moè da se pretpostavi deka prestojot vo
Bitola ne bil kratok, za{to, kako {to ve}e istaknav, vo ovoj
period napi{al golem broj na crkovni tvorbi. Iako vo ovoj mo-
ment nemam celosen uvid vrz negoviot kompozitorski opus, moè
da se kaè deka George Kazana e eden od najplodnite avtori na
crkovna muzika, koi{to sozdavale na teritorijata na Makedo-

2
Cordescu, Mihail-Vergiliu, Istoricul coalelor romne din Turcia, Bucureti, 1906. p. 236.
3
Ionescu, Gheorghe C., Lexicon, op. cit. p. 72.
4
Cazana, Gheorghe, Musa bisericeasc, Bucureti, 1922 (manuscript privat)
(so fotokopija raspolaga avtorot na knigava)
166

nija. Osven toa, zasega, toj e edinstveniot kompozitor, koj{to na
hrisantovata notacija sozdaval crkovna muzika na svojot maj~in
jazik, vla{kiot.
Neodamna dojdov do informacija deka prezimeto Kazana
poteknuva od Bajasa, grat~e vo dene{na Grcija. Potvrda za ova
najdov vo mese~nikot Lumina, od oktomvri, 1905. (Vo specijal-
noto izdanie na ovoj mese~nik po povod Jubilejot 25 godini od
Romanskiot licej vo Bitola, objaven e i spisok na site dotoga{
zavr{eni u~enici, me|u koi{to se nao|a i imeto na izvesen
Apostol Kazana, ~ie{to rodno mesto e Bajasa.
5
Potrebni se po-
natamo{ni istraùvawa za da se otkrie, dali ovoj Apostol e vo
rodninski vrski so George Kazana i dali Bajasa e negovoto rodno
mesto.
Dodeka ìvotniot pat na George Kazana zasega ostanuva
prekrien so prevezot na nepoznatoto, dotoga{ za negovoto mu-
zi~ko tvore{tvo moè da se sozdade prili~no jasna pretstava.
Iako do ovoj moment imav mo`nost da gi pregledam samo rakopi-
site na Idiomelarot, zavr{en vo Bitola vo 1911
6
i na zborni-
kot Crkovna muza, koj{to go napi{al vo 1922 godina vo Buku-
re{t, moàm slobodno da kaàm deka George Kazana e nadaren i
obrazovan muzi~ar, koj{to pi{uva lesno, muzikalno i mo{ne do-
padlivo, so ~esta primena na inventivni i duhoviti modulacii
vo napevite.
Za razlika od Idiomelarot, koj{to sodrì isklu~ivo ne-
govi tvorbi, vo vtoriot del na zbornikot Crkovna muza George
Kazana ima staveno eden Polielej, preveden od gr~ki jazik na
Hurmuzij Hartofilaks (eden od trojcata reformatori na vizan-
tiskata muzi~ka notacija vo 1814 godina), kako i Pofalna pesna
od romanskiot kompozitor Dimitrie Su~eveanu.
7
Seto ova uka-
ùva na negovoto {iroko poznavawe na isto~noto crkovno pee-
we i na nespornite preveduva~ki sposobnosti.

5
Lumina, Anul III, No. 10. Octomvrie, 1905, Liceul romn, Bitolia, p. 306.
6
Kazana, Gheorghe, Idiomelar (vo dva dela), Biblioteka Sf. Sinod Bucureti, 1911.
(so fotokopija raspolaga atorot na knigava)
7
Suceveanu, Dimitrie, Idiomelar, Trinitas, Iai, 1997. p. 135.
167

Razgleduvaj}i gi tvorbite od zbornikot Crkovna muza i
od Idiomelarot, zaklu~iv deka paletata na meloritmi~kite
vrednosti na Kazana e izvonredno bogata i dava mo`nosti za soz-
davawe na postojano sveà i razdvièna melodiska linija. Pone-
koga{ taa opfa}a raspon, re~isi, i do dve oktavi i se protega do
visokiot, t.n. tenorski registar. Karakteristi~no za negovata
melodija e ~estata upotreba na skokovite od septima, oktava i
decima, so koi{to postignuva vpe~atlivi dramatur{ki efekti.
No, i pokraj toa, melodiskite linii na George Kazana ostanuva-
at logi~nii i vo duhot na tradicionalnoto vizantisko peewe.
Prelistuvaj}i gi stranicite na zbornikot Crkovna muza,
napi{an vo 1922 godina, moè da se zabeleì deka rakata na Ge-
orge Kazana zatreperuva po malku, {to ukaùva na negovite ve}e
poodminati godini. Mo`no e ovoj crkovno-muzi~ki zbornik koj-
{to ne e evidentiran vo Leksikonot na George K. Jonesku, a na
~ija{to naslovna stranica Kazana so nostalgija napi{al pora-
ne{en protopsalt vo Makedonija, da e i negoviot posleden ra-
kopis. Osven vo crkvata Dobroteasa, kade{to bil protopsalt i
vo bibliotekata na Sv. Sinod vo Bukure{t, kade{to se nao|aat
{est negovi muzi~ki rakopisi, za ìvotot na George Kazana tre-
ba da se istraùva i vo Carigrad, Bajasa (Grcija) i osobeno vo
Bitola, kade {to prestojuvaj}i nekolku godini, so svoeto delu-
vawe kako crkoven peja~ i neobi~no ploden kompozitor, sekako,
ostavil traga.
Muzi~koto delo na George Kazana zasluùva pogolemo vni-
manie od ona koe{to muzikolozite mu go posvetile dosega. Vre-
meto }e pokaè deka mestoto na ovoj skromen i zasega, re~isi,
nepoznat muzi~ar e me|u najzna~ajnite avtori na crkovna muzika,
koi{to deluvale vo Makedonija, Romanija i na po{irokiot bal-
kanski prostor vo periodot na preminot od XIX vo XX vek.

168

IX.

Andon [ahpaski (ok. 1860-1928)

So neodamne{noto otkrivawe na nevmatskiot rakopis na
Andon [ahpaski vo seloto Smojmirovo, Male{evsko, istorijata
na makedonskata muzika se zbogatuva so u{te edno ime na dosega
sosema nepoznat pretstavnik na crkovnata muzika od vizantisko-
slovenskata tradicija. Ova se prvite napi{ani redovi za nego i
za negoviot Psaltikiski zbornik, koj{to na dnevnata svetlina
se pojavuva po celi 120 godini od negovoto nastanuvawe.
Ovoj muzi~ki deec od periodot na Prerodbata, koj{to so
svoja raka ispi{al stotici i stotici muzi~ki stranici, litur-
giski tekstovi, pisma i razni drugi sekojdnevni potrebi na lu-
|eto okolu nego, za sebe ne ostavil, re~isi, nikakva pi{ana traga.
Izvor na podatoci za ìvotot na Andon [ahpaski vo prvo vreme
mi bea Vasil [ahpaski, vnuk na Andona i negovata sopruga Draga,
koi{to ìveat vo Smojmirovo, a podocna i nekoi drugi smoj-
mirci.

Spored kaùvawata prenesuvani od koleno na koleno, semej-
stvoto [ahpaski poteknuva od mija~ko-brsja~kite krai{ta. Vo
prvata polovina na XVIII vek, pod pritisok na raznite pqa~-
ka{ki bandi, semejstvoto bilo prinudeno da go napu{ti rodnoto
ogni{te. Kako neposredna pri~ina za ova se naveduva ubistvoto
na nekoj si lokalen turski nasilnik, koj{to go izvr{il nekoj od
~lenovite na ova semejstvo. Turskite vlasti podolgo vreme mu
postavuvale zamki na ovoj, po s# izgleda, silen i itar ~ovek, no,
nikako ne uspevale da go fatat. Zaradi toa od samite Turci dobil
prekar [ahvaz (turski naziv za eden vid siv sokol). Eden del od
169

semejstvoto se zasolnil vo tikve{kiot kraj, a samiot progonet
[ahvaz so ostatokot od semejstvoto prodolìl daleku na istok
naseluvaj}i se vo Gorna Xumaja (denes Blagoevgrad, vo Bugarija).
No, tuka ne ostanale podolgo, bidej}i, dali poradi starata ili
poradi nekoja nova pri~ina, [ahpazovi povtorno zapadnale vo
nemilost kaj turskite vlasti, zaradi {to go prodolìle svoeto
begstvo. Kone~no pribeì{te semejstvoto na{lo vo maloto selo
Smojmirovo, vo male{evskiot kraj, vo koe{to i deneska ìveat
nivni potomci.
1
Eden del od potomcite na [ahpazo si go zadr-
àle prezimeto so mala modifikacija vo [ahpaski, dodeka drugi-
ot del, vo koj{to dve generacii ednopodrugo bile sve{tenici,
deneska go nosat prezimeto Popovski.
Andon [ahpaski mu pripa|a na pettoto koleno od lozata
[ahpazovi po nivnoto naseluvawe vo Smojmirovo. U{te vo najra-
nata mladost go svrtel vnimanieto na sebe kako s#strano nada-
reno, dinami~no i qubopitno mom~e so nemiren duh. Na svoite
sovremenici im ostanal vo se}avawe kako protopsalt koj so svo-
eto peewe gi privlekuval vernicite na bogoslu`bite vo selskata
crkva Sv. Bogorodica. Bil zapameten i kako mo{ne ve{t kroja~,
osobeno poznat po {ieweto na sve{teni~ki ode`di. Osven toa,
Andon [ahpaski bil i selski u~itel i odli~en kaligraf, za {to
najdobra potvrda e negoviot Psaltikiski zbornik, ispi{an so
golema ve{tina.
Godinata na ra|aweto na Andon, kako i mnogu drugi poedi-
nosti od negoviot buren ìvot, ostana nepoznata. Se pretposta-
vuva deka e roden okolu sredinata na XIX vek, najdocna vo {ee-
setite godini. Po smrtta na tatko mu Jovan, koj umrel mnogu mlad,

1
Vo seloto Smojmirovo e so~uvano edno predanie, spored koe, nekoj od pomcite na
[ahpazo vra}aj}i se so svojata majstorska tajfa, se zadràl vo nekoe tursko
selo, vo koe{to tokmu toj den imalo |ure{ (pelivanski turnir). Koga ba{-
pelivanot, koj dotoga{ be{e gi sovladal site svoi protivnici na turnirot,
pra{al dali ima u{te nekoj da mu izleze na megdan, [ahpazo ne mu odoleal
na ovoj predizvik i istr~al na borili{teto. Samiot ne bil mnogu krupen,
no, onaka silen i cvrst, a zgora na toa i ve{t vo boreweto, [ahpazo kajdisal
na protivnikot i uspeal tripati da go frli na zemi. Kako pobednik na
turnirot ja dobil prvata nagrada, a toa bilo eden vol, koj [ahpazo go
poteral pred sebe i zaedno so tajfata si zaminal za Smojmirovo.
170

griàta okolu maliot Andon (And#) ja prezel ~i~ko mu - pop
Lazar. Sogleduvaj}i gi sposobnostite na And#, pop Lazar go dal
na kroja~ki zanaet, a bidej}i poseduval muzi~ki talent i ubav
glas, go podu~uval crkovno peewe i povremeno go angaìral vo
crkvata kako psalt.
Po zavr{uvaweto na kroja~kiot zanaet, po s# izgleda, Andon
bil ispraten vo nekoe u~ili{te na dousovr{uvawe na crkovnoto
peewe, no, ne e poznato kade. Poa|aj}i od podatokot deka eden pe-
riod ìveel i rabotel kako psalt vo Buranovo, selo nedaleku od
Rilskiot manastir (dene{na Bugarija), moè da se pretpostavi
deka Andon [ahpaski crkovno peewe, moèbi, u~el kaj rilskite
monasi vo t.n. rilska crkovno-pea~ka {kola. Osven toa, vo ovoj
manastir toj moèl da gi sovlada i kaligrafskata ve{tina i da
go usovr{i {ieweto na sve{teni~ki ode`di.
Po vra}aweto vo rodnoto Smojmirovo Andon [ahpaski pro-
dolìl da raboti kako psalt vo lokalnata crkva, kade {to sve{-
tenik bil i negoviot bratu~ed pop \or|i, eden od trojcata sinovi
na ~i~ko mu pop Lazar. Povozrasnite smojmirov~ani se se}avaat,
deka dvajcata bratu~edi bile mnogu bliski: imale ku}a-lepenka i
vo tekot na celiot ìvot ìveele kako bra}a. Poznato e i toa,
deka Andon nekolku godini rabotel i kako u~itel vo Smojmirovo,
{to govori deka bil eden od pobrazovanite lu|e vo svojata sre-
dina. Moè da se pretpostavi, deka osven kako selski u~itel i
psalt, Andon istovremeno rabotel i kako kroja~, bidej}i po svo-
jata ve{tina, osobeno vo kreiraweto na sve{teni~ki ode`di, bil
poznat vo Male{evijata, pa i po{iroko.
No, so tekot na vremeto, crkovnoto peewe s# pove}e se iz-
dvojuvalo kako glavna dejnost, a na krajot, stanalo i edinstvena
preokupacija na Andon. Spored kaùvawata na negovite potomci
i na povozrasnite ìteli na Smojmirovo, Andon imal solidna
biblioteka od skapo plateni knigi i rakopisi koi{to gi sozda-
val so svoja raka. Bidej}i bil poznat psalt, po povod razni verski
praznici ~esto bil pokanuvan da pee i vo drugite crkvi vo male-
171

{evskiot kraj. Ne e isklu~eno, kako odli~en kaligraf, za potre-
bite na ovie crkvi da prepi{uval razni psaltikii.
Kako eden od retkite obrazovani lu|e i kako poznat psalt,
ne samo vo Smojmirovo, tuku i po{iroko, bil mo{ne po~ituvan i
vlijatelen ~ovek. Negovata dinami~na li~nost ne moèla da bide
odminata nitu vo edna rabota od interes za seloto, pa, taka i vo
izgradbata na novata crkva vrz temelite na starata tro{na sel-
ska crkva Sv. Bogorodica, na samiot po~etok na XX vek.
Negovite crkovno-prosvetni aktivnosti, zaradi koi uìval
golem ugled kaj svoite soselani, ne moèle da im bidat po volja i
na lokalnite nasilnici, na onie koi{to pod pla{tot na razni
revolucionerni organizacii go terorizirale mirnoto naselenie
i go prisiluvale na poslu{nost. Od edna takva grupa Andon [ah-
paski duri bil osuden i na smrt. Vo posledniot moment uspeal da
im izbega na gonitelite i da se spasi od najlo{oto. Me|utoa,
`rtva na ovie teroristi~ki grupi stanala negovata sakana èna
Hristena, a kako posledica na toa i dvete mali deca Magda i
Stefan, koi po~inale neposredno po ovoj nastan. Po ovaa semejna
tragedija, koja{to ja preìveal samo sredniot sin Aralampie,
Andon povtorno se obidel da si sozdade semejstvo, oènuvaj}i se
so Ordana, koja mu prirodila u{te dve deca - Jovan i Pola.
Vo vrska so ovie teroristi~ki grupi koi gi drèle vo strav
i pot~inetost lu|eto od ovoj kraj, vo Smojmirovo s#u{te se raska-
ùva eden podocneèn nastan, koj zavr{il kobno po zdravjeto, a
podocna i po ìvotot na Andon [ahpaski. Imeno, nekoj od seloto
go angaìral Andona da mu napi{e poplaka - pismo do vlasta
zaradi ubistvoto na bratot. Andon dobro ja sostavil i ubavo ja
napi{al poplakata na svojot soselanec, no, bandata na ubiecot,
sostavena od lokalni nasilnici, znaej}i koj ja napi{al poplaka-
ta, vo znak na odmazda, go pretepala Andona. Od te{kite povredi
koi gi zadobil vo predelot na bubrezite, toj ne se oporavil.
Umrel vo svoeto rodno Smojmirovo, na 20 januari, 1928 godina.
I od ovie skudni podatoci za ìvotot na Andon [ahpaski,
glavno, dobieni po pat na usno prenesuvawe od negovite potomci,
172

moè da se naseti negovata neobi~na priroda, o~igledno predi-
sponirana za duhovnoto i kreativnoto. Ovie nekolku napi{ani
stranici se prv obid, makar i so nedovolno soznanija, da se pod-
osvetli negoviot ìvoten pat i crkovno-muzi~kata dejnost.

[kolata za psalti vo Smojmirovo

Ponatamo{nite isleduvawa pokaàa deka Andon [ahpaski
imal svoja {kola za crkovni pea~i i hor koj{to nastapuval na
nedelnite i prazni~nite bogoslu`bi. Pokraj bratot Aleksandar
(posvoen vo semejstvoto Grpovski) i sinovite Aralampie i Jovan,
negovi u~enici bile i \or|i Mu{karski,
2
Jovan Xaleski Dimo,
Laze Markoski, Ande Axiski, Mijalko [ahpaski, Petre Predar-
ski i dr. Vistinski naslednik na Andon bil Aralampie [ahpaski
(1898-1993), koj, kako protopsalt na crkvata Sv. Bogorodica vo
Smojmirovo, peel do poslednite denovi od svojot ìvot.
3
Po~ina
vo dlaboka starost, vo 1993 godina.
Va`no e da se napomene i toa deka nekoi od u~enicite na
Andon [ahpaski bile poznati i kako pesnopojci i nositeli na
folklornata muzi~ka tradicija. Ova e dotolku pozna~ajno, {to go
anticipira i pra{aweto za povrzanosta na crkovnoto peewe od
vizantiskata tradicija so folklornata pesnopojna tradicija vo
Makedonija. Od ova moè da se izvle~e zaklu~ok, deka kaj Andon
[ahpaski, a preku nego i kaj negovite brojni u~enici-sledbenici,
postoela svest za bliskosta na crkovnoto i narodnoto peewe. Ova
soznanie nedvosmisleno upatuva na dopolnitelni istraùvawa,
kako od strana na etnomuzikolozite, taka i od strana na muziko-
lozite-vizantolozi.

2
Istraùva~ko-terenski materijali snimeni na magnetofonska lenta so \or|i Mu{karski
(peewe i svirewe na tambura) od strana na d-r Borivoe Ximrevski se nao|aat vo
Institutot za folklor Skopje.
3
^lenovi na Redakcijata za narodna muzika pri Muzi~kata produkcija na Makedonskata
radio-televizija, ìvo si spomnuvaat za Aralampie [ahpaski, deka vo nekolku
navrati se javi na povikot za pribirawe na folklorni napevi od postarata tra-
dicija. Iako vo dlaboka starost, Aralampie, s#u{te ima{e ubav glas so stabilna
intonacija.
173

Povozrasnite smojmirci si spomnuvaat, a toa e potkrepeno
i so informacii od drugi izvori, deka, vo period me|u dvete Svet-
ski vojni pri crkvata Sv. Bogorodica vo Smojmirovo postoel hor
od desetina psalti, koj postojano se obnovuval so mladi pea~i,
kako me{tani, taka i od drugite male{evski sela, pa i po{iroko.
Vo ovaa smisla dragocena e informacijata koja{to neodamna ja
dobiv od po~ituvaniot otec Petar Jordanov (1936), profesor vo
Makedonskata pravoslavna bogoslovija Sv. Kliment Ohridski
Skopje, deka Mirko Divanisov od selo Blatec, Ko~ansko, kako i
nekoi drugi psalti od drugi krai{ta na Makedonija, koi{to toj
li~no gi poznaval, vo triesetite godini na XX vek crkovno peewe
u~ele vo Smojmirovo kaj Aralampie [ahpaski. Ova ja potvrduva
tezata deka {kolata za psalti i horot koi{to gi formiral
Andon [ahpaski prodolìle so rabota i po negovata smrt, vo
1928 godina, pod rakovodstvo na Aralampie i bila poznata po{i-
roko vo Makedonija.
Vo godinite po osloboduvaweto, so novoto op{testveno-
politi~ko ureduvawe vo Makedonija, {kolata za psalti vo Smoj-
mirovo prestanala so rabota. Bez priliv od mladi pea~i, i horot
pri crkvata Sv. Bogorodica postepeno se namaluval. Blagodare-
nie na dolgove~nosta, vo crkvata ostanale samo trojcata psalti:
Aralampie [ahpaski, Jovan [ahpaski i \or|i Mu{karski, vo
seloto poznati kako Ampo, Jovan~o i Gogo. Va`no e da se odbele-
ì, deka, iako, neposredno po Prvata svetska vojna vo vardarskiot
del od Makedonija, so potpa|aweto pod srpsko vladeewe, be{e
vovedeno srpskoto narodno crkovno peewe,
4
vo celiot period po
osloboduvaweto, vo crkvata Sv. Bogorodica vo Smojmirovo, preku
dejnosta na spomenatite psalti, crkovnoto peewe od vizantisko-

4
Jane Koxaba{ija: Isku{enijata na crkovnoto peewe vo Makedonija - tendencija za
vra}awe kon peeweto od vizantiska tradicija, Referat na nau~niot sobir na
tema Hristijanstvoto vo kulturata i umetnosta na Strumi~kata eparhija,
Strumica, 2000. Zbornik na trudovi od nau~niot sobir: Hristijanstvoto
vo kulturata i umetnosta na Strumi~kata eparhija. Zavod za za{tita na
spomenici na kulturata i Muzej, Strumica, 2002.
Jane Koxaba{ija: Crkovnoto peewe vo Makedonija vo XX vek, referat na nau~niot
sobir Ilinden 1903 Ilinden 2003 Borba za prava, slobodi i dràvnost
odràn na 17-18 dekemvri 2003 vo Skopje.

174

slovenskata tradicija se prakticira{e bez prekin s# do krajot na
XX vek. Makedonskite vizantolozi dosega bea na mislewe deka
crkovnoto peewe od starata tradicija se odràlo najdocna do
sedumdesetite godini na XX vek.
Od sevo ova {to e kaàno za crkovnoto peewe vo Smojmiro-
vo i za negovite pretstavnici, moè da se zaklu~i deka temelite
koi{to gi postavil Andon [ahpaski vo periodot na Nacional-
nata prerodba bile dovolno cvrsti, za da gi preìveat crkovno-
srpskiot {ovinizam i povoeniot ateizam vo Makedonija i da ja
do~ekaat novata prerodba - vra}aweto na crkovnoto peewe od
starata tradicija vo makedonskite hramovi. Duri i pove}e od toa:
blagodarenie na posvetenosta na Andon [ahpaski i na negovite
sledbenici, maloto male{evsko selo Smojmirovo i negovata crk-
va Sv. Bogorodica, prerasnaa vo simbol na nepokorot i bedem na
starite makedonski tradicii.

Psaltikiskiot zbornik na [ahpaski

Psaltikijata na Andon [ahpaski e pi{uvana vo selo Smoj-
mirovo, Male{evsko, vo periodot od oktomvri 1882 do januari
1884 godina, na crkovno-slovenski jazik i na hrisantovata muzi~-
ka notacija. Pi{uvana e so crno, a povremeno i so violetovo mas-
tilo na obi~na tenka hartija, so zavidna kaligrafska ve{tina,
osobeno muzi~kite nevmi. Rakopisot vo sega{nava sostojba ima
544 stranici bez paginacija, po {est reda na edna stranica (retko
po 5 ili 7). Ima dimenzii 123 h 100 mm. i e podvrzan profe-
sionalno so korici od karton obvieni so temno-kafeava koà.
Odnapred na rakopisot mu nedostigaat izvesen broj stranici, no,
re~isi, e celosno ~itliv. Prvobitnata nezadovolitelna sostojba
na rakopisot be{e nadminata neposredno po negovoto objavuvawe
so reparacijata {to ja napravi semejstvoto [ahpaski.
Vo rakopisot ne se nao|a imeto na negoviot sostavuva~ i pi-
{uva~. Moèbi toa bilo zapi{ano na izgubenite stranici ili na
mestata koi{to se uni{teni od vlagata. Na poslednata stranica,
so istiot rakopis stoi napi{ano deka Zbornikot e zavr{en vo
175

januari 1884 godina vo Smojmirovo. Na dnoto na ovaa stranica
ima dopi{uvano u{te ne{to, no, za àl, toa e sosema ne~itlivo.
Poa|aj}i od toa, deka ovie zapisi se napraveni od istata raka so
koja{to e napi{an celiot Zbornik, osven toa, Andon [ahpaski
bil edinstveniot kaligraf i muzi~ki obrazovan ~ovek vo Smoj-
mirovo, nema nikakvo somnenie, deka rakopisot e negovo delo. Na
edna prazna stranica od rakopisot go sre}avame avtogramot na
Aralampie napi{an so moder moliv: [ahpazovi} Andonov Hara-
lampie. Od ova moè da se izvle~e zaklu~ok deka so rakopisnata
psaltikija na Andon, kako i so drugite knigi od negovata bibli-
otekata se koristel i sin mu Aralampie, no nema nikakvi ukaù-
vawa deka i toj sostavuval psaltikiski zbornici.
Muzi~kiot zbornik na Andon [ahpaski sodrì dva glavni
delovi: 1. Kratok voskresnik so kratka gramatika i ve`bi za pa-
ralagija (solfeìrawe) i 2. Liturgija. Kako {to e ve}e kaàno,
napred rakopisot ima pridodaden del, koj{to nastanal ne{to po-
rano i sodrì tvorbi za najrazli~ni bogoslu`beni potrebi. Od-
napred i odnazad na ovoj pridodaden del mu nedostigaat po nekol-
ku stranici. Ona {to za na{ata crkovna muzika ima posebno zna-
~ewe e toa {to pridodadeniot del zapo~nuva so tvorbata Dos-
tojno est na peti glas od Joan Harmosin - Ohridski, ~ij{to
po~etok, za àl, ne e so~uvan. Interesno e i toa {to, ovoj, zasega,
najstar prepis na harmosinovata antologiska kompozicija ne e
napraven od zbornikot Pashalija na Joan Harmosin, pe~aten vo
Carigrad, 1869 godina
6
, tuku od nekoj prepis.
Patem, ova e u{te edna potvrda deka tvorbata Dostojno
est na peti glas od Joan Harmosin Ohridski, koja{to dosega e
otkriena vo pogolem broj crkovno-muzi~ki rakopisi i pe~ateni
knigi, bila mo{ne omilena i deka se prenesuvala me|u psaltite,
koi{to sakale da bidat vo tek so site aktuelnosti na po{irokiot
crkovno-muzi~ki prostor. I pove}e od toa, crkovnite tvorbi,
koi{to od sredinata na vekot zapo~naa da se sozdavaat na
slovenski jazik od doma{ni kompozitori naidoa na voodu{eveno

6
Harmosin-Ohridski , Ioann , Pashali , Carigrad , 1869.
176

prifa}awe kaj makedonskite psalti. So toa, tie otvoreno ja mani-
festiraa potrebata, osven crkovni napevi prevedeni od gr~ki
jazik, da peat i avtenti~ni kompozicii sozdadeni na slovenski
jazik, vo koi{to }e provejuva prepoznatlivata muzi~ka nota na
narodnoto i na crkovnoto peewe od ova podnebje. Nema somnenie
deka i Andon [ahpaski, kako pretstavnik na crkovnoto peewe vo
Makedonija vo periodot na Prerodbata, kako psalt i u~itel u~es-
tvuval vo procesite na vra}aweto na slovenskiot i na govorniot
jazik vo makedonskite hramovi i vo u~ili{tata i vo iznao|aweto
na sopstven izraz vo crkovnoto peewe od slovensko-vizantiskata
tradicija.
Od dosega{nite sporedbi na ovoj rakopis so pe~atenite kni-
gi od toj period se zabeleùva deka poedini kompozicii od Psal-
tikijata na Andon [ahpaski se srodni, a na momenti identi~ni
so onie od zbornikot na poznatiot bugarski muziko-u~itel Niko-
la Trandafilov - Slivnenec, Cvetosobranie prvata pe~atena
kniga na slovenski jazik, vo 1847 godina, vo Bukure{t.
7
No, pos-
tojat indikacii, deka tie, sepak, ne se direktno prezemeni od ovoj
zbornik, tuku od razni drugi rakopisi, najverojatno od onie nas-
tanati vo Rilskiot manastir, ili od nivnite brojni prepisi pra-
veni na po{irokiot pravoslaven prostor. Vrz osnova na dosega{-
nite istraùvawa, moè da se zaklu~i deka Kratkiot voskres-
nik - prviot del od Zbornikot na Andon [ahpaski, idejno-
estetski i muzi~ki e mo{ne blizok do rakopisniot Voskresnik na
Janaki Stojmenovi~ od selo Orizari, Ko~ansko, nastanat vo 1849
godina, koj pretstavuva prepis od tri rakopisi od Rilskiot
manastir.
Psaltikiskiot zbornik na Andon [ahpaski e eden od ret-
kite rakopisi sozdadeni na teritorijata na Makedonija, koi{to
sodràt kratki gramatiki na hrisantovata muzi~ka notacija.
Imeno, neposredno pred Kratkiot voskresnik ima prikaz na
osnovnite muzi~ki znaci so slovenski imiwa, ve`bi za paralagija
(solfeìrawe) za sovladuvawe na muzi~kite intervali, kako i

7
Trendafilov, Nikola, Cv tosobranie, Bukur t, 1847.
177

grafikon na dijatonskata skala na prviot glas. Sudej}i spored
intervalskata podelba na oktavata prikaàna na ovoj grafikon,
vo koja golemiot stepen ima 12, maliot 9 i polustepenot 6 komi,
ne e isklu~eno, toa da e prezemeno od prvata pe~atena teoriska
kniga na slovenski jazik - Gledalo, od ve}e spomenatiot bugarski
teoreti~ar Nikola Trandafilov - Slivnenec
8
, pe~atena vo 1848
godina vo Bukure{t. Inaku, ovaa intervalska podelba na oktavata
ja zastapuvaat i drugi teoreti~ari na isto~noto crkovno peewe
od Makedonija, me|u koi i Kalistrat Zografski
9
.

