1

1/ 0wKwdkrsm; avhvmcsuf
1

raumif;OmPf
ESifh ab;'Pf

yDrdk;eif;0wKwdkrsm;? BuD;yGm;a&;pmtkyfwdkuf? wGJ(1)? pm-180

rEav;? 1958

taMumif;t&m/ /
(1) vdk&if;tcsKyf/ /
olwpfyg;udk raumif;BuHojzifh rdrdudk,fwdkif ab;tE&m,f BuKHawGU&ykH/ ]]olrsm;
raumif;BuH udk,fh ab;&efxd}} qdkaom jrefrmpum;ykH\ oabmudk okyfazmfxm;jcif;
jzpf onf/
(2) Zmwfvrf;tusOf;/ /
zdk;cufESifh armifcifwdkYonf wpfGmwnf;om;csif; jzpf Muonf/ ESpfa,mufpvkH;onf
olBuD;udkjrwfazmhxHwGif ol&if;iSm; vkyfMuonf/ zdk;cufwdkYvifr,m;wGif om;uav;
wpfa,muf &Sd armifcifwdkYvifr,m;wGif uav; r&Sdao;ay/ olBuD;xHrS ESpfwkH;xGef
v,fudk armifcifu ol&if;iSm; vkyfcGifh&onfudk zdk;cufu rauseyfay/ xdkv,fudk rdrd
(zdk;cuf)udk iSm;&ef olBuD;u ajymxm;NyD;om;jzpfonf/ rdrd a<u;xlaMumif; armifcifu
olBuD;udk oGm;ajymvdkuf om xdkv,fudk armifciftm; olBuD;u tiSm;csxm;vdkufjcif;
jzpfonf[k zdk;cufu olUbmomol tawG;a&mufaeonf/ xdkYaMumifh armifcifwdkY
vifr,m; awmifGmodkY oGm;aepOfwpfn armifcifwdkYtdrfudk rD;IdU&ef BuHpnfavonf/
xdkodkY BuHpnfaepOf zdk;cuf\tdrf rD;avmif&mu jrnfaom toHrsm;aMumifh zdk;cuf
arhvJoGm;onf/ awmifGmu jyefvmaom armifcifwdkY vifr,m;onf zdk;cufwdkYtdrf
rD;avmifaeonfudk awGUMu&m zdk;cuf\ om;uav;udk armifcifu rD;xJrS u,fwif
ay;vdkufonf/ owd&vmaom zdk;cufonf rdrdudk ac:aeonfh toHrsm;aMumifh rdrdtdrf
&Sd&modkY ajy;oGm;&m armifcifESifhuav;udk vlrsm; 0dkif;tkHaeonfudk awGU&NyD;
tusKd;taMumif; tvkH;pkHudk odoGm;avonf/ xdkn zdk;cufwdkY rdom;pk armifcifhtdrfwGif
vdkuf tdyfMuNyD; zdk;cufu ol\ raumif;BuHpnfykHrsm;udk ajymjyvsuf armifcifhudk 0efcs
awmif;yefavonf/
2

a&Tjzpfol

vrf;nTef*sme,f? wGJ(2)? rSwf(58)

(9? 11? 1934) aeYxkwf

wGJ(1)? pm-183

taMumif;t&m/ /
(1) vdk&if;tcsKyf/ /
jrefrmjynft&yf&yf tcgtm;avsmfpGm BuKHawGU&avh &Sdwwfaom vlvdrfrsm;xJrS a&Tjzpf
atmif zdkxdk;Edkifoltjzpf vdrfvnfum rodem;rvnfaom awmolawmifom;rsm;xHrS

&SdpkrJhpkaiGrsm;udk vdrf,loGm;ykHudk todynmay;vdk a&;zGJUxm;[efwlonf/ rodem;rvnf

ol? avmbBuD;olwdkY uJhodkY vlvdrfrsm;udk txl;owdxm;&ef ynmay;vdkjcif; jzpf[ef
wlonf/
(2) Zmwfvrf;tusOf;/ /
vlpdrf;wpfOD;onf GmwpfGmteD; vQKdwpfcktwGif; vma&muf zdkxdk;aeonf/ ,if;udk
EGm;ausmif;om;uav; ESpfa,mufu jrifawGUoGm;onf/ xdktcg zdkxdk;ol vlpdrf;u
tjcm;Gmom;rsm;udk rdrd(zdkxdk;ol)taMumif; ajymrjy&ef EIwfydwfonfh taejzifh zdkxdk;&mrS
jzpfvmonfh a&T[kqdkum a&Twpfrl;om;cefYudk rkefYzdk;tjzpf ay;vdkufonf/
xdktaMumif;udk uav; ESpfa,mufu Gm;om;rsm;tm; ajymjyMu&m a&Tvdkcsifonfh
Gmom;rsm;rSm xdkvlpdrf;udk q&mBuD; (tpGrf;xufol)[k xifrSwfum GmodkY
yifhac:cJhonf/ GmodkY a&mufaomtcg q&mBuD;qdkolu olonf odkufpmt&
aq;yif&Sm&ef t&yfodkY vmcJhaMumif;? qif;&Jolrsm;udk awGUyguvnf; rdrdapwem
tavsmuf wwfpGrf;onfh ynm (a&Tjzpfaponfh ynm)jzifh r-p avh&SdaMumif;
ajymjyonf/ xdkYaemuf ol wnf;cdk &onfh tdrf&Sifudk oem;qdkum abmfwpfrwfom;
t0,fcdkif;NyD;
tdrf&Sifudk,fwdkifudk
Gmom;rsm;a&SUarSmufwGif
zdkxdk;cdkif;&m
a&TjzpfoGm;onfudk wpfGmom;vkH; jrifawGUMu& onf/ xdkYaMumifh Gmom;rsm;onf
q&mBuD;qdkoludk ydk,kHMunfoGm;MuNyD; olwdkYudkyg rpygrnfhtaMumif; ajym GmwGif
taecdkif;Muonf/
q&mBuD;u
rdrdvm&if;rSm
ta&;BuD;udp
udk
aqmifGuf&efjzpfonfhtwGuf tcsdefr&SdaMumif;? odkY&mwGif Gmom;rsm; twefwef
wm;jcif;? rdrduvnf; oem;jcif;wdkYaMumifh Gmom;rsm;udk r-p rnf[k uwday;onf/
xdkYaemuf a&Tjzpf&eftwGuf zdkxdk;&ef tajccHvdktyfaom abmfowK0,f&ef wpfGmvkH;xHrS
aiGpk&m aiG ig;&mcefY&&Sdonf/ tcsKdUrSm &S,f,mxnfh&ef aiGr&Sd tdrfudk yif
a&mif;&onf/ aiG&aomtcg GmvlBuD;tcsKdUyg vdkufygNyD; xdkaiGjzifh abmf0,f&ef
&efukefNrdKUodkY rD;&xm;jzifh oGm;Muonf/ &efukefblwmBuD; ta&mufwGif xdkq&mBuD;
qdkolu &efukeftaMumif; rodem;rvnfonfh awmom;rsm;udk um;jzifh vmac:rnfajym
um vdrfvnfoGm;awmhonf/ awmom;rsm;rSm aiGvnf;qkH; rD;&xm;cdk;pD;rIjzifh vlvnf;
tcsKyfusMuonf/ xdkq&mBuD;qdkol\ vdrfykHvdrfenf;udk aemufrS Gmausmif;q&mawmf
u &Sif;jyojzifh Gmom;rsm; odMu&onf/

eHjym;ESifh ukvm;

vrf;nTef*sme,f? wGJ(2)? rSwf(62)

(7? 12? 1934) aeYxkwf

wGJ(1)? pm-187

taMumif;t&m/ /
(1) vdk&if;tcsKyf/ /
acwftajctae raumif;aomaMumifh jrefrmtrsKd;orD; uav;rsm; rsKd;jcm;ukvm;wdkYESifh

nm;Mu&aom rESpfrNrdKUzG,f&m tajctaewdkYudk wifjyxm;onf/ eHjym;uav;? vufzuf

&nfrvdkiftqpfuav;rQjzifh jrefrmtrsKd;aumif;orD;wdkY wdkif;wpfyg;om;aemuf aumuf
aumufygatmif vdkufygaeMuaom acwftcgor,\ atmf*vDqefzG,fwdkYudk today;
owdjyKrdapvdkaom oabmudk awGU&onf/ xdk YaMumifh jrefrmtrsKd;om; trsKd;orD;wdkY
rsKd;cspfpdwfarG;Muum udk,fhtrsKd;om;csif; tdrfaxmifjyKMuapvdkaom pma&;ol\ oabm
xm;udk Zwfvrf;zGJU azmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfwef&monf/
(2) Zmwfvrf;tusOf;/ /
a':ykonf eHjym;tqpf vdkcsifaomaMumifh orD;r,fa<uudk ukvm;vufzuf&nfqdkifwGif
vufzuf&nfESifh eHjym;udk aeYpOf t0,fcdkif;onf/ tpwGif r,fa<uonf ukvm;qdkifodkY
roGm;vdkay/ ukvm;qdkifudkrS oGm;&jcif;rSm jrefrmqdkif&Sdaomfvnf; jrefrmqdkifwGif
eHjym;tqpf r&jcif;? qufqHa&; rajyjypfjcif;wdkYaMumifh a':yku jrefrmqdkifudk rBudKuf&m
r,fa<urSm roGm;vdkaomfvnf; oGm;ae&onf/ Mumvmaomtcg r,fa<utzdkYrSmvnf;
dk;oGm;awmhonf/ eHjym;ukvm;ESifh qufqH&onfrSmvnf; rcufawmhay/ rcufonfh
tjyif eHjym;ukvm;\ ydk;aMu;yef;aMu; eHjym;ESifh vufzuf&nftqpfrsm;uvnf;
r,fa<u\ rdcifa':ykudk rufarmapcJhonf/ eHjym;ukvm;rSm xdkodkY r,fa<uudk ydk;aMu;
yef;aMu; ay;ae&rIrsm;aMumifh qdkif&SifxHwGif ta<u;wifNyD; tvkyfjzKwfcHvdkuf&onf/
xdktcg aep&mr&Sd r,fa<uwdkYtdrfwGif cPae&ef a':yku vufcHvdkufonf/ cPrS
wpfvavmuff MumoGm;onf/ r,fa<uESifh ukvm;wefbDudkvnf; t&yfu orkwfMu
onf/ wefbDvnf; tjcm;vufzuf&nfqdkif wpfck tvkyf&&m a':yku r,fa<uudk
t&yfu orkwfonfhtwdkif; ukvm;aemufodkY xnfhvdkufonf/ 7 &ufavmufMumrS od&
aom zcifBuD;rSmvnf; wpf&Sufu ESpf&Suf rjzpfatmif wpftdrfom;vkH; ukvm;aemufodkY
vdkufoGm;Muawmhonf/

vefcsm;ESifh t0wf

yDrdk;eif;0wKwdkrsm;? BuD;yGm;a&; pmtkyf

wdkuf? rEav;? 1958

wGJ(1)? pm-191

taMumif;t&m/ /
(1) vdk&if;tcsKyf/ /
awmif;rSmtuGyf vlrSmt0wfqdkaom jrefrmhdk;&m pum;ykHudk okyfazmfxm;onfh 0wKwdk
uav; jzpfonf/ rdrdynmwwfonf[k cH,lum t0wftpm;onf txifBuD;p&mvnf;
r[kwf? t0wftpm; aumif;aumif;0wf vltxifBuD;cH&efvnf; roifh[k cH,lxm;ol
rsm;tzdkY olYae&m XmeESifh vdkufzufavsmfnDpGm 0wfpm;wwf&ef? vl \ twGif;oabm
jzpf
aom ynmudk Munfhum vlYtqifhtwef;udk qkH;jzwfMujcif;xuf t0wftpm;udk Munfh

