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products of meiosis contained in a sac called an ascus well-developed mycelium with septa at regular intervals septa with simple pores (sometimes numerous micropores) & Woronin bodies haploid w. restricted diploid life cycle asexual reproduction by conidia
Most are blue-green, red and brown molds that cause food spoilage
Non motile
Penicillin
Edible black truffle, Tuber melanosporum spore-bearing structure is produced below ground mainly on oaks and hazelnuts
Edible Ascomycete
Most have either unicellular or filamentous growth forms Hyphae have perforated septa
Hyphal cells of Vegetative mycelim may be either uninucleated or multinucleated Some are homothallic others heterothallic
Most species undergo asexual reproduction by the formation of multinucleated conidia Conidia formed from the conidiogenous cells Conidiogeneous cells are borne at the tips of modified hyphae called conidiophores conidia bearers
Conidia- the characteristic asexual spores of ascomycetes shows the stages in the formation of conidia which infects the velvetbean caterpillar
Penicillium sp
Aspergillus sp
Unlike zygomycetes which produce spores internally within a sporangium, ascomycetes produce their asexual spores externally as conidia.
dikaryotic stage is not usually of long duration after karyogamy, meiosis occurs immediately to produce 4, 8, or more ascospores in an ascus ascospores are formed by free cell formation within the ascus
Always involves the formation of an ascus (pl. asci)- saclike structure within which a haploid ascospores are formed following meiosis. Because the ascus resembles as sac, commonly referred to as sac fungi Both the asci and ascospores are unique structures that distinguish the ascomycetes from all other fungi Ascus formation usually occurs within a complex structure composed of tightly interwoven hyphae- the ascoma (pl. ascomata) or ascocarp.
An ascoma of Coniochaeta showing the enclosed asci and ascospores Perithecium- fruiting body contains ascospores
Asci usually develop on an inner surface of the asoma, a layer called the hymenium or hymenial layer
Hymenium of an ascomycete showing asci with ascospores section thru the hymenial layer of Morela
The mycelium grows out from a germinating ascospore Mycelium begins to reproduce asexually by forming conidia Many conidia are produced Conidia are responsible for propagating and disseminating the fungus
Occurs on the same mycelium that produces conidia The formation of multinucleate gametangia called antheridia (male) and ascogonia (female) precedes sexual reproduction Male nuclei pass into the ascogonium via the trichogyne which is an outgrowth of the ascogonium Genetically different nuclei pair but do not fuse Ascogenous hyphae now begin to grow Compatible pairs of nuclei migrate and cell division occurs and creates dikaryotic cells- two compatible haploid nuclei
Crozier- the apical cell of the ascogenous hypha which allows the paired nuclei to divide simultaneously Compatible pair of nuclei fuse (karyogamy) to form a zygote Zygote undergoes meiosis producing ascus with 8 nuclei Haploid nuclei cut off to form ascospores Ascus as it matures becomes turgid, and finally burst to release its ascospores
Keratinophylic - live on hair, nails, dead skin cells (protein keratin) Symptoms caused by enzymes that irritate epidermal cells Treatment may be systemic (griseofulvum) or topical (azole antifungals, ciclopirox, others)