9 6 12 12 9 6 12
Pa Vu Ga Di Ke Zo Ni Pa
re mi fa sol la si do re
I II III IV V VI VII VIII

Kratka gramatika sodrì i Liturgiskiot zbornik vtori-
ot del od rakopisnata psaltikija na Andon [ahpaski, ovojpat so
paralelna muzi~ka terminologija na slovenski i na gr~ki jazik.
Ova ukaùva na toa, deka e prezemena od nekoj postar slovenski
rakopis ili kniga, vo koi gramatikata na hrisantovata notacija e
s#u{te dvojazi~na.
Liturgiskiot zbornik, kako vtor del od rakopisnata psal-
tikija na Andon [ahpaski, pretstavuva vnimatelno napraven iz-
bor od tvorbi, vo koj{to sostavuva~ot ne se pridrùva strogo do
nivniot voobi~aen redosled vo crkovnata bogoslu`ba. Sodrì
kompozicii od najpoznatite vizantiski avtori na crkovna muzika
od XIV do XIX vek: Jovan Kukuzel, Hrisav Novago, Georgij Krit-
ski, Jakov Protopsalt, Daniil Protopsalt, Petar Lambadarij -
Peloponeski, Joan Lambadarij, Petar Efeski, Hurmuzij Harto-
filaks, Grigorij Protopsalt, Joan Harmosin Ohridski i drugi,
~ii{to imiwa ne se navedeni. Zasega nema indikacii deka vo

8
(Trandafilov, Nikola - Slivneneq), Gledalo, radi slavno-bolgarskata nnh
novonapecatana psaltika, Bukure\, 1848.
9
(Arximandrit Kalistrat), Vostocno qrkovno phnie, Voskresnik,
Manastirot Sv. Gewrgi Zogra vo Sv. Gora, 1905.
178

rakopisot ima i tvorbi od negoviot sozdava~ Andon [ahpaski. Za
toa }e bidat potrebni novi dopolnitelni analizi.
Sudej}i spored kaligrafskata ve{tina i ortografijata de-
monstrirani vo ovoj rakopis, moè da se kaè, deka toa e delo na
ve{t i iskusen prepi{uva~ so sigurna, izve`bana raka i deka ovoj
crkovno-muzi~ki zbornik ne e edinstveniot {to go napi{al.
Poa|aj}i od ovie svojstva na zbornikot, moè da se zaklu~i, deka
Andon [ahpaski poseduval solidno poznavawe na hrisantovata
teorija i praktikata na isto~noto crkovno peewe, so kakvo {to
toga{ moèl da se zdobie vo manastirskite u~ili{ta od visoko-
u~eni psalti.

So otkrivaweto na Psaltikiskiot zbornik na Andon [ah-
paski makedonskata muzi~ka nauka se zbogatuva so u{te eden dra-
gocen dokument so pove}ekatno zna~ewe za crkovnoto peewe od
vizantisko-slovenskata tradicija i, voop{to, za nacionalnata
kultura. U{te edna{, na uverliv na~in se potvrdi faktot, deka
psaltikata na teritorijata na Makedonija vo XIX vek ve}e ne se
prenesuvala samo po pat na usmeno predanie od neukite sve{te-
nici i psalti, tuku prodolì da se {iri i so crkovno-muzi~kata
dejnost na s# pogolemiot broj posveteni poedinci, koi bile nada-
reni i obrazovani, no, ve}e i nacionalno osoznaeni. Vsu{nost,
preku nivnata dejnost zapo~na da se manifestira otporot protiv
asimilatorskata politika na Carigradskata patrijar{ija i po-
trebata za vra}awe na slovenskiot jazik vo bogoslu`bata. So toa,
ovie poedinci od redot na Crkvata ja ozna~ija Prerodbata na ma-
kedonskiot narod, periodot vo koj{to se sozdava{e makedonskata
nacija i se postavuvaa temelite na nejziniot samostoen kulturen
razvoj. Andon [ahpaski e eden od niv.

179

X.

Atanas Badev (1860-1908)

Razvojot na muzi~kata umetnost vo Makedonija vo posled-
nata ~etvrtina na XIX vek e ozna~en niz dejnosta na gradskite i
u~ili{nite horski ansambli i pomali orkestarski sostavi for-
mirani od muzi~ari od koi{to nekoi se {koluvale i nadvor od
granicite na Otomanskoto Carstvo, vo Rusija i vo drugi evrop-
ski zemji. Najistaknatiot me|u muzi~arite koi{to dejstvuvaat
na ovoj plan vo ovoj period e Atanas Badev (1860-1908).
Podatocite za ìvotot i deloto na ovoj muzi~ki deec, koi-
{to pred makedonskata kulturna javnost za prvpat se objaveni vo
{eesetite godini na XX vek, pobudija ogromno interesirawe.
Podocne`nata koncertna izvedba na fragmenti od negovata hor-
ska kompozicija Liturgija po sv. Jovan Zlatoust so Horot na
Makedonskata radio-televizija pod dirigentstvoto na Dragan
[uplevski vo sve~enata sala na MANU be{e prosledena so vis-
tinsko voodu{evuvawe. Ova dotolku pove}e {to nacionalnata
muzika se zbogati so vredno, dotoga{ nepoznato delo sozdadeno
od profesionalno podgotven muzi~ar. Ovoj nastan frli nova
svetlina na na{eto muzi~ko minato, posebno na crkovnata muzi-
ka od periodot na Prerodbata.
Liturgijata po Sv. Jovan Zlatoust na Atanas Badev za
kuso vreme doìvea razni formi na snimawa i na koncertni iz-
vedbi i be{e ~esto emituvana na muzi~kite programi na Radioto
i Televizijata. So kolkava popularnost se zdobi ova horsko delo
vo sledniot period govorat i podatocite deka integralni izved-
bi Liturgijata na Badev ima{e na manifestacijata Stru{ka
muzi~ka esen vo 1988 i na osvetuvaweto na Soborniot hram Sv.
180

Kliment Ohridski vo Skopje, vo 1990 godina. Vo istiot period
be{e izdadena na gramofonski plo~i i na audio i na video kase-
ti. Vo makedonskite crkvi Zlatoustovata liturgija na Badev
s# po~esto }e bide zastapena i, re~isi, potpolno }e ja istisne
Liturgijata na srpskiot kompozitor Stevan St. Mokrawac
(1856-1914), dotoga{ neprikosnoven ne samo vo duhovnata, ami i
vo svetovnata horska muzika vo Makedonija.

Atanas Badev e roden na 14 januari 1860 godina vo Prilep,
vo semejstvo na prili~no zamoèn trgovec. U{te od najrana
vozrast Atanas pokaùval golemo interesirawe za muzikata.
Osven toa, so ednakva qubov toj se odnesuval i kon drugite
predmeti a osobeno kon matematikata. Crkovno peewe u~el kaj
Kote Pazov, a potoa kaj Georgi Smi~kov, eden od prvite make-
donski melografi, poznat crkoven peja~ i u~itel.
1

Kako mom~e so natprose~ni sposobnosti, roditelite go is-
pra}aat Atanasa da go prodolì {koluvaweto vo Solun. Me|u-
toa, tamu toj ostanuva kuso vreme, bidej}i smrtta na tatko mu
doveduva do materijalni te{kotii vo semejstvoto. Vo sledniot
period semejstvoto Badevi se preseluvaat vo Bugarija i Atanas
se zapi{uva vo Ma{kata gimnazija vo Sofija. I vo novata sredi-
na toj se istaknal so svoeto {iroko iteresirawe za predmetite
koi{to gi izu~uval. Qubovta kon muzikata i nesekojdnevnata
muzikalnost na mladiot Badev do{le do izraz preku pomo{ta
{to mu ja daval na svojot u~itel po muzika pri rakovodeweto na
u~ili{niot hor.
2

Za vreme na letniot odmor vo 1879 godina Atanas Badev se
vratil vo svoeto rodno mesto Prilep, kade{to formiral crkov-
no-u~ili{en hor. Sostaven od u~enici i qubiteli na muzikata,
ovoj horski ansambl so uspeh nastapuval na nedelnite crkovni
slu`bi i na drugi praznici i sve~enosti vo gradot.
3
Vo u~ebnata
1880/81 godina koga rakovodeweto na horot go prezel pora-

1
Ortakov, Dragoslav, Makedonska muzika 5 Atanas Badev i negovoto delo. p. 27.
2
3
Golabovski, Sotir, Istorija op. cit. p. 99.
181

ne{niot u~itel na Badev, Georgi Smi~kov, ansamblot broel oko-
lu 30 ~lenovi, so 7-8 pea~i vo sekoj glas. Vo svojata kniga Gra-
dot Prilep Georgi Traj~ev veli deka horistite koi{to se
sobirale na proba sekoja sreda popladne, bile samouci, bidej}i
vo toa vreme vo prilepskoto triklasno u~ili{te notnoto peewe
s#u{te ne bilo zastapeno.
4
Me|utoa, pronajdenite materijali
ispi{ani od rakata na samiot Smi~kov, koi{to pretstavuvaat
horski {timovi na crkovni kompozicii transkribirani od za-
padna na hrisantova notacija, govori deka horistite se sluèle
i so pi{uvani muzi~ki materijali pri u~eweto na tvorbite
5
i
deka vo toj period na teritorijata na Makedonija dominira vi-
zantiskoto muzi~ko pismo.
Presuden period od ìvotot na Atanas Badev e negoviot
prestoj vo Rusija, kade{to, finansiran od svojot bogat vujko, stu-
dira fizika i matematika na Filozofskiot fakultet vo Odesa.
Po dvegodi{no studirawe, zaradi smrtta na vujko mu, Badev ja
napu{ta Odesa. Ne{to podocna, otkako samiot si obezbedil ma-
terijalni sredstva, odi vo Moskva, kade{to se zapi{uva vo Si-
nodalnata pea~ka {kola. Vo sledniot period, rakovoden od èl-
bata za novi muzi~ki znaewa, go sre}avame vo Petersburg, kako
student na Dvorskata peja~ka {kola. Nekoi muzikolozi, vo vrska
so negovite studii po kompozicija na ovaa {kola, naveduvaat de-
ka studiite gi zavr{il u~ej}i kaj vidni profesori. Me|u niv se
spomenuva i golemiot ruski kompozitor Nikolaj Rimski-Kor-
sakov, no dali Badev bil i negov student, za toa seu{te nema si-
gurni podatoci.
So diploma na prv profesionalen makedonski muzi~ar i
teoreti~ar so {iroka kultura i znaewe, Badev se vra}a vo Make-
donija i stanuva nastavnik po muzika vo Solun. Vo godinite po-
minati na rabota me|u solunskite sredno{kolci Atanas Badev
go dava najzna~ajniot pridones za razvojot na muzi~kata kultura
vo svojata tatkovina. Toj organizira i rakovodi u~ili{en hor i

4
Traj~ev, Georgi, Grad Prilep, Sofija, 1926. p. 154-155.
5
Ortakov, Dragoslav i Golabovski, Sotir, Muzi~ko tvore{tvo,
Prilep i Prilepsko niz istorijata, Prilep, 1971, v. I. p. 236-240.
182

podgotvuva kadri {to }e ja prodolàt muzi~kata dejnost vo po-
ve}e makedonski gradovi. Izvesno vreme, okolu 1892 godina, Ba-
dev se nao|a na slu`ba vo Bitola. Tamu toj se oènil so u~itel-
kata Marija Dimitrova [tipjanova, so koja naskoro povtorno se
preseluva vo Solun. Negovoto u~itelstvuvawe vo Solun se odvi-
va vo godinite na osnovaweto na makedonskata revolucionerna
organizacija i na nejzinite prvi akcii. Od predostro`nost kaj
rakovodstvata na u~ili{tata na Egzarhijata vo Makedonija,
zapo~nale da gi oddale~uvaat od makedonskite gradovi site onie
kulturni rabotnici ~ija{to dejnost, na kakov i da e na~in, mo-
èla da bide korisna za deloto i celite na organizacijata.
6

Kako posledica na ovie okolnosti Atanas Badev bil pre-
mesten vo Ruse. Nao|aj}i se vo naponot na svoite tvore~ki sili,
kako nastavnik po muzika vo rusenskata ma{ka gimnazija, toj
razviva mo{ne plodna aktivnost, vospituvaj}i gi svoite u~enici
i rakovodej}i go horot na gimnazijata vrz osnova na iskustvoto
zdobieno vo u~ili{tata vo Makedonija. Nekoi negovi u~enici
podocna profesionalno se opredeluvaat za muzikata i postig-
nuvaat vidni rezultati kako muzi~ki umetnici i teoreti~ari.
Za vreme na prestojot vo Ruse Atanas Badev ja oformil svojata
Liturgija po Sv. Jovan Zlatoust, koja{to e pe~atena vo Laj-
pcih (Germanija), vo 1898 godina. Po dvegodi{niot period pomi-
nat na rabota vo rusenskata ma{ka gimnazija, Badev dobiva po-
kana od sinodot da bide u~itel po crkovno peewe vo bogoslov-
skoto u~ili{te vo Samokov. Toj ja prifa}a ovaa rabota koja{to
se sostoela vo upatuvawe na seminaristite vo ~itawe na zapad-
noto i na isto~noto muzi~ko pismo. No, ne pominalo mnogu vre-
me, Badev dobil otkaz od samokovskata seminarija. Pri~inite za
ovaa postapka na sinodot ostanuvaat nedovolno razjasneti. Vo
sledniot period Badev e nazna~en za nastavnik po muzika vo èn-
skata gimnazija vo ]ustendil. Tamu, ve}e so seriozno naru{eno
zdravje, Badev gi pominal poslednite godini od svojot ìvot,
obiduvaj}i se bezuspe{no da dobie premestuvawe vo Sofija,

6
Ortakov, Dragoslav, Makedonska muzika - 5, op. cit. p. 31.
183

kade{to bi moèl da dobiva poefikasna medicinska pomo{. Vo
tie nastojuvawa, na edno od svoite patuvawa, na 21 septemvri
1908 godina, Badev umira vo vozot na pat za ]ustendil.
7

* * *
Atanas Badev kako sestrano obrazovan muzi~ar vo duhot na
evropskata muzi~ka estetika i pod vlijanie na nacionalroman-
tizmot, paralelno so kompozitorskata i pedago{kata dejnost, se
zanimava so sobirawe i prou~uvawe na makedonskiot muzi~ki
folklor. Rezultat na ovie istraùvawa na Badev e negoviot nas-
tap na vtoriot kongres na Muzi~kiot sojuz vo Sofija vo 1904
godina so referatot Za folklorot i negovite osobenosti vo
Makedonija. Ova e voedno i prv poseriozen trud od oblasta na
etnomuzikologijata vo koj{to za prvpat stru~no se objasnuvaat
meloritmi~kite strukturi na makedonskiot muzi~ki folklor.
8

So ovaa svoja aktivnost Atanas Badev gi postavi i temelite na
sovremenata makedonska etnomuzikologija.
Napi{al brojni kompozicii inspirirani od muzi~kiot
folklor, kako i harmonizacii na napevi od gradskata tradicija,
kakvi {to vo periodot na nacional-romantizmot neguvaat i dru-
gi avtori od sosednite kulturni sredini. No, vistinskiot tvo-
re~ki potencijal na Atanas Badev najdobro e odrazen vo nego-
vata Liturgija po Sv. Jovan Zlatoust za me{an hor. Rabotena
po primerot na duhovnite kompozicii koi{to Badev imal mo`-
nost da gi studira vo golemite muzi~ki metropoli Moskva i vo
Petersburg, ovaa kompozicija na Badev sodrì porazvien horski
slog vo sporedba so drugite negovi tvorbi sozdadeni vrz sopstve-
na ili folklorna tematika.
9
Vo eden del od melodiite zastape-
ni vo ova horsko delo, se prepoznavaat crkovni napevi so~uvani
po pat na usnata tradicija, kako i temi od poznati vizantiski
kompozitori, koi{to Badev, verojatno, gi slu{al i peel vo svo-

7
8
Karaka{, Branko, Muzi~kite tvorci vo Makedonija, Makedonska
kniga, Skopje, 1970, p. 9.
9
184

jot roden kraj. Me|utoa, nivniot vizantiski karakter e vo izves-
na mera neutraliziran so harmoniziraweto vo duhot na evrop-
skata muzika. Sepak, kako muzi~ar koj{to ja poznaval i vizan-
tiskata muzika i nejziniot sistem od osum glasovi, vo nekoi
delovi na svojata Liturgija, kade{to melodijata za osnova
ima nekoj od karakteristi~nite tonovi na vizantiskite skali,
Badev pri harmoniziraweto na ovie melodii i temi pravi odre-
deni kompromisi, koi{to deloto go pravat originalno i priv-
le~no. Taka, namesto voobi~aenite harmonski re{enija tipi~ni
za evropskata muzika, Badev na momenti ostava da zazvu~i pre-
poznatlivoto vizantisko iso, koe{to kako temjan go ispolnuva
prostorot. Voedno, toa se i najvozbudlivite delovi na negovata
Liturgija po Sv. Jovan Zlatoust.
Kako muzi~ar koj{to preku ruskata svetovna i crkovna mu-
zika imal mo`nosti temelno da ja zapoznae i da ja primeni vo
praktika evropskata muzi~ka teorija, Atanas Badev ne moèl,
ednostavno, da ostane i vo crkovnata muzika od vizantiska tra-
dicija, koja{to kako dete ja u~el vo rodniot grad Prilep. O~i-
gledno e, deka kako kompozitor i dirigent, toj pove}e prostor
otkriva vo evropskata muzika, na koja{to & se predal so celoto
svoe bitie. Vsu{nost, qubovta kon evropskata muzika, koja{to
se razgorela vo Petersburg i vo Moskva, e rodena vo Prilep i
traela do krajot na negoviot ìvot. Koga go velam ova, predvid
go imam faktot, deka vo periodot na negovata prva mladost, vo
Prilep, kako eden od ponaprednatite kulturni centri vo Make-
donija, preku razni formi i pati{ta, (iako so izvesno zadocnu-
vawe), kako ne{to novo i vobudlivo, nadoa|a branot na evrop-
skata romanti~arska muzika, koja{to ne go ostavila ramnodu{en
i mladiot Atanas. Pri toa, da ne zaboravime, deka eden zna~aen
del od svojata mladost Badev pominal vo Sofija, kako u~enik na
Ma{kata gimnazija. Vo ovoj golem kulturen centar vo koj{to se
{koluvale brojni mladi makedonski intelektualci, toj na sekoj
~ekor moèl da go po~uvstvuva zdivot na evropskata kultura.
Site ovie okolnosti ja odredija muzi~kata sudbina na Atanas
185

Badev, prviot sestrano obrazovan muzi~ar vo duhot na evrop-
skata muzika od Makedonija.

Prvite podatoci za ìvotot i deloto na ovoj pretstavnik
na Nacionalnata prerodba se objaveni vo knigata na srpskiot
muzikolog i publicist Branko Karaka{ Muzi~kite tvorci vo
Makedonija, izdadena vo 1970 godina vo Skopje, vo koja{to Ata-
nas Badev e pretstaven kako prv profesionalen makedonski
muzi~ar i teoreti~ar so {iroka kultura
10
Slednata subli-
mirana informacija za Atanas Badev ja nao|ame vo Muzi~kata
enciklopedija na Jugoslovenskiot leksikografski zavod od 1971
godina, napi{ana od kompozitorot Todor Skalovski, vo koja{to
se naveduva deka kompoziciite na Atanas Badev svedo~at za so-
lidnoto znaewe, bogatata invencija i tvore~kata sila. Se nagla-
suva i toa deka Badev e prviot stru~no obrazovan muzi~ar i teo-
reti~ar so {iroka kultura, voedno i prviot makedonski kompo-
zitor na pove}eglasna crkovna muzika.
11

Vo naredniot period za deloto i ìvotniot pat na Atanas
Badev najmnogu istraùva{e i pi{uva{e muzi~kiot pisatel
Dragoslav Ortakov. So svoite tri knigi Muzi~kata umetnost
vo Makedonija (1982), Ars nova macedonica (1986), Ogledi za
vizantisko-slovenskata muzika vo Makedonija (2001), kako i so
drugite napisi vo razni spisanija od oblasta na kulturata, Orta-
kov nesomneno pridonese za osvetluvawe na likot i tvore{tvoto
na ovoj zna~aen kompozitor, eden od malubrojnite obrazovani
muzi~ari ne samo vo Makedonija, tuku i vo drugite balkanski
nacionalni sredini.
12
Soodveten prostor na ovoj zna~aen make-
donski muzi~ar mu posvetuva i Sotir Golabovski vo svojata
kniga Istorija na makedonskata muzika, izdadena vo 1999 go-
dina. Spored ovoj muzikolog, Atanas Badev e najzna~ajniot pret-
stavnik na muzi~kiot profesionalizam od zapadno-evropski tip

10
Karaka{, Branko, Muzi~kite op. cit. p. 9.
11
Skalovski, Todor, Muzicka enciklopedija, vol. I, Jugoslovenski leksikografski
zavod, Zagreb, 1974, p. 110.
12
186

vo periodot na Prerodbata i, pokraj muzi~koto tvore{tvo i et-
nomuzikolo{kata rabota, ja naglasuva i negovata pedago{ka i
organizatorska dejnost so {to dal zna~aen pridones vo razvojot
na muzi~kata kultura vo Makedonija.
13
Vo posledno vreme za ì-
votniot pat i za deloto na Atanas Badev istraùva i muziko-
logot Jelica Todor~evska, koja navestuva nekoi novi momenti od
negoviot ìvot, osobeno za periodot na negovite muzi~ki studii
vo Rusija.
14

Imaj}i go predvid faktot deka interesiraweto na Badev
kako muzi~ar ne e ograni~eno samo na duhovnata muzika i na
folklornite temi kako izvor na inspiracija, tuku i na samoto
folklorno muzi~ko tvore{tvo, kone~no i zaradi negovata jasna
orientacija kon evropskata muzika kako negova estetsko-tvore~-
ka opredelba, za ovoj muzi~ki deec ~ija{to dejnost se ostvaruva
vo poslednite dve decenii na XIX i po~etokot na XX vek, }e
istraùvaat i idnite generacii makedonski muzikolozi.

Rezime
Na teritorijata na Makedonija i na po{irokiot pravosla-
ven prostor od sredinata na XIX i preminot vo XX vek se ~uv-
stvuva silnoto vlijanie na docniot evropski romantizam i na
ruskata svetovna i crkovna muzika, preku voveduvaweto na ~eti-
riglasni horski ansambli vo bogoslu`bata. Ovoj muzi~ki izraz
na teritorijata na Makedonija ima{e i svoi privrzenici, od koi
najzna~aen e Atanas Badev (1860-1908), prviot profesionalen
muzi~ar, obrazovan vo duhot na evropskata muzika.
Paralelno so kompozitorskata i pedago{kata dejnost, Ba-
dev se zanimava so sobirawe i prou~uvawe na osobenostite na
makedonskiot muzi~ki folklor. So ovaa svoja aktivnost toj gi
postavi temelite na sovremenata makedonska etnomuzikologija.

13
Golabovski, Sotir, Istorija op. cit. p. 100
14
Todor~evska, Jelica, Leksikon na muzi~kite tvorci od Prilep, (vo rakopis)
187

XI.

Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev (1876-1950)

Vo na{evo vreme ne retko se slu~uva da bide otkrieno ne-
koe vredno delo od pobliskoto istorisko minato, a za ìvotot
na negoviot avtor da ne se so~uvani ni najosnovnite podatoci.
Takov e slu~ajot so pove}eto od pretstavenite li~nosti vo ovoj
del na knigava. Vo ovoj pogled ne e isklu~ok nitu Vasil Ivanov
Bojaxiev, tvorecot na eden od najvrednite crkovno-muzi~ki dela
vo makedonskata muzi~ka istorija i po{iroko, iako e roden zna-
~itelno podocna i ìveel s# do sredinata na XX vek.
Blagodarenie na podatocite do koi{to dojde muzikologot
Dragoslav Ortakov od razgovorot so potomcite na Vasil Ivanov
Bojaxiev, neposredno po otkrivaweto na negoviot Psaltikiski
voskresnik vo 1978 g.
1
od strana na slavistot Mihajlo Georgiev-
ski,
2
deneska gi imame osnovnite podatoci za ìvotot na ovoj
zna~aen pretstavnik na crkovno peewe od slovensko-vizantiska-
ta tradicija vo Makedonija. Iako nedostato~ni, ovie podatoci
se izvonredno va`ni za idnite istraùvawa, bidej}i naso~uvaat
kon klu~ni punktovi od ìvotot na Vasil Ivanov.
Spored ovie podatoci, Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev e roden na 14
dekemvri 1876 godina vo Kratovo. Po zavr{uvaweto na osnovno-
to u~ili{te vo rodniot grad, svoeto obrazovanie go prodolìl
vo Skopje na egzarhiskoto pedago{ko u~ili{te, kade{to stek-
nal osnovni znaewa od crkovnoto peewe. Kako psalt, osven vo
Kratovo, rabotel i vo Tetovo, [tip i Strumica. Dve godini

1
Vorldbuk, Skopje, 2001. p. 98-103,
2
Georgievski, Mihailo, Makedonska muzika/2 Nekolku novootkrieni
muzi~ki rakopisi od Makedonija, Skopje, 1979. p. 51-55
188

prestojuval vo manastirot Hilandar na Sveta Gora na usovr{u-
vawe na crkovnoto peewe. Vo sledniot period raboti kako u~i-
tel po crkovno peewe vo bogoslovsko u~ili{te na Ba~kovskiot
manastir blizu do Plovdiv. Okolu 1922 godina se preselil vo
Stara Zagora, kade {to po izvesno vreme e penzioniran.

Vo celiot period me|u dvete svetski vojni Vasil Ivanov
Bojaxiev intenzivno rabotel na Psaltikiskiot voskresnik,
vgraduvaj}i go vo nego seto svoe znaewe i iskustvo na u~itel po
crkovno peewe. Vo Bugarija, kade{to psaltikiskite knigi na
Manasij pop Todorov se neprikosnoveni, ne uspeal da najde zain-
teresiran izdava~ za svojata kniga. Za taa cel, Vasil Ivanov, koj
i pred toa me~tael da se vrati vo svojata rodna Makedonija, vo
1941 godina doa|a vo Veles, kade{to raboti kako dirigent na
crkoven hor i psalt. Zaradi otporot od strana na pro-srpskoto
nastroeno sve{tenstvo, koe vo ovoj grad ve}e podolg period go
prakticiraat t.n. srpsko narodno crkovno peewe, ne uspeal da se
zdobie nitu so privrzenici za crkovnoto peewe od slovensko-
vizantiskata tradicija, nitu da najde spomagateli i izdava~ za
svojata kniga. Po samo dve godini zaminuva za Skopje, gradot vo
koj{to pred pet decenii bil u~enik na pedago{koto u~ili{te,
nadevaj}i se deka tamu }e uspee da ja realizira svojata èlba
pe~ateweto na knigata i da ja prodolì svojata crkovno-muzi~ka
dejnost. No, blizu e krajot na vojnata i vo tuku{to oslobodenoto
Skopje, gradot na negovata mladost, }e nema mesto za ve}e ve}e
ostareniot i izmoren psalt. Zgora na toa, vo noviot op{testven
poredok negoviot Psaltikiski voskresnik preku no} }e stane
anahron i bezpredmeten.
Umira vo Skopje, vo 1950 godina.

Psaltikiskiot voskresnik

Kako {to e ve}e istaknato, otkrivaweto na Psaltikiski-
ot voskresnik od Vasil I. Bojaxiev vo 1978 godina ima po{i-
roko zna~ewe za makedonskata muzi~ka kultura i posebno za cr-
189

kovnoto peewe od slovensko-vizantiskata tradicija. So otkriva-
weto na ovoj rakopis se potvrdi visokoto nivo na crkovnoto
peewe na teritorijata na Makedonija i na negovite brojni pret-
stavnici, kako i faktot deka, iako vo ote`nati uslovi, be{e
odràn kontinuitetot vo razvojot na psaltikiskata umetnost i
vo periodot po Prvata svetska vojna, koga so potpa|aweto na var-
darskiot del od Makedonija pod srpska vlast, vo makedonskite
hramovi be{e vovedeno srpkoto narodno crkovno peewe. Osven
toa, rakopisniot zbornik na Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev sodrì cela
niza dragoceni crkovni tvorbi od makedonski avtori, nepoznati
pred negovoto otkrivawe.
Rakopisot na Bojaxiev e pi{uvan na hrisantovata notacija
i na crkovno-slovenski tekst so voedna~eno ubav i ~itliv rako-
pis. Ovoj obemen zbornik ima 392 gusto pi{uvani stranici so po
17 redovi muzi~ki nevmi i tekst i gi sodrì slednite posle-
dovanija na utrewata, ve~erwata i liturgijata:

- Site voskresni napevi koi se peat na voskresnata
ve~erwa i utrewa (na 8 glasovi);
- Posledovanie na voskresni eksapostilarii i utreni
evangelski stihiri;
- Preblagoslovena esi, Bogorodice Devo i kratki veliki
slavoslovija na (na 8 glasovi);
- Kosnokratki veliki slavoslovija na 8 glasovi;
- Kosnokratki troi~ni tropari na voskresna poluno}nica;
- Kratki troi~ni tropari;
- Blagosloven esi Gospodi, Angelski sobor (kratko i pro-
strano);
- Posledovanie na voskresnoto utreno evangelie;
- Psalm pedeseti, na vtori, sedmi i osmi glas;
- êstwej{uju heruvim, na 8 glasovi;
- Svete tihij;
- Pet arhierejski mnogoletstvija;
- Na blagodarstven moleben, himna: Tebe Boga hvalim;
- êtiri op{ti mnogoletstvija;
190

- Edine~ni i troi~ni Gospodi pomiluj;
- Podobija za stihiri, sedalni, kondaci na 8 glasovi;
- Podobija za svetilni na vtori i treti glas;
- Otca i Sina od vtori do osmi glas;
- Dostojno est na vtori, {esti i sedmi glas.

Interesno e da se napomene deka, re~isi, site slovenski
avtori na crkovna muzika koi{to se zastapeni vo ovoj zbornik
poteknuvaat od Makedonija: Jovan Kukuzel, Dimitar Zlatanov
Gradoborski, Kalistrat Zografski, Hristo P. Stojanov, Mana-
sij pop Todorov, Atanas Badev, Hristo [aldev, Petar Dinev i
Stamuli Zarkinovski. Od vizantiskite tvorci zastapen e samo
Petar Peloponeski.
Vo ovaa svoevidna antologija na makedonskoto crkovno-mu-
zi~ko tvore{tvo posebno se zna~ajni trite tvorbi na Kalistrat
Zografski Otca i Sina na vtori, peti i sedmi glas. Dvete
tvorbi na peti i sedmi glas, Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev moèl da gi
prezeme od zbornikot Liturgija, no, ostanuva nepoznato otkade
ja zemal onaa na vtori glas, bidej}i taa ne se nao|a vo zbornikot
na Kalistrat, nitu vo nekoja druga pe~atena psaltikija. So ova
Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev ni dava zna~ajna informacija deka
Kalistrat Zografski vo zbornikot Isto~no crkovno peewe ne
gi stavil site svoi kompozicii. Od ova moè da se izvle~e
zaklu~ok, deka toj sozdal pogolem broj tvorbi od onoj {to ni e
poznat deneska.
Otkrivaweto na Psaltikiskiot voskresnik na Vasil Iva-
nov Bojaxiev vnese novi momenti i vo odnos na dilemite okolu
crkovno-muzi~koto tvore{tvo na Manasij na pop Todorov.
3
Ime-
no, spored misleweto na bugarskiot vizantolog od makedonsko
poteklo Petar Dinev (1889-1976), Manasij pop Todorov se nema
projaveno kako kompozitor, tuku samo kako izdava~ na psaltikii
i muzikou~itel. Do ovoj zaklu~ok Dinev do{ol po detalnata
analiza na zbornicite od pop Todorov izdadeni vo periodot od

3
Vizantologot Petar

Dinev e na mislewe deka Manasij pop Todorov ne ostavil
svoi muzi~ki tvorbi, tuku samo pravel korekcii na tvorbi od drugi avtori.
191

1905 do 1922 godina, kako i na zbornicite na drugite avtori,
izdadeni pred 1905 godina. Pritoa, Dinev konstatiral deka vo
nekoi tvorbi pop Todorov napravil nezna~itelni izmeni, so cel
melodijata podobro da ja izrazi smislata na tekstot ili da
korigira nekoi nepravilni akcenti.
4
Vo zbornikot na Bojaxiev,
koj{to e otkrien dve godi-ni po smrtta na Petar Dinev, Manasij
pop Todorov e zastapen so daleku pogolem broj tvorbi vo spored-
ba so drugite zastapeni avtori:

a) Veliko slavoslovie (12 tvorbi) na prvi, vtori, treti
(dva), ~etvrti, peti, {esto-sedmi, {esti, prvo-sedmi,
sedmi (dva) i osmi glas;

b) Otca i sina (2 tvorbi) na treti i {esti glas.

Vo vrska so ova, va`no e da se napomene, deka rakopisniot
zbornik na Vasil Ivanov pretstavuva eden od najobemnite i naj-
solidno napraveni, koi{to se pojavile na teritorijata na Make-
donija, i po{iroko. Vrz osnova na negovite sodrìni, moè da se
zaklu~i, deka sostavuva~ot Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev, osven {to
odli~no ja poznaval teorijata na hrisantovata notacija, bil do-
bro upaten i vo literaturata na isto~no-pravoslavnoto peewe,
osobeno vo onaa na slovenski jazik. Ottuka, moè da se pretpo-
stavi deka Vasil Ivanov dobro znael koi se avtorite na
tvorbite {to gi vklu~il vo svojot Psaltikiski voskresnik.
Spema toa, nema somnenie deka Manasij pop Todorov e navistina
avtor na zasta-penite tvorbi.
Dve od kompoziciite so koi{to Manasij pop Todorov e zas-
tapen vo zbornikot na Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev (Otca i Sina na
treti i {esti glas), se pojavija vo ~etvrtoto izdanie na Krat-
kiot psaltikiski voskresnik (osmoglasnik) na Manasij pop To-
dorov, izdadeno vo 1992 godina od strana na Bugarskata pravo-
slavna crkva, kade{to se staveni kako dodatok na samiot kraj
na knigata (zaedno so u{te edna Otca i Sina na ~etvrti glas).

4
192

Interersno e toa, {to ovie tvorbi ne se nao|aat vo prvoto iz-
danie na Kratkiot voskresnik od 1905 godina. Moèbi avtorot
Manasij pop Todorov gi stavil vo nekoe od podocne`nite izda-
nija, otkade {to i gi prezel Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev, ili pak toj
kako avtor, li~no mu gi dal na Vasila?
Ne treba da se zaboravi deka na Manasij pop Todorov, isto
kako i Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev, vo Bugarrija se preselil kako voz-
rasen ~ovek, na koj sekoga{ se gledalo kako na dojdenec. Od druga
strana, toj so svoeto odli~no gr~ko crkovno-muzi~ko obrazova-
nie, sekako gi zagrozuval poziciite na domorodnite muzi~ki
avtoriteti. Za da gi smiri duhovite, Manasij pop Todorov
verojatno bil prinuden da pravi kompromisi od sekakov vid: vo
svoite psaltikii da stava tvorbi od razni bugarski avtori, koi,
kako {to kaùva i Petar Dinev, samiot toj gi doteruval, a pod
sopstvenite kompozicii ne se potpi{uval. Dali ona koe{to od
nekoi pri~ini ne go pi{uval vo svoite knigi, li~no mu go
soop{til na svojot sonarodnik Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev: deka toa
se, vsu{nost, negovi kompozicii?
Do pred 30 godini edinstvenata poznata tvorba na Dimitar
Zlatanov - Gradoborski be{e Dostojno est na osmi glas, koja{to
se nao|a vo zbornikot Liturgija od spomenatata antologija na
Kalistrat Zografski. Vo rakopisniot Psaltikiski voskresnik
na Vasil I. Bojaxiev se nao|a u{te edna kompozicija na Dimitar
Zlatanov-Gradoborski: Veliko slavoslovie na {esto-sedmi glas.
5

Nema nikakvi ukazanija kade i vo kakva verzija ja na{ol ovaa
kompozicija: ako ja na{ol na crkovno-slovenski jazik, toa bi
moèlo da bide originalnata verzija na Gradoborski, no ako ja
na{ol na gr~ki jazik, prevodot bi moèl da bide negov, na Vasil
Ivanov Bojaxiev.

Vo ovaa rakopisna psaltikija se nao|aat i kompozicii koi
nemaat oznaka za nivnite avtori. Ne e isklu~eno nekoi od ovie
tvorbi da se sozdadeni od samiot Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev. Od ovoj

5
Bojaxiev, Ivanov, Vasil, Psaltikien voskresnik, M. IV 1862 (kopija). Narodna i
univerzitetska biblioteka Sv. Kliment Ohridski, Skopje. p. 295.
193

aspekt, interesno e da se odbeleì, deka vo site tvorbi zasta-
peni vo Psaltikiskiot voskresnik, koi{to gi prezel od razni
pe~ateni psaltikii, Vasil Ivanov napravil pomali ili pogo-
lemi izmeni i ispravki od sekakov vid: od onie na pe~atnite
gre{ki, do ortografskite nedoslednosti, kako i razni interven-
cii od meloritmi~ka priroda so cel melodijata podobro da ja iz-
razi smislata na tekstot ili da bide soobrazena so akcentira-
nite slogovi. Seto toa toj go pravi prefineto i so izvonredno
poznavawe na teorijata na crkovnoto peewe od slovensko-vizan-
tiskata tradicija. Od ovie pri~ini, za ovoj zbornik moè da se
kaè deka vo golema mera ima i avtorski karakter.

Psaltikiskiot voskresnik na Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev
pretstavuva sinteza na site voskresnici koi se pojavile vo pret-
hodniot period. Vo nego uspe{no se sintetizirani iskustvata i
soznanijata na makedonskite muzi~ki dejci od XIX i XX vek, kako
{to se Dimitar Zlatanov - Gradoborski, Joan Harmosin Ohrid-
ski, Kalistrat Zografski, Manasij pop Todorov, Andon [ahpas-
ki i drugi. Kako {to e spomnato ponapred, svojot Psaltikiski
voskresnik Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev zapo~na da go sozdava vo
periodot neposredno po Prvata svetska vojna, koga crkovnoto
peewe od vizantiskata tradicija be{e isfrleno od upotreba od
makedonskite hramovi i be{e vovedeno t.n. srpskoto narodno
crkovno peewe, pove}e poznato kako mokraw~evo peewe. Moèbi
tokmu od ovie pri~ini vo celiot ovoj dramati~en period nasto-
juval da se vrati vo Makedonija. Iako vo tatkovinata se vrati
relativno docna, duri vo 1941 godina, Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev
nastojuvaj}i da go obelodeni svojot Psaltikiski voskresnik,
vsu{nost saka{e da ja pokaè silata na na{ata mileniumska
tradicija i dlabokite koreni na crkovnoto peewe od slovensko-
vizantiskata tradicija na teritorijata na Makedonija.

Ortografijata na Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev

194

Osven so bogatstvoto na muzi~kite sodrìni, Psaltikiski-
ot voskresnik vnimanie privlekuva i so ortografijata koja{to
ja zastapuva Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev vo svojot zbornik.
Imenuvaweto na glasovite Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev go pravi
poednostaveno i vo soglasnost so slovenskata varijanta na imiwa-
ta na glasovite. Poa|aj}i od faktot deka vo slovenskata termino-
logija glasovite se pi{uvaat: a*, v*, g*, d*, e*, *, z*, n*, ili so arapskite
broevi: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, a vo gr~kata: avtenti~nite glasovi se
pi{uvaat: . p. . . (od prviot do ~etvrtiot), a plagalnite q. qp.
q. q. (od pettiot do osmiot), proizleguva deka vo slovenskoto
pi{uvawe na glasovite nema potreba od kratenkata q '/;', i

deka taa mehani~ki e prezemena od gr~kata terminologija.

Ottuka, pri obeleùvaweto na t.n. plagalni glasovi so svoi-

te specifi~ni znaci (klu~evi), Vasil Ivanov ne ja pi{uva
kratenkata q. Osven ova ima i nekoi drugi otstapuvawa: za
pettiot glas namesto voobi~aeniot klu~ , go upotrebuba onoj na
prviot glas: = , a pred tvorbite na vtoriot glas voop{to ne go
stava klu~ot (), tuku samo negoviot osnoven ton (tonika) i
modulativniot znak (ftora) na glasot: . Potoa, ne koristi slo-

venski redosled na broevite na glasovite, tuku arapski, ili opis-

no: prvi, vtori,treti, ~etvrti, petti itn.

Mnogu posu{tinski se ortografskite otstapuvawa koi{to
se javuvavaat kaj Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev pri pi{uvaweto na mu-
zi~kite znaci. Eve nekoi pokarakteristi~ni:
Koga pod nekoj ton se postaveni antikenoma i apli (to~ka),
spored ortografijata na isto~noto crkovno peewe, po nego treba
195

da sleduva nekoj nadolen intervalski znak so ili bez gorgon, koj
ne dobiva poseben slog od tekstot, tuku se pee vrz onoj na pret-
hodniot ton. No, vo pobavnite melodii Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev
postavuva slog od tekstot i pod nadolniot ton koj{to sleduva po
tonot so antikenoma i to~ka (apli):

i zm - l sla- v Tvo- -

Pravilo e, varija da se pi{uva pred sekoj par od apostrofi
(so ili bez gorgon), ako se peat na eden slog od tekstot. Sprotivno
na ova, vo napevite od irmolo{kiot vid Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev
~esto stava varija i pred dva apostrofa koi se peat so posebni
slogovi od tekstot:

i nhsty vz-ska-i d$ - $ mo- .

Koga nekoj nadolen ton ili ison e postaven so dve kentimi
vrz oligon ( , , ?), po niv treba da sleduva nekoj nadolen
intervalski znak ili ison. Vo sledniot fragment Vasil Ivanov,
po grupiranite apostof i dve kentimi ( S ) vrz oligon, prodol-
ùva so nagoren znak oligon so klazma (k).

i - li_______ raz - dh - l - - n` - .___

Spored t.n. zakon za privlekuvawe na tonovite, nekoi to-
novi koga se dviàt nagore se prirodni, a koga se vra}aat nadolu
196

se sniùvaat. Vo svojot rakopisen zbornik Vasil Ivanov Bojaxi-
ev ~esto ne gi obeleùva sniùvawata so soodveten znak, bidej}i
toa se podrazbira. Vo sledniot fragment prvoto pojavuvawe na
tonot Zo po tonot Ke () e prirodno, a vtoroto (nad slogot d$)
treba da e snièno (u), iako vrz nego ne e staven znak za sni-
ùvawe.

Gla- -som mo- im ko Go - spo- d$ voz-zvax.

Vo slu~aite, koga treba da se prekine istiot samoglasnik
ili soglasnik so koj{to zavr{uva eden zbor i zapo~nuva drug, za
da ne se spojat dvata zbora, obi~no se pi{uv stavros (krst). Vo
takvi situacii Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev stava pauza od polovina
udar (takt):

Si_______ i pr - - jd___si

Koga napevot zapo~nuva so nenaglasen slog od tekstot (na
slabo vreme), Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev na po~etokot na napevot
stava pauza od eden takt (udar):

Vo - sta - ni Go-spo-di Bo- j moi,

197

Vo svojot Psaltikiski voskresnik Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev
upotrebuva golem broj razli~ni varijanti na kadenci koi{to se
interesni od ortografski aspekt. Eve nekolku na vtoriot glas:

Od sevo {to e izneseno za ortografijata na Vasil Ivanov
Bojaxiev proizleguva deka toj ne samo {to odli~no ja poznaval
gramatikata na isto~noto crkovno peewe, tuku, potpiraj}i se na
svoeto dolgogodi{no iskustvo kako psalt i u~itel, se obiduva da
ja poednostavi nejzinata ortografija, vnesuvaj}i nekoi novi oz-
naki, ili izostavuvaj}i nekoi od stariot sistem koi{to so
tekot na vremeto go izgubile svoeto zna~ewe. Ova osobeno se
odnesuva za slovenskata varijanta na isto~noto crkovno peewe,
koja{to vo 19 vek na teritorijata na Makedonija i po{iroko ja
sozdavale i preku svoite psaltikiski zbornici ja pretstavuvale
pove}e generacii crkovno-muzi~ki tvorci.

198

199

Part two

REPRESENTATIVES
OF THE CHURCH SINGING
IN (FROM) MACEDONIA

200

201

I.

Dimitar Zlatanov-Gradoborski (cc. 1800-1887)

By the middle of the 19th Century, with the development of the social,
political and cultural environment in Macedonia, the first sprouts of the
Macedonian bourgeoisie appear. Some of its more reputed representatives
already show the first signs of national awareness. They vocally express their
views on the need to get rid of the Greek influence, which had already con-
quered all social, political, religious and educational spheres in Macedonia.
With the strengthening of the young Macedonian civic society and its
intelligence, a movement against the use of the Greek language in schools
and at church emerges. This trend was also taken advantage of by the
Macedonian educated citizens to focus on the necessity to re-establish Ohrid
Archbishopry.
This determination, which with time developed into an organized fight
for an autonomous church, reached its peak in the sixties, thus marking the
beginning of the Macedonian National Enlightment. In a large number of
settlements and towns around Macedonia church and school communities
were established. They served to the open fight against the assimilation
policy of the Constantinople Patriarchy. However, due to the activities of
both external and internal factors, the efforts of the Macedonian citizens to
establish their own individual church remained fruitless. In fact, as a result of
some cultural and social circumstances, these efforts were joined with the
similar battle fought by the Bulgarian bourgeoisie.
More numerous and financially stronger, since its development had
been rather advanced, the Bulgarian bourgeoisie eventually managed to
identified the Macedonian issue with its own the Bulgarian, presenting it as
a determination and desire of the Macedonian nation for acquiring a common
national church. Thus, for the majority of the Macedonian people, who with
202

the 1870 Constantinople Exarchate belongs under its jurisdiction, this prac-
tically only meant a change of one clerical power with another.
Although the fight of the Macedonian people for establishing its own
state and church did not result into the expected outcome in this historical
period, the spirit of the Ohrid Archbishopry, which was abolished in 1767,
remained to live on in the people and their spiritual leaders. It was in fact the
everlasting spring from which the moral strength was sucked for the support
of the Enlightment and the revolutionary movement for liberating the Mace-
donian people from the political and spiritual slavery and in favour of its
independent and cultural development.
Among the supporters of this Enlightment ideas for returning to
Macedonian own cultural values, the national speech and church service in
Church Slavic language in the spirit of Clements tradition, we can also see a
large number of representatives of the church life in Macedonia. Some of
them have a very important role both in the development of the church
singing of the Byzantium and Slavic tradition, and in the accomplishment of
the centuries-old national ideals. One of the most significant representatives
of the eastern church music, who was devoted to the National Enlightment in
Macedonia in the middle of the 19th Century and became a leader in the
fight for allowing the Slavic language in the church service was Dimitar
Zlatanov Gradoborski.

Slavic and Greek Sources
The evidence on Dimitar Zlatanovs life and activities is scarce. The
literature from the Enlightment period offers very little date on this person.
By quoting an article in Thessalonicas Right of 1873, Ivan Snegarov in his
book (Solun vo blgarskata duhovna kultura) of 1937 mentions
Thessalonica protopsalm Dimitrij Bulgaraki
1
. For the time being this is
the first written trace in a Slavic book on Dimitar ZlatanovGradoborski.
The first more comprehensive text on Gradoborski is Hristo Shaldevs
Dimitar Zlatanov Gradoborceto, published in 1939.
2
Some twenty years

1
Pridvorna pe~atnica, Sofi, 1937. p. 85.
2
[aldev, Hristo, Dimitar Zlatanov Gradobor~eto, sp. Naroden Stra`, br. 3,
203

later Petar Dinev, Bulgarian Byzantium scientist of Macedonian origin
devotes some space to Dimitar Zlatanov in his study entitled Pro~ui
crkovni ei-bgari.
1
In the Macedonian music science the only text
on Gradoborski was published by Dragoslav Ortakov in 1981.
2

While the Slavic Byzantine music researchers in the entire 20th
Century were undivided in the opinion that Gradoborskis work was lost, the
Greek sources say that in 1886 Dimitrios Voulgaraki (the pseudonym under
which Gradoborski is known in the Greek historiography) published in
Thessalonica his Psalt Manual '!x/ !~([/'. The oldest
Greek source of evidence about Dimitar Zlatanov is the book of the Con-
stantinople historian Georgios Papadopulos called Contributions to the His-
tory of Church Music (,p/ ~; ) ( ( ), ~xx/)
x); ,x);) dating from 1890,
3
which is also quoted by contem-
porary Greek Byzantium researchers: Antonios E. Aligizakis,
4
Olimpia N.
Tolika,
5
and Georgios I. Hayiteodoros.
6

Gradoborskis Life
Dimitar Zlatanov Gradoborski was born in the village of Gradobor
near Thessalonica at the end of the 18th Century or the beginning of the 19th
Century. He attended elementary school in Greek language in his village.
When he mastered the basics of eastern church singing in the local church,
Dimitar left for Thessalonica where he was immediately noticed by the
public for his excellent voice and singing. He continued to study music in

Sofi, 1939.
1
Sofi, 1963. p. 29-33.
2
Makedonija, Vorlbuk, Skopje, 2001. p. 113.
3
/;. !. ,p/ ~; ) ( ( ), ~xx/)x);
,x);. ! ^');. 1890, p. 486.
4
^/x);. ! ^w;. M~/), x)~w /~(x);.
!x~; ! =~). U~/x). 1992. p. 33.
5
/x. ^ U/,. !, !xx/~x /~x ); p); ,x);
!(wx x~( ~);. ^'). 1993.
6
`)'~w(. ! !~w(;. !p/( ); p); ~xx/)x);
U~/x). 1998. p. 177-178.
204

Constantinople at the Patriarch School, his teachers being Hrisant, Grigori
and Hurmuzi, eastern church singing reformers and well known as The
Three Teachers, in the period between 1815, when it was established and
1821, when it was temporarily closed.
Dimitar Zlatanov - Gradoborski was gifted with an unusually strong,
high and beautiful voice. His fame as a great church singer (psalt) from
Thessalonica was transferred around the whole Empire, even as far as Asia
Minor. He composed a large number of songs which, as Risto Saldev says
could be sung only by the most talented and trained church singers.
Gradoborski, who was among the first to begin the fight against the
use of the Greek language in Slavic churches, was completely disappointed
with the Exarchate. His expectations that it will be all Slavic, and not
Bulgarian church, were deceived. These circumstances, and primarily the
prohibition of his collection of songs Psalt Manual in 1886 by the
Constantinople Patriarchy were a stroke for the already aging Dimitar
Zlatanov which he could not survive. He died in 1887 in Thessalonica.

