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 ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ISSN 1392 – 1215 2007. No. 8(80) ELEKTRONIKA IR ELEKTROTECHNIKA
 ELECTRONICS
T170
 ELEKTRONIKA
Electronic Parking Control Systems
A. Marma, M. Žilys, D. Eidukas, A. Valinevi
č
ius
 Department of Electronics Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology,Student 
ų 
str. 50, LT-51368 Kaunas, Lithuania,phone: +370 688 31454, e-mail: arunas.marma@arevita.com,mindaugas.zilys@arevita.com, danielius.eidukas@ktu.lt 
,
algimantas.valinevicius@ktu.lt 
 
Introduction
 Near all big shopping and leisure centres bigconcentration of vehicles are allocated. These big vehicleconcentrations can cause traffic jams in the parking areaand in the areas near these objects. All this rising trafficflows can cause: rise exhaust gases in the parking area, bigger possibility of accidents such as fires, terror actionsand others. In these areas usually not only cars but also peoples are constantly visiting, so if we have big vehicleconcentration in one place (especially in the closed, or multi floor parking areas) we have to take care of area air ventilation, lighting, heating and others.One of the ways to help to solve these problems iselectronic control systems. To help solve these problemswe can use many different electronic control subsystems:
•
 
Parking guidance;
•
 
Traffic jams detection;
•
 
Traffic jam control;
•
 
Parking area payment;
•
 
Intelligent parking area administration andhandling;
•
 
Emergency situation control;
•
 
Interface systems to city traffic control systems;
•
 
Parking area ventilation and lighting control.To create optimal and well running parking controlsystem all subsystems have to be divided to thehierarchical levels, all functions and algorithms describedand information flows have to be distributed. Adjusted parking control system hierarchy is shown in Fig. 1 [1,2].Parking control system hierarchy consist of 3 layers: 1
st
 layer is for parking coordination - where parking controlstrategy is described, 2
nd
layer is adaptation – where parking area control strategy is prepared for control layer  parking area information is processed and 3
rd
layer iscontrol – traffic flows are controlled and all data iscollected. Near recently opened big shopping and leisure centre“Akropolis” big multi floor parking lot with 2500 parking places was opened. To ensure best performance of this parking (as every day 4000-10000 cars are visiting this parking lot) – electronic control systems was implemented: parking guidance, traffic jams detection and control,intelligent administration and handling, data collection,emergency situation control and control of lighting andventilation. All these systems was developed, installed,tuned, tested and experimental data collected for modellingof processes happening in the parking areas and in near locations of these parking-lots.
Parking guidance systems
 Not only physical and architectural solutions (parkingroads width, rise and down ramps structure, parking trafficstructure and others) can optimize traffic flows in the parking areas, but parking guidance systems also can helpon reaching these results.For many tasks solution parking guidance system wasdeveloped and installed. Main tasks which parkingguidance system solves is:
•
 
Maximum decrease time of searching free parking space;
•
 
Reduce possibility of traffic jams in the parkingarea;
•
 
Reduce possibility of traffic jams in the roadsand intersections near parking area;
•
 
Gradually distribute incoming cars through the parking area;
•
 
Give necessary information for traffic lightssystems;
•
 
Inform about too long parked vehicles;
•
 
Collect statistical information about objectattendance;
•
 
Decrease quantity exhaust gas in the parkingarea;
•
 
Locate possible fireplaces in the parking;
•
 
Decrease possibility of car accidents;
•
 
Central and distributed parking administrationand handling;
•
 
Control lighting and ventilation systems.57
 
 
COORDINATION
 
Describing parking area control strategy:
•
Permissive parking areas in the parking lot,
•
Parking lot filling sequence and priorities,
•
Parking times and prices,
•
Parking flows analysis,
•
And other strate
1 LAYER 
gies.
Fig. 1.
Parking control system hierarchy
Implemented parking guidance system architecturewith hierarchy layers is shown in Fig. 2. Lowest layer: parking space sensors and indicators, parking placesdisplays and concentrators are communicating throughRS485 bus. Middle layer equipment: parkingconcentrators, traffic controllers, servers with databasescommunicating to each other and to other layers throughEthernet network. Highest layer is management PC’s withapplication software’s .
Fig. 2.
Parking guidance system architecture
 
