Tieu Luan Suc San, Thuy San - Nem Chua

MC LC
CHNG 1.
TNG QUAN .......................................................................................... 1
1.1.
Gii thiu v nem chua ........................................................................................... 1
1.2.
Thc trng ca nem chua trn th trng ................................................................ 2
CHNG 2.
VI KHUN LACTIC .............................................................................. 5
2.1.
Gii thiu vi khun lactic ........................................................................................ 5
2.2.
c im hnh thi .................................................................................................. 5
2.3.
c im dinh dng .............................................................................................. 6
2.4.
C ch ln men [10] .................................................................................................. 8
2.5.
Cc yu t nh hng [12] ........................................................................................ 9
2.6.
ng dng ca vi khun lactic ............................................................................... 13
2.6.1.
Nhng ng dng trong cng ngh thc phm................................................ 13
2.6.2.
ng dng khc [13] .......................................................................................... 15
CHNG 3.
3.1.
QUY TRNH SN XUT NEM CHUA ............................................. 16
Nguyn liu ........................................................................................................... 16
3.1.1.
Tht nc ........................................................................................................... 16
3.1.1.1.
Gi tr dinh dng ................................................................................... 16
3.1.1.2.
Tnh cht ca tht ..................................................................................... 17
3.1.1.3.
La chn tht............................................................................................ 18
3.1.1.4.
Tiu chun v nguyn liu tht sn xut nem chua ............................. 19
3.1.2.
Da heo ............................................................................................................ 22
3.1.2.1.
Cu to ..................................................................................................... 22
3.1.2.2.
Vai tr ...................................................................................................... 22
3.1.3.
ng ............................................................................................................. 22
3.1.3.1.
ng ...................................................................................................... 22
3.1.3.2.
Vai tr ca ng .................................................................................... 23
3.1.4.
Mui ............................................................................................................... 23
3.1.5.
Bt ngt .......................................................................................................... 23
3.1.6.
Ti .................................................................................................................. 23
3.1.6.1.
Thnh phn ha hc ca ti ..................................................................... 23
3.1.6.2.
3.1.7.
Vai tr ca ti .......................................................................................... 23
Tiu................................................................................................................. 23
3.1.7.1.
Thnh phn ha hc ................................................................................ 23
3.1.7.2.
Vai tr ...................................................................................................... 23
3.1.8.
t .................................................................................................................... 24
3.1.9.
Cht mu ................................................................................................... 24
3.1.10.
Bao b .......................................................................................................... 24
3.2.
Quy trnh sn xut ................................................................................................. 25
3.3.
Thuyt minh quy trnh .......................................................................................... 26
3.3.1.
Chn nguyn liu ........................................................................................... 26
3.3.1.1.
Mc ch .................................................................................................. 26
3.3.1.2.
Yu cu .................................................................................................... 26
3.3.1.3.
Cch tin hnh ......................................................................................... 26
3.3.1.4.
Nhng bin i ........................................................................................ 26
3.3.2.
Lc b gn m................................................................................................ 27
3.3.2.1.
Mc ch .................................................................................................. 27
3.3.2.2.
Yu cu .................................................................................................... 27
3.3.2.3.
Cch tin hnh ......................................................................................... 27
3.3.3.
Xay ................................................................................................................. 27
3.3.3.1.
Mc ch .................................................................................................. 27
3.3.3.2.
Cch tin hnh ......................................................................................... 27
3.3.3.3.
Nhng bin i ........................................................................................ 27
3.3.4.
p gia v ....................................................................................................... 28
3.3.4.1.
Mc ch .................................................................................................. 28
3.3.4.2.
Yu cu .................................................................................................... 28
3.3.4.3.
Cch tin hnh ......................................................................................... 28
3.3.5.
Qut ................................................................................................................ 28
3.3.5.1.
Mc ch .................................................................................................. 28
3.3.5.2.
Yu cu .................................................................................................... 29
3.3.5.3.
Cch tin hnh ......................................................................................... 29
3.3.5.4.
Nhng bin i ........................................................................................ 29
3.3.6.
Luc chn da heo ............................................................................................ 30
3.3.6.1.
Mc ch .................................................................................................. 30
3.3.6.2.
Yu cu .................................................................................................... 30
3.3.6.3.
Cch tin hnh ......................................................................................... 30
3.3.6.4.
Nhng bin i ........................................................................................ 30
3.3.7.
Ra qua nc lnh ......................................................................................... 31
3.3.7.1.
Mc ch .................................................................................................. 31
3.3.7.2.
Yu cu .................................................................................................... 31
3.3.7.3.
Cch tin hnh ......................................................................................... 31
3.3.8.
Lm ro da ...................................................................................................... 31
3.3.8.1.
Mc ch .................................................................................................. 31
3.3.8.2.
Yu cu .................................................................................................... 31
3.3.8.3.
Cch tin hnh ......................................................................................... 31
3.3.8.4.
Nhng bin i ........................................................................................ 31
3.3.9.
Lm sch ........................................................................................................ 32
3.3.9.1.
Mc ch .................................................................................................. 32
3.3.9.2.
Yu cu .................................................................................................... 32
3.3.9.3.
Cch tin hnh ......................................................................................... 32
3.3.10.
Tch m ...................................................................................................... 32
3.3.10.1. Mc ch ................................................................................................. 32
3.3.10.2. Yu cu ................................................................................................... 32
3.3.10.3. Cch tin hnh......................................................................................... 32
3.3.11.
Ct lt mng ct si ................................................................................. 32
3.3.11.1. Mc ch ................................................................................................. 32
3.3.11.2. Yu cu ................................................................................................... 32
3.3.11.3. Cch tin hnh......................................................................................... 32
3.3.12.
Phi trn ...................................................................................................... 33
3.3.12.1. Mc ch ................................................................................................. 33
3.3.12.2. Yu cu ................................................................................................... 33
3.3.12.3. Cch tin hnh......................................................................................... 33
3.3.13.
V vin v p nh hnh .............................................................................. 33
3.3.13.1. Mc ch ................................................................................................. 33
3.3.14.
Yu cu ....................................................................................................... 33
3.3.14.1. Cch tin hnh......................................................................................... 33