Music Collection
I began the search for Dimitar Zlatanov-Gradoborskis Collection after
I discovered two short pieces of information in a book by two Greek
Byzantium researchers Antonios E. Aligizakis and Georgios I. Hadziteodo-
ros, according to which the Collection by Vulgarakiss (Gradoborski) is cal-
led Psalt Manual ( !x/ !~([/) and contains a an annual
schedule of the church services: morning prayer, evening prayer and liturgy.
The Collection was published with the consent of the Education Council in
the printing house called Makedonia, in Thessalonica, in 1886 and was
dedicated to Grigorios Kalidis, Thessalonica Metropolitan of the time and a
strong supporter of church singing with Byzantium tradition.
In his work, Hadziteodoros also states the evidence that the Collection
included unpublished compositions by Dimitrios Vulgarakis (Gradoborski).
Hadziteodoros ends the short description of the Psalt Manual with the infor-
mation that the Collection was not approved by the Constantinople Pa-
triarchy. Metropolitan Kalidis was ordered to take any necessary measures to
eliminate the book, i.e. obstruct its use in the church schools.
205

Antonios E. Aligizakis, confirms the same information on the
prohibition of the Psalt Manual as well as the fact that it contained numerous
songs by Dimitrios Vulgaraki. Algizakis stated the reasons behind the prohi-
bition of the Patriarchy as being the character of the songs: sometimes they
were European, and sometimes in the Arabic and Persian macamis, i.e. were
not in the spirit of the Greek church singing.

Thessalonicas Singing School
The process of re-establishing the Slavic language in the church servi-
ce can be best comprehended through the life and music of Dimitar Zlatanov
- Gradoborski. Going through the process of national self-identification him-
self and feeling the resistance of the people against the long spiritual slavery
and assimilation policy of the Constantinople Patriarchy in the period bet-
ween 1840 and 1860, when he was in the zenith of fame, Gradoborski stood
on the side of the Enlightment and began to use the Slavic language in his
music.
In order to encourage and accelerate the process of reestablishing the
Church Slavic language in the church service, he translated a large number
of Greek church songs into Slavic language. For the same purpose he gathe-
red young church singers of Slavic origin around himself and trained them
with the skill of eastern orthodox singing in Slavic language. With this he lay
the basics of the Thessalonica Singing School, which will be the source of
numerous well trained church singers.
Hristo pop Mitrev, one of Gradoborskis students and an experienced
church singer in the old church in the village of Gumendze, was the first to
begin singing Gradoborskis songs translated into Church Slavic language.
Later Reverent Mitrev was joined by other Gradoborskis students who kept
on singing the songs by their beloved teacher. The names of Petar and Ivan
Dimitrov from the village of Zerovo (Greek ^x/). the Eparchy of
^x) are mentioned among the traditional singers in the Cathedral
Church of Saint Nedela in Sofia.
1

1
Dinev, Petr, Pro~uiop. cit. p. 30-31.
206

Among Gradoborskis students of Greek origin are the names of
Dimitrios Papadopulos, born in Thessalonica and famous for being among
the first in Greece to write a church song with European style and Teoharis
Hrist. Jerojanis, famous as the Athenian Doctor (Greek !( ^')w),
otherwise an opposition against the introduction of European music in
Athenian churches.
1

Gradoborskis students: Hristo pop Mitrev, brothers Petar and Ivan
Dimitrov and others in the early 70s are the main carriers of the Enlightment
activities in the towns around the Aegean part of Macedonia. We can here
come to the conclusion that Dimitar Zlatanov did not transfer only the skill
of church singing to his students, but also encouraged the process of their
national self-identification.

Conclusion
Today, when after 120 years Gradoborskis Collection appeared with
dozens of church songs, it is clear that the true reason for the prohibition of
this Collection by the Patriarchy does not lie in the stylistic features of the
songs, but rather their authors determination to work for the benefit of the
Slavic Enlightment and singing the church service in Slavic language. It is
obvious that the prohibition of this book immediately after it was printed in
1886 is actually only a consequence of the previous anathema on the
outlaw author.
In spite of the information that the contemporary music science has
gathered, the life and work of Dimitar Zlatanov Gradoborski is still insuf-
ficiently clarified. The Byzantium researchers need to continue their efforts
in order to clearly determine his role in the development of the eastern
church singing and the process of the national self-identification of the
Macedonian nation. Until then a large number of questions will remain
unanswered.
I am going to finish this paper by trying to answer at least one
question: Which were Dimitar Zlatanovs true motives to publish his monu-

1
,/);. M );. =),)(; !/(x); (scr.)
207

mental Collection in Greek at the end of his life: was it to rehabilitate with
the Greek church public, enhance his financial situation or perhaps?
It is most probable that another thing is in question! As I have already
stated above, Gradoborski was one of the greatest psalts in the eastern
orthodox region. In the second period of his career when he completely
recognized his national self-identity, he began to sing in Slavic language, a
debt he owed to his Slavic origin, but he never gave up singing in Greek. He
acquired fame and a large number of supporters by singing in Greek. By
printing his monumental Psalm Manual in Greek he wanted to let his
enemies know that he loved them, as he loved their wonderful Greek
language. This was the only way in which Dimitar Zlatanov Gradoborski
could also exercise the right to love his own Slavic origin and the language
of the saints Clement and Naum of Ohrid.

208

I.

Naum Miladin (1817-1897)

After the adoption of the new system of neumatic notation that was
promoted in the beginning of the 19
th
century by Hrisant, Hurmuzij and
Grigorij, a circulation of music manuscripts was incited in Macedonian
spiritual circles with the notation in Greek language. That fact imposed the
need for learning the new, simpler music notation. One of the first, among
the few in that period in Macedonia who had material opportunities but were
also gifted to undertake the study of Eastern Church music was Naum
Miladin.
His Autobiography and the text `The unknown activity of the
musicologist Naum Miladinov` by Petar Chakar, that was published in the
newspaper `Nova Makedonija` in 1972 are the sources for the life and
musical activities of Naum Miladin. From them we can see that Naum
demonstrated unusual musical talent. It is interesting that during his stay in
Durus (Drach, todays Albania), where he used to work for a certain Italian
firm, his musical talent was remarked by a group of Italian musicians, and
aided by them he quickly managed to learn the western musical notation.
Naums musical talent and his pleasant voice were remarked by the
Metropolitan in Janina (at a concert that was held in his honour), and he
recommended to the director of the gymnasium in Janina to send Naum to
the High spiritual academy on the island of Halki, near Constantinople.
Naum Miladin had the opportunity for profound mastering of the
theory of the Eastern Church singing at that high educational institution
where he joined several years later (in 1841). Following the pattern of the
short grammars of the east church singing, that are often met in psalm
209

collections, Naum wrote a short manual for church singing. One can suppose
that the manual was written immediately after his returning to Ohrid, where
he started to work as a teacher of Greek and established a school for study of
church singing according the new system of Hrisant. That school of Naum
Miladin, the oldest known of that kind on the territory of Macedonia
produced a number of church singers and connoisseurs of the neumatic
script, and they continued their activities across Macedonia.
1

The Manual for church singing by Naum Miladin was written in
Greek language in 1843, and so far is the oldest preserved manuscript that
was used for study of the Hrisants music notation on the territory of
Macedonia. Its value is undisputable, since it confirms the fact that schools
where the new notation of the east church singing was studied existed on the
territory of Macedonia.
The melographic activity of Naum Miladin is also worth noting. There
is a number of indications that he was the first melograph in Macedonia.
Data say that following the advice of the known Russian slavist Viktor I .
Grigirovich, who was in Struga in 1845, Naum undertook to collect and
melograph folk songs. It can be supposed that the printing of those songs
recorded by Naum Miladin in the Collection of folk songs by his brothers
Dimitrija and Konstantin was avoided after the urging of the bishop Jurij
Shtrosmaer (due to the counter-union attitudes expressed by the melograph),
under the pretext that they could be published in a separate publication.
2

Although the melographic activity of Naum Miladin is not supported
by any kept music manuscript or printed book, there is no doubt that he
transferred his skills and knowledge for such a musical activity to many
disciples that went through his music school. According available data, a big
number of well-known names of musicians came out of the school run by
Naum Miladin, among whom was Krstan Sandzak, later remarkable
representative of Macedonian church singing, better known by his monks
name Kalistrat Zografski and Georgi Hristidis (Georgi Pop-Hristo
Ikonomov), who later married Dimitrija Miladinovs daughter.

* * *

1
2
Ortakov, Dragoslav, Ars nova ibidem. p. 58.
210

Since I will refer to Kalistrat Zografski in more detail a bit later, I
would like here to stress shortly that beside other activities that are
significant for the National Renaissance he will remain known as the
founder of the town church choir in Struga in 1863. A manuscript containing
Hrisants music notation (written in Greek and churchSlavic language with
Greek transcription) is kept from that period. In that significant manuscript
made in 1853 which is a rare document and valuable testimony regarding
the practice of church singing on the territory of Macedonia in that time
there are church works by Jovan Kukuzel, Jovan Protopsalt, Petar Lambardij,
Konastantin Protopsalt and others.
1

Having in view what is said about Georgi Pop-Hristo Ikonomov, like
that stated below about Kalistrat Zografski, one can conclude that disciples
gained good knowledge in the school of Naum Miladin, and it helped them
undertake any kind of music activities. Later results of their music activities
convincingly proved that.

1
Golabovski, Sotir, Makedonska muzika/1 op. cit.. p. 47-48.
211

III.

Kalistrat Zografski (ca. 1820-1913)

What is available to the Macedonian music science on the life of
Kalistrat Zografski, one of the most remarkabile representatives of the
church singing in Macedonia in the second half of the 19
th
century is very
scarse. Born in Sruga, with secular name Krstan Sandzhak, most probably
in the period between 1820 and 1830. Hi finished the elementary school on
Greek language in his native city, but it is unknown were did he continue
with his education. There are information that he attended Naum Miladins
Music School and that he was a Greek language teacher in Struga.
The earliest written trace that Kalistrat left for himself was the
manuscript Psaltikia in 1862, faund in 1982 in the village Lazaropole. The
basic value of this manuscript is within the fact that it is written by Krstan
Sandzhakovich, the future great musician and revivalist, as well as within
the fact that the titles are written on Macedonian colloquial language.
1
The
manuscript is a transcription of the psaltikia by the Bulgarian composer and
publisher Nikola Trendafilov Cvetosobranie (Flower Collection), the
first published book with Hrisantes notation and on the church-Slavic
language, printed in Bucharest in 1847.
2
By that, Kalistrat Zografski left us
aconvincing argument on the extension of the Hrisantins neumatic
alphabet on Macedonian territory.
The Macedonian musicology also has very scarce data on the
following period of Kalistrat Zografskis life after he left Struga and went
to Athos (Saint Mountain) where already a growup man he became a

1
novootkrieni muzi~ki rakopisi od 19-ot vek, Skopje, 1982, p. 83.
2
Trendafilov, Nikola, Cvtosobranie, Bukur, 1847.
212

monk. The fact is statedthat he became anarchimandrite of St. Georgi
Zografski Monastery, where he lived to a ripe old age. He died in 1913.
Today residents of the St. Georgi Zograf Monastery mention his
name with a deep respect. Each generation of monks transfers the memories
of the most famous archimandrite of this monastery who, by his restless
work and devotion became famous among the orthodox people even during
his life.
The second written trace of Kalistrat Zografski is in the prelude to
the collection Psaltiki Liturgy by Manasiy pop Todorov. Thanking all those
who helped the publishing of his book, Manasiy exaltedly writes abaut the
letter that the brotherhood of the Holy Zograf Family sent to him,
supporting his noble initiative andanswering his plead by sending him 5
golden Turkish liras. And they do that in the period when they also publish
psaltik books! ...Really, what a highly noble, truly Christian act, exaltedly
cries Manasiy pop Todorov in the prelude of his book, published in Sofia in
1905.
Out of this a conclusion may be that Manasiy was pretty familiar
with Kalistrat Zografski and the Zograf monks music activity, and
probably with their collection in four volumes Eastern Church Singing, too,
which appears the same year, immediatly before his Psaltiky Liturgy was
published. Although Manasiy pop Todorov doesnt mention this name, it is
beyond doubt that this noble act was Kalistrates, who was at the time
archimandrite of the St. Georgi Zograf Monastery.
Apart from these written traces of Kalistrat Zografski and the oral
information, no other fact of his life are discovered. Based on the short and
scarce notes in some Bulgarien books of the later periods, as well as on the
content of his psaltki publications, in may be concluded that Kalistrat
Zografski developed a wide and abundant theoretical, composing, transla-
ting and publishing activity in the St. Georgi Zograf Monastery. As a result
to this long-standing creative work along with the Zograf monks, in 1905
they publish the hereinabove collection of four books, which provided for a
great respect among the music circles. In this context the famous Bulgarian
theoretician Petar Sarafov (1850-1915) is mentioned. Immediately before
the printing of his book Manual for Practical and Theoretical Studying of
213

the Eastern Church Singing (1912, Sofia) and in order to resolve certain
musical-theoretical dilemmas, he went to Sveta Gora to consult the
prominent Yeroshimonah Kalistrat Zografski.
1

The Bulgarian theoretician Mircho M. Bogoev in his Text Book on
Eastern Singing (published in Sofia, 1940) deems Petar Sarafovs book as a
most detailed clearing of the theory of eastern church singing ever
published.
2
This is important to the Macedonian music, since such a great
theoretician as, beyond doubt, was Petar Sarafov respected Kalistrates
person and his knowledge of the eastern church singing. Mircho Bogoev in
his work also mentions the collection Eastern Church Singing, emphasizing
that it was prepared by the monks of the St. Georgi Zograf Monastery,
headid by the great Yeromonah Kalistrat.
3

The famous Bulgarian musicologist, byzantologist and composer of
Macedonian ethnic background Patar Dinev (1889-1980) in his theoretical
work Rkovodstvo po svremenna vizantiska nevmena notaci
(Manual to the Contemporary Byzntine Neumatic Notation, Sofia, 1964),
uses the Kalistrates collection Eastern Church Singing as a basic expert
literature.
4

This edition of the Eastern Church Singing appears in two versions:
one in three books, entitled 1. Resurrection Songs; 2. Evening and Morning
Songs; and 3. Liturgy, published in 1905 in Thesalonica by the Samardzhi-
evs bookshop, and the second one in four books, entitled: 1. Resurrection
Songs; 2. Aniksandari; 3. Evening and Morning Songs; and 4. Liturgy,
published by the St. Georgi Zograf Monastery the same year. However, the
both editions have identical graphic solutions of the pages, only the names
of the publishers are different. On both cover pages is written that the books
have been edited by the Zograf church singers, while the Kalistrates name
is not mentioned. But, beside that, whenever when this monumental music
collection is mentioned all musicologists and byzantologist emphasize the
primary role and merit of Kalistrat Zografski during its creation.

1
2
Bogoev, Mir~o, U~ebnik op. cit. p. 105.
3
Bogoev, Mir~o, U~ebnik ibidem. p. 105.
4
Dinev, Petr, Rkovodstvo po svremenna vizantiska nevmena notaci,
Sofi, 1964.
214

The music content of this church-music anthology present a wide
ground upon which a comprehensive recview of the entire musical activity
of Kalistrat Zografski and his life can be made. Apparent is his voluminous
engagement in the realization of this monumental church-music work: as a
theoretician, editor of the entre publication and as a translator of large
number of melodies from Greek language and to a smaller extent from
Romanian language to Slavic. All these leads us to a conclusion that this is
a comprensive, spiritually rich person with an enormously wide general and
musical culture and with inexhaustible creative energy, in spite the fact that
this work was created in his older age.
The fourth part of the collection Eastern Church Singing, entitled
Liturgy is of a particular significance to the Macedonian music culture, due
to the works by authors from Macedonia: Dimitar Zlatanov-Gradoborski,
Yoan Harmosin of Ohrid (1829-1890) and Kalistrat Zografski. Regarding
Kalistrats works, judging bytheir frequent presence in various transcripts
of psaltiki collections,some of which have appeared even before the
publishing of thiscollection, one may conclude that there was a great
interest for them among the church singers.
Kalistrat Zografski and the Zograf monks Liturgy wasmentioned by
the Slavic musicologists and Byzantologists for a long time, due to fact that
it contains Dimitar Zlatanov-Gradoborskis work Dostoyno Est in eighth
voice
1
which was for a long time considered as the onlypreserved work by
this great musician of the revial period. On the grounds of this composition,
which bears the name of the author: Dimitriya Vulgaraki Gradoborskago, it
may be concluded that Kalistra knew perfectly well who Gradoborski is. It
may be assumed that he even possessed Dimitar Zlatanovs collektion A
Manual for Psalt,
2
forbidden by the Constantinople Patriarchy, from where
he took and translated rhe hereinabove work.
In the same psaltikia Yoan Harmosin of Ohrid is present with
eusharistic song Body of Christ in first voice, which Kalistrat placed among
the works of Georgiy of Crete, Petar Lambadaryi Peloponnesus and
Grigoriy Protopsalt of Levant, the three creators that are among the greatest

1
(Arximandrit Kalistrat), Vostocno qrkovno phnie, Solun, 1905.
2
!/(x). =),)(;. !x/ !~([/. Mx~. U~/x). 1886.
215

names of eastern church singing of all times.
1
By this, Kalistrat Zografski
expresses his respect towards Yoan Harmosin of Ohrid in a very direct
manner.
In the fourth part of the collection Eastern Church Singing, entitled
Liturgy, Kalistrat Zografski among the other things also includes 24 works
of Dostoyno Est, three per each voice. The authors of this composition
come form various ethnic backgrounds: Greeks, Romanians, Slavs, etc.
Kalistrat himself signedonly two compositions: Dostoyno Est in first and in
fourth voice and, course, as a translator of all works presented in this
collection.
In this context, the compositions Dostoyno Est in first, sixth, seventh,
and eighth voice by the Romanian composer Shimonah Nektarie (1804-
1899) deserve special attention.
2
There is a note on these songs reading that
they were translated by Kalistrat Zografski.

1
(Arximandrit, Kalistrat), Vostocno qrkovno op. cit. p. 246.
2
(Arximandrit, Kalistrat), Vostocno qrkovno ibidem. p. 115.

216

IV.

Joan Harmosin-Ohridski (1829-1890)

The period in which Joan Harmosin-Ohridski prepared and published
his collection of Eastern Christian Orthodox chants Pashalia, was filled with
especially important events in Macedonia which helped the National
Renaissance reach a particularly dramatic phase. Early signs were the
publishing of Collection of Folk Songs by Dimitar and Konstantin
Miladinovci, in 1861 in Zagreb and their tragic death in the following year,
in a Constantinople jail, as well as the ap-pearance of the first textbooks
written in Macedonian language. It is also known as a period of intensified
movement against the spiritual and economic slavery and it acquired the
character of an organized massive resistance against the authorities of the
Constantinople patriarchy
1
. Initially resistance against the use of the Greek
lan-guage in the churches and the schools, the fight soon spreads against the
attempts to force the use of the Bulgarian language in Macedonia. The very
appearance of Harmosins collection Pashalia, first of its kind written by a
Macedonian author on the language of the Slavs, reflects the strong
aspirations for the realization of the century-old ideals for an independent
cultural development of the Macedonian people.

Harmosins life
Joan Harmosin-Ohridski, whose secular name was Ivan Genadiev, was
born in Ohrid in 1829 in a ministerial family. He attended a Greek primary
school in his own town and high school in Bitola and Constantinople. As
many other rich Macedonians from that time, who had solid background and
knowledge of the Greek language, Ivan Genadiev continued his further

1
Koneski, Blaè, Za makedonskiot literaturen jazik, Kultura, Skopje, 1967. r. 158.
217

education on the Faculty of Philosophy in Athens. His literary attempts date
from that period. He wrote poetry and other literature in Greek and drew
attention as a talented poet. It is well known that together with his friend, the
well known Grigor Prlicev, published the collection of riddles, written in
verse, known as Sfinks. As proof of his talent for literature it should also be
noted that in 1859 Ivan Genadiev published a comedy written in verse.
Besides this, a clear sign of his later decision to become a psalmist is the fact
that among his faculty colleagues the young Ivan Genadiev was known as a
singer with an unusually pleasant voice.
After the completion of his studies Ivan Genadiev worked as a church
employee. There is information that, when his father was appointed a Debar
Metropolitan with a religious name Genadij (1864-1867), Ivan became his
secretary. In order to be able to correspond with the priests from the Debar
eparchy and to take more active part in the religious services, Ivan Genadiev
stayed in the monastery Precista near Kicevo, where he mastered excellently
the church Slavic language. Here he also taught his students Orthodox chant
singing. Concerning this, it has been stated that, for the need of his students,
Ivan Genadiev wrote songs in Macedonian language.
1

Considering closely the situation of chant singing on the territory of
Macedonia, as well as the practical needs of church music literature written
in Slavic, Ivan Genadiev started intensively, during this period, to translate
music works from Greek to Slavic language. This work, most probably, also
inspired him to compose chants. Later, he included these compositions in his
collections. Parallel to this activity, but with the same aim, he also started
collecting melodies passed orally from generation to generation. These me-
lodies, according to his findings, drew their roots from the older traditions of
church music in Macedonia. The result of this activity are the Ivan Gena-
dievs two collections of chants Resurrection (Anastasimatar), which, un-
fortunately, is lost, and Pashalia, printed in 1869 in Constantinople. Its
author, for the first time, signed himself as Joan Harmosin-Ohridski. Besides
the chants found in this collection, he had also composed a number of mar-
ches and popular songs.
2

1
Stoilov, Anton, P. B lgarski kniòvnici ot Makedoni , 1704-1878, s 11 portreta,
Sofi , 1922. p. 64.
2
Leksikon jugoslovenske muzike, Zagreb, 1984, p. 260.
218

As a result of their activities in the field of national awakening of the
Macedonian people from the region of Debar, the Bishop Genadij and his
son Joan Harmosin had certain conflicts with the Constantinople Patri-
archate. The Metropolitan Venedikt from Bitola regularly informed the
Patriarchate about the active part the Bishop and his son played in the efforts
to use the Slavic language during the religious services. The Patriarchate
reported Joan to the police as a restless person who, together with his
father, should be driven out of Debar. As a result of that, and under direct
command of the ecumenical patriarch, in 1867 the Bishop Genadij lost his
position as Metropolitan in Debar. There is also information that because of
the seriousness of the situation Joan Harmosin-Ohridski went to the Con-
stantinople because he had to explain himself to the authorities. Instead, he
joined the movement against the Greek influence in the churches. During
this period he worked on his two books. But, as already mentioned earlier, he
only managed to publish the Pashalia collection, in 1869.
In 1870, after the sultans firman gave ecumenical independence to the
citizens who did not recognize, or accept the authority of the Constan-tinople
Patriarchia, and thanks to the influence of Joan Harmosin, his father got the
Veles eparchy, as its temporary Metropolitan. Joan Harmosin, this time also,
stayed with his father as his secretary. In the year 1872, from old age or
some other reason, Bishop Genadij resigned from his service and from Veles
he moved to Bitola. Joan Harmosin, most probably, remained as secretary to
the Metropolitan in Veles untill the assignment of a new Metro-politan in the
spring of 1873.
1
Some believe that during this period he was thinking of
moving to another metropolitan centre in the eparchy. As his later activities
showed, Joan Harmosin-Ohridski decided to go to Plovdiv the capital city
of Trakia.
Today we can only assume what made Harmosin move to Plovdiv.
One of the reasons could be that by moving there, as an author and publisher
of chant books, Harmosin believed he would be much closer to Constanti-
nople, a place where he published his earlier collection Pashalia. Plovdiv, as
the biggest city in the European part of the Ottoman Empire, was a well-
developed cultural and spiritual centre. He could have believed that there it

1
Markova, Zina, B lgarskata ekzarhi 1870-1879, - Sofi , 1989, p. 126.
219

would be much easier to find people who would be willing to help him pub-
lish his new editions.
In 1873 Harmosin went to Constantinople and stayed there less than a
year. During the autumn of 1874 he moved from Constantiniple to Plovdiv
where he worked as a History, Religion and chant teacher. There, at the same
time, he was also an arch-psalmist of the Plovdiv metropolitan church St.
Virgin Mary. After the end of the Russian-Turkish war (1877-1878) Joan
Harmosin-Ohridski was appointed a secretary of the Plovdiv Metropolitan, a
duty that he carried out till the end of his life.
He died on 13
th
March 1890.

The collection Pashalia
Joan Harmosins collection Pashalia is a theme-systematised Psalter
from composed and traditional chants aimed for religious services during the
Holy Week of the greatest Christian holiday Christs Resurrection Easter
as well as other holidays during the year. This special chant anthology
contains a lot of compositions from best-known authors from the 17
th
, 18
th

and all through to the first half of the 19
th
century. Joan Harmosin-Ohridski
wrote the names, or just the initials of the authors included in the collection
in front of every composition. Some of the authors from the collection are
Petar Bereket, Hrisav Novago, Jakov Protopsalt, Petar Lambadarij, Georhij
Kritski, Theodor Fokeos, Panajot Halacoglu, Hurmuzij Hartofilaks and
Grigorij Protopsalt.
This collection is very important for Macedonian music also because
of the fact that it is the first published book of this kind written in church-
Slavic language to include compositions by a Macedonian composers.
Equally important is the fact that the compositions from the mentioned
Byzantine authors and other melodies included in Pashalia were adopted
from Greek (and possibly also from Romanian) into church-Slavic by Joan
Harmosin-Ohridski himself. Apart from this, we could also assume that he
did certain corrections on the traditional melodies included in the collection,
in terms of their style levelling.
There is always a possibility that Joan Harmosin-Ohridski could have
taken some of these compositions from Slavic manuscripts and printed books
220

that circulated on the territory of Macedonia during that period. From the
comparisons of the contents of the Pashalia collection to those from books
written on church-Slavic language printed before Pashalias publication (i.e.
before 1869), to date, I have discovered that from the Psaltor Cvetosobranie
from Nikola Trandafilov-Slivnenec, issued in Bucu-resti in 1847 (first chant
book written in Slavic language in the Orthodox world), Joan Harmosin-
Ohridski used, in his collection, the adaptation of Communion (Christs
Body) from Grigorij Protopsalt
1
(one of the three main music reformers from
1814). The comparison shows that Joan Harmosin did make insignificant
changes to the adaptation included in Pashalia. It is not ruled out that in his
book Joan Harmosin-Ohridski included more adap-tations from other
editions from that period.
Most of the compositions in Pashalia that represent Joan Harmosin-
Ohridski as a composer, seem to have been written after the author deter-
mined the list of compositions from other authors and the traditional melo-
dies that will be included in the book. I came to this conclusion by compa-
ring his own compositions with those from the other authors included in the
collection with which there are clear style correlations; sometimes you can
even see borrowed parts from them. In connection with this, it should be
noted that in the Byzantine church music literature, some melodies from
different authors, with the same or similar content, for the same or similar
liturgy purpose (cherubikons, communions) are similar or identical at the
beginning, but as they go on they start to develop in their own particular
way, depending of the idea and talent of their author. Actually, this is a
practice that keeps to the tradition of the Orthodox church, according to
which, the melody and the text of the chants have a heavenly origin, and they
should in this way save their original form and content.
2
This practice, as I
said earlier, is found in Joan Harmosins compositions as well, more
precisely, in his Comunion in voice I, whose first music phase was taken
from the very start of Heruvuka in voice I from Theodor Fokeos. This time,
Harmosin could have borrowed the musical motive in order to achieve a
grater theme unity of his collection as a music-theme complex.