Traffic flowscontroller 
1 LAYER 2 LAYER 
Ethernet
PX 123 >PX 123 >PX 123 >PX 123 >
12 pcs.Parking areaanelsParkingconcentrator 3 LAYER 
RS485
ZC1. Zoneconcentrator 
RS485Parking spacessensors(127cs)Parkingspacesindicators(127pcs.)
1st. Floor concentrator 
RS485RS485P12 >P12 >P12 >P12 >Parking rows panels(12pcs.)
ZC2. Zoneconcentrator ZC3. Zoneconcentrator 
RS4ParkingspacessensorsParkingspacesindicators(127pcs.)RS48ParkingspacessensorsParkingspacesindicators(127pcs.)
RS485RS485
2nd Floor concentrator 6 ZC Zoneconcentrators600 park space sensors20 parkingrow panels
RS485R45R45
3rd Floor concentrator 7 ZCZoneconcentrators700 park s pace sensors24 parkingrow panels
RS485RS485RS485
PX 123PX 123PX 123PX 123
12 pcs. Floor  panels
RS485
Server with SQL databaseParking management PC Parking management PC
Control strategy data
Processed parking area data
ADAPTATION
 
Parking area control strategy preparation for control layer and parking information processing:
•
Data base,
•
Parking area control strategy preparation for lower level,
•
Parking data collection,
•
Parking data processing,
•
Monitoring of control layer performance,
•
Parkin
2 LAYER 
data transmission and storae.
Control data Parking data
CONTROL
Traffic flows control and data collection:
•
Parking data transmission communication networks (Ethernet, RS485, RS232),
•
Data collection devices (inductive road loops, parking spaces sensors, road barriers end swishes, etc.)
•
Control devices (parking spaces indicators, parking rows displays, floor displays, road barriers, controlledelectronic road information boards)
•
3 LAYER 
 
58
 
One of the main target for parking guidance system isto decrease vehicle time of searching free parking spaceand decrease traffic flows in the parking area. Principle of  parking guidance system is: in each parking spaceultrasonic vehicle detection sensor and LED indicators(green/red) are installed, on each parking row, entry roadsand on raise and down ramps free parking places displayswith direction arrows are installed also different counters,controllers and other equipment is integrated. So whenvehicle arrives to the parking area driver by the parkingspaces displays is leaded to the parking row where isenough free parking spaces and then he is directed to thefree parking space by parking spaces indicators. In this waytime of searching time and traffic flows are decreased asdrivers do not going rounds through parking searching free parking space. An example of car cruising and searchingfree parking space with and without parking guidance isshowed in Fig. 3–4.
Fig. 3.
Example of car cruising through parking withoutelectronic guidance system
 
Fig. 4.
Example of car cruising through parking with electronicguidance system
Before and after parking guidance system wasimplemented experiment was done and vehicle searchingfree parking space times was measured. During experiment150 measurements was done and results are shown inFig. 5. Results showed that average parking spacesearching time without electronic parking guidance systemand with electronic parking guidance, so we have time decrease of 65%.
 st 
ovid  p
84
..
=
 st 
 pvid  p
55
..
=
 
0102030405060708090<30 60 90 120 150 180 210 >240
Parking time, s
   E   v   e   n   t   s
No systemWith system
 
Fig. 5.
Time histogram of searching free parking space with andwithout electronic parking guidance system
 
Traffic jams control system
 Next no less important parking control system target isto detect and control possible traffic jams. Parking controlsystems part is traffic jams recognition and controlsystems. Few types of traffic jams in the parking-lots can be described: traffic jams on entry/exit roads, on raise anddown ramps and on roads to parking lines. Best way toavoid such a jams is to detect not only traffic jam which isalready formed, but to detect raised possibility of formingtraffic jam. If we can detect the raised possibility of traffic jam formation we can take actions to avoid this traffic jam by: closing some entries exit roads, parking areas, informdrivers to avoid some suspicious places and in this wayavoid traffic jams. So main target is to find phenomenonappearing before traffic jam is formed and inform driversone step ahead.To find such a phenomenon appearing before traffic jam is formed in the parking-lot 12 inductive road loopswas installed. Inductive road loops are installed on theentry/exit roads and near each rise and down ramps.Automated measurements and registration system wascreated to collect traffic data, see this system structure inthe Fig. 6. Over 500000 measurements were done duringthis experiment.
Fig. 6.
Traffic jams detection and automated measurements andregistration system structure
 
Random AccessMemory - RAM(Buffer)PLC Programmablelogic controller 
Inductive roadloop IK11
WANInternetWork station with SQLdata base
Inductive roadloop IK12Inductive roadloop IK2Inductive roadloo p IK1Inductive roadloo IK5Inductive roadloo IK7Inductive roadloo IK4Inductive roadloo p IK3Inductive roadloop IK6Inductive roadloop IK9Inductive roadloo IK10Inductive roadloop IK84th FLOOR 2nd FLOOR 3rd FLOOR 1st FLOOR 
Two main parameters was registering during thisexperiment: time between cars passing inductive road loop59
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