3.3.15.
Bao gi sn phm........................................................................................ 34
3.3.15.1. Mc ch ................................................................................................. 34
3.3.15.2. Yu cu ................................................................................................... 34
3.3.15.3. Cch tin hnh......................................................................................... 34
3.3.15.4. Nhng bin i ....................................................................................... 34
3.3.16.
Ln men ...................................................................................................... 35
3.3.16.1. Mc ch ................................................................................................. 35
3.3.16.2. Yu cu ................................................................................................... 35
3.3.16.3. Cch tin hnh......................................................................................... 35
3.3.16.4. Nhng bin i ....................................................................................... 36
3.3.17.
Mt s h hng thng gp ca nem chua ................................................. 40
3.3.18.
Hng khc phc ........................................................................................ 40
3.4.
My mc, thit b trong sn xut nem chua. ......................................................... 40
3.4.1.
My ct tht .................................................................................................... 40
3.4.1.1.
Cu to ..................................................................................................... 40
3.4.1.2.
Nguyn l hot ng ............................................................................... 41
3.4.1.3.
V sinh my ............................................................................................. 41
3.4.2.
My ct b heo ................................................................................................ 41
3.4.2.1.
Thng s k thut ..................................................................................... 41
3.4.2.2.
Cu to ..................................................................................................... 41
3.4.2.3.
Nguyn l hot ng ............................................................................... 42
3.4.2.4.
V sinh my ............................................................................................. 42
3.4.3.
My xay tht MINCER ................................................................................... 42
3.4.3.1.
Cu to ca my gm .............................................................................. 42
3.4.3.2.
Nguyn l hot ng ca my ................................................................. 42
3.4.3.3.
V sinh my ............................................................................................. 43
3.4.4.
My trn ......................................................................................................... 43
3.4.4.1.
c im.................................................................................................. 43
3.4.4.2.
Cu to ..................................................................................................... 43
3.4.4.3.
Nguyn l hot ng ............................................................................... 43
3.4.4.4.
V sinh my ............................................................................................. 44
3.4.5.
My n nem chua ......................................................................................... 44
3.4.5.1.
Thng s k thut ..................................................................................... 44
3.4.5.2.
Cu to ..................................................................................................... 44
CHNG 4.
HIN I
GII THIU MT S SN PHM NEM TRUYN THNG V