1
Trendafilov, Nikola, Cvetosobranie, Bukure , 1847. p. 141.
2
Jonescu, Gheorghe C., Studii de muzicologie i bizantinologie, Bucureti, 1997. p. 69.
221

Joan Harmosin-Ohridski in the Pashalia collection included the
following of his own compositions:

1. Who in Christ, in voice I,

2. Father and Son, in voice V,

3. Christs Body, in voice I,

4. Christs Body, (second) in voice I,

5. Virgin Marys Hymn, in voice V,

6. Virgin Marys Katavasi, in voice IV and

7. Worthy Is (Dostojno est), in voice V,

Most of these chants Joan Harmosin composed with traditional music
devices and fit thematic whole of the Pashalia collection. The composition
Dostojno est in voice V, on the other hand, is an exception from the pre-
viously said because, according to the character of the theme material and
the way it was worded, it differs from all the rest. This composition, placed
at the very end of the book, is experienced as a certain hint, as a new starting
point for the authors future research work and his views concerning church
music.
Concerning the adaptations of the author-compositions and the tradi-
tional melodies from Greek to Slavic language, as well as their adaptation in
the Pashalia collection they were done in a way that suits a widely educated
musician with broad culture, as, undoubtedly, was Joan Harmosin-Ohridski.
On the other hand, having in mind the fact Joan Harmosin in his book
Pashalia didnt sign himself as the person who worked on the compositions,
nor did he anywhere indicate that he had done an adaptation or a restyling of
the compositions, we can conclude that for him the act of adaptation was
more a technical act than an act of authorship. Judging from the theme style
evenness of the traditional melodies that are found in the collection, we cant
rule out that they could have been prepared by Joan Harmosin himself. In the
introduction of the collection Pashalia he informed us that he tried all the
compositions by singing them in different churches.
1

1
Harmosin-Ohridsk i oann , Pashali , Carigrad , 1869. p. 4.
222

From all of the above we can conclude that the Pashalija collection
wasnt done mechanically from church melodies and compositions, but that
it was a carefully created entity with a very clear concept. This chant col-
lection, which in its title contains simultaneously a canon and a metaphor,
with excellent melopoetic contents in devoted to Chists Resurrection, is ex-
perienced as an authentic creation from the best traditions of Byzantine art.
The collection Pashalia from Joan Harmosin-Ohridski is a chant cre-
ation with huge importance for Macedonian culture and its independence. It
appeared in the most important period of National Renaissance for the
Macedonian people, Pashalija grew into a flag representing the struggle for
the renewal of the Ohrid Archbishopric and continuation of St. Kliments
teachings in Macedonia.

Worthy I s (Dostojno est)

The introduction of Pashalia is very precious for us from musical and
cultural aspect. In it, Joan Harmosin-Ohridski in a very lively and direct way
gives us a lot of interesting information about his creative and publishing
plans and hopes, as well as information that, among other things, informs us
of the social and political situation in Macedonia of that period. The
introduction also contains interesting music statements concerning certain
historical celebrities, his contemporaries, as well as particular melodies from
this chant collection.
In the preface, the author also talks about the composition Dostoino
est in voice V, ...in which you can hear, here-and-there, the local melodies
from Upper Macedonia, our sweet homeland.
1
More than in any other
Harmosins compositions, in Dostoino est in voice V we could feel the
authors warm feel for the National Renaissance and its pronounced am-
bition to discover its own cultural traditions. In this work, whose melody
trembles as the nostalgically-patriotic verses of Konstantin Miladinov the
first poet of the National Renaissance, we could feel a breath of the national
Romanticism.
2

1
Harmosin-Ohridsk i oann , Pashali , ibidem, p. 5.
2
Koxaba{ija, Jane, Joan Harmosin: Pashalija, p. XVIII.
223

The fact that Dostoino est in voice V was one of the favourite and most
often performed compositions can be proven by the fact that it can be found
in numerous adaptations and published books from the later period. I have
found it, to date, in four manuscripts that originate from the territory of
Macedonia and are dated back to the end of the 19
th
and the first decade of
the 20
th
century,
1
and in one other that originates from Romania (the hand-
writing of Vasil Ikonomov).
2
The oldest copy of this composition, done by
Andon Sahpaski in 1882, appeared thirteen years after its publication in the
collection Pashalia. Harmosins Dostoino est, from these music manuscripts,
can also be found in Psalters Liturgy from Manasij pop Todorov printed in
Sofia in 1905,
3
and in the Pentikostarion from the Greek monk Gavriil
Kuntiadis whose first edition was printed in 1931 in Seres, Greece. To date,
this is the only translation into Greek of Harmosins composition, and of a
Slavic church music composition in general.
4

Unfortunately, Gavriil Kuntijadis in his Pentikostarion, didnt write
the name of the author Joan Harmosin-Ohridski next to the name of the
composition. Instead, he only notes out in a subheading that he wrote down
the composition in October 1917 in Stara Zagora, Bulgaria, where in the
whirl of war he found himself as a hostage. Judging by the translation of the
text, we can say that Gavriil Kuntijadis had certain knowledge of the church-
Slavic language. From the aspect of the orthography used in making the
music manuscript, we can say that he had by his side the Pashalia collection,
or some other copy of Joan Harmosins Dostoino est. Gavriil Kuntijadis was
familiar with the name of Joan Harmosin-Ohridski, but he didnt write his
name next to his work neither in the first nor the second case. Even though
he must have had certain reasons for not writing the name of the author in his
book, the monk Gavriil Kuntijadis couldnt resist Joan Harmosins
magnificent composition, and put it in his book fourteen years after he had
first heard it.

1
NUB Sv. Kliment Ohridski, Skopje, Ms -112, Ms-125, Ms-159.
[ahpaski, Andon, Psaltikiski zbornik, 1883. (manus. privat)
2
Ikonomov, Vasil, Psaltiki, Braila,1907. (manus.)
3
Teodorov Pop Manasi , Psaltiki na liturgi , Sofi , 1905. p. 175.
4
!);. !()/. Mx ~x~. !~( M(/;
~((w x ^();. 1931. p. 560.
224

If we add to all this the fact that the re-printing of the composition
Dostoino est in the mentioned collection of Manasij pop Todorov happened
36 years later, and in the book from Gavriil Kuntijadis in Greek 62 years
after the first edition of Pashalia, it becomes even more convincing that the
composition Dostoino est in voice V written by Joan Harmosin with its
originality and beauty secured itself an honourable position in the anthology
of Orthodox church music.

Vlah melodies
The second sentence of the preface of Pashalia that draws attention
with its mystery says: In singing the so-called Vlah melodies that we sang
throughout churches in Bitola, Prilep, Veles, Vranje, Debar, Kumanovo, Ki-
cevo and Constantinople, everywhere we came across support and acknow-
ledgement.
1
The question that comes up is the following: Which are those
Vlah melodies that Joan Harmosin Ohridski talks about? All the research and
my thinking over this music enigma, brought me to the following conclu-
sions:
1. The time when Joan Harmosin-Ohridski prepared and issued his
collection Pashalia, as said above, was a time of severe struggle of the Ma-
cedonian people against the use of the Greek language in their churches and
schools. About the same time, the recently united Romania (from the
principalities Vlah and Moldavia) also starts with great enthusiasm to replace
the Greek with the Vlah language, during the religious services of in the
Vlah churches from the south part of the Balkans. It is possible that Joan
Harmosin-Ohridski could have listened to Vlah melodies in some of those
churches, or with the help of his father, Bishop Genadij, who according to
some information was a Vlah
2
by nationality, did come in contact with some
chant books written in Vlah language, from which he selected and translated
large number of melodies for his music collection Pashalia.
During the process of comparing the traditional chants from Pashalia
with those from the corresponding music editions written in Romanian lan-
guage, I concluded that in some parts the melodies have noticeable simi-

1
Koxaba{ija, Jane, Joan Harmosin-Ohridski: Pashalija op. cit. p. XIX.
2
Hrkov, Stefan, Novootkrieni dokumenti op. cit. p. 6.
225

larities, some of them are almost identical.
1
In this context it is an inte-
resting fact that, in the Pashalia collection, Joan Harmosin-Ohridski also
included a melody Christ Has Risen written in Vlah language, as he himself
empha-sized in the book. This book was actually written in archaic
Romanian with old church-Slavic orthography. (During that period the
Slavic writing was still an official writing in the Romanian Countries.) All
this leads to two conclusions - one of them is that Joan Harmosin-Ohridski
knew the Romanian language, and the second is that he took Christ Has
Risen from some Romanian music collection. But no matter what the case
was, the fact is that Joan Harmosin-Ohridski came to this composition
through Vlah mediation.
2. On the territory of the Romanian Countries, starting from the se-
cond half of the 17
th
, 18
th
and all through to the 19
th
century (especially
before and after the initiation of Chrisants Music Notation) numerous edu-
cated Byzantine clergymen lived and created, who were considered natura-
lized Vlahs. Four of them, the already mentioned Hrisav Novago, Jakov
Protopsalt, Petar Vizantios and Theodor Fokeos
2
are represented in Pashalia
with far more chants than the other four composers included in the book. In
addition, there are indications that some of them even had Vlah origins. (The
people that copied some of Hrisav Novagos compositions added to them the
nicknames Kucovlahy and Makedony).
3
Going back now to what Joan
Harmosin mentioned in the preface of Pashalia we can conclude that the
Vlah Melodies actually are the creations of the above mentioned
Romanized authors.

Articles, events and notes
The life and work of Joan Harmosin-Ohridski, one of the most
important church music composers from the period of the Macedonian
National Renaissance, have been drawing the attention of the researchers for
more than a century. Luka Kasrov published an article about Joan

1
Suceveanu Dimitrie, Idiomelar, Trinitas, Iai, 1997. p. 191. To compare: J. Harmosin-Ohridski,
Pashalija, r. 22. and Janaki Stojmenovi~, od 1849. NUB Ms-161, r. 52.
2
Ionesku C. Gheorghe, Lexicon, .op. cit. p. 138, 165, 169, 367, 369.
3
Centrul de Studii Biyantine Iai, Vol. III. 2001. p.78.
226

Harmosin-Ohridski in his encyclopaedic dictionary (1899, in Plovdiv), only
nine years after Harmosins death. Ten years later, in 1912, the Bulgarian
music teacher Petar Sarafov noted his merits for the Orthodox church music.
In the first article from Petar Dinev about the spiritual music from the past,
which appeared in Sofia in 1928, can also be found a note about Joan
Harmosin. The many years of research by this Bulgarian musicologist from
Macedonian origin resulted in the first complete acknowledgement of the
music activities of Joan Harmosin-Ohridski. They were published by Petar
Dinev during the 1950s and 1960s.
1

The Slavist Mihajlo Georgievski was the first in Macedonia to write
about Joan Harmosin-Ohridski. It was in an article in the newspaper Nova
Makedonija from 23
rd
November 1969, immediately after he had found an
edition of the Pashalija collection. For the first time the Macedonian public
learned something more specific about Joan Harmosin.
2
It is interesting to
note that all this coincided with the 100
th
anniversary from the first
publishing of Pashalia in Constantinople, and the 140
th
anniversary from the
birth of its author.
In 1973 Mihajlo Georgievski discovered and published the only
known manuscript, to date, of Joan Harmosin-Ohridski. Sometime later, at
the newly-formed festival Struga Music Autumn 75, this researcher presen-
ted a report titled The situation with the noted music manuscripts in
Macedonia that occurred up to the end of the 19
th
century, which, with the
section dedicated to the Pashalia collection and its author Joan Harmosin-
Ohridski, arose great interest in Macedonian music circles.
3
Joan Harmosin
and Pashalia found themselves in the centre of researchers attention. The

1
Hrkov, Stefan, Novootkrieni dokumenti za Joan Harmosin-Ohridski, Muzika,
- Skopje, 2001, god. 5, br. 8, p. 3-13.
Kas rov, Luka, Enciklopedi~en re~nik, Plovdiv, 1899, p. 235-237.
na vosto~nata ~erkovna muzika, - Sofi , 1912, p. 15.
minatoto, - Muzikalen vestnik, Sofi , 1928, br. 4-5, p. 9-10.
Dinev, Pet r, C rkovnopev~eskoto tvore{tvo na Joan Harmosin-Ohridski,
- C rkoven vestnik, Sofi , 18 juli 1959, br. 28, p. 6-7.
muzika, Sofi , 9/1962, p. 32-34. (Citirano spored Stefan Hrkov)
2
Georgievski, Mihajlo, Nedovolno prou~en makedonski knièvnik od XIX-vek,
Skopje, Nova Makedonija, God. XXV, 23 noemvri, 1969.
3
Georgievski Mihajlo, Polo`bata na op. cit. p. 31.
227

fact that the next year at the musicology discussion during Struga Music
Autumn 76, the musicologist Sotir Golabovski presented a report titled The
Life and Work of Joan Harmosin-Ohridski proves this.
1

The macedonian music writer, Dragoslav Ortakov, returned back to
Joan Harmosin-Ohridski in his book Music Art in Macedonia published in
1982. The part titled The Last Century of the Ottoman Rule Macedonian
National Renaissance Era, contains a short note about the life and music
work of this Macedonian reformer. The next research on Joan Harmosin-
Ohridski appeared a number of years later, in1986, in Dragoslav Ortakovs
new book Ars nova Macedonica. In the third chapter of this book, in the part
titled The Music Work in Hrisants Music Notation the author dedicates four
pages to Joan Harmosin-Ohridski. Even though these lines didnt bring any
outstanding new moments from the life of Joan Harmosin, they contain
deeper perceptions about his music work.
2

A number of other researchers of the life and work of Joan Harmosin-
Ohridski appeared in Bulgaria during the next period. The research work of
the musicologist Stefan Hrkov, who presented himself twice at the festival
Struga Music Autumn, arose great interest.
3
Especially impressive was the
presentation of the newly discovered three letters and two circulars of Joan
Harmosin-Ohridski, which Hrkov had at the music discussion in Struga, in
2001. The discovery of these new documents threw light on one of the least
known and studied periods from the life of Joan Harmosin-Ohridski - the
years after leaving Macedonia and going to Bulgaria: from 1873 till the end
of his life in 1890.
The most complete presentation of the life of Joan Harmosin-Ohridski
and his church music work can be found in the publication of the Pashalia
collection from the year 1999, issued on the occasion of the 130
th
anni-
versary from the first edition and 170 years from the birth of its author,
edited by Jane Kodjabashia. This edition had a parallel transcription of a

1
Makedonska muzika, br. 2, Skopje, 1979. p. 31-35.
2
Ortakov, Dragoslav, Muzi~kata umetnost vo Makedonija, Makedonska revija,
Skopje, 1982.
Ortakov, Dragoslav, Ars nova macedonica,... op. cit. p. 116.
3
Hrkov, Stefan, Muzi~ko-preveduva~kata dejnost na Joan Harmosin-Ohridski,
(Struga music Autumn -95)Novootkrieni dokumenti za Joan Harmosin-Ohridski,
(Struga music Autumn 2001).
228

European music notation. In the comment of this edition of Pashalia under
the title of Following The Trail Of Macedonian Church Singing there is a
review of the socio-political, cultural and educational conditions in
Macedonia during the second half of the 19
th
and the beginning of 20
th

century. There is a special emphasis on the period of National Renaissance
during which, as a clear expression of the struggle for freedom from the
Greek spiritual slavery, appeared Joan Harmosins collection Pashalia, in
1869.
On 10
th
March, 1999, in honour of the above-mentioned jubilees of
Joan Harmosin-Ohridski and on an invitation from His Heavenly Archbishop
Macedonian and Head of the Macedonian Orthodox Church g.g. Mihail, I
held a lecture for the students from the Theological faculty in Skopje. The
theme of the lecture was Following the Trail of Macedonian Church Singing,
with an emphasis on the life and work of Joan Harmosin-Ohridski. In
addition, Harmosins own compositions from Pashalia were performed for
the first time on 28
th
March, the same jubilee year, in the cathedral St.
Kliment Ohridski, in Skopje, during the Days of Macedonian Music 99
festival, organized by the Macedonian Composers Association. I transcribed
and adapted these compositions for performance in the spirit of Slavic-
Byzantine tradition. They were performed by the choirs of Macedo-nian
Radio Television, the soloist archdeacon Aleksandar Candovski and the
conductor Oliver Balaburski. In honour of the jubilees of Joan Harmosin, the
music department of Macedonian Radio Television recorded a large number
of his compositions, performed by the same performers and the composer
Risto Avramovski as a music editor.
The jubilee, 110 years from Joan Harmosins death (1890) was mar-
ked by a promotion of the above-mentioned new edition of the Pashalia
collection. It was held during the manifestation Day of Macedonian Music
2000 in the cathedral St. Kliment Ohridski in Skopje. This time,
academician Cvetan Grozdanov talked about the historical appearance of the
church music book Pashalia and about the life of its author. The respectable
Byzantinist emphasized that this edition about the life and work of Joan
Harmosin-Ohridski was long awaited in Macedonia and represents valuable
contribution to the study and re-affirmation of church singing from Slavic-
229

Byzantine tradition in Macedonia. The womens chamber choir St. Zlata
Meglenska, under the direction of Letka Dimovska-Polizova, performed a
number of Joan Harosins compositions.
The International Lions Club St. Pantelejmon from Skopje, Macedo-
nia, also marked the anniversary from the death of Joan Harmosin-Ohridski.
On that occasion the Club asked me to give a a lecture and a discussion for
its members entitled Macedonian Church Singing and its Most Important
Representatives. Marking the jubilee, the Lions Club St. Pantelejmon pro-
claimed Harmosins Virgin Marys Hymn as its official hymn. The Club per-
manently marked Joan Harmisins jubilees by publishing CDs with his music
compositions.
From all of the above it is clear that throughout all of the 20
th
century
large number of articles have been written about Joan Harmosin-Ohridski by
many well-known researchers of church music from Macedonia and Bul-
garia. During the last fifteen years, in Macedonia, his church music and
National Renaissance work have been affirmed in many different ways.
These activities give the impression that Joan Harmosins renaissance spirit
arose from the depth of the 19th century right at a crucial moment: the devo-
ted rightful struggle of the Macedonian Orthodox Church for an equal place
in the Orthodox world.

Conclusion
In the efforts to unite its spiritual space and to strengthen its position
in circumstances when the Ottoman Empire displays signs of internal
weakening, in the beginning of the 19th century, the Constantinopol patri-
archy, through its distinguished spiritual leaders Hrisant, Hurmuzij and
Grigorij, conducted a reform of the existing music notation, in order to ease
its application and make it more broadly dispersed. This newly reformed
notation, which, in essence, is a synthesis of the previous stages of Byzan-
tine music notation and some experience from the Western music notation,
was widely accepted in the church practice of Macedonia as well. A proof of
this are the numerous musical manuscripts and publications that emerged in
the following decades of the 19th century.
230

In Constantinople, in 1869, Joan Harmosin-Ohridski, one of the most
prominent representatives of the Macedonian church music and of the Natio-
nal Renaissance, publishes his collection of church music under the name of
"Pashalija", with songs that are performed during the Holy Week of Christ's
Resurrection. This work bears even greater significance due to the fact that it
emerges in the zenith of the struggle for revival of the Ohrid Archiepiscopy
and for introduction of the Macedonian language in schools and churches.
This collection is important for the Macedonian church music becau-
se, besides the traditional songs and works by the most famous Byzantine
authors from the 17th, 18th and the first half of the 19th century, it also con-
tains a sequence of works by its author and publisher Joan Harmosin. The
work called "It Is Worthy" had the largest number of transcripts and repu-
blications, as well as a wide popularity amongst the church singers; and as its
author says in the foreword of the book "here and there you can hear local
songs from Upper Macedonia, our beloved fatherland."
In order for the collection of works "Pashalija" by Joan Harmosin of
Ohird to become available to a broader cultural audience, I publish this book
with a parallel use of the two music notations, the Eastern and the Western,
which is the first music publication of this kind here. Such as it is, I wish that
this book contribute to the return of the Hrisant's neumatic notation to
everyday use and to the revival of our traditional church singing. I think this
is the most proper way for the Macedonian Orthodox Church to follow the
steps of the centuries-long St. Clement's tradition.

231

IV.

Vasil Ikonomov (1848-1934)

In the heritage of the remarkable cultural and educational activist
from the time of the Renaissance, Vasil Ikonomov (1848-1934), that is kept
by his descendents a neumatic manuscript was found, handwritten by the
renaissance activist in Braila, Romania, in 1907.
1
This impeccably written
Psaltikija, among other church chants and works by the best known
representatives of the east church singing (of Greek origin) also contains
works by the Macedonian authors Joan Harmosin-Ohridski and Dimitar
Pavlov-Shtipjanin, until then being mentioned as cultural and educational
activist from the period of the Renaissance, but not as an author of church
music works.
The dynamic personality of Vasil Ikonomov , who is known to the
culture public in Macedonia from the scientific works of Aleksandar
Mitkovski, Gligor Todorovski, Kiril Penushliski, Blaze Ristesti and others,
with his folklore-ethnographic and printing-publishers work as well as by
his educational agitator and national-culture activities.
2
His church music
activities are far less known. The recently discovered Psaltikia is a good
reason to attract our attention to the versatile personality of its composer.
Vasil Ikonomov was born in the village Lazaropole, Macedonia in
1848, in a family of a merchant. Becoming orphan at his early age, his
uncle Kosta Martinov Dimkovski undertook to care about the six-year old
Vasilko. Vasil finished his primary education with the known priest and

1
Vasil Ikonomov, Psaltikija, Braila,1907.
(ms. NUB Sv. Kliment Ohridski Skopje).
2
Ristovski, Blaè,Vasil Ikonomov (1848-1934), Institut za
nacionalna istorija, Skopje, 1985. p. 9.
232

teacher Martin Dimkovski in Lazaropole, and later, after the recom-
mendation of the Debar-Kichevo Greek bishop was sent to Greece to finish
Greek seminary.
There are no certain data about the life of Vasilko. .We still do
not know where, in which seminary in Greece, was Vasil educated and how
long it took. Having in view his inclination towards spiritual themes we can
suppose that a kind of Greek spiritual seminary was in question. The degree
of his calligraphic skills and the knowledge of the church note singing do
suggest a regular education of that kind. // He presents himself as a
polyglot speaking Serbian, Bulgarian, Russian, Greek, Albanian, Romanian
and probably French beside Macedonian and Turkish. Hadnt he been in
Ploesht (1870-1873) where there were workers from Lazaropole? Had he
by any chance moved to Braila later?
3

In the period 1902-1907 Vasil Ikonomov was in Braila, Romania,
where he worked as a psalmist in the church St. Voznesenie. He was
particularly respected because of his melodic and charming singing in the
church and because of his good soul and gentle character. As he has put it
at the second page of his already mentioned Psaltikia, during his five-year
stay as a singer in the only Bulgarian church in Braila, he wrote, translated
and published several soul beneficial books that, unfortunately, have not
been found yet.
Having in view the fact that mostly Greek authors that were
permanently settled in Romanian countries are present in his only kept
collection, one can conclude that Vasil Ikonomov was only oriented
towards church music literature, which was easy to find in Romania. Thus
the assumption that beside Greek, he might have translated works from
Romanian and Slavic language. However, it still remains unknown whether
he translated works by Romanian authors, although it is more than probable
that Vasil Ikonomov had the time and opportunities to get familiar with the
Romanian church singing and its major representatives.
After returning to Macedonia Vasil Ikonomov undertook some
publishing activities in Thessalonica for a while, where he established his
own printing house. After returning to his native Lazaropole he was

3
Ristovski, Blaè,Vasil Ikonomov ibidem. p.17-18.
233

appointed village mayor. From time to time he gladly stayed in the
monastery Prechista in Kichevo. There he composed his only - until now-
discovered Dostojno est (Worthy is), in voice V.
4

He lived a peaceful life in his old age, and the descendents of Vasil
Ikonomov remember that he spent some time alone at the monastery
Precista. He passed away at very old age in 1934 in his native Lazaropole.
5

In comparison with his activities as an outstanding folklorist,
ethnographer and teacher, the church music activities of Vasil Ikonomov
that are still not observed in all their elements although seemingly modest
are still considerably important. Of the few data available to the
Macedonian musicology one can conclude that Vasil Ikonomov was not
only a hard-working and passionate translator, transcriber and publisher of
church works, but also an excellent psalmist, who was tirelessly
propagating church works by Macedonian authors. By his merit the
Macedonian church today is richer for three works, unknown until now, as
well as for the music profile of their author Dimitar Pavlov-Shtipjanin.
There are probably other, still undiscovered, manuscripts by Vasil
Ikonomov containing other valuable works and data about the church music
past of Macedonia.

4
Georgievski, Mihailo, Dosega neobjaven, op. cit. p. 3.
5
Ristovski, Blaè,Vasil Ikonomov op. cit. p. 126-127.
234

V.