um qkH;jzwfolrsm;u ydkrsm;ojzifh t0wftpm;udkvnf; *kpdkufoifhaMumif; today;

vIHUaqmfxm;onfh pm jzpfavonf/
(2) Zmwfvrf;tusOf;/ /
udkomnif;onf tdkifat atmifNyD;onfhaemuf bDatudk okH;ESpfusNyD; ausmif;rSxGufum
pmom arGUavsmfcJhonf/ pma&;jcif;udk tazmfjyKcJhonf/ tG,fuvnf;vGef? usef;rma&;
uvnf; txdkuftavsmuf raumif;vSay&m trsm;oligwdkYuJhodkY t&m&Sdtvkyfrsm;vnf;
ravQmufxm;Edkifay/ a,murBuD;taxmuftyHhESifh owif;pmwdkufrsm;rS tultnDjzifh
om b0 &yfwnfae&onf/ wpfcgwGif rdwfaqGwpfa,muf \ tultnDjzifh wpfvvQif
aiG 300 avmuf&rnfh bmomjyeftvkyfwpfcktwGuf tvkyf&SifESifh oGm;awGU&ef tvm
csdef;xm;onfh tcsdefra&mufrSm pdk;ojzifh vefcsm;pD;oGm;&ef vefcsm;qGJukvm;udk
ac:&onf/ odkY&mwGif olYxuf *dkufaumif;olaemufudkom vefcsm;ukvm;u vdkufoGm;
onf/ taMumif;rSm ol\ 0wfpm;xm;ykH tqifhtwef; edrfhvSaomaMumifhom jzpfav
onf/ aemufqkH; ydkufqHjy ac:awmhrSom vefcsm;ukvm;u vdkufygawmhonf/
tvkyf&Sif xHodkY wpfem&Davmuf aemufusrS a&mufoGm;&m tvkyf&Siftcef;rS xGufoGm;
olrSm 0wfaumif;pm;vSESifh OD;pGm vefcsm;udk &oGm;ol jzpfaMumif; owdxm;rd
vdkufonf/ tvkyf&SifESifh awGU&m a&SUvludk tvkyfcefYvdkufNyD; jzpfaMumif;? rsm;pGm
pdwfraumif;
jzpf&aMumif;?
udkomnif;udkvnf;
t0wftpm;ESifhywfouf
owdxm;apvdkaMumif;? t0wftpm;udkMunfhum vlYtqifhtwef;udk qkH;jzwfwwfonfh
vefcsm;ukvm; uJhodkYaom vlrsm;u rsm;pGm&SdaMumif; ajymqdkqkH;rvdkuf&m udkomnif;rSm
xdkaeUrS p awmif&Snf ykqdk;udk rcRwfwrf; 0wfaeavawmhonf/

owfr,fvdkY

aiGwm&D? 1964? 'DZifbm (jyefvnf

qef;opfjcif; u@)

wGJ(1)? pm-197

taMumif;t&m/ /
(1) vdk&if;tcsKyf/ /
a'goudk a&SUxm;ygu rSm;wwfykH? a'goxGuf xGufrSef;odvQif tcsdefrD owdjyKum
arwmpdwfudk yGm;rsm;Edkifap&ef 0wKwdku vrf;nTefxm;ygonf/
(2) Zmwfvrf;tusOf;/ /
bdk;rif;ESifh armifxGef;onf wpfGmwnf;om;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ BuKH&musbef; tvkyf
orm;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ v,fvkyfcsdefwGif pm&if;iSm;? aEGtcgwGif vSnf;wdkuf? xif;ckwf?
0g;cs? oufu,f&dwf? pyg;aphcdk; paom tvkyfrsm;udk vkyfMuonf/ armifxGef;rSm
om;r,m; r&Sday/ bdk;rif;rSm rdef;rESifh uav; okH;a,muf &Sdonf/ xdkYaMumifh

armifxGef;u bdk;rif;xuf omonf/ t&m&m bdk;rif;xuf ydk &onf/ bdk;rif;rSm

armifxGef; olUxuf tvkyf ydk&jcif;onf armifxGef; \ ya,m* aMumifh[k wpfxpfcs
rSwfaeonf/ xdkYaMumifh wpfaeY xef;&nfrl;cdkuf xdktaMumif;rsm;udk a'gojzifh
zGifhajymrd&mrS cdkuf&efjzpf&ef tpay:cJhonf/ armifxGef;vnf; a'gojzpfum bdk;rif;udk
ol\vSHjzifh xdk;owfrnf[k pdwfydkif;jzwfum bdk;rif;\ wJtdrfodkY xdkaeYnwGif xGufvm
cJhonf/ tdrfem;a&muf x&HMum;rS acsmif;Munfhvdkuf&m naepmr&SdaomaMumifh avmu
i&Ja&mufaeaom bdk;rif;wdkY rdom;pkudk jrifawGUvdkuf&onf/ xdktcg armifxGef;
\ ]owfr,fvdkY}[k ydkif;jzwfvmcJhaom a'gorsm; Muufaysmuf iSufaysmuf
jzpfukefMuum bdk;rif;wdkY rdom;pkudk u&kPm jzpfoGm;onf/ rdef;rESifh
uav;i,frsm;\ aomuudk rMunfh&uf Edkifaom bdk;rif;onf jzpfvdk&m jzpfapawmh[k
oabmydkufum x&HMum;rS "m;ajr
mifudk ,lum cg;Mum;xdk;vsuf tjyifodkY
xGufoGm;awmhonf/ armifxGef;vnf; aemufa,mif cHvdkufoGm;&m awmpyf vl&Sif;onfh
vrf;wGif wpfa,mufwnf;vmaeaom Muuf a&mif;onfh ukvm;t'l;udk owf&ef
bdk;rif;onf olY"m;ajrmifudk G,fvsuf aemufrS vdkufoGm;onfudk jrifvdkuf&onf/
xdktcg armifxGef;u csufcsif; aemufrS vdkufum bdk;rif; Muufukvm;udk
rowf&avatmif wm;vdkufonf/ bdk;rif;rSm armifxGef;\ vSHudk aMuufNyD;
rdrdao&awmhrnf txifjzifh vufxJu"m;udk vTwfcs vdkufonf/ odkY&mwGif
armifxGef;u a'goxm;? aomuyGm;vsuf wpfcsufrdkufrSm; vdkufygu wpfoufpm
cH&rnfudk w&m;csum olYtdrfodkY bdk;rif;udk ac:oGm;onf/ NyD;aemuf bdk;rif;wdkY rdom;pk
csufjyKwfpm;aomuf&ef qef? qD? qm;? Muuf ponfwdkYu dk awmif;ESifh wpfawmif;
ay;vdkufonf/ bdk;rif;wdkYrdom;pkvnf; aomuat;um aysmf&TifoGm;Muonf/ bdk;rif;
vnf; aemifqdk taomuftpm;avQmhum tvkyfBudK;pm; awmhrnf[k olUbmomol pdwf
ydkif;jzwfvdkufawmhonf/

um;wifrI

yDrdk;eif;0wKwdkrsm;? BuD;yGm;a&;pmtkyfwdkuf?
rEav;? 1958

wGJ(1)? pm-201

taMumif;t&m/ /
(1) vdk&if;tcsKyf/ /
jrefrmtrsKd;aumif;orD;rsm; wdkif;wpfyg;om; ukvm;rsm;vufodkY ryg&avatmif wpfEdkif
wpfydkif 0HomEkvkyfief;vkyfaeaom &yfGma'otoD;oD;rS 0HomEkrsm;tm; csD;usL;vdk
wpfaMumif;? xdkodkYaom 0HomEkvkyfief;rsm; jrefrmEdkifiHtESHU ysHUESHUwdk;wufvmapvdkonf
u wpfaMumif; xdktcsuftESpfcsufaMumifh 0wKwdkudk a&;zGJU[efwlavonf/
(2) Zmwfvrf;tusOf;/ /
bDatatmifNyD; touf tpdwfokH;q,feD;eD; vlysKdBuD;armifnGefYonf rdrd&yfGmtwGif;

0HomEkvkyfief;rsm;udkom vkyfaqmifvsuf&Sdonf/ xdkacwfu bDatatmifolwdkY vkyfEdkif

aom 0efaxmuftvkyfudk rrufbJ owif;pmuav;? umwGef;uav;? "mwfykHuav;rsm;
udkom owif;pmwdkufrsm;odkY ydkYNyD; &oavmufESifh wif;wdrfaeol jzpfonf/ rdbrsm;rSmrl
aMu;&wwfrsm; jzpfMuonf/ xdkodkY armif nGefY jyKrlaeonfrsm;udk rdbrsm;u rBudKufMu
ay/ wpfaeYwGif armifnGefYu olY0HomEk &Jabmfrsm;udk rdef;rwpfOD; um;wifcdk;rnfh
taMumif; ajymjyonf/ xdkrdef;rrSmvnf; olrsm;rdef;r jzpfaMumif;ajymjy&m olUtaygif;
toif;rsm;rSm rdef;rpum;qdk wpfcgrQrajymbl;onfh armif nGefYu odkY ajymvmojzifh
tvGefYtvGef tHhMoMuonf/ odkY&mwGif rdrdwdkY &JabmfBuD;udk av;pm;onfuwpfaMumif;?
rdef;rum;wifonfh tawGUtBuKH&vdkonfu wpfaMumif;aMumifh ulnD&ef oabmwlMu
onf/ xdkaeYnwGif armifnGefYwdkYvlodkufonf jynfvrf;rodkYxGufu m apmifhaeMuonf/
xdkYaemuf NrdKUbufrS GmbufodkY vmaeMuaom a,musfm;wpfOD;ESifh rdef;rwpfOD;udk tem;
a&mufonfESifh "m;jzifhawhum rdef;rtm; um;wifajy;Muonf/ xdkYaemufNrdKYbufodkY
um;udk armif;um tdrfuav;wpftdrfa&SU &yfavonf/ xdkYaemuf tdrf&Sif a':ndrf;udk
ac:um olwdkUum;wifvmaom a':ndrf;\orD; r,fndKudk jyeftyfonf/ a':ndrf;wdkYrSm
EGm;owfukvm; tb'lv[D;xHrS aiGwpf&m ,lrdojzifh aemufqkH; a<u;rqyfEdkifjzpfum
orD;udk ukvm;aemufodkY xnfhvdkuf&jcif; jzpfonf/ ukvm;u aiGacs;pmcsKyfjzifh
Ncdrf;ajcmuxm;ojzifh a':ndrf;wdkYrSm orD;udk ukvm;aemufodkY rxnfhcsifbJ xnfhvdkuf
&jcif; jzpfonf/ r,fndKrSmvnf; rvdkufcsifbJ vdkufoGm;&jcif; jzpfonf/ odkY
armifnGefYwdkY vlpku 0HomEkpdwfjzifh ulnDvdkuf&m ,if;wdkYrdom;pkrSm pdwfat;csrf;om
&oGm;Muonf/ armifnGefYwdkYrSmvnf; 0HomEkvkyfief;wpfck atmifjrifoGm ;ojzifh aysmf&Tif
oGm;Muavonf/

avmavmq,f

yDrdk;eif;0wKwdkrsm;? BuD;yGm;a&;pmtkyfwdkuf? wGJ(1)? pm-206

rEav;? 195?