46
4.1.
Sn phm nem chua ln men bng ch phm sinh hc v ch phm ti. ............. 46
4.2.
Nem chua Thanh Ha ........................................................................................... 47
4.3.
Nem chua Ninh Ha, Khnh Ha ......................................................................... 49
4.4.
Nem Lai Vung, ng Thp .................................................................................. 52
PH LC BNG
Bng 1.
pH thch hp cho cc loi vi sinh vt ....................................................... 11
Bng 2.
Bng thnh phn dinh dng tht nc heo trong 100g phn n c ........ 16
Bng 3.
Yu cu cm quan ca tht ti ..................................................................... 19
Bng 4.
Yu cu v cc ch tiu l ho ca tht ti ................................................... 20
Bng 5.
D lng cc kim loi nng trong tht ti................................................... 20
Bng 6.
Cc ch tiu vi sinh vt ca tht ti .............................................................. 20
Bng 7.
Cc ch tiu k sinh trng ca tht ti ......................................................... 21
Bng 8.
D lng thuc th y ca tht ti ................................................................ 21
Bng 9.
D lng thuc bo v thc vt ca tht ti ............................................... 21
Bng 10.
D lng hoocmon ca tht ti ................................................................. 22
Bng 11.
Yu cu cm quan ........................................................................................ 39
Bng 12.
Cc ch tiu l ha ca tht ch bin khng qua x l nhit ..................... 39
Bng 13.
D lng kim loi nng ca tht ch bin khng qua x l nhit............ 40
PH LC HNH
Hnh 1.
Nem chua Thanh Ha........................................................................................ 1
Hnh 2.
Nem Ninh Ha .................................................................................................... 1
Hnh 3.
Nem lai vung....................................................................................................... 1
Hnh 4.
Somou (Lo) ....................................................................................................... 2
Hnh 5.
Nham trong salad............................................................................................... 2
Hnh 6.
Tht v da heo ................................................................................................... 16
Hnh 7.
Quy trnh sn xut nem truyn thng ........................................................... 25
Hnh 8.
My ct tht ...................................................................................................... 40
Hnh 9.
My ct b heo .................................................................................................. 41
Hnh 10.
My xay tht MINCER ................................................................................ 42
Hnh 11.
My trn ........................................................................................................ 43
Hnh 12.
My n ........................................................................................................ 44
Hnh 13.
Cch lm nem Thanh Ha ........................................................................... 49
Hnh 18.
Nem chua Thanh Ha .................................................................................. 50
Hnh 14.
Nem chua Ninh Ha ..................................................................................... 50
Hnh 15.
Gia nh lm Nem Ninh Ha ....................................................................... 51
Hnh 16.
Sn phm Nem Ninh Ha ............................................................................ 51
Hnh 17.
Nem Lai Vung ............................................................................................... 52
LI M U
Nem chua (phng ng Bc B) hay nem (phng ng Trung B v phng ng
Nam B) l mt mn n truyn thng s dng tht ln; li dng men ca l (l i, l sung
v.v.) v thnh go chn, c v chua ngy. Ni ting Vit Nam nh mt sn vt ph
bin ti nhiu a phng, tuy khng r nem chua c ngi dn vng no lm ra u
tin. Mi vng min khc nhau c cc hng v c trng ring. Cc vng nem ngon ni
ting nc ta nh:
-
Min Bc: nem Phng (an Phng H Ni), nem V (T Lim H Ni), nem
T Ph (Bc Ninh)
Min Trung: nem chua An Cu (Hu), Tm Hng (Tin Giang), Ninh Ha (Khnh
Ha)
Min Nam: nem Th c, Lai Vung (ng Thp), Tn Hng (Tin Giang)
Nem chua thc cht l mt sn phm ca qu trnh ln men lactic tht sng. Bn
cht ca qu trnh ln men l chuyn ha ng thnh acid lactic nh hot ng ca vi