Dimitar Pavlov-Shtipjanin (1840-1919)

With the discovery of the musical script of Vasil Ikonomov (1848-
1934) the personality of Dimitar Pavlov-Shtipjanin immediately became of
interest for the Macedonian church music. Until then, only mentioned when
the cultural and historical past of the city of Shtip was in question, with the
discovery of part of his church music works something more can be said
about his profile as an author.
Dimitar Pavlov-Shtipjanin was born in 1840, as a son of Pavle
Grozdanov who was a teacher in Shtip. Preserved date say that Dimitars
father was sent to complete his education in Kjustendil with Neofrit Rilski
(1793-1881), one of the most outstanding Slavic representatives of the East
Orthodox Church singing in the 19
th
century. The fact that Pavle Grozdanov
enabled his son obtain very profound education is confirmed by the notion
that after his death in 1857 his position of a teacher was replaced by his son
Dimitar, although he was only 17 years old.
In his native town Shtip Dimitar Pavlov worked until the age of 23,
and then moved to Plovdiv to obtain higher education. After the successful
completion of the class school in that city, Dimitar Pavlov returned back to
Macedonia and worked several years as a teacher in Novo Selo, where he
took part in the movement for the spiritual liberation from the Greeks. His
attendance at the first Exarchate congress in Constantinople was a decisive
point for his further career, since after its completion he was kept by the
Exarchy as a teacher and singer in the Exarchy church in Constantinople.
During his five-year stay in Constantinople Dimitar Pavlov simultaneously
attended the Robert college, where he improved his knowledge of French,
235

Greek an Turkish language as well as the knowledge of the western history
and culture, particularly that of French philosophers from the 18
th
century.
In spite of the attractive offers to continue his career in Bulgaria,
after the five dynamic years spent in Constantinople, filled with numerous
and different activities, Dimitar Pavlov decided to return to Macedonia, to
his native Shtip, where he held the teachers position for another 19 years.
He was carrying out many other duties during the period: director of the
class school, secretary to the municipality, church singer, principal teacher
and others. He actively participated in the new revolutionary activities in
Macedonia, and because of that he had conflicts with the local authorities
and was forced to leave Shtip.
Dimitar Pavlov spent the following seven years in Skopje, where
upon demand from the Metropolitan he stayed to carry out the duties of a
teacher, educator in the schools boarding and church singer. After that
final teaching stage Dimitar Pavlov-Shtipjanin left for Bulgaria where he
led modest life of a pensioner and a psalmist. Ruined by his poor life and
diseases he died in an almost ruined house in Sofia, in 1919.
1

Beside his rich educational and church activities Dimitar Pavlov-
Shtipjanin is known by many articles that appeared in different newspapers
where he describes the cultural, educational and church life in Macedonia
during the last quarter of the 19
th
century.
2

As already mentioned, only three church music works are known,
and they can be seen in Vasil Ikonomovs Psaltikia:
Heruvika, in voice IV,
Dostojno est (Worthy is), in voice I and
Otca i Sina, in voice I.
It is not known in which period of his life these works were written,
weather he wrote other works beside these, and how they appeared in the
collection by Vasil Ikonomov which had been written in Braila is not
known. In connection with the compositions we can say that they are
written by a highly educated and skilled musician who expressed the sense
of the new time with traditional music means. The compositions Heruvika

1
Zavoev , Pet r , Grad ip , Sofi , 1928, p. 25-28.
2
Sto nov, Man o, B lgarska v zro`denska kni`nina (t. 1),
Sofi ,1957, p. 274.
236

and Dostojno est impress with their simplicity and their presence in the
collection of Vasil Ikomomov is not accidental.
The third composition Otca i Sina in voice I, with the dense
application of alternating tones since the very beginning continues into a
chant with a chromatic-enharmonic character. That composition by Dimitar
Pavlov actually contains the text of the liturgy that begins with Otca i Sina
and concludes with Tebe poem. Composed of more short episodes and parts
in whose performance a priest and psalmist take place, that form of a
dialogue were the melody is full of emotions is felt as a unique dramaturgic
entirety.

237

VI.

Manasij Pop-Todorov (1856-1936)

The name of Manasij Pop-Todorov has been mentioned during the
last several decades in the Macedonian music science when talking about
the printed collections of psalms in Bulgaria, which circulated on the
territory of Macedonia towards the end of the 19
th
and the beginning of the
20
th
century. He was first mentioned in 1978 as an author of church works,
with the finding of the manuscript Voskresnik (Anastasimatar) by Vasil
Ivanov Bojadjiev (1876-1950),
1
where Manasij Pop-Todorov is present
among the authors and that with the largest number of works. Then his
Macedonian origin was still not known to the Macedonian music science
and he was mentioned only as a Bulgarian publisher of church books.
The information about the Macedonian origin of Manasij Pop-
Todorov and some other data regarding his life and activities is present
in the Schoolbook for eastern church singing by the Bulgarian teacher and
psalmist Mircho M. Bogoev, which was published in Plovdiv in 1940.
According to that source Manasij Pop-Todorov was a Macedonian, long-
year teacher of east church singing in Somokov seminary and in the Sofias
spiritual seminary, where he produced a whole generation of singers.
According Mircho M. Bogoev, Manasij Pop-Todorov lived until 1938, but
according some others, he passed away in 1936.
Speaking of his publishing activities, Mircho M. Bogoev states that
Pop-Todorov printed his first church music collection the Voskresnik in

1
Georgievski, Mihailo, Makedonska muzika/ 6, Pe~atenite slovenski muzi~ki
(nevmatski) zbornici vo Makedonija, Skopje, 1986, p. 81.
Vorldbuk, Skopje, 2001. p. 100.
238

1898 using western notation, while the other seven of his works, that were
printed in the period between 1905 and 1922, are written using the
Hrisants notation. According that source, Manasij Pop-Todorov had not
created anything original, as his own. He had (with a few exceptions)
transcribed, rearranged, mainly works by Angel Savlievec, a Bulgarian
author from the 19
th
century. Despite all that, Manasij Pop-Todorov has
invaluable merits for the enrichment and the spreading of the church music
literature, and because of that he is acknowledged as a big music actor.
2

The article by Petar Dinev published in Crkoven vestnik in 1960 in
Sofia
3
- is a later and considerably richer source of data regarding Manasij
Pop-Todorov. Dedo Manasij as he was called by his numerous disciples
in the Samokov seminary and the Spiritual seminary in Sofia, who kept
dear memories and deep respect for their teacher of church singing being
exceptionally devoted to the church music uninterruptedly created church
singers for the period of 30 years and printed psalm collections.
Manasij Pop-Todorov was born in 1856 in the village of Sabatkoj,
Seres, in the Aegean part of Macedonia. He obtained his education in Greek
language in the priest`s school by the monastery St. Joan Prodrom, near
Seres. In order to master church singing in a Slavic language and enter the
exarchate service Manasij left his birth place and went to Bitola. The
following data mentioned by Dinev is his leaving for Samokov. Namely,
after Atanas Badev had left the Samokov Seminary, the synod of the
Bulgarian church invited Manasij to take the duty of east church singing
teacher.
4

In 1902 the Samokov Seminary was transferred to Sofia and was
renamed as Sofia spiritual seminary, and Manasij Pop-Todorov was
uninterruptedly a teacher in that seminary until 1924. After retiring, he
instructed church singing in Cherepashka priests school, and after that, he
sang in the church St. Paraskeva in Sofia, until 1930. He died in 1936.
Beside being a publisher of a number of books containing psalms,
according Peter Dinev Manasij Pop-Todorov deserves merits also as a

2
3
Pet r Dinev, Muzikou~itel t Manasi Poptodorov, C rkoven vestnik, br. 11
19 mart 1960 g. Sofi . p. 8.
4
Pet r Dinev, Muzikou~itel t op. cit.. p. 8.
239

church singer and a pedagogue-teacher. Being his contemporary, Dinev
gives interesting details concerning the singing of Manasij Pop-Todorov.
He stated that he had a pleasant voice in the range between second tenor
and baritone as a performer. His singing was calm, quiet, with some nasal
vocals. He usually sang high tones at louder voice, and gradually reduced
them when returning to the medium register. Despite his going though
Greek church-singing school, in his music performance he avoided
exceeding ornamenting of tones. As a result of his having exceptionally
good ear for music and inborn music abilities, Manasij Pop-Todorov sang
clearly and without any dis-tonement.
5

As a long term teacher of east church singing who owned natural gift
for his educational career Pop-Todorov produced a big number of excellent
church singers. Although, as it might have been, his explanations were not
always in accordance with the methodology rules, they reflected evidence
and convincement. He strictly adhered to the principle of one-voiced
character of the east church singing, and beside the ison, he did not allow
his disciples any other voicing of the melody.
6

Speaking of the music activities of Manasij Pop-Todorov Dinev also
trusts that he had not expressed himself as a composer, but only as a
publisher of numerous collections with works taken from other older
church music editions. Peter Dinev came to that conclusion after a detailed
analysis of the collections Pop Todorov had published in the period
between 1905 and 1922:

- Psaltikiska liturgy and
- Kratok voskresnik, in 1905;
- Psaltikiski trebi, in 1911;
- Opshiren voskresnik, in 1914;
- Psaltikiska utrena, in 1915;
- Stihiri i slavi od Triodot i Pentikostarot i za minejskite praznici and
- Psaltikiska liturgy (re-edition with some marginal shortenings and
additions), in 1922.

5
6
240

The comparison of the works contained in these books, whose
authors are not indicated, with those from collections by other authors
published in the period until 1905, that was made by Dinev showed that
among them there is not a single one created by Manasij Pop-Todorov. By
doing it, Dinev came to the conclusion that Pop Todorov had made some
insignificant changes, with the aim for the melody to better express the
meaning of the text and to correct some wrong stresses.
7

Regarding this dilemma in connection with the church music work of
Manasij Pop-Todorov the manuscript Psaltikiski voskresnik by Vasil
Ivanov Bojadjiev where Manasij Pop-Todorov is present with the largest
number of works among all authors, which was found in 1978, introduced
new moments,:
- Kosnokratki veliki slavoslovija in voice I, voice II, voice III,
voice IV, voice V, voice VI-VII, voice VI, voice I-VII,
voice VII and voice VIII;
- Otca i sina in voice III and in voice VI.
Two of the compositions with which Manasij Pop-Todorov is present
in the collection (Otca i Sina in voice III and VI) by Vasil Ivanov Bojadjiev
appeared in the forth edition of the Short voskresnik (in eight voices) by
Manasij Pop-Todorov, re-issued in 1992 by the Bulgarian Orthodox
Church, where they are added as an àppendix` at the end of the book
(together with another Otca i Sina, in voice IV). It is interesting to note that
these works do not appear in the first edition of the Short voskresnik of
1905. Maybe the author Manasij Pop-Todorov without signing them as
his own works placed them in some of his later editions, and Vasil Ivanov
Bojadjiev took them from there.
In this context the following question should be asked: why had not
Manasij Pop-Todorov signed any of his music works in his numerous
books? Is it only a matter of his modesty or another more profound reason
is in question? It should not be forgotten that Manasij Pop-Todorov moved
to Bulgaria as an adult, and he was always regarded there as newcomer. On
the other side, with his excellent Greek church-music education he
presented a threat to the native music authorities. In order to ease disturbed

7
241

spirits Pop-Todorov used to make compromises of any kind: in his books
he included works by numerous Bulgarian authors, made ornaments to
them, and did not undersign his own compositions.
After all this said about Manasij Pop-Todorov, it is quite clear that an
exceptionally important representative of the Eastern Orthodox singing is in
question. Starting from the fact that his numerous books published in
Bulgaria were present also in Macedonian spiritual areas and they,
undoubtedly, influenced the development of the church music in
Macedonia, as well as the very fact that he originated from Macedonian
regions and started his career as a psaltist in Slavic language in Bitola, our
musicology has a moral obligation to disclose the traces that Manasij Pop-
Todorov had left in that town during his stay there and broaden the
knowledge about his life and church music activities.

242

VII.

George Kazana (19
th
-20
th
century)

There are numerous musicians of Vlach origin in the history of the
East church music that were active on the wider Balkan area. According
available data, among those Vlachs that were born in Macedonia and spent
a kind of longer period of their lives in different Macedonian cities as
church singers is George Kazana.
Although he lived relatively not long ago (during the second half of
the 19
th
and the first decades of the 20
th
century) very little is known about
George Kazana. Some basic data about his life are mainly taken from what
he wrote on the front pages of his numerous music manuscripts. Some data
about George Kazana can only be found in the Lexicon of the Romanian
musicologist-Byzantologist George K. Jonesku, where some lines refer to
the life and the music work of George Kazana: Church singer of the
Romanian chapel in Constantinople since 1897. He composed the
Anthology of psalms titled `Romanian dawn` consisting of several parts, a
work adapted for the Vlachs from Greece and Bulgaria, according
traditional church chants.
1
In that, very thorough, Lexicon not a single
bibliographic reference to the name of George Kazana is given, which
suggests that his music work has neither been researched nor published. All
parts of the mentioned Anthology are in the library of the St. Synod in
Bucharest.
George Kazana is significant for the Macedonian church music with
the large number of church compositions that he created during his stay in

1
Ionescu, Gheorghe C., Lexicon, Editura Diogene, Bucureti, 1994. p. 72.
243

Bitola as a church singer.
2
That is confirmed by the manuscript of the
collection Sequence of the twelve days, from 24
th
of December to 6
th
of
January (ms. I 93),
3
where one can see that it was written in 1907 in Bitola,
and in both parts of the Idiomelar (ms. II 183) with the total of 646 pages
written in Bitola, in December 1911, with an appendix of 11 pages without
pagination. Based upon those data given by the author of those music
manuscripts it can be concluded that George Kazana spent at least five
years in Bitola: from 1907 until December 1911.
Later George Kazana can be seen in Romania as a church singer and
composer, something that can be concluded after his later manuscript
`Church muse` composed of two parts. Namely, on the front page of that
manuscript there is: `Church muse by George Kazana, previously proto-
psalmist in Macedonia, and currently in the church Dobroteasa in the
capital, 1922 Bucharest`.
4

It is evident that George Kazana emphasized and gave special
significance to his stay in Macedonia, as a proto-psalmist and composer in
Bitola. But, it is still not known from where he arrived in Bitola, how long
he stayed in that important political and cultural centre and whether he
stayed in another town in Macedonia. We can suppose that his stay in
Bitola was not short, because - as already stated - he wrote many church
works during that period. Although we do not have thorough evidence in
his compositions, one can say that George Kazana was one of the most
productive authors of church music that ever composed on the territory of
Macedonia. Besides, he is the only composer so far, that used Hrisants
notation to create church music in his mothers tongue, the Vlach.
I recently came across the information that the surname Kazana
originates from Bajasa, a little town in todays Greece. A confirmation of
that was found in the monthly `Lumina` of October 1905. (In the special
edition of that monthly on the occasion of the 25th jubilee of the Romanian
Lyceum in Bitola, a list of scholars that had completed education by then
was published, and among them is the name of Apostol Kazana, whose

2
Cordescu, Mihail-Vergiliu, Istoricul coalelor romne din Turcia, Bucureti, 1906. p. 236.
3
Ionescu, Gheorghe C., Lexicon, op. cit. p. 72.
4
Cazana, Gheorghe, Musa bisericeasc, Bucureti, 1922 (manuscript privat)
(the author of this book owns a photo-copy)
244

place of birth is Bajasa).
5
Additional research is needed to disclose whether
that Apostol is a relative to George Kazana, and whether Bajasa is his birth
place.
While the life of George Kazana still remains covered with the veil
of the unknown, a fairly clear picture can be created about his music work.
Although until now I have had the opportunity to review only the
manuscripts of the Idiomelar (completed in Bitola in 1911)
6
and the
collection Church muse, which was written in 1922 in Bucharest, I can
freely say that George Kazana was a gifted and educated musician, who
wrote easily, musically and very attractively, with frequent applications of
inventive and clever modulations of chants.
In contrast to the Idiomelar, that contain exclusively his works, in the
second part of the collection Church muse George Kazana included one
Polielej, by Harmuzij Hartofilax (one of the three reformers of the
Byzantine music notation in 1814) translated from Greek language, as well
Praise song by the Romanian composer Dimitrie Sucheveanu. All this
indicates his broad knowledge of the east church singing and his
undisputable translation capabilities.
Reviewing the works from the collection Church muse and the
Idiomelar I have concluded that the range of Kazans melo-rythmic values
is exceptionally rich and offers opportunities for creation of permanently
fresh and dynamic melodic line. Sometimes it includes almost up to two
octaves reaching the high, so called tenor register. The frequent use of
jumps (septima, octave and decima), with which he achieves impressive
dramaturgic effects is impressive. But, in spite of that, melodic lines of
George Kazana remain logical and within the spirit of traditional Byzantine
singing.
From the pages of the collection Church muse, written in 1922, it can
bee seen that Georges hand trembles a little, which indicates to his almost
old age. It is possible that this church music collection (not registered in the
Lexicon by George K. Jonesku, and on its cover page Kazana wrote `former
proto-psalmist in Macedonia` with a trait of nostalgia) is his last work.

5
Lumina, Anul III, No. 10. Octomvrie, 1905, Liceul romn, Bitolia, p. 306.
6
Kazana, Gheorghe, Idiomelar (vo dva dela), Biblioteka Sf. Sinod Bucureti, 1911.
245

Beside the church Dobroteasa, where he was proto-psalmist and the library
of the St. Synod in Bucharest where six of his music works are kept it
should be researched also in Constantinople, Bajasa (Greece) and
particularly in Bitola, where he left activity traces during his stay of several
years as a church singer and unusually fruitful composer.
The music work of George Kazana deserves greater attention than
what music researchers have dedicated so far. Time will demonstrate that
the place of this modest, and so far almost unknown musician is among the
most important authors of church music work in Macedonia, Romania and
the broader Balkan areas in the period between the 19
th
and 20
th
century.

246

VIII.

Andon Shahpaski (cc. 1860-1928)

With the recent discovery of the neumatic hand script of Andon
Shahpaski from the village Smojmirovo, Malesh, Macedonian music history
has been enriched with another name of - until now - quite unknown music
representative of the Byzantine-Slavic tradition. These are the first lines
written about him and his Collection of psalms (Psaltikiski zbornik), that saw
daylight 120 yeas after its creation.
This music actor from the time of the Renaissance, who wrote with his
own hand hundreds of music pages, liturgy texts, letters and various items
for everyday use of the people around him, did not leave almost any written
record of himself. Initially, his nephew Vasil Shahpaski and Vasils wife
Draga living in Smojmirovo were the only source of data regarding the life
of Andon Shahpaski, but some villagers also added details later.
Even form his early youth Andon Shahpaski attracted the attention as
a versatile, gifted, dynamic and curious boy with a restless spirit. His
contemporaries remember him as a psalmist who attracted believers to the
religious services in the village church St. Mother of God (Sv. Bogorodica).
He was remembered as a skilful tailor, especially known by his making of
priests garments. Besides, Andon Shahpaski was a village teacher and an
excellent calligrapher, which is evidenced by his Collection of psalms,
written with great skill.
The year of his birth, like many other details of his turbulent life,
remains unknown. It is supposed that he was born about the middle of 19
th

century, not later than the sixties. After the death of his father Jovan, who
died at a very young age, his uncle priest Lazar took care of the little Andon
247

(And). Remarking Ands abilities priest Lazar gave him to learn the skills
of a tailor, and since he was musically talented having pleasant voice, he
taught him church singing and occasionally engaged him as a psalmist in the
church.
After completing his training as a tailor, it seams that Andon was sent
to a certain school to learn church singing, but it is not known where. From
the data that he lived and worked as a psalmist in Buranovo, a village not far
from the Rila monastery (todays Bulgaria) we can guess that Andon
Shahpaski learned church singing with Rila monks in the so called Rila
church-singing school. Besides, he could master the calligraphic skills there
and improve making of priests garments.
After returning to his native Smojmirovo Andon Shahpaski continued
to work as a psalmist in the local church. It is known that he also worked as a
teacher in Smojmirovo for several years, which means that he was one of the
well educated local inhabitants. One can suppose that beside village teacher
and psalmist Andon simultaneously worked also as a tailor, because he was
known across the Malesh region and broader by his creation of priests
garments.
However, with time church singing was becoming his main activity, to
turn out to be his only profession. After the testimony of his descendents and
elder villagers Andon had a respectable library of dearly paid books and
manuscripts created by his hand. Known as a psalmist, he was often invited
to sing in other churches across the Malesh region on the occasion of
different religious festivities. It can not be excluded that, as an excellent
calligrapher, he transcribed different psalm collections for the needs of the
neighbouring churches.
As one of the few educated persons and a known psalmist, not only in
Smojmirovo but also wider, he was a very respected and influential person.
Not a single event of interest in the village could happen without his
participation, and it was the case of the building of the new village church on
the foundations of the old almost ruined village church Sv. Bogorodica, in
the very beginning of the 20
th
century.
His church educational activities, that gained him huge respect among
the villagers, could not be approved by the village villains, those who under
248

the veil of different revolutionary organisations were terrorizing the
inhabitants forcing them to obedience. Andon Shahpaski was even sentenced
to death by one of such groups. However, he managed to escape from his
prosecutors the last moment and save himself from the worst. Unfortunately,
his beloved wife Hristena became a victim of those terrorist groups and as a
consequence his two little children Magda and Stefan who died immediately
after the event. After that family tragedy, survived by his second-born son
Aralampie, Andon tried again to form a family, marrying Ordana who gave
birth to other two children Jovan and Pola.
In connection with those terrorist groups that used to frighten local
people and kept them submissive there are accounts around the village about
a later event that resulted badly for Andons health to conclude fatally for
him. Namely, somebody from the village had demanded from Andon to
write a letter of complaint to the government because of his brother being
killed. Andon properly composed the letter for his co-villager, but the killers
gang composed of local violators beat Andon severely because of that.
Due to the serious injuries that he got in the part of his kidneys he could not
manage to recover, and died in Smojmirovo the 20
th
of January 1928.
Further research demonstrated that Andon Shahpski used to have his
school for church singers and a choir that performed at Sunday and festivity
services. Beside his brother Aleksandar and his sons Arlampie and Jovan, his
disciples were also Gorgi Mushkarski, Jovan Dzaleski-Dimo, Laze
Makoski, Ande Adjiski, Mijalko Shahpaski, Petre Predarski and others. The
real follower of Andon was Aralampie Shahpaski (1898-1993), who sang
until his last days as a proto-psalmist of the church Sv. Bogorodica in
Smojmirovo. He died at the old age in 1993.
It should also be mentioned that some of his disciples were known as
singers and carriers of the folk music tradition. It is even more important
because it anticipates the question of connections between the church singing
of Byzantine tradition with the folklore singing tradition in Macedonia. From
that we can conclude that Andon Shahpaski and his numerous disciples -
was aware of the closeness of church and folk singing.
Older villagers from Smojmirovo remember, and that is supported by
information from other sources, that there was a choir composed of around
249

ten palmists in the church St. Mother of God in Smojmirovo in the period
between the two world wars that was permanently renewed with young
singers both form the village itself and other villages around the Malesh
region and wider. In relation to this, the information that I recently obtained
from the respected Father Peter Jordanov (1936), professor at the
Macedonian Orthodox seminary `St. Kliment Ohridski` - Skopje, that Mirko
Divanisov from the village Blatec, Kochani, as well as some other psalmists
from other parts of Macedonia that he personally knew, learned church
singing in Smojmirovo with Aralampie Shahpaski during the thirties of the
20
th
century. It confirms the thesis that the school for psalmists and the choir
that was established by Andon Shahpaski continued the work after his death,
managed by Aralampie, and was widely known across Macedonia.
In the years after the liberation, with the new social and political
establishment of Macedonia the school for psalmists in Smojmirovo ended
its work. Without inflow of young singers the church choir Sv. Bogorodica
gradually dwindled. Thanks to their longevity, only three psalmists remained
in the church Aralampie Shahpaski, Jovan Shahpaski and Gorgì
Mushkarski, known in the village as Ampo, Jovancho and Gogo. It is worth
mentioning that although immediately after the World War I under Serbian
rule Serbian folk church singing was introduced, in the whole period after
the liberation through the mentioned psalmists church singing of Byzantine
Slavic tradition was practiced without interruption until before the end of the
20
th
century.
From what is said about the church slinging in Smojmirovo and its
representatives, one can conclude that the foundations laid by Andon
Shahpaski in the period of the National Renaissance were strong enough to
survive the churchSerbian chauvinism and the after war atheism in
Macedonia and meet its new renaissance the return of church singing of the
old tradition in Macedonian temples. Even more than that: thanks to the
devotion invested by Andon Shahpaski and his followers, the small Malesh
village Smojmirovo and their church St. Mother of God became a symbol of
the insubordination and rampart of old Macedonian traditions.
The Collection of psalms (Psaltikia) by Andon Shahpaski was written
in the village of Smojmirovo, Malesh, in the period between October 1882
250

and January 1884 in Slavic-church language and Hrisants notation. It was
written with black, and occasionally with violet ink on an ordinary thin
paper, with enviable calligraphic skill, especially the music neumas. In its
current state the manuscript contains 544 pages without pagination, with six
lines on each page (rarely 5 of 7). Its dimensions are 123x100mm and its
card covers are professionally bound in dark brown leather. Some pages at
the beginning are missing, but it is almost entirely readable.
The manuscript contains the name of its composer and writer. It may
have been printed also at the missing pages or the places that are destroyed
by humidity. It is written with the same handwriting at the last page that the
Collection was completed in January 1884 in Smojmirovo. At the bottom of
that page there is something added, but unfortunately it is quite unreadable.
Starting from the fact that those remarks are made by the same hand that
wrote the complete Collection and, besides, Andon Shahpaski was the only
calligrapher and musically educated person in Smojmirovo there is no
doubt that the manuscript is his own work.
The music collection of Andon Shahpaski contains two main parts: 1.
Short voskresnik with a short grammar and exercises of paralagy (solfge)
and 2. Liturgy. As already stated, there is an added part in the beginning,
which was created a bit earlier and contains works for the needs of different
religious services. Some pages are missing both in the beginning and at the
end of that part. What is of particular importance for our church music is that
the added part commences with the work Dostojno est (Worthy is) in voice V
by Joan Harmosin-Ohridski, whose beginning, unfortunately, is not
preserved.
By the way, this is an additional confirmation that psalmists were very
fond of `Dostojno est` in voice V by Joan Harmosin Ohridski, which until
now has been found in many church music manuscripts and printed books,
and it has circulated among psalmists who wanted to follow the course of all
activities on the broader church-music area. And more that that: church
works that started to appear created in Slavic language by domestic
composers were enthusiastically welcomed by Macedonian psalmists. With
that, they openly manifested the desire, beside church chants translated from
Greek language, to sing authentic compositions created in Slavic language,
251

interwoven by the recognisable music tune of the folk and church singing
from this region.
From the comparison of this manuscript with the books printed in that
period one can notice that certain compositions in the Psaltikia by Andon
Shahpaski are similar, and some even identical with those by the well-known
Bulgarian music teacher Nikola Trandafilov-Slivenec `Cvetosobranie` - the
first book printed in Slavic language in 1847 in Bucharest.
1
However, there
are indications that they are not directly taken from that collection, but from
various other manuscripts, probably from those that had been created in the
Rila Monastery or from their numerous transcripts that were made on the
wider orthodox region. Based upon the researches made so far, one can
conclude that the Short voskresnik the first part of Andons Collection is
aesthetically and musically rather close to the manuscript Voskresnik by
Janaki Stojmenovich from the village Orizari, Kochani, was written in 1849.
The Liturgy collection (Liturgiski zbornik), as a second part of the
manuscript of psalms by Andon Shahpaski is a carefully composed selection
of works, where the composer does not strictly stick to the usual order of the
religious service in churches. It contains compositions by most famous
Byzantine authors of church music between the 14
th
and the 19
th
century:
Jovan Kukuzel, Hrisav Novago, Georgij Kritski, Jakov Protopsalt, Daniil
Protopsalt, Petar Lambadarij - Peloponeski, Joan Lambadarij, Petar Efeski,
Hurmuzij Hartofilaks, Grigorij Protopsalt, Joan HarmosinOhridski and
others, whose names are not stated.
Judging by the calligraphic skills and the orthography demonstrated in
that manuscript, it can be said that it is a work by a skilled transcriber having
confident, trained hand and that this church music collection is not the only
one that he has written. Starting from these characteristics of the collection
one can conclude that Andon Shahpaski owned thorough knowledge of the
Hrisants theory and practice of the Eastern Church singing, which he could
then gain in monastery schools by highly educated psalmists.
Macedonian music science was enriched with another valuable
document when the Collection of psalms of Andon Shahpaski was found, as
it has multilevel significance for the church singing of Byzantine-Slavic

1
Trendafilov, Nikola, Cv tosobranie, Bukur t, 1847.
252

tradition, and generally, for the national culture. Once again, the fact was
convincingly confirmed that psalms were not only orally transmitted on the
territory of Macedonia in the 19
th
century by uneducated priests and
psalmists, but continued to be spread by the church music activists of a
growing number of dedicated individuals, who were gifted and educated but
also nationally aware. Actually, through their activities the manifestation of
the resistance towards the assimilation politics of the Constantinople
Patriarchy commenced, and the need for returning of the Slavic language in
the religious service. With that, these individuals from the church ranks
marked the Renaissance of the Macedonian people, the period when the
Macedonian nation was established and the foundations of its own cultural
development were laid. One of them is Andon Shahpaski.