taMumif;t&m/ /
(1) vdk&if;tcsKyf/ /
]]udk,fhtwufudk,fpl;}} [laom jrefrmpum;ykHtwdkif; rdrdjyKcJhaom raumif;rIu rdrdudk
jyef raumif;usKd;ay;ykHudk okyfazmfxm;onf/
(2) Zmwfvrf;tusOf;/ /
xGef;&ifonf ukefwdkufwpfckrS e,fvSnfhta&mif;udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD; jzpfonf/ olUwGif
bPf pkxm;aomaiGrSm ajcmuf&mausmfcefYom &Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif olu okH;av;
axmifwef ay;&rnfh tdrfrsKd;udk 0,fcsifaeonf/ NcHESifh 0if;ESifh tdrfazmfrsm;ESifh
pwdkifusus aecsif onf/ wpfaeYwGif olonf awmolaX;rsm; rSmojzifh a&mif;&ef
toifh 0,fxm;aom ajcmufvkHjyL; twkwpfvufudk udkif ]]tckae vljywfcdkufrSm

aiGxkyf ydkufvmol wpfa,mufa,muf ay:vmvQif aumif;rSmyJ}} [k awG;rdaeonf/

xdkodkY awG;&if; xdkaoewftwkjzifh rdrda&SU vrf;ay: jrif&aom t&m0wKwpfckudk
csdefaeonf/ xdktcdkuf a,musfm;BuD;wpfOD;ESifh rdef;rBuD;wpfOD;wdkY pD;vmaom
um;wpfpD;onf
xGef;&if
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&uf&ufa&ma&m auR;arG;um tdrfopfwufxm;ojzifh tm;vkH; tqif ajyaeonf/
ulnDolrsm;? tcdkif;taprsm;udk txl;&ufa&mavonf/ wpfaeYwGif xdkvl
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ay:odkYusojzifh tem[ufyufBuD;jzpfum aoG;&Sif&Sif yef;xGufavonf/ vuform;
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vefcsm;qdk wpfpD;wavrQ rawGU&ay/ xdktcdkuf um;wpfpD;vm&m ,cifu xGef;&if
aemufajymifum trSefwu,f "m;jywdkufcHcJh&aom vlBuD;wdkYum;jzpfae&m ,if;wdkYu
ae&mwGif "m;jywdkufavh&Sdojzifh vuform; q&mBuD;\ pum;udk em;raxmifbJ
um;q&mtm; r&yfbJ armif;&ef ajymavonf/ aemufum;tcsKdU vmaomfvnf; xdkenf;
twdkif;yif qufoGm;Muavonf/ xGef;&ifvnf; rdrda0'emudk odum vuform;
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aysmufavawmhonf/

a<u;awmif;aiG

yDrdk;eif;0wKwdkrsm;? BuD;yGm;a&;pmtkyfwdkuf? wGJ(1)? pm-210

rEav;? 195?

taMumif;t&m/ /
(1) vdk&if;tcsKyf/ /
pdwfaumif;ESifh pdwf,kwf (0g) dk;om;jcif;ESifh rdk;om;jcif;wdkU tm;NydKif&mwGif dk;om;jcif;
u tEdkif&oGm;ykH? txl;ojzifh dk;om;olwdkYomvQif BuD;yGm;EkdifaMumif; vrf;nTefxm;onfh
pm jzpfonf/

(2) Zmwfvrf;tusOf;/ /
armifvGef;armifonf olaX;OD;tkH;az\ ukrPFDwGif tvkyfvkyfaeonfrSm ig;ESpf ausmfcJh
NyD jzpfonf/ dk;om; BudK;pm;onf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;wdkY\ ukrPFDrSm wdk;wufoifh
oavmuf rwdk;wufojzifh vGef;armif\ vpmrSm 90 om &aeonf/ tjcm;tvkyfwdkuf
rsm;wGifqdkygrl vGef;armif\ vkyftm;? dk;om; BudK;pm;rIwdkYjzifh wpf&mausmf ESpf&m &rnfh
taetxm; &Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif olaX;OD;tkH;azu olYtay: trSefwu,f apwem&Sdol
jzpfaomaMumifh onf;cHae&&Smonf/ wpfaeYwGif vGef;armifonf tdrfvca<u;?
aps;a<u;rsm;uvnf; ylae&m aiG udk;q,fcefYom &ygu aumif;vdkufrnf[k awG;aeqJ
tvkyfwdkufodkY vlwpfa,muf0ifvmNyD; okH;ESpfausmf pm&if;zsufxm;aom ta<u;aiG
90
udk
vmqyfavonf/
vGef;armifrSm
tcefYoifha&mufvmaomaiGudk
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ajym&efrvdk[k OD;pGm awG;rdonf/ odkY&mwGif vkyfoufwpf avQmufvkH; dk;om;pGm
tvkyfvkyfvmonfh rdrd tjzpfudk awG;rdum aemufqkH; xdkaiG udk;q,fudk pm&if;
oGif;xm;vdkufawmhonf/ xdktcgrS pdwfvuf ayghyg;oGm;onf/ xdkYaemuf
vufzuf&nfqdkifwGif vufzuf&nfrSm xm;pOf rdrddk;om;rIudk auseyfyDwdjzpfaecdkuf
vufzuf&nf a&mufvm vufzuf&nf ylonfudk owdarhum wpfikHwnf;
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vufzuf&nfrvdkifrsm; ayoGm;onf/ xdkYaemufESpfOD;om; vkH;axG; &efjzpfMu&m
qdkif&Sifu jzefajzawmhrS ESpfOD; vufqGJEIwfqufum ajyvnfoGm; onf/ nae 5
em&DavmufwGif olaX;ac: oGm;&onf/ olaX;ESifhtwl awGU&olrSm vufzuf&nfqdkif
&efjzpfcJhol jzpfaeonf/ xdkolrSm rdrdwdkY tvkyfwGif &S,f,mrsm;pGm xnfh0ifrnfhol
jzpfojzifh
tvkyf&Siftopf
jzpfaMumif;vnf;
od&onf/
reufu
ta<u;aiGqyfvmolrSmvnf; xdkolyif jzpfaMumif; od&onf/ vGef;armifuvnf;
taMumif;pkHudk olaX;ESifh tvkyf&SiftopfwdkYtm; ajymjyNyD; awmif;yefavonf/ olaX;ESifh
tvkyf&SiftopfwdkYuvnf; armifvGef;armif\ dk;om;rIESifh BudK;pm;rIudk csD;usL;um xdkaiG
udk;q,fudk qkaiGtjzpfvnf;aumif;? vpmudkvnf; 175 usyfodkY wdk;vnf;aumif;
csD;jrifh vdkufavawmhonf/

q&mBuD;

wGJ(1)? pm-214

taMumif;t&m/ /
(1) vdk&if;tcsKyf/ /
ynmudk trSefwu,f vdkvm;olonf yumoer[kwfaom ynmppfppfudk usKd;EGHpGm
oif,l BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfygu ynmwwfwpfOD; jzpfEdkifaMumif; ? txl;ojzifh

vli,frsm;udk vrf;nTeftoday;vdkaom 0wKwdkwpfyk'f jzpfonf/

(2) Zmwfvrf;tusOf;/ /
armifpEESifh armif[efbrSm wpf0rf;uGJ nDtpfudkrsm; jzpfMuonf/ armifpErSm rdbrsm;
r&SdMuawmh&m armif[efb rdbrsm;xHwGif ae&onf/ armif[efb rdbrsm;onf
armifpE\ OD;av; ta':t&if;rsm; jzpfaomfvnf; armifpEudk uRJausmif;? EGm;ausmif;?
xif;acG? a&cyfwdkYudk cdkif; awmf&davsmf&dom xm;onf/ ynmoifay;jcif; r&Sday/
armif[efbudkrl
txuftnmodkY
oGm;
aq;ynmrsm;
toifcdkif;onf/
xdktawmtwGif; ynmudk trSefwu,fvdkcsifaom armifpEonf uRJEGm;ausmif;&if;
aq;q&mBuD;wpfOD; ESifh awGUqkH&onf/ q&mBuD;uvnf; armifpE\ dk;om;pGm ynm
vdkvm;rIudk odojzifh olydkif aq;usrf;udkvnf; ay;? aq;azmfenf;tcsKdUudkvnf; nTefjy
cJhonf/ armifpEonf xdkaq;enf;rsm;udk tvGwfvnf;usuf? vufawGUvnf; azmfpyf
ukoMunfh&m rsm;pGm atmifjrifavonf/ armif[efb tnmodkY oGm;NyD;aemuf 6 v
avmufwGif armifpErSm Gm aq;q&mwpfOD;tjzpf vlodrsm;vmawmhonf/ uRJEGm;
ausmif;&onfh tvkyfudkvnf; rvkyfawmhNyD/ okH;ESpf Mum armif[efb
jyefvmaomtcg Gm rsm;pGm ausmfMum;aomfvnf; armifpE\ ausmfMum;rIudk
vdkufrrDawmhay/ armifpErSm Gm q&mBuD;wpfql jzpfvsuf &Sdae&m armif[ efbrSm
tjcm;GmodkY ajymif; ajy;&avonf/
10

acgif; ESpfvkH;

vrf;nTef*sme,f? wGJ(2)? rSwf(55)

(19? 10? 1934) aeYxkwf

wGJ(1)? pm-218

taMumif;t&m/ /
(1) vdk&if;tcsKyf/ /
rkqdk;zdkESifh rkqdk;rwdkY\ omreftcspfZmwfvrf;udk umva'otvdkuf jyKrlwwfMuaom
tjyKtrlrsm;? ya,m*a,mifa,mif? aq;q&ma,mifa,mif vlrsm;? bkef;BuD;ausmif;rS
uyd,qdkolrsm; &yfGmvlrIa&;udprsm;wGif yg0ifa&m,SufwwfykH rsm; ponfh jrefrmh
vlrIb0 aeYpOf BuKHawGUae&aom uarmufur tjzpftysuftcsKdUudk owdjyK qifjcif
zG,fvnf; jzpfatmif? MunfEl;zG,fvnf; jzpfatmif &Tif&TifoGufoGuf a&;zGJUxm;aom
0wKwdk jzpfonf/
(2) Zmwfvrf;tusOf;/ /
q&mwifhonf Gmbkef;BuD;ausmif;wGif acwwnf;cdkaeaom {nfhonfaq;q&m jzpf
onf/ rkqdk;zdk jzpfonf/ rtkH;onf xdkGmol aMu;&wwf rkqdk;rwpfOD; jzpfonf/ wpfaeY
rtkH; ausmif;odkY Oykofapmifhvm&m q&mwifhrSm rtkH;udk jrifjrifcsif; ESpfoufjcif;[laom
csifjcif; jzpfavonf/ xdkrS uyd,BuD; OD;rdk;cudk tultnDawmif; rtkH;ESifh eD;&atmif