khun lactic. Qu trnh chn ca nem khng qua qu trnh gia nhit nn phn ln cc cht
dinh dng c trong tht c bit l cc acid amin v cc vitamin khng b mt i. Nem
chua c hng v c trng ca sn phm ln men, gip cho ngi n c cm gic d chu
khi n cng nh tt cho qu trnh tiu ha.
Thnh phn l hn hp tht nc, b heo, cc gia v nh ng, mui, ph gia c
ln men nhanh. Cht lng ca sn phm chu tc ng ng thi ca nhiu yu t:
nguyn liu, mi trng, h vi sinh vt, thi gian, bao gi nn rt kh kim sot.
tm hiu r hn v bn cht qu trnh ln men lactic trong nem cng nh l nh
l quy trnh sn xut mn n ny th nhm em quyt nh chn ti Tm hiu v qu
trnh ln men lactic v Quy trnh sn xut nem chua. Trong qu trnh thc hin v hon
thnh bi tiu lun khng kh trnh khi nhng sai st v ni dung cng nh hnh thc.
Nhm chng em mong nhn c s ng gp v chia s ca c v cc bn bi c
hon thin hn.
Nhm xin cm n.
LN MEN LAC TIC V QUY TRNH SN XUT NEM CHUA
PHN CNG NHIM V

H tn
MSSV
Nhim v
Nguyn Xun Thng
10052911
Li m u + Tng quan +
Nguyn liu + So snh cc loi
nem + Tng hp bi
Phan Minh Tm
10053181
Vi khun Lactic v c ch ln men
Nguyn Th Kim Tuyn
10058731
Quy trnh + Thuyt minh quy trnh

+ Tng hp bi
Phm Trn Tho Vy
10048141
My mc thit b +
So snh cc loi nem
Trang 9
LN MEN LACTIC V QUY TRNH SN XUT NEM CHUA
CHNG 1.
TNG QUAN
1.1. Gii thiu v nem chua

Nem chua (phng ng Bc B) hay nem (phng ng Trung B v phng ng
Nam B) l mt mn n s dng tht ln, li dng men ca l (l i, l sung v.v.) v thnh
go chn, c v chua ngy. Ni ting Vit Nam nh mt sn vt ph bin ti nhiu
a phng, tuy khng r nem chua c ngi dn vng no lm ra u tin.
Nem chua mi vng u c hng v ring: nem chua ca Vnh Yn, lng c L
(H ng), lng V (H Ni),Qung Yn (Qung Ninh), thnh ph Thanh Ha, ng
Ba (Hu), Ninh Ha (Khnh Ha), Th c (thnh ph H Ch Minh), Lai Vung (ng
Thp), v.v...
Hnh 1. Nem chua Thanh Ha
Hnh 2. Nem Ninh Ha
Hnh 3. Nem lai vung

Trang 1
Mt s nc ng Nam cng c mn tng t nem chua Vit Nam (kh ging

v mu sc v mi v). Lo gi mn l Som mou. Thi Lan gi mn l Nham.
Ngi Thi hay dng Nham lm mn salad cay hoc lm nham nng.
Hnh 5. Nham trong salad
Hnh 4. Somou (Lo)
1.2. Thc trng ca nem chua trn th trng