253

IX.

Atanas Badev (1860-1908)

The development of music arts in Macedonia during the last quarter
of the 19
th
century was marked by the activities of town and school-choir
groups and small orchestras formed by musicians that were educated
outside the borders of the Ottoman Empire, in Russia and other European
countries. The most remarkable among the musicians dealing in that area
was Atanas Badev (1860-1908).
Data about the life and work of this music actor that were firstly
published during the sixties of the 20th century aroused considerable
interest. In the same time, fragments from his choir composition were
performed in the festive hall of the Macedonian academy of science and
arts (MANU) by the Choir of the Macedonian radio television, conducted
by Dragan Shuplevski. National music was enriched by that valuable work
created by a professional musician as was Atanas Badev. That event threw
new light upon our music past, especially the church music from the period
of the Renaissance.
In a short time the Liturgy by Sv. Jovan Zlatoust by Atanas Badev
saw different forms of recordings and concert performances and was
frequently broadcasted by the Radio and the Television. The level of
popularity that this choir work attained can be illustrated by the fact in that
time and later Badevs Liturgy was integrally performed at the
Manifestation Strugas music autumn in 1988 and at the dedication of the
Congregation Hall `St. Kliment Ohridski` in Skopje, in 1990. In that period
it was published in the form of a record and video cassette. Badevs liturgy
is often being present in Macedonian churches, and it will almost
254

completely replace the Liturgy by the Serbian author Stevan St. Mokranjac
(1856-1914) that until than was undisputable not only in spiritual but also
in secular choir music in Macedonia.
Atanas Badev was born the 14
th
of January 1860 in Prilep, in a family
of a fairly wealthy merchant. He demonstrated considerable interest in
music even from his early age. Besides, he treated other subjects with equal
devotion, and it was particularly the case with mathematics. He learned
church singing with Kote Pazov, and later with Georgi Smichkov, one of
the first Macedonian melographers, a known church singer and a teacher.
1

Being a boy of exceptional abilities, his parents sent Atanas to
continue his education in Thessalonica. However, he stayed there for a
short period of time, as his fathers death led their family into financial
hardship. During the following period the family Badev moved to Bulgaria
and Atanas joined the Male gymnasium in Sofia. He was also remarked by
the interest for school subjects in the new environment. His passion for
music and unusual musical talent were articulated through the aid given to
him by his music teacher who conducted the school choir.
2

During the summer holiday in 1879 Atanas Badev returned to his
native Prilep, where he established a church choir. Composed of scholars
and music enthusiasts that group successfully performed in the town during
Sunday church services as well as on other festivities and holidays.
3
During
the school year 1880/81 when Georgi Smichkov - who had previously been
Badevs teacher - undertook to role of conductor, there were around 30
members of the choir, around seven to eight singers to each voice. Gorgi
Trajchev says in his book Grad Prilep (The city of Prilep) that singers who
gathered for rehearsals each Wednesday afternoon were self-taught, since
in that time note singing was still not in the curriculum of the three-class
school in Prilep.
4
However, materials that have been found handwritten by
Smichkov, that represent choir stimovi of church compositions transcribed
from Western into Hrisants notation, illustrate that singers also used

1
2
3
Golabovski, Sotir, Istorija op. cit. p. 99.
4
Traj~ev, Georgi, Grad Prilep, Sofija, 1926. p. 154-155.
255

written materials to learn the works
5
and that Byzantine music script was
dominant on the territory of Macedonia in that period.
A crucial phase in Atanas Badevs life was his stay in Russia, where
financially supported by his wealthy uncle Atanas studied physics and
mathematics at the Faculty of Philosophy in Odessa. After his two-year
studies Badev left Odessa due to his uncles death. A bit later, when he
provided means himself, he went to Moscow where he joined the Synod
singing school. Driven by the wish for new music knowledge we see him
later in Petersburg as a student of the Courts singing school. In connection
with his studies of composition at that school some music scientists state
that he completed his studies studying with eminent professors. Among
them the great Russian composer Nikolaj Rimski-Korsakov is mentioned,
but we still do not have secure data if Badev was his student.
With a diploma as the first professional musician and a theoretician
with broad knowledge and culture Badev returned to Macedonia and
became a teacher of music in Thessalonica. During the years spent working
among high school scholars in Thessalonica Atanas Badev gave his major
contribution to the development of the music culture in his fatherland. He
organized and led the school choir and trained disciples who would
continue music activities in many cities across Macedonia. Around the year
1892 Badev spent some time as an official in Bitola. There he married the
teacher Marija Dimitrova Shtipjanova, to move again to Thessalonica with
her. His teaching activities in Thessalonica during the years when the
Macedonian revolutionary organization was established coincided with
their first activities. As measures of precaution the management of
Exarchate schools in Macedonia began to move away from Macedonia all
those culture activists whose activities could anyhow be beneficial for the
work and the aims of the organization.
6

As a result of all those conditions Badev got transferred to Ruse.
Being in the zenith of his creative potentials he developed very fruitful
activities as a teacher of music in the Male gymnasium in Ruse, educating
his students and leading the gymnasia choir after the experience gained in

5
Prilep i Prilepsko niz istorijata, Prilep, 1971, v. I. p. 236-240.
6
256

schools throughout Macedonia. Some of his disciples later decided for
professional music careers and achieved respectable results as music artists
and theoreticians. During his stay in Ruse Atanas Badev formed his Liturgy
after St. Jovan Zlatoust, which was printed in Leipzig (Germany) in 1898.
After two years spent working at the Gymnasium in Ruse, Badev was
invited by the synod to teach church singing at the Seminary school in
Samokov. He accepted that duty which consisted of teaching seminarys
attendants in reading of the western and the eastern music script. But, not
long after that Badev was fired from the Samokov seminary. The reasons
for that act by the synod remain insufficiently clear. During the following
period Badev was appointed music teacher at the Female gymnasium in
Kjustendil. There, with seriously damaged health, Badev spent the last
years of his life, unsuccessfully trying to be transferred to Sofia, where he
might have gotten more efficient medical care. In the course of those
attempts, Badev died on a train towards Kjustendil on one of his trips, the
21
st
of September 1908.
7

Atanas Badev, as a versatile and well-educated musician in the spirit
of the European music aesthetics, and under the influence of the national
romanticism, parallel with the composers and pedagogic activities engaged
in collecting and study of the Macedonian music folklore. As a result of
those researches by Badev is his appearance at the second congress of the
Musical association in Sofia in 1904 with the topic About the folklore and
its particularities in Macedonia. That is the first serious work in the field
of ethno-music where the melo-rythmic structures of the Macedonian
folklore are professionally explained for the first time.
8
With it, Atanas
Badev laid the foundations of the Macedonian contemporary science of
ethnic music.
Badev wrote numerous compositions inspired by the music folklore,
as well as harmonisations of chants in city tradition, lake those cherished
also by other authors from the neighbouring cultural environments during
the period of national romanticism. However, the real creative potential of
Atanas Badev is best expressed by his Liturgy after St. Jovan Zlatoust for

7
8
Karaka{, Branko, Muzi~kite tvorci vo Makedonija, Makedonska kniga,
Skopje, 1970, p. 9.
257

mixed choir. Composed using the sample of spiritual compositions that
Badev had the opportunity to study in big music centres like Moscow and
Petersburg, that composition contains more developed choral slog in
comparison with his other works composed on his own of folklore topics.
9

In part of the melodies contained in that choir work church chants that were
preserved by oral tradition can be recognized, as well as themes by known
Byzantine composers, that Badev probably had been listening and singing
in his birth palace. However, their Byzantine character is neutralized to a
certain degree with the harmonization in the spirit of the European
tradition. Still, as a musician who knew Byzantine Music and its system of
eight voices, in some parts of his Liturgy where the tune has some tunes
typical for the Byzantine scales by harmonizing of these tunes and themes
Badev made certain compromises that make the work more original and
attractive. Thus, instead of usual harmony solutions that are typical for the
European music Badev occasionally lets the recognisable Byzantine iso
sound recognizably, like the odour of thyme fills the space. At the same
time these are the most exciting parts of his Liturgy by St. Jovan Zlatoust.
As a musician that, through Russian secular and church music, had
the opportunities to thoroughly learn and apply the practice of European
music theory Badev could not simply remain in the church music of
Byzantine tradition, which he used to learn in his native town of Prilep. It is
evident that as a composer and director he discovered more space in
European music, and he dedicated himself to it with all his heart. Actually,
the love for European music that flourished during his stay in Petersburg
and Moscow was conceived in Prilep, and lasted through all his life. When
I say this, having in view the fact that in the period of his early youth, in
Prilep, as one of the more advanced cultural centres in Macedonia through
different forms and ways (although with a certain delay) the wave of
European romantic music arrived as something new and exciting, and the
young Atanas Badev was not left indifferent to it. It should not be forgotten
that Badev spent a significant part of his life as a student of the Male
gymnasium in Sofia. Many young Macedonian intellectuals were educated
in that cultural centre, and there he could feel the touch of the European

9
258

culture at every walk. All these circumstances decided the music destiny of
Atanas Badev, the first many-sided educated musician in the spirit of
European music in Macedonia.
The first data about the life and work of this representative of the
National Renaissance were published in the book of the Serbian
musicologist and publicist Branko Karakash Muzi~kite tvorci vo
Makedonija (Composers in Macedonia,) published in 1970 in Skopje,
where Atanas Badev was described as the first professional Macedonian
musician and theoretic of broad culture.
10
The best sublimed
information of Atanas Badev was found in the Music Encyclopaedia of the
Yugoslav lexicographic office of 1971, written by the composer Todor
Skalovski, where he stated that Badevs compositions confirm his deep
knowledge, rich invention and creative force. It is emphasized also that
Badev was the first well educated musician and theoretic of broad culture,
and in the same time the first Macedonian composer of multi-voiced church
music.
11

The music writer Dragoslav Ortakov was the one who researched and
wrote about the work and life of Atanas Badev. With his three books
Muzichkata umetnost vo Makedonija /The music art in Macedonia (1982),
Ars nova macedonica (1986), Ogledi za vizantisko-slovenskata musika vo
Makedonija/Essays about the Byzantine-Slavic music in Macedonia
(2001), as wall as other articles in different magazines in the field of
culture, Ortakov undoubtedly contributed to the presentation of the profile
and the work of this significant composer, one of the few well-educated
musicians not only in Macedonia, but also in other national areas on the
Balkans.
12
Sotir Golabovski also dedicated suitable space in his book
History of the Macedonian music published in 1999. According that
musicologist, Atanas Badev is the most important representative of the
music professionalism of west-European type in the period of the
Renaissance and beside his music and ethno-music work emphasises his
pedagogic and organizing activities which greatly contributed to the

10
Karaka{, Branko, Muzi~kite op. cit. p. 9.
11
zavod, Zagreb, 1974, p. 110.
12
259

development of the music culture in Macedonia.
13
The musicologist Jelica
Todorchevska has been researching lately the life and work of Atanas
Badev, and she announced some new moments of his life, particularly
regarding the period of his music studies in Russia.
14

Having in view that the interest Badev demonstrated as a musician
was not limited only to spiritual music and folklore themes as sources of
inspiration but also the very folk music creation, and finally because of his
clear orientation towards the European music as his aesthetic and creative
decision, researchers and future generations of Macedonian musicologists
will have sufficient space for research regarding the activities of this music
actor whose activities were remarkable during the last two decades of the
19
th
and the beginning of the 20
th
century.

13
Golabovski, Sotir, Istorija op. cit. p. 100
14
Todor~evska, Jelica, Leksikon na muzi~kite tvorci od Prilep, (ms)
260

X.

Vasil Ivanov Bojadjiev (1876-1950)

It is not unusual for us to discover a kind of worthy work from our
recent past without any details kept about the authors life. Such is the case
with more of the persons presented in this part of the book. In connection
with it Vasil Ivanov Bojadjiev, the author of one of the most valued church
music works in Macedonian music history and broader, although being
born not long ago and lived until the middle of the 20
th
century, is not an
exception.
Thanks to data the musicologist Dragoslav Ortakov obtained through
talks with the descendents of Vasil Ivanov Bojadjiev, immediately after the
discovery of his Psaltikiski voskresnik in 1978
1
by the slavist Mihailo
Georgievski
2
, today we have basic data for the life of this significant
representative of the church singing of Slavic-Byzantine tradition in
Macedonia. Although insufficient, these data are exceptionally important
for further research, as they indicate the main points of Vasils life.
According these data, Vasil Ivanov Bojadjiev was born in Kratovo,
14
th
of December 1876. After finishing primary school in his native town he
continued his education in the Exarchate pedagogic school in Skopje, where
he gained basic knowledge about church singing. Beside Kratovo he
worked as a psalmist also in Tetovo, Shtip and Strumica. He spent two
years at the monastery Hilandar on Mount Athos improving church
singing. In the period after that he worked in Bachkovski monastery near

1
Vorldbuk, Skopje, 2001. p. 98-103,
2
Georgievski, Mihailo, Makedonska muzika/2 Nekolku novootkrieni
muzi~ki rakopisi od Makedonija, Skopje, 1979. p. 51-55
261

Plovdiv (Bulgaria) as a teacher of church singing in the seminary there. He
moved to Stara Zagora around 1922 where he retired after a while.
During the whole period between the two world wars Vasil Ivanov
Bojadjiev intensively worked on the Psaltikiski voskresnik, investing all his
knowledge and experience of a church singing teacher in it. In Bulgaria,
where the psalm books by Manasij Pop Todorov are undisputable he could
not find a publisher interested in his book. Because of that, Vasil
Ikonomov, who had longed to return to his Macedonia came to Veles in
1941, where he worked as a conductor of the church choir and a psalmist.
Due to the resistance by the clergy that were with pro-Serb attitudes he
neither succeeded to gain support for church singing of Slavic-Byzantine
tradition nor came across aid to publish his book. After two years he moved
to Skopje, the town where he had attended the pedagogic school, hoping to
realize his wish the printing of the book - and continue his church music
activities there. But, in times just before the end of the war and the liberated
Skopje - there was no sufficient space for the old and already tired psalmist.
On top of that, with the new social order his Psaltikiski voskresnik quickly
became outdated and out of interest to others. He died in Skopje, in 1950.
As already mentioned, the discovery of the Psaltikiski voskresnik by
Vasil Ivanov Bojadjiev in 1978 has a broader significance for the
Macedonian music culture and particularly the church singing of Slavic-
Byzantine tradition. With the discovery of that manuscript, the high level of
church singing on the territory of Macedonia and its numerous
representatives was confirmed, combined with the fact that despite tough
conditions there was continuous development of the psalm art in the
period after the World War I, when after the Vardar part of Macedonia fell
under Serbian governance, Serbian folk church singing was introduced in
Macedonian temples. Besides, the handwritten collection by Vasil Ivanov
Bojadjiev contains a number of valuable music works by Macedonian
authors that were unknown prior to its discovery.
Bojadjiev made the manuscript using Hrisants notation and Slavic-
church text with constantly nice and readable handwriting. This voluminous
collection has 395 densely written pages with 17 lines of musical neumas
262

and text and contains all successions of the utrenia, vechernia and the
liturgy.
It is interesting to mention that almost all Slavic authors of church
music that are presented in this collection originate from Macedonia: Jovan
Kukuzel, Dimitar Zlatanov Gradoborski, Kalistrat Zografski, Hristo P.
Stojanov, Manasij Pop-Todorov, Atanas Badev, Hristo Shaldev, Petar
Dinev and Stamuli Zarkinas. Only Petar Peoponeski is of `Byzantine`
authors.
In this anthology of the Macedonian church music the three works by
Kalistrat Zografski Otca i Sina in voice II, voice V and voice VII are of
particular importance. Vasil Ivanov Bojadjiev could have taken the two
works in voice V and voice VII from the collection Liturgija, but it remains
unknown from where he has taken that in voice II, since it cannot be found
in the Collection by Kalistrat, nor any other printed collection of psalms.
With it, Vasil Ivanov Bojadjiev gave us a significant piece of information
that Kalistrat Zografski had not put all his compositions in his collection of
East church singing. It can lead to the conclusion that he created more
works than what is known to us today.

The discovery of the Psaltikiski voskresnik by Vasil Ivanov
Bojadjiev introduced new moments regarding the dilemmas around the
church music work of Manasij Pop Todorov.
3
In Bojadjievs collection, that
was discovered two years after the death of Petar Dinev, Manasij Pop
Todorov is present with a larger number of works in comparison with other
authors there:
- Veliko slavoslovie (12 works), in voice I, in voice II, (two) in voice
III, in voice IV, in voice V, in voices VI-VII, in voice VI, in voices I-VII, in
voice VII (two) and in voice VII;
- Otca i sina (two works) in voice III and in voice VI.
In connection with it, it should be mentioned that the collection of
manuscripts by Vasil Ivanov is one of the most voluminous and properly
made that have appeared on the territory of Macedonia and wider. Based
upon its contents, one can conclude that the collectioner Vasil Ivanov

3
The Byzantologist Petar Dinev believes that Manasij Pop-Todorov did not leave his own works,
but only made corrections to works by other authors.
263

Bojadjiev, besides his excellent knowledge of Hrisants notation theory was
well introduced into the literature of the east orthodox singing, especially
that in Slavic language. Hence, we can suppose that Vasil Ivanov knew
well who were the authors that he included into his Psaltikiski voskresnik.
Therefore, there is no doubt that Manasij Pop Todorov was really the author
of the presented works.
The manuscript of psalm collection in question contains works
without indications regarding their authors. It can not be excluded that
some of those works were created personally by Vasil Ivanov Bojadjiev. In
that respect, it is interesting to note that in all works presented in the
Psaltikiski Voskresnik taken from different printed collections of psalms
Vasil Ivanov made some smaller or larger changes and repairs of any kind:
from orthographic to melo-rhythmic, in order to better express the meaning
of the text or to be in line with the emphasized syllables. He has done it fine
and with exceptional knowledge of the theory of the church singing of
Slavic-Byzantine tradition. Because of these reasons, it can be stated that
this collection has noticeable authors character.
The Psaltikiski Voskresnik by Vasil Ivanov Bojadjiev
represents a synthesis of all voskresniks that had previously appeared. It
successfully synthesizes experiences and knowledge of Macedonian authors
from the 19
th
and the 20
th
century, like Dimitar Zlatanov-Gradoborski, Joan
HarmosinOhridski, Kalistrat Zografski, Manasij Pop-Todorov, Andon
Shahpaski and others. As already mentioned, Vasil Ivanov Bojadjiev
started to compose his Psaltikiski Voskresnik in the period immediately
before the World War I, when the church singing of Byzantine tradition
was expulsed from use in Macedonian temples to be replaced by Serbian
folk church singing, better known as Mokranjac singing. Maybe due to
these reasons he used to made efforts to return to Macedonia during all this
dramatic period. Although he returned to his fatherland relatively late, even
in 1941, trying to publish his Psaltikiski Voskresnik Vasil Ivanov Bojadjiev
actually wanted to demonstrate the strength of our millennium-long
tradition and the deep roots of church singing of Slavic-Byzantine tradition
on the territory of Macedonia.

264

ANEKS
ANNEX

265

266

CRKOVNI TVORBI OD MAKEDONSKI AVTORI

Dimitar Zlatanov Gradoborski
Dimitar Zlatanov - Gradoborski
Dostoino esty. Glas i*. Ni.
(Prevod od gr~ki Jane Koxaba{ija)

Do- stoi - - - - no____esty_____ - - kw__ vo- -

i - - sti-n$ bla - ji - - - ti_____ t Bo - go-

ro - - di - q$,___ pri - - - snw bla- je - - -
n$ - - , i pre - ne - po - roc - - - - - n$ - -
- - - - - ,_____ i ma - - - - - - - - tery

Bo - ga na - - e - gw.__ Cest-nhi - - $ - - -
x - - - r$ - - v`m,_______ i slav - - - nhi - -

$ - - bz srav - ne - - - - n`- se-ra- -`m,___
267

bz_________ is - tlh - - - - - n` - - Bo - - -

ga Slo - - - va rojd - - $ - - - - - _______ s$-

\$ - - Bo - go - ro - - - di - q$ t ve - li-

ca________ t___ v li - - - ca - - - - - - em.

______________

Na Prazdn. Cestnagw Kresta.
Glas v*.

Kre- st$____ Tvo - e - m$___ po - kla- n- - em - s

Vla - d - - - - ko, i sv - to - - - -

e_________ vos - kre - se - - - - n` - - - e___

Tvo - - e_______ sla - - - - vim.______________
268

Kre - - st$ Tvo - e - m$____________ po - - kla- -

n - - - - em - - - - - - s,___ Vla-
d - - - - - - - - ko, i sv - -

to - - - - - - - - e, Vos - kre - se -

- - n` - - e____ Tvo - - e sla - - - - -

- - vim._______________
''
Sla-va Ot - q$, i S - - - n$, i Sv - to-
''
- m$ D$ - - x$. I n - nh i pri - - snw,____
i vo vh- ki vh- - kwv.______________ A - - miny.

I sv - - - to...__i_________sv - - to -
269

- - e vos - kre - se - - - - n` - - - -

e______________ Tvo - - e sla - - - - -

- - vim.___________

Ei ,___ si____________________ si - - - -
la. Kre - - st$________________________ Tvo - -
e - - m$____ po - - - - kla - - n - - - - -
'
- - - - - em - - s,____ pro- kla - n - -

- - - - em - - - s,______________________ Vla-
d - - - - - - \ - - - - - - ko,
i sv - to - - - - - - - - - - -
270

- - - - - - e vos - kre - se - - - -
'
n` - - - e,_____________ vos-kre - - se - - - -

n` - - - - e___ Tvo - - - - - - e
sla - - - - - - - - vim.____________

_____
Ou sl$jb$ sv\ennonacalnika.
Glas i*. Ni.

'
Voz - l - bl T, Go - spo - di, krh - - po - ste

mo - , Gos-pody t- ver- jde - - n` - - e mo - e, i

pri - bh- ji-\e mo - e,________ i iz - ba - - - -

vi - - tely - - moi.
'
Ot - qa i S - na i Sv - ta - - go D$ - -
271

'
xa Tro - i - q$ e - di - no - s$ - - \n$ - - i

ne - raz- dhly-- - - n$ - .

'
Mi-losty mi - - - ra, jer - - tv$ xva-le - -

- - n` - .

'
I so d$ - - xom tvo-im._________________

I - ma-m ko Go - spo- d$.

'
Do- stoi - - - no____ i pra - - - ved -

no esty.

Do - stoi - - - no_____i pra - - - - ved
272

- - no____esty, po - kla- n - ti - s Ot - q$, i_____S-

n$, i Sv - to - - m$ D$ - - x$,Tro - i - - qh e-
di - no- s$\- - n$- - i ne - raz-dhly - - - n$ - .

'
Svt,________svt,________svt_________ Go - -
'
spody Sa-va- w,______________ is- polny_____ne - - bo
'
i zem- l__________ ne - bo i zem - l_____ sla-

v Tvo - e - : w - san - - - - na v vi - -

- - nix,bla - go - slo - ven___________gr-di__________

_________ vo i - - - m Gos - pod - - - ne,
'
w - sa - na v v - - - - - nix.________

273

A - - - - - - miny.______________ A - -

- - - - - miny.

'
Te - be_____ po - - - em, Te - be bla - go-

slo - - - - vim, Te - be bla - go- da - - rim,_

____ Go - - - - spo-di, i mo - - lim____ Ti___

____s, Bo - - je na.______

274

Kalistrat Zografski
Kalistrat Zografski
Otqa i Sna. Glas e*.

O t- qa i S - - na, i Sv- ta-gw D$ - - xa,

Tro- i-q$ e-di- - no s$ - - n$- i ne - raz- dhly -

n$ - - .

Mi- losty mi - - - - - - ra, Jer-tv$ xva-

le - - n` - - .

'
I so d$ - xom___tvo - - im.______

I-ma-m ko Go- spo - - d$.
275

Do-stoi - - - - no i pra - - - - ved-no

esty, po - kla - n-ti - s Ot - q$, i S - - n$,

i Sv - to- m$ D$ - - x$, Tro- i-qh e- di- - no s$ -

- - nhi_______ i ne - raz- dhly - - - - nhi.

Svt, svt,___________svt____Go- spody Sa - va- o,

is-polny____ ne - - - bo___ i___zem- - l_________

sla- v Tvo- - e - - w- san - na v v - - nix, bla-

go- slo-ven gr- di vo i - - m Go - spod - - ne,

W - san - - - - na v v_______________v v - -

- - - - nix.

276

A - - - - - miny.________

A - - - - - - - - - - - - -

miny._______________

'
Te - - bh________po- em,___________________ Te-

be - - bla-go-slo- vim,______________________ Te- bh_

___________ bla - - go - - da - - rim, Go - - spo - - -

- - di, i mo-lim Ti - - s, Bo- je na, i mo-

lim Ti s, Bo- je na, i mo - - - - lim___
'
Ti_____________________ s, Bo - - - - - - -
je__________________ na._______________
277

Dostoino esty.
Glas a*.a.