10

BuHavawmhonf/ rtkH;rSm &ifbwfatmifhonfh a&m*g&SdaMumif;? oGm;avol i,fvif

udkjrudk tpGJBuD;pGJum udkjr\ OD;acgif;cGHudk acgif;&if;wGif xm;vsuf udk;uG,faeouJhodkY
jyKrlaewwfaMumif;? v,f{u 500 ausmfESifh? twGif;yp
nf;rsm;tjyif aiGom;
wpfaomif; ausmf csrf;om<u,f0aMumif; tao;pdwf od&onf/ q&mwifhu
OD;rdk;cESifh ,if;\wl zdk;awwdkY tultnDjzifh rtkH;tdrfodkY wuf &atmifBuHonf/
rtkH;tdrfodkY a&mufaomtcg OD;rdk;c tpDtrHjzifh &vmaom ysHvGefawmfrloGm;onfh
q&mawmfOD;rdIuf\ OD;acgif;cGHudk olYr,m; r,fndK\ OD;acgif;cGH[k vdrfnmajymum
acgif;&if;yif xm;onf/ rtkH;\ &ifbwfemudk vnf; q&mwifhudk,fwdkif udkifwG,f
xdawGU ESdyfe,f ukoay;aeonf/ wpfaeYnwGif acgif;cGHESpfvkH; yl;oGm;av[efjyKum
zdk;awu r,fndKwap0ifyl;a,mifaqmifvsuf udkjr(wap
)u olUudk qGJvm; &rf;vm;
jyKaMumif;? xdktcg q&mwifhu udkjr(wap)uom arwm trSefwu,f&Sdygu
cGifhvTwfaMumif;? xdktcg r,fndK(wap)u q&mwifhudk pdw femoGm;aMumif;rsm;udk rtkH;
a&SUwGif ,kwd&Sdatmif vkyfjyMuavonf/ aemufaeYwGif rtkH;rSm oGm;avoludk pdwfem
OD;acgif;cGHudkvnf; pGefYypf&ef zdk;awtm;cdkif;&m? q&mwifhuvnf; olUZeD ;r,fndK
\ OD;acgif;cGHudk xdkenf;twdkif;jyKavonf/ aemufqkH; rtkH;vnf; &ifbwf em a&m*gudk
aysmufatmif ukoay;aom q&mwifhtm; wpfoufvkH; aus;Zl;qyf&ef NyKH;&TifpGm
oabmwlvdkufawmhonf/
11

pdefvufpGyf

wdk;wufa&;r*
Zif;? eHygwf(8)

wGJ(2)? pm-351

taMumif;t&m/ /
(1) vdk&if;tcsKyf/ /
jzpfavhjzpfx&Sdwwfaom rdom;pktarGqdkif&mudp
wpfckudk tcspfZmwfvrf;qif wifjy
xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ arwmpdwfxm;ygu i,foluyif BuD;oludk jyef jyKjyifEdkifaMumif;
w&m;jyxm;onfh 0wKwdkwpfyk'f jzpfonf/
(2) Zmwfvrf;tusOf;/ /
ausmif;q&mruav; rpdefESifh olaX;om;armifvSodef;wdkYonf wuodkvfausmif;aezuf
rsm; jzpfMuNyD;aemuf cspfolrsm; jzpfvmMuonf/ armifvSodef; tG,fra&mufrD zcif
olaX; OD;bndef; uG,fvGef&m om;udk apmifha&Smuf&efESifh tarGOp
mrsm;udk xdef;odrf;&ef
nDjzpfol
OD;bodef;udk
vTJtyfcJhonf/
OD;bodef;rSm
avmbaZmwufum
tpfudk\ ypnf;rsm;udk armifvSodef;tm; ray;bJ wpfOD;wnf; odrf;ydkuf&ef BuHpnfaeNyD;
armifvSodef;udk
tNrJ
tjypf&Smvsuf&Sdonf/
armifvSodef;
,ck
tG,fa&mufcsdefwdkifatmif ypnf;Op
mrsm;udk vTJay;jcif; rjyKbJxm;onf/ wpfaeY
armifvSodef; rpdefxHvm jrefEdkifiHrSm xGufcGmoGm;awmhrnfhtaMumif;? BuD;yGm;rS
jyefvmNyD; rpdefudk vufxyf,lrnfh taMumif;wdkYudk ajymjyonf/ aemufaeYwGif

11

rpdefonf OD;bodef;xHoGm; armifvSodef; taMumif; oGm;ajymjy&m OD;bodef;rSm

armifvSodef;taMumif;udk raumif;wGifwGif ajymvsuf&Sdonf/ xdkYaemuf rpdefudk
rufarmum
raumif;onfhtBuHjzifh
olYvufrS
pdefvufpGyf
udk
rpdefvufwGifpGyfay;rnftjyK rpdefukef;vdkuf&m OD;bodef;rsufpdudk jyif;xefpGmxd
oGm;onf/ rpdefvnf; teD;tem;tultnD&vdk&jim; vSrf;atmf&m armifvSodef;
a&mufvmonfESifh wdkufqdkifNyD; &Judk tulnDawmif; OD;bodef;udk aq;kHodkY ydkY&onf /
&Ju rouFm ppfar;&m ckHpGef;ESifh aqmifhrdaMumif; ,kw
d&Sd&Sd vdrfajymvdkufonf/
xdktcgrS OD;bodef;rSm olu vli,frsm;tay: raumif;pdwf xm;aomfvnf;
vli,fwdkYurl olU tay:wGif arwm rysufMuaMumif; od&NyD; pdwf raumif; jzpf&onf/
aq;kHrS qif;NyD;aemuf armifvSodef;ESifh rpdefwdkYudk crf;em;pGm r*Fvm aqmifay;NyD;?
armifvSodef;udk olUzcif xm;cJhaom yp
nf;Op
mrsm; tNyD;tydkif vTJtyfaMumif;
trsm;a&SUwGif today; ajymMum;vdkufonf/
12

pdef0wfcsifvdkY

ol&d,r*
Zif;? wGJ(22)? rSwf (17)/
1939? Zlvdkif

wGJ(2)? pm-364

taMumif;t&m/ /
(1) vdk&if;tcsKyf/ /
tvkyfudk BudK;pm;vkyfudkif&ef? a&TaiGvuf0wf&wemrsm;udk rufarm&efom tmkHrxm;
MubJ jrefrmtrsKd;orD;rsm; usef;rma&;udk tav;*kjyKvmwwfMu&ef vrf;nTefxm;aom
0wKwdkwpfyk'f jzpfonf/
(2) Zmwfvrf;tusOf;/ /
r,fa&TESifh rzGm;wdkYonf o&ufukef;Gm xifay:Muaom tysKdESpfOD; jzpfonf/ r,fa&Tu
dk;dk;at;at; &Sdonf/ rzGm;u a&TaiGvuf0wf&wemrsm;jzifh ydkrdk *kPfarmufvdkonf/
r,fa&TwGif pma&;udkaiGjr[laom cspfol&Sdonf/ rzGm;wGifrl cspfol r&Sdao;bJ NrdKYtkyf?
0efaxmufwdkYavmufudkom rSef;aeol jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh rzGm;onf rif;uawmfkyf
aygufatmif a&TaiGvuf0wf&wemrsm;udk &&Sd&ef rqGJrd \ aq;vdyfckH BudK;pm;
tvkyfvkyfonf/ rqGJrduvnf; rzGm;udk csD;usL;um pdefwpfvkH;em;uyfudk ta<u;jzifh
vkyfay;onf/ xdktcg rzGm;rSm a&Tvufaumufuav;rsm;? t0wftpm;vSvSuav;rsm;
tjyifpdefwpfvkH;em;uyfyg wdk;yGm;vmojzifh Gm txifay:qkH;rdef;uav; jzpfvmawmh
onf/ rzGm;u r,fa&Tudk olUuJhodkY tvkyfvkyf&ef ajymaomfvnf; r,fa&Tu pdwftvSudk
om jrwfEdk;aMumif; jyefajym rzGm;taejzifh odkY r&yfrem; tanmif;cHum aq;vdyf
vdyfaernfqdkygu rD;,yfa&m*g &vmEdkifaMumif; jyefajymavonf/ rzGm;rSm pdefem;uyf
a<u;aMuatmif tvkyfvkyf&if;u ta<u;aMucgeD; rD;,yfa&m*g pGJuyfavawmhonf/
rMumcifyif r,fa&Tvnf; udkaiGjrESifh cdk;&mvdkufajy;awmhonf/ aemuf tESpf 20 Mum
aomtcg o&ufukef;NrdKUodkY jrdKYtkyftopfwpfa,muf ajymif;vmcJhonf/ wpfaeYwGif

12

NrdKYtkyf uawmfESifh NrdKUtkyfrif;wdkY tdrfa&SU xdkifaecdkuf rdef;rwpfa,muf awmifa0S;udkif

um csnfheJYpGm vrf;avQmufvmonfudk jrifMu&mrS NrdKYtkyfuawmfu ac:,lar;jref;&m
rusef;rrm rSDcdkudk;uG,f&mrJhaeaom oli,fcsif; rzGm;jzpfaeonfudk awGU&avonf/
xdktcg r,fa&Tonf tm;udk;&mrJhaeaom rzGm;udk MunfhIauR;arG;xm;avonf/
13

'vbufoD;okH;vkH;

wGJ(2)? pm-371

taMumif;t&m/ /
(1) vdk&if;tcsKyf/ /
aeYpOfb0 jzpfacgifhjzpfcJ wpfcgwpf&H jzpfavhjzpfx BuKHavhBuKHx &Sdaom uarmufur
tvJGvGJtrSm;rSm; jzpf&ykHuav;wpfckudk tcspfZmwfvrf; zGJUxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ cspf&olu
pm;csifonfqdk tcsdeftcg &moDDr[kwfygbJ o&ufoD; t&SmxGuf&if;rS tvGJvGJtrSm;
rSm; jzpf&ykHrsm;udk &TifjrL;zG,f? rcsifhr&JjzpfzG,faumif;atmif a&;zGJUxm;aom 0wKwdk
wpfyk'f jzpfonf/
(2) Zmwfvrf;tusOf;/ /
bdk;xl;onf bkHabbm;rm;ukrPDrS wpfv 250 ($)&onfh pma&;BuD;vnf; jzpf
touf 30 ausmfausmf vlysKdBuD;wpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf/ rcifrSm wpfckvyfjzpf touf
rSm 25 ESpf tG,frQom jzpfonf/ uG,fvGefol touf 50 ausmf pyg;yGJpm;BuD;
\ aus;Zl;aMumifh <u,f<u,f00 ae&onf/ wpfckvyfqdkaomfvnf; tysKduav;twdkif;
tvSrysuf &Sdaeojzifh Opmayg kyfacsm rcifudk aumvdyfausmif;om;? bDat? tdkifat?
pma&;uav;? pma&;BuD;rsm;ygrusef t&vdkcsifaejcif; cH&ol jzpfonf/ xdktxJwGif
pma&;BuD; bdk;xl;rSm rcifudk l;rwwf BudKufaeol jzpfonf/ wpfaeY rciftdrfwGif
ESpfudk,fwnf; awGUMu&m bdk;xl;u rcif vdkcsifwm vkyfay;rnf[k ajymonf/ rcifu
trSefwu,f udkbdk;xl; vkyfay;Edkifrnf qdkygu 'vbufo&ufoD; pm;csifae
&Smay;Edkif rvm;[k ajymonf/ 0gacgif? awmfovif;wGif o&ufoD; vkH;0 r&Sdoavmuf
jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif o&ufoD;rS pm;csifaom rciftwGuf &efukefNrdKUwGif;odkY o&ufoD;
&Sm&ef xGufcJhonf/ uHtm;avsmfpGm bdk;oufb&m;om; qdkifwGif 'vbufo&ufoD;
okH;vkH;udk tcefYoifh awGU&avonf/ odkY&mwGif ygvmonfh aiG 2 usyf jzifh 12
usyfwefaom xdk o&ufoD;okH;vkH;udk r0,fEdkifcJhay/ pdwfysufysufESifh xGufvm&m
oli,fcsif; udkxGef;armifESifh qkH&mrS udkxGef;armiftdrfodkY vdkufoGm;onf/ xGef;armifrSm
<u,f0ol jzpf o&ufoD;0,fEdkifrvm;[k wpfusyfaMu; avmif;&m xGef;armifu
oabmwlNyD;
wynfh
atmifbudk
o&ufoD;
0,fcdkif;&m
cPcsif;
'vbufo&ufoD;okH;vkH;ESifh atmifb a&mufvmonf/ bdk;xl;rSm avmif;aMu;
wpfusyfudk xGef;armiftm; ay;vdkuf& onf/ o&ufoD;wpfvkH;udk ESpfa,mufom;
pm;MuNyD; ESpfvkH;udk csefxm;onf/ xdkYaemuf xGef;armif a&csKd;ae&m bdk;xl;u