Nem chua l mt mn n truyn thng c nhiu ngi a thch, nhng vi
nguyn liu ch yu l tht sng ln men, liu mn n ny c thc s m bo an ton v
sinh thc phm?
Theo cc chuyn gia, ch bin nem chua l qu trnh ln men lactic t tht sng v
khng tri qua bt k cng on x l nhit no. Nhng vi sinh vt gip nem chn pht
trin trong nhin liu, trong l gi. Nhng vi sinh vt ny c hai nhm c li v c hi.
Qu trnh ln men lactic s gip vi sinh vt c li pht trin v c ch vi sinh vt c hi.
Nhng ch l trn l thuyt, thc t nu ngi lm nem khng lnh ngh th nem chua
s khng m bo an ton.
Theo PGS. TS. Nguyn Thy Hng, Khoa Cng ngh sinh hc, i hc Bch
khoa TPHCM, mi nguy ca sn phm nem chua nm vi sinh vt gy bnh c th c
trong nguyn liu. Vi c th l tht sng v chn sinh hc ch khng phi chn bng
nhit nn s tiu dit cc vi sinh vt mn n ny rt kh khn.
GS.TS Y hc Trn ng cho bit: Nem chua theo nguyn tc l phi c thi hn.
Thi hn s dng ca n thng ch t 3 n 7 ngy, ty loi nem v ty iu kin bo
Trang 2
qun. Nu khng ghi r thi hn l vi phm php lnh v sinh an ton thc phm. V c
bn, nu lm tt, th nem chua vn l mn n ngon, b dng. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh
sn xut, nu lm khng ng quy trnh, th vn c th gy ra nhng thit hi nht nh
cho ngi s dng. c bit, trong nem chua qu hn, lun tn ti cc loi vi khun gy
bnh v cc k sinh trng c hi, tuy b c ch khng hot ng c nhng chng khng
cht m s sinh si ny n khi gp iu kin thun li, gy bnh nguy him cho sc kho
ngi tiu dng, trong c nhng loi c t nm mc, c t vi khun c th gy ung
th.
Cng theo TS Y hc Trn ng, th nem lm t thnh, v tht ti, nu qu hn
v gp mi trng m rt d to ra nm mc v vi khun c hi. l cha k nu
ngi sn xut nem thiu lng tm s dng nguyn liu t nhng nhng con ln b
bnh lm nem. Nh th th v cng nguy him. V v hnh chung s to iu kin cho
cc dch bnh, nh: dch tai xanh, dch tiu chy cp c c hi honh hnh.
Cc nhm sinh vt gy bnh c th c trong nem chua phi k n nh:
Salmonella, Shigella, Ecoli, Colifome y l nhng nhm vi sinh vt khng c phep
c mt trong thc phm v s c mt ca n trong thc phm c th gy ng c cp tnh
cho ngi s dng.
Ngoi ra, nguy c mt an ton v sinh thc phm cn c th n t mi trng
khng m bo v sinh. Nhn vin ca cc c s lm nem chua hu nh khng eo bao
tay khi sn xut, khi ch bin xong cc vt dng cng khng c chi ra ngay. y
chnh l mi trng thun li vi khun gy hi pht trin, cha k n nguy c pht
sinh vi khun t nguyn liu ban u. C th ni quy trnh sn xut nem chua truyn
thng tim n rt nhiu nguy c mt an ton v sinh thc phm.
Hin nay, cc chuyn gia v cng ngh thc phm nghin cu ra mt quy trnh
sn xut nem chua m trong ch phm sinh hc s c s dng thay th cho vic
ph thuc hon ton vo vi sinh vt c sn trong t nhin. Theo PGS. TS. Nguyn Thy
Hng, khi s dng ch phm ny s c li ch l rt ngn thi gian ln men v quan
trng l c ch c vi sinh vt gy bnh. Vi s la chn nhng chng vi sinh vt quan
Trang 3
trng nht s gp phn to nn hng v truyn thng cho sn phm nem chua.
Tuy vy, cc ch phm ny hin ch c sn xut mang tnh cht ni b mt s trng,
vin. Quy trnh sn xut nem chua nh trn ch mi dng li cc nghin cu thc
nghim. Hu ht cc loi nem chua ang c by bn trn th trng vn ang c sn
xut theo quy trnh th cng truyn thng. Tt nhin nhng sn phm y vn n cha
nhng nguy c mt an ton thc phm. Mc d cha th khng nh tt c cc loi nem
chua trn th trng u khng m bo an ton v sinh thc phm nhng iu cn trng
mi khi n nem chua l iu nn lu .
Trang 4
CHNG 2.
VI KHUN LACTIC
V QU TRNH LN MEN LACTIC