Do - stoi - - - no esty____________ -
- - - - kw_____vo - - i - - sti - - - n$__

bla - ji - - - ti - t Bo - - - go___

Bo - go - ro - - - di - - q$, pri - - - -

- - - snw bla - - je - - - - n$ - - - -
,___ i pre - ne - po - roc - - cn$ - - , i

ma - - - tery Bo_____________________Bo - ga

na - - - e - - gw. Cest - - nhi - - - $- -

- - - - ___ xe_______________ xe - - r$ - -
278

- - - vfm,________ i slav - - - - nhi- -

- $ - - - ___ bez sra - vne - - - - - n` - -

- se - - - - - ra- - fm,________________

_________ bez______________________________ is- -

tlh - - - - - n` - - - - ____ Bo- ga Slo-

- - - - va__rojd - - - $ - - , s$ - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - $ - - -

__________ Bo - go - ro_______________ Bo- go-
ro - - - di - - q$ t ve - li - ca - - - -
em._______________________

279

Dostoino esty.
Glas d*.d.;

Do - stoi - - no esty - kw vo- i - - sti - - -

n$_________________ bla - ji - - - ti____ t_

___ Bo - - - go - ro - - - - - - - -
di - q$,_________________ pri - - snw___bla - -

jen-n$- - ,___ i pre - ne - po - ro_____pre- - ne - -

- po - ro - - cn$ - - - , i____ ma - - - - tery
____________Bo- ga na - - - - e - - gw._____

____________ Cest- nhi - - - - - - $ - -

xe - - - - r$ - - vfm,______ i slav - - nhi -
280

$ - - - - - ________ bez sra - vne - - -
'
n` - - _______ se - ra - - fm,_______________ bez_

___ i__bez is - tlh - - - n` - - ________

Bo - ga Slo - - - - - - va rojd-$ ,________

________ s$ - - \$ - Bo - go - ro - - - - di - -

- - q$ t_____________________ ve - li - ca - -
'
- - - - - - - em._________________________
'
__________________________________________________

281

Joan Harmosin Ohridski
Joan Harmosin - Ohridski
Dostoino esty. Glas e*. Pa.

Do - stoi - - - no sty___________ - kw vo -

i - - - sti - - - n$____ bla - ji - - - ti__

______ t____ Bo - go - - - ro - - - - - di -

- - q$,________________________ pri - - sno bla - jn-
- - - n$ - - , i pr - - n - po - - ro - -
- cn$ - - ,_______ i ma - - - try______ Bo - -

- ga na - - - - - - - gw._______________

________ Cest - nhi - - $ - _______ x - - r$-

- vfm,__________ i slav - - nhi - - $ - - _____

bz- sra - vn - - n` - - - ____________ s - -
282

- - - - ra - - fm,________________________ bz

is - tlh - - - n` - - Bo - - - - -

ga Slo - - va rojd- - - - - - - -$ - -

- - - - - - , s$ - - - \$ - - - _____
_____________ Bo- go - - ro - - di - - q$_________ t_

______________ v - - - li - ca - - - - - -

- - - m._________________________________________
'
____________________________

283

Manasij pop Todorov:
Otqa i Sna. Glas g*. [ S Ni.^

Ot - qa______i____S - - na____i Sv-ta - go D$-

- - - xa, Tro- i - - q$ e - di - no- s$- n$- - i ne-

raz-dhly - - n$ - - .

Mi-losty mi - - ra___ jer- -tv$ xva - le - - n` - -

I so d$ - - xom tvo - - - im.

I - ma- m ko Go - - spo - - d$.

Do - stoi - - no i pra - ve - - dno__ esty, po - kla-

n - - ti - - s Ot - q$, i S - - n$, i Sv-to - m$

D$ - - - x$, Tro- i - - qh e - di - no- s$ - - nei
284

i ne- raz- dhly - - - - nhi.

Svt,Svt,Svt Go-spody__ Sa - va - - - w,__

is - polny ne - - - bo i zem - l__ sla- v Tvo- - e-

- : w - san - na v v - - nix, bla- go - slo- ven__ gr-

- di vo i - - m Go - spo - - - dne, w - san - - -

na___ v v - - - nix.

A - - - - - miny.

A - - - - - - - miny.

'
Te - - be_______ po - - em,____ Te - - be___

___ bla - - go - - slo - - vim,__ Te - - bh - - bla-go- da-
285

rim,___Go - - spo - - di, i mo- - lim__Ti_______

s, Bo - - je - - - na, i mo- lim Ti s___Bo-je_

__na, i mo-lim__Ti s Bo-je na.

286

Vasil Ivanov Bojaxiev
Vasil ivanov Bojadjiev

Poloji,Gospodi. Pa. 4v.

Po - lo - ji, Go-spo- di, xra- ne - n` - e___ s-twm mo-

im, i dvery w-gra-jde-n` - w st-nax mo-ix.

Ne - klo - ni serd- - qe mo - e vslo-ve - sa l$-
kav-stv`-, ne-p\e - va - - ti vi-n w grh-shx.

S ce- lo - vh - ki dh- la - - \i-mi bez- -za - ko - n`-

e, i ne so - ct$- s so izbran-n-mi ix.

Na - ka-jet m pra - - ved-nik mi - - lo-st` - , i

w- - bli-cit m: e - lei je grh-na-gw da ne na-mas-tit

gla- v mo-e - .____
287

FA - kw e - \e i mo - li- tva mo- vo bla - go-

vo - le - - n`- ix ix, po- jer- t b - - a pri ka-

me-n s$ - - d` - i ix.

Ou - sl-at- s gla - go - - li mo - i, - kw voz-
- mo - go - a: - kw tol - - \a ze - mli pro - sh - - de-
s na ze - mli, ras-to - ci- a-s kw-sti ix_ pri a - dh.

FA - kw kTe- bh, Go - spo - di,___Go- spo- -di, o-

ci- - mo, i na T___- po - vax, ne - ti - mi d$-

$ mo-.

So - xra - ni m__ sh - ti, - - je so - sta - -

vi-a mi, i so - bla-zny de - la - -\ix bez - za-
288

ko - n`-e.

Pa-d$t vo mre-j$ svo- gre- ni-q: e- din e-

- sm az, don - de- je prei -d$.

Gla - - som mo- im ko Go - spo-d$ voz-zvax, gla-

- - som mo-im ko Go- spo - d$______ po- - mo - lix - s.

Pro - l` - pred Nim mo - le- - n` - e mo - e,

pe - caly mo- pred Nim voz-vh- \$.

Vne- gda iz- ce - za- - ti me - ne d$- x$ - mo-

e - m$, i T po-znal e - si ste- zi mo-.

Na p$ - ti sem, po ne- m$ - - je xoj-dax, skri-
289

- a shty mnh.

Smo-trx__ w- de - sn$ - - i voz - gl-dax, i

ne bh zna- i me-ne.

Po - gi - be bhg-stvo me - ne, i nhsty vz-ska-

- i d$- $ mo-.

Voz-zvax kTe- bh, Go - - spo-di, rhx: T e - si___

- po - va - n`- e mo- e, casty mo - e - si___ na zem-

li ji-vix.

Von - mi mo - le - - n`- - mo - e - m$, - - kw
smi-rix-s h-lw.
290

Iz - ba - vi__m ___go - n - \ix m, - kw -

krh- pi - - a-s pa- ce me-ne.

291

BIBLIOGRAFIJA
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Andreis, Josip, Istorija glazbe, vol. I , Liber - Mladost, Zagreb, 1975.
Andreis, Josip, Istorija glazbe, vol. III , Liber - Mladost, Zagreb, 1975.
Romniei n secolul XVIII i nceputul secolului XIX i aportul original al
culturii autohtone, Editur muzical, Bucureti, 1989.
Barbu-Bucur, Sebastian, Filotei Sin Agi Jipei - Psaltichie rumneasc, vol. IV,
Stihirar - Pentikostar, Editura Episcopiei Buzului, Bucureti, 1992,
Barbu-Bucur Sebastian, Lecsicon, Academia de muzic-Bucureti, Bucureti,1992.
Barbu-Bucur, Sebastian, Manuscrisele muzicale romaneti de la muntele Athos,
Editura Muzical, Bucureti, 2000.
Barbu-Bucur, Sebastian, Muzica romneasc de tradiie bizantin n Muntele Atos,
Acta Musicae Bizantinae IV, Centrul de Studii Bizantine Iai, 2002.
Centrul de Studii Biyantine Iai, Vol. III. 2001.
Bingulac Petar, Crkvena muzika u Jugoslavii, Srbija, Muzicka enciklopedija,vol. I.
Jugoslovenski leksikografski zavod, Zagreb, 1974.
Bingulac Petar, Vizantijska muzika, Muzicka enciklopedija, vol. III, Jugoslovenski
leksikografski zavod, Zagreb, 1977.
Cazana, Gheorghe, Musa bisericeasc, Bucureti, 1922
Cntrile penticostarului, Bucureti, 1980.
Cordescu, Mihail-Vergiliu, Istoricul coalelor romne din Turcia,
Bucureti, 1906. p. 236.
Dinev, Petar, Bugarsko crkveno pevanje i njegova veza s narodnom muzikom,
Kirilometodski vjesnik, Zagreb, 1935. br. 1-2.
Djuric-Klain, Stana, Muzika feudalnog doba, Muzicka enciklopedija, vol. III,
Djuric-Klajn, Stana, Stevan St. Mocranjac, Muzicka enciklopedija, vol. II,
Gelzer, H., Vom Heiligen Berge und aus Makedonien. Reizeblder aus den Athosklostern
und aus dem Insurrektionsgebiet, Leipzig, 1904,
Ionescu, Gheorghe C., Lexicon, Editura Diogene, Bucureti, 1994.
Ionescu, Gheorghe C., Studii de muzicologie i bizantinologie, Bucureti, 1997.
Leksikon ikonografije, liturgike I simgolike zapadnog hriscanstva,
Sveucilisna naklada liber, Krscanska sadasnjost, Zagreb, 1985.
Leksikon jugoslovenske muzike, Zagreb, 1984.
Lumina, Anul III, No. 10. Octomvrie, 1905, Liceul romn, Bitolia.
Muzicka enciklopedija, vol. III, Jugoslovenski leksikografski zavod, Zabreb,1977.
Popescu-Paserea, I., Principi de muzica bisericeasc-oriental, Tipografia crilor
bisericeti, Bucureti, 1939.
zavod, Zagreb, 1974,
Suceveanu, Dimitrie, Idiomelar, vol. II, Trinitas, Iai, 1996.
Suceveanu Dimitrie, Idiomelar, vol. III, Trinitas, Iai, 1997.
292

Talbot, Rice, David, Mit o mracnom dobu, Rani srednji vek, Beograd,1976.
Vasile, Vasile, Istoria muzicii biyantine i evoluia ei n spiritualitatea romneasc,
Editura interprint SRL, Bucureti, 1997.
Wellesz, Egon, Bizantinische Musik, Breslau, 1927.
Wellesz, Egon, A histori of Byzantine muzic and himnography, Oxford, 1962.

* * *
Averincev, Sergej Sergejevi~, Poetika ranovizantiske kwièvnosti,
Srpska kwièvna zadruga, Beograd, 1982.
Aleksova, Blaga, Materijalna kultura na Slovenite vo Makedonija,
Slovenska pismenost, Naroden muzej Ohrid, 1966.
Arhimandrit Antonin, Iz Rumelii, Moskva, 1877.
Bel~ovski, Dimitar, Sekojdnevno pravoslavno bogosluènie, Skopje, 1995.
Bel~ovski, Jovan, Ohridskata arhiepiskopija od osnovaweto do pa|aweto
na Makedonija pod turska vlast, Pravoslaven bogoslovski fakultet
Kliment Ohridski, Skopje, 1997.
Bi~kov, Viktor, Vizantijska esterika, Prosveta, Beograd, 1991.
Bogdanovi}, Dimitrije, Na putevima teorijskog prou~avawa ranovizan-
tijske kwièvnosti, Averincev, Sergrjevi~ Sergej, Poetika
ranovizantijske kwièvnosti, Kwièvna misao,Beograd, 1982.
Bogdanovi}, Dimitrije, Predgovor, (Liha~ov, D. S., Poetika stare ruske
kwièvnosti), Kwièvna misao, Beograd, 1972.
Bogoev , M. Mir~o, U~ebnik po crkovno penie, Sofi , 1940.
Bojaxiev, Ivanov, Vasil, Psaltikien voskresnik, M. IV 1862. Narodna i
univerzitetska biblioteka Sv. Kliment Ohridski, Skopje.
Buhvald - Holveg - Princ, Re~nik gr~kih i latinskih pisaca antike i
sredweg veka, Vuk Karaxi}, Beograd, 1984.
Vostocno Qerkovno Phnè, casty FFF, LITURGF, Solun, 1905.
Georgievski, Mihailo, Dosega neobjaven muzi~ki rakopis od Vasil
Ikonomov so tvorbi od nedovolno poznatiot makedonski
kulturno-prosveten deec Dimitar Pavlov-[tipjanin (manus.)
novootkrieni muzi~ki rakopisi od 19-ot vek, Skopje, 1982,
Georgievski Mihajlo, Nedovolno prou~en makedonski knièvnik od XIX
vek, Skopje, Nova Makedonija, God. XXV, 23 Noemvri, 1969.
Georgievski, Mihailo, Makedonska muzika/ 2, Nekolku novootkrieni
muzi~ki rakopisi od Makedonija, Skopje, 1979,
Georgievski, Mihailo, Makedonska muzika/ 6, Pe~atenite slovenski
muzi~ki (nevmatski) zbornici vo Makedonija, Skopje, 1986,
Georgievski, Mihajlo, Polo`bata na notiranite muzi~ki rakopisi vo
Makedonija nastanati do krajot na XIX vek, Makedonska muzika,
br. 1. Skopje, 1977.
Georgievski, Mihailo, Slovenski rakopisi vo Makedonija, vol. III.
NUB Sv. Kliment Ohridski, Skopje, 1988.
Georgievski, Mihailo, Slovenski rakopisi vo Makedonija, vol. V, VI.
NUB Sv. Kliment Ohridski, Skopje, 1993.
293

Makedonska muzika, br. 2, Skopje, 1979.
Golabovski, Sotir, Makedonska muzika/ Od muzi~koto minato na Struga,
Skopje, 1977,
Golabovski, Sotir, Istorija na makedonskata muzika, Prosvetno delo,
Skopje, 1999.
Golabovski, Sotir, Osmoglasnik-makedonsko crkovno peewe, Kultura,
Skopje, 1993.
Grigorovi~, V., O~erk pute{estvi po Evrope skoi Turcii, Moskva, 1877.
Dimevski, Slavko, Istorija na Makedonskata Pravoslavna Crkva,
Makedonska kniga, Skopje, 1989.
muzika, Sofi , 9/1962.
Dinev, Pet r, Muzikou~itel t Manasi Poptodorov, C rkoven vestnik
br. 11, stp. 8, Sofi , 19 mart 1960 g.
Dinev, Pet r, R kovodstvo po s vremenna vizantijska nevmena
notaci , Sofi , 1964.
Minatoto, - Muzikalen vestnik, Sofi , 1928, br. 4-5.
Dinev, Pet r, C rkovnopev~eskoto tvore{tvo na Joan Harmosin-
Ohridski, - C rkoven vestnik, Sofi , 18 juli 1959, br. 28.
Dinev, Pet r, Rilskata crkovno-pev~eska {kola v na~alotoi na 19 vek i
Izdanie na BAN, Sofi , 1957.
Sofi, 1963.
Zavoev , Pet r , Grad ip , Sofi , 1928,
Ivanov , Jordan , B lgarski starini iz Makedoni , Sofi , 1908,
Ikonomov, Vasil, Psaltiki, Braila,1907.
Ilievski, Hr. Petar, Gr~ko-slovenska kulturna simbioza, Slovenska
pismenost, Naroden muzej Ohrid, 1966.
Istorija na makedonskiot narod, Makedonska kniga-Kultura-Misla-
Na{a kniga, Skopje, 1988.
Karaka{, Branko, Muzi~kite tvorci vo Makedonija, Makedonska kniga,
Skopje, 1970.
Kas rov, Luka, Enciklopedi~en re~nik, Plovdiv, 1899.
Katarxiev, Ivan, Za Ilindenskoto vostanie i sto godini po nego,
Prilozi za Ilinden IX. Nau~no-kulturni sredbi Deset dena
Kru{evska republika, Kru{evo, 2003. p. 9-20.
Kiril, mitropolit, Panaret, mitropolit Plovdiski /1805-1883/.
Sofi , 1950.
Naroden muzej - Ohrid, 1966.
Skopje,1967.
Koneski, Blaè, Istorija na makedonskiot jazik, Kultura, Skopje, 1967.
294

Koxaba{ija, Jane, Joan Harmosin - Ohridski: Pashalija, Unija za
kultura na Vlasite,Skopje, 1999.
Koxaba{ija, Jane, Dimitar Zlatanov Gradoborski: Liturgija,
Centar za vizantolo{ki studii, Skopje, 2004.
Koxaba{ija, Jane, Andon [ahpaski: Kratok Voskresnik, Centar za
vizantolo{ki studii, Skopje, 2004.
Koxaba{ija, Jane, Isku{enijata na crkovnoto peewe vo Makedonija
tendencija za vra}awe kon peeweto od vizantiskata tradicija.
Hristijanstvoto vo kulturata i umetnosta na Strumi~kata eparhija,
Zavod za za{tita na spome-nicite na kulturata, prirodnite retkosti
i Muzej,Strumica, 2002, p. 81.
Koxaba{ija, Jane, Andon [ahpaski: Liturgiski zbornik, Centar za
Koxaba{ija, Jane, Teorija i praktika na crkovnoto peewe odvizantis-
kata tradicija, Centar za vizantolo{ki studii, Skopje, 2004.
Koxabaija, Jane, U~ebnik po isto~no crkovno peewe, Centar za
Koxaba{ija, Jane, Kalistrat Zografski: Isto~no crkovno peewe
Liturgija i Voskresnik,Centar za vizantolo{ki studii,
Skopje, 2005.
Koxaba{ija, Jane, Kalistrat Zografski: Isto~no crkovno peewe
Ve~erwa i Utrewa, Centar za vizantolo{ki studii, Skopje, 2005.
Koxaba{ija, Jane, Crkovnoto peewe vo Makedonja vo XX vek,Prilozi za
Ilinden IX, Nau~no-kulturni sredbi Deset dena Kru{evska
Republika, Kru{evo, 2003, p. 193.
Kn~ev , V., Novonajdeni ohridski starini, Sbornik za narodni
umotvoreni ..v. XIII, 1896.
Markova, Zina, B lgarskata ekzarhia 1870-1879, - Sofi , 1989.
Martinovska, Violeta, Skopje, Dnevnik, 18 juli 2000 god.
.
Miladinov, Dimitrija i Konstantin, Zbornik na narodni pesni,
Mokrawac, St. Stevan, Srpsko narodno crkovno pojawe Osmoglasnik,
Beograd, 1908.
Mo{in, Vladimir, Rakopisi na Narodniot muzej vo Ohrid,
Zbornik na trudovi, Naroden muzej vo Ohrid, Ohrid, 1961.
NUB Sv. Kliment Ohridski, - Skopje, Ms -112,
NUB Sv. Kliment Ohridski, - Skopje, Ms-125.
NUB Sv. Kliment Ohridski, - Skopje, Ms - 15.
NUB Sv. Kliment Ohridski, - Skopje, Ms-159.
Prilep i Prilepsko niz istorijata, Prilep, 1971, v. I.
Ortakov, Dragoslav, Ars nova Macedonica, Makedonska kniga, Skopje, 1986.
Ortakov, Dragoslav, Muzi~kata umetnost vo Makedonija,
Makedonska revija, Skopje, 1982.
Ortakov, Dragoslav, Makedonska muzika 5 Atanas Badev i negovoto delo,
295

Skopje, 1982(3)
Ortakov, Dragoslav, Makedonska muzika br. 3. Dimitar Zlatanov-
Gradoborski, Skopje, 1981.
Makedonija Vorldbuk, Skopje, 2001.
Ostrogorski, Georgi, Istorija na Vizantija, Na{a kniga, Skopje, 1992.
Polenakovi} Haralampie, Stranici od makedonskata knièvnost,
Skopje, 1952.
Pop-Atanasov, \orgi, Re~nik na starata makedonska literatura,
Ristovski, Blaè, Vasil Ikonomov (1848-1934), Institut za nacionalna
istorija, Skopje, 1985.
na vosto~nata ~erkovna muzika, - Sofi , 1912.
Snegarov , I.(van), Istori na Ohridskata arhiepiskopi - ot
padaneto i pod Turcite do ne noto uni oènie (1494-1767),
Sofi ,1931.
Pridvorna pe~atnica, Sofi, 1937.
Stefanovi}, Dimitrije, Ohridski nevmatski rakopisi i po~etoci na
slovenskata muzi~ka kultura, Slovenska pismenost,
Naroden muzej Ohrid, 1966.
Sto nov, Man o, B lgarska v zro`denska kni`nina (t. 1), Sofi ,1957,
Stoilov, Anton, P. B lgarski kniòvnici ot Makedoni , 1704-1878,
s 11 portreta, Sofi , 1922.
Stojmenovi~ Janaki, Kratok voskresnik, NUB Sv. Kliment Ohridski,
Skopje, Ms. 161.
Teodorov-Balan, A. Blgarski knigopis za 100 godini 1806-1905 Sofi , 1909.
Teodorov, pop Manasi , Psaltiki na liturgi , Sofi , 1905,
Kultura-Na{a kniga, Skopje, 1986.
Todor~evska, Jelica, Leksikon na muzi~kite tvorci od Prilep, (vo rakopis)
Todor~evska, Jelica, Sinteza na makedonskata crkovna muzika, Skopje,
Utrinski vesnik, god. III, br. 175. 22-23 januari, 2000.
Traj~ev, Georgi, Grad Prilep, Sofija, 1926.
Trendafilov, Nikola, Cv tosobranie, Bukure , 1847.
(Trandafilov, Nikola - Slivneneq), Gledalo, radi slavno-bolgarskata nnh
novonapecatana psaltika, Bukure\, 1848.
Uspenski , F. I., Rukopisi nahod {ies v Ohride v biblioteke pri cerkvi
Sv.Klimenta (Izvesti Ruskogo Arheologi~eskogo Instituta v
Konstantinopole, tom IV v pusk 3, 1899.
Han, J. G., Putovawa kroz pore~inu Drine i Vardara, Beograd, 1876,
Harmosin-Ohridsk i oann , Pashali , Carigrad , 1869
Hrkov, Stefan, Muzi~ko-preveduva~kata dejnost na Joan Harmosin-
Ohridski, - referat na Stru{ka muzi~ka esen 95.
Hrkov, Stefan, Novootkrieni dokumenti za Joan Harmosin-Ohridski,
Muzika, - Skopje, 2001, god. 5, br. 8.
[aldev, Hristo, Dimitar Zlatanov Gradobor~eto, sp. Naroden Stra`,
296

br. 3, Sofi, 1939.
[ahpaski, Andon, Psaltikiski zbornik, 1884 g. (Rakopis, svoina na
semejstvoto [ahpaski). Izdaden od Centarot za vizantolo{ki
studii vo dva dela: Kratok voskresnik i Liturgiski zbornik
redaktor Jane Koxaba{ija.
* * *

^/x);. ! ^w;. M~/), x)~w /~(x);.
!x~; ! =~). U~/x). 1992.
!/(x). =),)(;. !x/ !~([/. ( Mx~.
U~/x). 1886.
!;. !p()/. Mx ~x(. !~( ,(/; ~( &
^();. ~((~;. 1991. p. 560.
/;. !. ,p/ ~; ) ( ( ), ~xx/)x);
,x);. ! ^');. 1890,
,/);. M );. =),)(; !/(x); (statija vo rakopis)
/x. ^ U/,. !, !xx/~x /~x ); p); ,x);
!(wx x~( ~);. ^'). 1993.
`)'~w(. ! !~w(;. !p/( ); p); ~xx/)x);
U~/x). 1998.

297

Pe~ateweto na ovaa kniga go podrà

FIDKO Bor~e DOOEL
Skopje - Makedonija

298

Avtor,
d r Jane Koxaba{ija

Naslov,
Crkovnoto peewe vo Makedonija

Redaktura i notografija,
d-r Jane Koxaba{ija

Prevod na angliski jazik,
\or|i Kova~ev

Izdava~,
Centar za vizantolo{ki studii Skopje

Pe~atnica,
Dubla - Skopje

Izdavaweto na knigava materijalno e podràno od
Ministerstvoto za kultura na Republika Makedonija

CIP Katalogizacija vo publikacija
Narodna i univerzitetska biblioteka Sv. Kliment Ohridski, Skopje

783.2:281.9(497.7)

KOXABA[IJA, Jane
Crkovnata muzika vo Makedonija,
/Jane Koxaba{ija. Notografija Jane Koxaba{ija
Skopje : Centar za vizantolo{ki studii, 2008.
25 str. : noti (nevmi); 24 sm.

Tira`: 300. Tekst naporedno i na angliski jazik.
- Bibliografija: str. 294.

ISBN 9989-2254-8-6

1. Koxaba{ija, Jane
a) Crkovno peewe, pravoslavno. b) Crkovna muzika - Istorija

299

Izdava~:

Qentar za Vizantoloki Studii

ul. Palmiro Toljati, br. 178
nas. ênto, 1040 - Skopje,
R. Makedonija

tel. (070) 254-969, (071) 254-969
e-mail: nikialko@mt.net.mk

Site prava zadràni.
Ne e dozvoleno prepe~atuvawe, kopirawe
ili objavuvawe na ova izdanie vo bilo koja forma,
bez pismena soglasnost na izdava~ot.

300

Jane Kodjabashia - Church Singing in Macedonia

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Jane Kodjabashia - Church Singing in Macedonia

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

D-r Jane Koxaba{ija: CRKOVNOTO PEEWE vo MAKEDONIJA

x - - - r$ - - v`m,_______ i slav - - - nhi - -

i vo vh- ki vh- - kwv.______________ A - - miny.

la. Kre - - st$________________________ Tvo - -

di - no- s$\- - n$- - i ne - raz-dhly - - - n$ - .

Mi- losty mi - - - - - - ra, Jer-tv$ xva-

Do-stoi - - - - no i pra - - - - ved-no

- - - - kw___vo - - i - - sti - - - n$

,___ i pre - ne - po - roc - - cn$ - - , i

di - q$,_______________ pri - - snw_bla - -

- cn$ - - ,_ i ma - - - try Bo - -

_____ Bo- go - - ro - - di - - q$_ t_

kav-stv`-, ne-p\e - va - - ti vi-n w grh-shx.

- mo - go - a: - kw tol - - \a ze - mli pro - sh - - de-

s na ze - mli, ras-to - ci- a-s kw-sti ix_ pri a - dh.

Gla - - som mo- im ko Go - spo-d$ voz-zvax, gla-

Iz - ba - vim _go - n - \ix m, - kw -

You might also like