13

oGm;p&m&Sdonfqdkum usefo&ufoD;ESpfvkH;udk atmifb tm; today; ,loGm;onf/

vrf;wGif wupD pD;&if; tvGJvGJtrSm;rSm; jzpfum o&ufoD;rsm;rSm tjcm;olESifh
ygoGm;onf/ bdk;xl;rSm opfawmfoD;rsm;udkom &vdkuf onf/ xdktcdkuf xGef;armifu
olUcspfolu pm;csifojzifh o&ufoD; jyef,l&efvdkufvm onf/ bdk;xl;u pm;vdkufNyD
jzpfaMumif; ajym&m xGef;armif jyefoGm;onf/ xGef;armif xdkifoGm;aom ae&matmufwGif
opfawmfoD;rsm;rSm ysufpD;oGm;awmhonf/ bdk;xl;u o&ufoD;rsm;[k xifrSwfum
pdwftysufBuD; ysufoGm;awmhonf/ xdktcdkuf wupD xJwGif txkyfcsif; rSm;oGm;ol
trsKd;orD;tdrfrS txkyfrSm;oGm;aomaMumifh vdkufvmNyD; o&ufoD;rSm olwdkYtdrfwGif
usefcJh bdk;xl;udk ay;vdkufonfrSm opfawmfoD;rsm;om jzpfaMumif; ajymonf/
xdktcgrS bdk;xl;rSm ysufpD;oGm;aom toD;rsm;udk aocsmMunfh rdonf/
ysufpD;oGm;onfhtwGuf tpm;jyef0,f&ef ydkufqHay;vdkuf&m vdkufvmolu MunfjzLpGm
vufcH bdk;xl;rSm pdwfoufom&m &oGm;onf/ xdkYaemuf 'vbufo&uf oD;
okH;vkH;udk ,lum rciftm; oGm;ay;onf/ trSefwu,f rcif qdkvdkonfrSm
pnfoGyfo&ufoD;rsm;om jzpfonf/ &moDcsdefr[kwfaomaMumifh odkY vwfvwf
qwfqwf o&ufoD;udk wrifwum t0,fcdkifjcif; r[kwfaMuif; ajymjy udkbdk;xl;udk
awmif;yefavonf/ rnfodkYqdkap rcifrSm tauseyfBuD; auseyfvsuf udkbdk;xl;udk
aus;Zl;wifonfh taejzifh terf;wpfcsufay; aus;Zl;qyfvdkufavonf/

14

tdrfeD;csif;

jrefrmhtvif;ESpfopfr*Fvm txl;xkwf wGJ(2)? pm-384

owif;pm/ 1937? {NyD

taMumif;t&m/ /
(1) vdk&if;tcsKyf/ /
tdrfeD;csif;wdkY jzpfavh&Sdwwfaom vlrIa&;jy em uav;wpfckudk arw
mjzifh ajz&Sif;
vQif tqifajyEdkifaMumif; Zwfvrf;qif a&;zGJUjyxm;onfudk awGU&onf/
(2) Zmwfvrf;tusOf;/ /
r,fcifonf rdcsKdwdkU armifESrokH;OD;ESifh tdrfeD;csif;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ x&Hwpfcsyfom
jcm;aom tdrfeD;csif;rsm; jzpfonf/ wpfaeYwGif tdrfazmfrdat;udk qm;tdk;yGifhaeojzifh qlrd
&mrS rdcsdKwdkY nDtpfru olYtay: rMunfrvif jzpfaeykHudk &dyfrdoGm;onf/ rdcsKdwdkY armif
cspfwD;rSm vlrdkuf jzpfonf/ ,cif tdrfeD;em;csif;rsm;ESifhvnf; roifhwifh cPcP
ajymif;oGm;Mu&onf/ xdkYaMumifh r,fcifrSm olwdkYudk aMumufGHUum tdrfeD;em;csif;
q&mwpfOD;ESifh wdkifyif&onf/ q&muvnf; tdrfeD;em;csif; jzpf ulnDrnf[k qdkum
tif;vdyfESpfvdyf ay;onf/ rdcsKdwdkYnDtpfrudk aMumufp&mrvdk&ef twGufvnf;
r,fcif\
ezl;wGif
0uGufay;onf/
q&mrSmonfhtwdkif;
r,fcifonf
pum;a&mazma&mESifh rdcsKdwdkYtcef;udk ul;NyD; uGrf;tpfzGifhum uGrf;pm;onf/ xdkYaemuf

14

uGrf;tpfxJwGif tif; wpfck xnfhonf/ rdcsKdwdkY nDtpfrrSm wpfa,muf

tdyf&mxJvSJaeNyD; wpfa,mufu acgif;&if;rSxdkifum vSJaeolezl;udk ESdyfay;aeonf/
xdktcg r,fcifu vSJaeoludk ajcaxmufprf;[efjyKNyD; tdyf&mxJwGif tif;wpfck
xnfhvdkufonf/ r,fcif\ Muifem[ef &if;ESD;[efwdkYaMumifh rdcsKdwdkY nDtpfrrSm
r,fcifudk pum;rsm; ajymNyD; olwdkYarmif cspfwD; "m;xdk;rIjzifh tcsKyfusaeaMumif;
tcsKyfrSvGwf&ef ukefp&maiG r&SdaomaMumifh pdwfysufaeaMumif;wdkYudk od&onf/ xdktcg
r,fcifu rdrdwGif aiG 15 usyf&Sd tokH;vdku ,lEdkifaMumif;ajymvsuf rdcsKdwdkYudk ay;
vdkufonf/ cspfwD; tcsKyfu vGwfvmonf/ cspfwD ;rSm aus;Zl;&Sif r,fcifudk aus;Zl;
wifonfhtwGuf rrciftm; rnfolrQ raESmifh,Suf&? aESmifh,Sufol&Sdygu olESifht&if
awGUum 'kua&muf&vdrfhrnf[k Budrf;0g;avonf/ aemufwpfaeU q&mESifh r,fcifwdkY
awGUMu&m r,fcifu q&m ay;vdkufaomtif; tpGrf;xufaMuif; ajymjy q&mhudk
aus;Zl;wifaMumif; ajymav onf/
15

ausmufqif;wk

u0drsufrSef r*
Zif;/ wGJ- 2? rSwf- 4/
1920? Zlvdkif

wGJ(2)? pm-387

taMumif;t&m/ /
(1) vdk&if;tcsKyf/ /
tdyfrufxJutwdkif; tjyifwGif awGU&aom rdef;uav;wpfOD;ESifh vufxyfvdkufonfh
pdwful;,Oftcspf0wKwpfyk'fom jzpfonf/
(2) Zmwfvrf;tusOf;/ /
pma&;q&myDrdk;eif;xHodkY a&muf&Sdvmaom pmwpfapmifonf 0wKwpfyk'fuJhodkY qef;Mu,f
ae&m pma&;olu 0wKqefatmif tenf;i,f jyKjyif a&;zGJUvdkufonfqdkaom 0wKwdk
jzpfonf/ pma&;olxHodkY pmydkYvdkufolonf 0&rf;ajy;wpfOD ;jzpfum jrefrmjynf tpGef
tzsm; e,fpyfawmeufwpfae&mwGif tdkif;ruav;wpfOD;ESifh nm;aeaom armifapmvIdif
(ol\oli,fcsif; armifapmvIdifESifhwlaomaMumifh armifapmvIdif[k ac:jcif; jzpfonf/)
qdkol (armifapmvIdifqdkolonfvnf; 0&rf;ajy;wpfa,muf[k od&onf/)ESifh awGUcJ h&
onf/ armifapmvIdifwdkYwJxJwGif awGU&aom tvGefxl;qef;onfh vufwpfzuf rygaom
tvGefvSyonfh ausmufqif;wkwpfckudk awGU&onf/ xdkausmufqif;wkESifh ywfouf
onfh armifapmvIdifajymjyaom taMumif;t&monf 0wKwdk \ Zmwfvrf;yif jzpf
onf/ armifapmvIdiftygt0if 0&rf;ajy;"m;jy okH;a,mufESifh aemufvdkufokH;a,mufwdkY
onf e,fpyfawmwpfckwGif em;&if; tarmajzpm;aomufNyD; awmifusprf;a&wHcGefBuD;
wGif a&qif;csKd;Muonf/ ,if;wdkYxJrS tBuD;trSL; jzpfaom armifapmvIdifonf
ausmufjzifh xkqpfxm;aom ausmufvufuav;wpfckudk trSwfrJh awGU&onf/ xdkrS
xdkausmuf vufuav;wGif vufcv,fwpfacsmif; ryg&SdykH? teD;tem;wGif &SmMunfh&m
vufcv,f tjywfESifh ,if;wGifpGyfxm;aom ywjrm;vufpGyfudk awGUykH? xdkrS