2.1. Gii thiu vi khun lactic
Vi khun lactic thuc h Lactobacillaceae tt c h ny u thuc loi vi khun
Gram dng, khng to bo t, khng di ng, h hp ty tin v khng cha cc men h
hp nh xitoccrom v catalaza. Chng thu nhn nng lng nh qu trnh phn gii
hydrat cacbon v sinh ra acid lactic, sinh sn bng hnh thc phn i t bo.
Nhm vi khun lactic gm nhiu ging khc nhau: Streptococcus, Pediococcus,
Lactobacillus, Leuconostoe.
2.2. c im hnh thi
Ty thuc vo hnh dng t bo m ngi ta chia vi khun lactic thnh dng hnh
cu v dng hnh que. Kch thc ca chng ph thuc nhiu vo ging loi.
-
Ging Streptococcus c dng hnh trn hay hnh ovan, ng knh t bo 0.5-1m.
Sau khi phn chia theo mt phng chng thng xp ring bit, cp i hoc
chui ngn.
Ging Pediococcus c hnh dng hi di hc hnh ovan, ng knh t 0.5-0.8 m

v chiu di khong 1.6m. Mt s trng hp c bit chng s c hnh hi trn
vi chiu di t 1-3m. Sau khi phn chia chng thng xp thnh chui ch
khng to thnh m tp trung.
Ging Lactobacillus c dng hnh que. Ty vo iu kin mi trng sng m

hnh dng ca chng thay i t hnh que ngn sang hnh que di. Sp xp thnh
cui hay ng ring l.
Trang 5
Ging Pedicoccus l nhng t cu khun hay song cu khun. C hot tnh thy
phn protein rt yu.
2.3. c im dinh dng
C ch dinh dng
Vi khun lactic l mt n bo, khng c b my tiu ho. Chng sng v pht
trin c l do tnh thm thu ca mng nguyn trng, mng ny cho mt s cht t
ngoi vo c trong t bo v cho mt s cht thot ra khi t bo. Tnh thm thu lin
quan n nhng yu t:
-
Chng vi khun: mi loi c tnh thm thu khc nhau.
Tui ca vi khun: Vi khun non c tnh thm thu mnh hn vi khun gi.
Nng thc n: mi trng c nng thc n cao hn trong t bo vi khun th

tnh thm thu cng mnh.
ho tan ca thc n: nhng thc n khng ho tan th vi khun khng thm

thu c, m n phi dng enzym ca mnh phn gii ri mi hp thu.
Dinh dng cacbon

Ngun cacbon tt nht l cc loi glucose; fructose; maltose; galactose; sarcharose;
lactose, cho n cc polysacharit (tinh bt, dextrin).
Ngun dinh dng quan trng cho vi khun lactic l monosarcharit v disarcharit.
Cc ngun cacbon ny c dng cung cp nng lng, xy dng cu trc t bo v
sinh ra cc axit hu c nh axit malic, pyruvic, fumaric, aketic. Tu tng loi vi khun
ln men lactic ng hnh hay d hnh m c cc sn phm to ra trong qu trnh ln men
khc nhau khi chng s dng cc axit gluconic to thnh CO2, axit axetic, axit lactic. Khi
s dng axit amin nh axit glutamic, arginin, tirozin th xy ra qu trnh decacbonxyl v
to ra CO2.
Cc loi vi khun khc nhau th s dng cc ngun cacbon khc nhau, chng
hn: Streptococcus lactic s dng tt glucose, lactose; maltose, Lactobacillus bulgaricus.
Trang 6
S dng glucose, maltose, galactose, sarcharose, dextrin nhng khng s dng c