15

ausmufwkH;BuD; wpfwkH;udk awGU pdwf0ifpm;um pl;prf;NyD; tay:,Hausmufom;rsm;udk

cGmMunfh&m tvGef vSyaom rdef;rvSwpfOD;ykH ausmufqpfkyfudk awGU&ykH?
vufjywfuav;ESifh vufpGyf0wf vufcv,ftygt0if vufpGyfrSm tkyfudk
ukef;ay:odkYqGJwif&m usef&pf cJhykH? xdkYaemuf armyef; tdyfaysmfoGm;&m tdyfrufxJwGif
raZeDqdkaom ig;&mhig;q,f Zwfawmfvm 0dZ,rif;om;ZmwfxJrS 0dZ,rif ;om;
\ aemufvdkufwpfOD; jzpfol armifrmvmESifh ,if;\ cspfol raZeDwdkY\ Zwfvrf;udk
tdyfrufjrifrufykH? raZeDudk armifrmvmu ywjrm;vufpGyfay;ykH? 0dZ,rif;om;
azmifwyfjzifh xGuf&m yifv,fjyifwGif avjyif;rkefwdkif;rdNyD; yifv,fjyifwGif arsmyga&mrS
raZeDESifhtwl uRef;wpfuRef;wGif aomifwifum touf&Sif&ykH? vldkif;ESpfzGJU
ppfwdkuf&mESifh awGU&m wpfzGJUbufrS yg0if ulnDNyD; atmifjrifoGm;&mrS armifrmvmESifh
raZeDwdkYudk xdkvldkif;tzGJUu bk&ifESifh rdzk&m;tjzpf wifajrmufvdkufykH? EspftwefMum
tkyfpdk;NyD; wpfaeYwGif raZeD a>rudkufcH& aoqkH;ykH? raZeDudk owd&vGef;vS raZeDESifh
wpfykHpHwnf; ausmufkyfwpfkyfxkum ywjrm;vufpGyfudkvnf; qifay;xm;ykHwdkYudk
pDumpOfum tdyfrufrufonf/ armifapmvIdifrSm tdyfrufu Edk;vm&m ausmufkyfudk
wyfrufvSojzifh xdkt&yfrS tjcm;odkY roGm;awmhbJ rdrdvlrsm;ESifh xdkt&yfwGif
twnfwus aexdkifvdkufawmhonf/ wpfaeYwGif vldkif;rsm;aeaom GmwpfGmtwGif;odkY
a&mufoGm;&m xdkGm ausmufkyfwkESifh tvGefwlaom tdkif;ruav; wpfa,mufudk
awGU&&m xdktdkif;ruav;ESifh taMumif;ygNyD; xdkausmufkyfudk tdrfOD;cef;
xm;um ,Ofaus;aom vlYGmodkY rjyefawmhbJ awmawmiftdkif;tpdkif; "avhtwdkif;
aysmfydkuf aeavawmhonf/

16

wu,fhtcspf

u0drsufrSef r*
Zif;/ 1928? 'DZifbm

wGJ(3)? pm-208

taMumif;t&m/ /
(1) vdk&if;tcsKyf/ /
trSefwu,fcspfaom tcspfqdkonfrSm udk,fu cspf&oludk pdwfcsrf;omapvdkjcif; jzpf
onf[k qdkvdk[efwlonf/
(2) Zmwfvrf;tusOf;/ /
pdk;a&TESifh bwifonf oli,fcsif;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ bwifrSm csrf;omaom rdbrsm;
\ tarGrsm;udk qufcH&&Sdol vlcsrf;omwpfOD; jzpfonf/ pdk;a&TrSm txnfwdkuf BuD;
wpfwdkuf\ c&D;oGm;udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD; jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYESpfOD;onf uG,fvGefol
tcGef0efOD;jr ESifh a':pdk;wdkY\ wpfOD;wnf;orD; jzpfol rrav;udk tNydKifydk;&m rrav;u
pdk;a&T\ tcspfudk vufcHvdkufonf/ bwifrSm rrav;tay: ESrwpfOD;uJhodkYom qufqH
cGifh &awmhonf/ wpfcgwGif pdk;a&Te,fodkY tvkyfwm0efjzifh oGm;&onf/ ,cif
tcgrsm;u ,if;odkYoGm;&wdkif; rrav;udk qufoG,fum pm? vufaqmifyp
nf;wdkYudk

16

rjywf ydkYay;avh&Sdonf/ ,ckwpfcgwGifrl bmrQtquftoG,frvkyfbJae&m rrav;rSm

pdwfylNyD; bwifxH vdkufvm tusKd;taMumif; ajymjytultnDawmif;onf/ bwifu
pdk;a&T\ tvkyfwkdufodkY oGm;ar;ay;onf/ tvkyfwdkufESifhvnf; tquftoG,f
jywfaeaMumif; od&onf/ odkYtwGuf rrav; pdwfrcsrf;omjzpfrnf pdk;ojzifh rrav;
pdwfcsrf;omap&ef pdk;a&Tu ydkYay;av[ef pm? vufaqmif? aiGwdkYudk pmwdkufrSwpfqifh
rrav;xHodkY ydkYay;onf/ rrav;rSm xdkodkY pdk;a&TqDrS tquftoG,f &aomaMumifh
pdwfcsrf;omvsuf&Sdonf/ rrav; pdwfcsrf;omovdk bwifvnf; pdwfMunfEl;vsuf
&Sdonf/ bwifrSm rrav;tcspfudk r&aomfvnf; rrav; pdwfcsrf;om atmif
aqmifGufcGifh &ojzifh pdwfcsrf;om&jcif; jzpfonf/ bwifonf pdk;a&Towif;udk pkHprf;&ef
rif;bl;NrdKUodkY a&mufoGm;&m pdk;a&Tonf tjcm; rdef;uav;wpfOD;ESifh arw
mrQaeaMumif;
odcJh&onf/ xdktaMumif;udk rrav;tm; zGifhrajym&ufbJ pdk;a&Tu qufoG,fav[ef
qufvufjyKvkyf rrav; pdwfcsrf;omap&ef aqmifGufay;vsuf&Sdonf/ wpfaeYwGif
bwifonf pdk;a&Tu rrav;udk ydkYav[ef pmwdkufrS ay;ydkYrnfh ygq,fxkyfudk
jyKvkyfaecdkuf
rrav;onf bwiftdrfodkY a&mufvm&mrS taMumif;pkHodoGm;NyD;
bwifudk tvGefpdwfqdk;oGm;avonf/ xdktcdkuf pdk;a&Tonf rif;bl;ol rat;NrdKifudk
vufqGJvsuf bwiftdrfodkY a&mufvm&m rrav;rSm rl;arhrwwf jzpfoGm ;onf/ pdk;a&TwdkY
pkHwGJvnf;
bwifu
atmfaigufvTwf
jyefxGufoGm;&onf/
,if;wdkY
jyefoGm;NyD;aemufwGif rrav;onf bwif\ &ifcGifxJodkY a&mufavawmhonf/
17

a&Topm

wGJ(3)? pm-222

taMumif;t&m/ /
(1) vdk&if;tcsKyf/ /
uwdopmwnfNrJjcif;onf tonf;ESvkH;u dkufcwf&ifckefumcHpm;onfh tcspfxuf
wefzdk;BuD;aMumif; xif&Sm;aponfh 0wKwdkwpfyk'f jzponf/
(2) Zmwfvrf;tusOf;/ /
ba&Tonf tdkifat yxrESpfNyD;NyD;aomfvnf; zcif \ tarGudk qufcHum awme,f jzpf
onfh om,m0wDe,fwGif v,fajr{u wpf&mausmfudk OD;pD;vkufudkifvsuf& Sdaom acwf
ynmwwf v,fydkif&Sifuav;wpfOD; jzpfonf/ NrdKUwGif ausmif;wufpOfu roef;cifqdkol
tpdk;&t&m&SdorD; rkqdk;rrdcifESifh aeolESifh cspfuRrf;0ifcJhonf/ wpfOD;udk wpfOD; vufxyf
Murnf[kvnf; uwdxm;cJhMuonf/ odkY&mwGif rD;a0;vQif csdyfrmqdkonfhtwdkif; tae
a0;Muonfhtcg wpfOD;udk wpfOD; cspfjrwfEdk;onfh &ifckefrI taxGtxl; r&SdMuawmhay/
ba&Tu awmwGif awGU&onfh qif;&Jaom rkqdk;rorD; raxG;qdkonfh 16 ESpftG,f
tysKdaygufuav;udk &ifckefaecJhonf/ raxG;uvnf; ba&Tudk cspfonf/ odkY&mwGif
roef;cifESifh xm;cJhonfh uwdudk zsuf&ef pdwfrul;rday/ roef;cifrSmvnf;
bcifqdkonfh NrdKUtkyfavmif;\ tcspfudk vufcHrdNyD;om; jzpfaeonf/ odkY&mwGif bcifu

17

ykodrfodkY NrdKUtkyftjzpf ajymif;&rnfjzpf wpfcgwnf; vdkufcJhyg[k qdkaomtcg ba&TESifh

xm;uwdudk rzsufvdk vdkufroGm;awmhay/ ba&TrSm uwdtwdkif; roef;cifudk
vma&muf awmif;&rf;um vufxyfvdkufonf/ roef;cifwdkYom;trdESpfOD;rSm pdwfryg
aomfvnf; ba&Tac:&maemufodkY vdkufcJh&onf/ ba&T \ dk;om;rI? ESpfOD;uwdwnfrIwdkY
onf ,if;wdkYESpfOD; b0vrf;udk ajzmifhjzL;apcJhonf/ ba&Tudk pGJvrf;rdaom raxG;rSm
vnf; ba&T\ wynfh raxG;udk i,fpOfuyif pGJvrf;aeol armiftHhESifh taMumif;ygcJh
onf/ ba&TwdkYvifr,m;\ wpfOD;tay:wpfOD; xm;uwdrsm; wnfMunfcJhMu
raxG;wdkYvifr,m;ESifhvnf; nDi,fnDri,frsm;tjzpf tcspftcifvnf;rysuf tultnD
rsm;vnf; ay;aomaMumifh ,if;wdkY\ om,maom tdrfaxmifa&; b0rsm;udk toD;oD;
&&SdMuavonf/

18

abbDatmfpwif

-if;-/ 1932? Zefe0g&D

wGJ(3)? pm-241

taMumif;t&m/ /
(1) vdk&if;tcsKyf/ /
cspfolESpfOD; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; pdwftcefYroifhcdkuf txiftjrifvGJrSm;p&muav;rsm; jzpf
umaeMupOf &if;ESD;aom Mum;vlwpfOD;u 0ifa&mufjzefajzay;&mrS ajyvnfrI&oGm;aom
dk;dk; tcspfZwfvrf;uav;wpfyk'f jzpfonf/
(2) Zmwfvrf;tusOf;/ /
rapmjrrSm tvGwfoifausmif;q&mr jzpfonf/ udkodef;abrSm 'kwd,wef; a&SUaeuav;
wpfOD; jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYESpfOD;onf ,cifu wpfOD;udkwpfOD; tvGef cspfcJhMu onf/
odkY&mwGif udkodef;abu rsufvSnfhyGJodkY vdkufrydkYEdkif&mrS txiftjrifvGJum ,if;wdkY
tcspfZmwfvrf; wpfcef;&yfcJhonf/ udkodef;abu ta&;BuD;onfhtvkyf &Sdojzifh
rsufvSnfhyGJodkY
vdkufrydkYEdkifaMumif;
tdrfutvkyform;ESifh
pmay;cdkif;onf/
tvkyform;rSm arhwwfol trl;orm; jzpf rapmjrxH oGm;ray;bJaeonf/ rapmjru
rsufvSnfhyGJ kHa&SUu apmifhaeonf/ udkodef;abu tvkyfapmNyD; jyefvm&m e,frS
ESr0rf;uGJESifhawGU
NyD;
rsufvSnfhyGJvdkufydkYcdkif;&m
rapmjrudk
taMumif;Mum;NyD;onfuwpfaMumif;?
vkyfp&m
taxGtxl;
r&SdawmhonfuwpfaMumif;wdkYaMumifh vdkufydkYay;&m rapmjru jrifawGUoGm; onfrS p
txifvGJum ,if;wdkYESpfOD;\ wpfcef;&yfZmwfvrf; pcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif jyefaygif;&ef
taMumif;zefvmykHrSm ,if;wdkYESpfOD;\ rdwfaqG um;yp
nf; a&mif;0,fol udkbtdkxHrS
abbDatmfpwifum;uav;udk ESpfOD;om; BudKufrd&mrS tpjyKcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ ESpfOD;vkH;
um;udk vdkcsifaomfvnf; um;zdk;aiG 800 udk wpfBudrfwnf;ESifh rwwfEdkifMuay/ aiG
400 pDom csufcsif; wwfEdkifMuonf/ udkodef;abrSm um;ydkif&Sif axmifuJBuD;
om;\ trIwGif arwmjzifh ulnDzl;onf/ rapmjrrSm axmifuJBuD; orD;udk pmjyzl;onf/

18

odkY&mwGif um;rSm tzdk;ESifh xdkufwefojzifh axmifuJBuD;tm; aps;avQmhay;&ef? csufcsif;

aiG 400 ay;NyD; usef aiG 400 udk jznf;jznf;ay;&ef ponfwdkYtwGuf oGm;a&muf
ajymqdk&ef pdwfrul;Muay/ rmeudk,fpD &SdMuonf/ udkbtdk\ pdwful;rSmrl
um;tyfxm;ol axmifuJBuD;a&m? rdrdygtvkyfvnf;jzpf? aiG 400 pD csufcsif;
ay;EdkifolESpfOD; aygif;vdkufygu aiG 800 vnf; ay;Edkif? ,if;wdkY ESpfOD;vnf;
jyefvnfoifhjrwfap&ef pdwful;vsuf ESpfOD;vkH;tm; ac:um um;tprf; armif;jyrnf[k
vSnfhac: NrdKYjyifodkY ac:oGm;onf/ xdkYaemuf udkbtdk\ rdwfaqG tdrfteD;wGif um;udk
&yfum rapmjrESifh udkodef;abwdkYudk xm;cJhonf/ udkbtdk jyefrvm MumaeonfhtwGuf
vdkufoGm;&mrS udkbtdk\ tpDtrHtwdkif; xdktdrfwGif pm;Mu aomufMuNyD;?
txiftjrifvGJaeonfh taMumif;&if;rSefudkvnf;od&um ESpfOD;vkH; xdktdrfwGif
wpfntwlwl tdyfaysmfoGm;Mu onf/ xdkrS jyefvnf oifhjrwfoGm;um r*Fvmaqmif
vdkufonf/ um;udkrl um;ydkif&Sif axmifuJBuD;u rdrdom; uav;trIwGif arw
mjzifh
ulnDay;cJhzl;aom udkodef;ab \ aus;Zl;udk qyfonfhtaejzifh r*FvmvufzGJUtjzpf
vufzGJUvdkufonf/ axmifuJBuD;u udkbtdkudkvnf; um;xdef;odrf; apmifha&Smufctjzpf
aiG 150 ay;vdkufonf/

19

awmifay:uacG;

wGJ(3)? pm-256

taMumif;t&m/ /
(1) vdk&if;tcsKyf/ /
wd&pmefyif jzpfaomfvnf; t&Sifocifudk op
m&SdykH? t&SifociftwGuf uvJhpm;acs
vdkykH? ,Ofaus;odrfarGUaom qufqHrIudk vdkvm;ykH? udk,fu arw
mxm;vQif olu arw
m
jyefxm;ykHwdkYudk okyfazmfxm;onfh 0wKwdkwpfyk'f jzpfonf/
(2) Zmwfvrf;tusOf;/ /
eufusm;onf awmifay:wGif wpfaumifwnf; oif;uGJum awmpdwf0ifvsuf AdkvfcHae
aom 0HykavGpyf tdrfarG;acG;BuD;wpfaumif jzpfonf/ olUudk arG;pOfu arG;csif;nDtpfudk
ESpfaumif &Sdonf/ rdcifblvDonf tdrfarG;0HykavGtppfwpfaumifESifh taMumif;yg&m
rS ,if;wdkY nDtpfudk okH;aumifudk arG;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ nDtpfudkESpfaumifESifh rdcifudk
tjcm;olrsm;u 0,foGm;ojzifh eufusm;rSm wpfaumifwnf; t&Sifjzpfol rkqdk;
bk&m;'umxdkufxHwGif BuD;jyif;cJh&onf/ wpfaeYwGif awmvnf&if; bk&m;'umxdkuf
opfyifyd aooGm;&mrS eufusm;onf vlwdkUaMumifh olUocifao&onf[k xifrSwfum
vlwdkYESifha0;&m awmxJwGifom wpfaumifwnf; aeawmhonf/ awmwd&pmefrsm;vnf;
udk,fcEmBuD;rm;tm;aumif;aom eufusm;udk aMumufMuonf/ vlwdkYvnf; eufusm;
\ &efudk aMumufMuonf/ tNidrf;pm;ykvdyft&m&Sd OD;bdk;us,fonf xdke,fwGif at;csrf;
pGm tajccs&ef a&mufvmNyD; wdkufykuav;topfwpfvkH; aqmufaeonf/ ,if;wdkYwGif

19

pdrf;jr trnf&onfh orD;wpfa,muf &Sdonf/ pdrf;jronf vufeufrsm;udk uRrf;usifpGm

udkifwG,fypfcwfwwfonf/ a,musfm;ysKduav;wpfOD;uJhodkY vsifjref zswfvwfonf/
olonf e,fodkYa&mufNyD; eufusm;owif;udk Mum;&uwnf;u eufusm;udk
pdwf0ifpm;NyD; awGUcsifaeonf/ eufusm;uvnf; rdrda'owGif Adkvf0ifcHaeonfh
wdkuftopfydkif&Sifrdom;pkudk pdwf0ifpm;aeum rMumcPqdkovdk awmifajcodkYqif;
waphwapmif; tuJcwfvsuf &Sdonf/ wpfaeYwGif pdrf;jronf awmxJ eufusm;ESifh
yufyif;wdk;rd&mrS olwdkYESpfOD; cspfcifrI&vmcJhonf/ xdkaemuf wpfaeUwGif pdrf;jrESifh
eufusm;wdkY awmvnf&if;rS pdrf;jrudk trJaxmifonfh oHnyfta[mif;BuD; wpfcku
nyfrdavonf/ xdktcg eufusm;rSm bmrQ rBuHwwfawmhbJ pdrf;jrpum;udk
em;vnf[ef &Sdum pdrf;jrtdrf&Sd&m awmifajcodkY oGm;a&muftultnDawmif;cH&ef
tajy;xGufoGm; onf/ pdrf;jr aysmufaeonfrSm wpfaeYESifh wpfn &SdNyD;jzpf&m zcifESifh
Gmom;rsm;u eufusm;ESifh awGU 'kua&mufaeNyDtxifESifh awmodkYwufvm&m
eufusm;ESifh &ifqdkif awGUawmhonf/ eufusm;udk aoewfjzifhypfaomfvnf; eufusm;u
ckefa&SmifkHom a&Smif ta0;odkY xGufajy;roGm;ay/ xdkodkY eufusm;\ xl;jcm;aom
trlt&maMumifh
eufusm;aemufrS
vdkufoGm;MunfhMu&m
pdrf;jrudk
awGU
u,fEdkifvdkufonf/ eufusm; vnf; aoewfrSefaomaMumifh 'Pf&m &xm;onf/
wpfywftMumwGif eufusm;a&m pdrf;jryg 'Pf&mrsm;oufom aysmufuif;NyD;aemuf
eufusm;onf ocifopf pdrf;jrwdkY rdom;pkESifh aysmf&TifpGm aexdkifoGm;awmhonf/
20

pdefpdefYrme

u0drsufrSef r*
Zif;/ 1929? ar

wGJ(3)? pm-266

taMumif;t&m/ /
(1) vdk&if;tcsKyf/ /
rdrdudk,fudk txifBuD;um tjcm;olrsm; txl;ojzifh rdrdteD;0ef;usifrS vlrsm;udk rdrd
avmuf tqifhtwef;r&Sd[k w&m;aopGJaewwfaom olwdkYonf wpfaeY xdkrdrdt eD;rS
wpfOD;wpfa,mufonf rdrdxuf omvGefaeaMumif; od&onfhtcg aemifww&m;&wwfykH
udk okyfazmfa&;zGJUxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
(2) Zmwfvrf;tusOf;/ /
pdefpdefESifh armifjrifhonf i,foli,fcsif;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ odkY&mwGif pdefpdefu
ausmif;q&mr jzpfaomtcg armifhjrifhrSm ckepfwef;wGif pdefpdefudk q&mr awmf&onf/
odkYtwGuf pdefpdefudk armifjrifhu q&mr[k ac:&onf/ olwdkYESpfOD;onf i,fpOfuyif
upm;azmf upm;zufrsm; jzpfMu&m wpfOD;udkwpfOD; oHa,mZOf &SdMuonf/ wpfOD;udk
wpfOD; tjyeftvSef cspfMuonf/ armifhjrifh u yGifhyGifhvif;vif; cspfaMumif; ajymaomf
vnf; pdefpdefu q&mr a`Eudk aqmifaeonf/ ,cktcg pdefpdefrSm pma&;jcif;u ydk
vGwfvyfojzifh q&mrtvkyfrS xGufvdkufonf/ armifjrifhrSm udk;wef;wGif EspfESpf
&Sdaomtcg ausmif;rSxGuf &efukef&Sd owif;pmwdkufwpfckwGif bmomjyef

20

q&mtvkyfudk vkyfae onf/ pdefpdefrSm armifjrifhudk cspfaomfvnf; emrnfrxif&Sm;ol

jzpfaomaMumifh vufxyf &eftxd pdwful;r& jzpfaeonf/ pdefpdefrSm e*&mpdef
uavmiftrnfjzifh tawmf emrnf&vmonf/ xdktcsdef jrefrmpmayavmuwGif
armifodkif;qdkaom pma&;q&monf wpfcsdefxdk; emrnf&vmonf/ armifhjrifhvnf;
t,f'Dwm jzpfvmonf/ pdefpdefrSm armifjrifhudk txifao;vsufyif &Sdao;onf/
pma&;q&marmifodkif;udkvnf; rsm;pGm rauseyfay/ odkY&mwGif armif;odkif; \ *kPfowif;
rSm ausmfNyD;&if;ausmfaeawmhonf/ armifjrifh\ qufoG,fay;rIjzifh pdefpdefESifh
armifodkif;wdkY tquftoG,f &oGm;onf/ xdkYaemufwGif q&marmifodkif; \ taxmuf
tyHhjzifh pdefpdefrSm ydk emrnf&vmonf/ wpfaeYwGif pdefpdefxHodkY pma&;q&m toif;u
zdwfaom zdwfwpfapmif a&mufvmonf/ q&marmifodkif; \ pmayaqG;aEG;yGJodkY
wufa&muf&ef wul;wu zdwfMum;aompm jzpfonf/ pdefpdefrSm 0rf;omvGef;
&efukefNrdKUwGif usif;yrnfh pmayaqG;aEG;yGJodkY wufa&muf&ef rdcifESifhtwl vma&mufNyD;
armifjrifhtdrfwGif wnf;cdkMuonf/ aqG;aEG;yGJ usif;y&mcef;rBuD;xJodkY pma&;q&m
armifodkif; trnfcH t,f'Dwm OD;jrifh wufa&mufvm aomtcg pdefpdefrSm armifjrifhudk
txifao;cJhrdorQ aumif;pGm aemifw&avawmhonf/ xdktcgrSp armifjrifhudkvnf;
txifBuD;av;pm;oGm;um armifjrifhESifh tdrfwGif jyefawGU &aomtcg armifjrifh \ &ifcGif
xJodkY0ifvsuf ]]pdef onfaeUupNyD; pmra&;awmhbl;/ jrifhrSm xrif;csufauR;ol
aumif;aumif; r&Sdbl;}} [k ajym&Smavownf;/
21

ESrcsif;rpm

u0dwHcGef r*
Zif;/ 1933? Zlvdkif

wGJ(3)? pm-279

taMumif;t&m/ /
(1) vdk&if;tcsKyf/ /
ESrom;csif; rpmembJ olrsm;ESrudk vSnf;wifcdk;um wpfyg;olaemuf xnfhay;&mrS
vlrSm;um rdrdESrt&if;udk BuHpnfrdonfh taMumif;udk a&;zGJUxm;onf/ olrsm; raumif;
BuH udk,fhab;'Pfxd qdkaom qdkdk;pum;udk ausmdk;jyK a&;zGJUxm;onfh tcspfZmwfvrf;
uav;wpfyk'f jzpfonf/
(2) Zmwfvrf;tusOf;/ /
pm&if;iSm; bdk;vSonf tweftoifhcsrf;om<u,f0aom rdom;pkrS vS&ifESifh cspfBuKdufae
MuonfrSm okH;ESpfokH;rdk;yif &SdNyDjzpfonf/ bdk;vSwGif rdcifESifh nDr r,f&ifwdkY &Sdonf/
r,f&ifudk wpfGmwnf;om; rdrduJhodkY pm&if;iSm; omqef;u cspfaeonf/
vS&if\
tpfudk
atmifomonf
Gm
vlqdk;wpfOD;
jzpfonf/
aqG*kPfrsKd;*kPf"e*kPfwdkYjzifh
ydk
rdkufrJonf/
&yfi,fGmi,frsm;wGif
aiGrsm;w&m;Edkifaeaomacwf jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh bdk;vSrSm vS&ifESifh eD;zdkY
tcufawGUaeonf/ wpfaeYwGif omqef;onf bdk;vSqDodkY a&;BuD;okwfjym
a&mufvmum atmifomwdkYvlpk befYayG;ukef;bk&m;yGJodkY toGm;wGif bdk;vSnDr vS&ifudk

21

vSnf;wifum xef;yifukef; olBuD;om;twGuf cdk;ay;rnfhtaMumif; ajymjyonf/

xdkaemuf bdk;vSa&m omqef;yg "m;ESifh vSHudkudkifvsuf atmifomwdkYvlpkudk rD&ef
tajy;vdkufoGm;Muonf/ atmifomwdkYvlpku arSmif&DysKd;ptcsdefwGif r,f&ifudk
vSnf;wifajy;&m omqef;ESifh bdk;vSwdkUu vrf;rSjzwf twif;vkvdkufMuonf/ trSefrSm
vSnf;ay:twifcH&olrSm bdk;vSESr r,f&ifr[kwfbJ atmifomESr vS&if jzpfae&m
bdk;vSrSm r&nfG,fbJ rdef;rcdk;ajy;ouJhodkY jzpfoGm;onf/ reufvif;aomtcg atmifom
rSm rdrdESrudk udk,fwdkif cdk; olrsm;aemuf xnfhvdkufonf[k owif;BuD;oGm;awmhonf/
xdkYaMumifh atmifom t&SufBuD;&Sufum olBuD;om;bdk;armifxHvdkufoGm;&mrS taMumif;pkH
odvdkuf&onf/ xdkYaemuf tBuHr&bJ ajcOD;wnfh&moGm;NyD; Z&yfysufBuD;wpfaqmifwGif
0ifem;&mrS bdk;vSwdkY? olYESr vS&ifwdkY? omqef;wdkYESifh awGUonf/ atmifomrSm
wpf&Sufu ESpf&Suf vnf; rjzpfvdk? vuf&SdtajctaewGif bdk;vSwdkY omqef;wdkYu
tajctaea&m
tiftm;yg
omae&m
ESrudk
bdk;vSESifh
oabmwlvdkuf&awmhonf/ ,if;wdkYGmwGif vlrdkuf vlqdk; atmifom NyD;ygu
rnfonfhtcuftcJrQ r&Sdawmh&m bdk;vSESifh vS&ifwdkYudkvnf; vlBuD;rsm;u oabmwl
vufxyf ay;vdkufMu&awmhonf/

2/ taxGaxGokH;oyfcsuf
q&myDrdk;eif;\ 0wKwdkrsm;udk avhvmMunfhaomtcg pdwfjyKjyifa&;ESifhqdkifaom 0wKwdk
rsm;udk trsm;qkH; awGU&onf/ xdkYtjyif tcspf0wKwdkrsm;onfvnf; q&myDrdk;eif;
\ vuf&majrmuf tzGJUrsm; jzpfonfudk awGU&ygonf/ acwfpepf tajctaersm;udkrl
0wK Zmwfvrf;udk a&;zGJU&if;rS wdkYwdkYxdxd vufceJvuf ceJ okyfazmfxm;onfukd
awGU&yg onf/ aus;vufjyKjyifa&;jyKvkyf&ef? jrefrmEdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wuf&eftwGuf
aus;vufpD;yGm;a&;udk *kwpdkuf aqmifGuf&ef? e,fpyfa'o o,HZmwrsm;udk
azmfxkwf&ef? trsKd;om;a&; 0HomEkpdwf"mwf xufoef&ef? jrefrmtrsKd;aumif; om;orD;
wdkY pdwf"mwftqifh jrifhrm;&ef? jrefrmvlrsKd;tcsif;csif; dkif;yif;ulnDum arw
mw&m;
yGm;rsm;&ef ponfwdkYudkvnf; tvsOf;oifhonfh Zmwfvrf;ZmwfuGufwdkif; vrf;nTef
xm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/
,if;acwfu 0wKwdk a&;zGJUrIqdkif&m oabmw&m;wdkY aemufudkvdkuf rxif
rSwfaom Zmwfvrf;vSnfhuGuf xnfhoGif; a&;zGJUrIudkvnf; ol \ 0wKwdkif;vdkvdkwGif
awGU&ygonf/ tjyeftvSef pum;ajymcef;rsm;udk wpfoD;woefY a&;zGJUavhr&SdbJ
pum;ajya&;&if;ESifh xnfhoGif;a&;zGJUonfh ykHpHrsKd;udk awGU&onf/ wpfcgwpf&H vdktyf
onfhtcgrl pum; ajymolwdkY\ emrnfudk a&;xdk;ay; ,if;odkY tjyeftvSef
pum;ajymcef;rsm;udk oD;oD;oefYoefY a&;zGJUxm;rIrsm;udk tenf;tyg;awGU&ygonf/
dk;&Sif;aom pum;ajy ta&;tom;rsm;udk trsm;qkH;awGU&aomfvnf; &Hcg um&efcsdwf
pum;ajy ta&;tom;wdkY\ MoZmruif;vGwfao;onfudk awGU&ygonf/ NcKH qdk&ygrl
q&myDrdk;eif;\ 0wKwdkrsm; onf Zmwfaumifpdkufxuf Zmwfvrf;udk tom;ay;onfh

22

0wKwdkrsm; jzpfonf[k qdkcsifygonf/

3/ yDrdk;eif;\ 0wKwdkrsm; pm&if;1

pOf

0wKtrnf

rlvu azmfjycJhaom pmtkyf

1
2

raumif;OmPfESifh
ab;'Pf
a&Tjzpfol

eHjym;ESifh ukvm;

vefcsm;ESifh t0wf

owfr,fvdkY

um;wifrI

7
8
9
10

avmavmq,f
a<u;awmif;aiG
q&mBuD;
acgif; ESpfvkH;

11
12

pdefvufpGyf
pdef0wfcsifvdkY

13
14

'vbufoD;okH;vkH;
tdrfeD;csif;

15

ausmufqif;wk

16
17

wu,fhtcspf
a&Topm

yDrdk;eif;0wKwdkrsm;? BuD;yGm;a&; pmtkyf

wdkuf? rEav;? 1958
vrf;nTef*sme,f? wGJ(2)? rSwf(58)
(9? 11? 1934) aeYxkwf
vrf;nTef*sme,f? wGJ(2)? rSwf(62)
(7? 12? 1934) aeYxkwf
yDrdk;eif;0wKwdkrsm;? BuD;yGm;a&; pmtkyf
wdkuf? rEav;? 1958
aiGwm&D? 1964? 'DZifbm (jyefvnf
qef;opfjcif; u@)
yDrdk;eif;0wKwdkrsm;? BuD;yGm;a&; pmtkyf
wdkuf? rEav;? 1958
-if;-?
-if;-?
vrf;nTef*sme,f? wGJ(2)? rSwf(55)
(19? 10? 1934) aeYxkwf
wdk;wufa&;r*
Zif;? eHygwf(8)
ol&d,r*
Zif;? wGJ(22)? rSwf (17)/
1939? Zlvdkif
jrefrmhtvif;ESpfopfr*Fvm txl;xkwf
owif;pm/ 1937? {NyD
u0drsufrSef r*
Zif;/ wGJ- 2? rSwf- 4/
1920? Zlvdkif
u0drsufrSef r*
Zif;/ 1928? 'DZifbm
-

,ck pkpnf;&m
wGif yg0if aom
twGJESifh
pmrsufESm
wGJ(1)? pm-180
-if;-? pm-183
-if;-? pm-187
-if;-? pm-191
-if;-? pm-197
-if;-? pm-201
-if;-?
-if;-?
-if;-?
-if;-?

pm-206
pm-210
pm-214
pm-218

wGJ(2)? pm-351
-if;-? pm-364
-if;-? pm-371
-if;-? pm-384
-if;-? pm-387
wGJ(3)? pm-208
-if;-? pm-222

jrefrmEdkifiH pmayESifh pme,fZif;tzGJYu pkpnf;xkwfa0aom yDrdk;eif;pmaygif;csKyf yxrwGJ(1995)?

'kwd,wGJ(1995)? wwd,wGJ(2001) twGJokH;wGJrS xkwfEkwfxm;jcif; jzpfonf/

23

pOf

0wKtrnf

rlvu azmfjycJhaom pmtkyf

18
19
20
21

abbDatmfpwif
awmifay:uacG;
pdefpdefYrme
ESrcsif;rpm

-if;-/ 1932? Zefe0g&D

u0drsufrSef r*
Zif;/ 1929? ar
u0dwHcGef r*
Zif;/ 1933? Zlvdkif

,ck pkpnf;&m
wGif yg0if aom
twGJESifh
pmrsufESm
wGJ(3)? pm-241
-if;-? pm-256
-if;-? pm-266
-if;-? pm-279

pmwrf;acgif;pOf/
rmwdum/

yDrdk;eif;0wKwdkrsm;avhvmcsuf
(1) 0wKwdkrsm;avhvmcsuf (pmrsufESm 1-21)
(2) taxGaxGokH;oyfcsuf (pmrsufESm 21)
(3) yDrdk;eif;\ 0wKwdkrsm; pm&if; (pmrsufESm 22-23)

a&;ol/

a'gufwmudkav;? {nfhygarmu? jrefrmpmXme? zl(bl)qef

EdkifiHjcm;avhvma&;wu
odkvf?
blqefNrdKU? udk&D;,m;or
wEdkifiH
ou&mZf 2006 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 9 &uf

NyD;pD;onfhaeY/