lactose...
Dinh dng nit:
Hu ht cc vi khun lactic khng th sinh tng hp c cc cht hu c phc tp
c cha nit, v vy m bo cho s pht trin ca chng th chng ta phi s dng
ngun nit c sn trong mi trng, ch c mt s t loi vi khun c kh nng sinh tng
hp c cc hp cht nit hu c t ngun nit v c.
sinh trng v pht trin bnh thng ngoi nit di dng hn hp cc axit
amin, vi khun lactic cn cn nhng cht hu c phc tp cha nit nh cc sn phm
thu phn protein t tht, casein, pepton...
Dinh dng vitamin
Coenzim trong qu trnh trao i cht ca t bo. Rt t vi khun lactic sinh tng
hp c vitamin, hu ht cc vi khun lactic c bit l Lactobacillus rt cn vitamin
cho s pht trin bnh thng. Do , ngi ta phi b sung vo mi trng cc cht c
cha vitamin nh nc khoai ty, ng, c rt, dch t phn nm men v nhiu cht khc.
Nhu cu vitamin ca ca vi khun lactic cn b nh hng bi nhiu yu t nh:
Nhit nui cy, pH, lng CO2 ban u v th xy ho kh ca mi trng.
Chng hn, khi thay i nhit khong 3 - 40C th nhu cu riboflavin
ca Lactobaccillus helveticus t ngoi mi trng thay i khong 25%. Nhu cu vitamin
cng b nh hng bi thnh phn mi trng. iu ny c lin quan cht ch ti s c
mt ca cc axit amin, axit hu c dezoxoribozit... Vi khun lactic s khng cn vitamin
B1, nu trong mi trng c dezoxyribozit. Tng t nh vy baz purin cng nh
hng ti nhu cu axit D - aminobenzoic ca vi khun lactic.
Dinh dng khong cht:
Trang 7
Cc hp cht v c: ng, st, natri, mangan, magi... c bit l magan rt cn

thit cho s pht trin ca vi khun lactic. i vi Lactobaccillus th Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe2+ c
tc dng tch cc ti s pht trin v sn sinh axit lactic.
Nhn chung mangan v magi c vai tr ch yu:
-
Tham gia cu trc v m bo chc nng hot ng ca enzym.
Gii c cc t bo khi s c mt ca xy. Mn2+ thay th cho dioxyt dimustaza

thi cc gc O2- . n nh cu trc t bo.
Mg2+ l cht hat ng trong qu trnh ln men lactic bng cch gip vi khun s
dng tt hn cc loi ng.
2.4. C ch ln men [10]
Ln men lactic l qu trnh chuyn ha ng thnh axit lactic nh vi sinh
vt, in hnh l vi khun lactic. Ln men lactic l mt trong nhng loi hnh ln men pht
trin nht trong thin nhin, c hai kiu ln men lactic chnh l ln men ng hnh v ln
men d hnh.
Ln men lactic ng hnh (in hnh)
Trong trng hp ny axit pyruvic c to thnh theo s Embden Mayerhorf
Parnas (EMP). Sau axit pyruvic s to thnh axit lactic di tc dng ca
enzymelactatdehydrogenase. Lng axit lactic to thnh chim hn 90%. Ch mt lng
nh pyruvat b kh cacbon to thnh axit axetic, etanol, CO2 v axeton. Lng sn
phm ph to thnh ph thuc vo s c mt ca oxy.
S 1:
Trang 8
Ln men ng hnh tin hnh theo giai on sau:

Giai on 1: Thi k sinh trng cp s m ca vi khun, t hexoza nh s oxy
ha Photphoglyceraldehyde km theo vic kh Pividinnucleotide (PN) to acid
Photphoglyceriaic.
PCH2 CHOH + H2O + PN
P.CH2CHOG-COOH + PNH2
Giai on 2: Do cht nhn hydrat l PN-H2 tng m th oxy ha kh ca mi

trng gim xung dn n s nhng hydro t PN-H2 cho acid photphoglycecinic
kh n thnh acid lactic.
CH2OP-CHON-COOH + H2O(PN-H2)
CH3CHOHCOOH+ H3PO4+PN+H2O
Ty thuc vo tnh c hiu quang hc ca enzyme lactate- dehydrogenase v s

c mt ca lactataxemase m loi axit lactic dng no c to ra D(-), L(+) Hoc DL.
Ln men lactic d hnh (khng in hnh) [11]
Xy ra trong trng hp vi khun lactic khng c cc enzyme c bn ca s
Embden Mayerhorf Parnas (aldolase v triozophotphatizomerase). V vy xilulosephotphat s c to thnh theo con ng pento-photphat (PP).Trong trng hp ny
ch c 50% lng ng to thnh axit lactic, ngoi ra cn c cc sn phm ph khc
nh: axic axetic, etanol, CO2. Cc sn phm ph tng tcvi nhau to thnh ester c mi
thm.
Phng trnh tng qut:
C6H12O6 CH3CHOHCOOH+CH3COOH+C2H5OH+COOH(CH2 )2COOH+CO2
Glucose, axit lactic, axit acetic, etanol, axit sucxinic, lng sn phm ph to thnh
hon ton ph thuc vo ging vi sinh vt, vo mi trng dinh dng v iu kin ngoi
cnh. Ni chung th axit lactic thng chim 40% lng ng c phn hy, axit
sucxinic 20%, ru etylic chim 10%, axitaxetic 10% v cc loi kh gn 20%.
2.5. Cc yu t nh hng [12]
Trang 9
Trong qu trnh mui chua phi lun to iu kin cho ln men lactic pht trin.
ng thi phi hn ch ti a cc iu kin ln men tp cht c hi. iu kin ln men
lactic chu tc ng ca nhiu yu t. m bo cho iu kin ln men lactic l tt nht
th cc yu t ch yu l nng mui, hm lng ng trong sn phm (ng c sn
trong nguyn liu v ng b sung thm), acid ca sn phm, nhit ln men v s
hin din ca oxy trong qu trnh ln men phi ph hp. Trong cc yu t ny, c yu t
nh hng t c yu t nh hng nhiu, nhng u c nh hng n cht lng ca
thnh phm.
Nng mui
Yu t ny rt quan trng. Mui chng nhng nh hng n v ca sn phm m
cn nh hng n qu trnh ln men. Vi cc loi vi khun khc nhau ch pht trin tt
mt nng mui thch hp. C th cc vi khun Butyric v nhm Coli b nh hng
nng mui 2% v hon ton b c ch nng mui 56%. Ti nng mui 56%
cc trc khun ng rut cng b km hm, cn vi khun lactic ch b gim hot ng
nng 30%. nhng dung dch mui cao hn, chng hn 612% th cc vi khun ni
trn s cht, ring vi khun lactic s pht trin rt yu. Mt khc, nc mui s lm co
nguyn sinh t bo rau qu, dch bo di chuyn ra nc mui v nng nc mui gim
xung, to iu kin cho vi khun lactic dn tr li bnh thng. V vy trong qu trnh
mui chua cn chn nng mui ph hp cho s pht trin ca vi khun lactic ng thi
c ch c hot ng ca vi sinh vt l. T l mui thay i tu theo nguyn liu v
nhit mi trng nh:
-
Mui chua da chut nng mui thng s dng l 68%, da cng to th nng
mui cng ln.
Mui c chua th nng mui dng khong 79%.
Mui c th nng mui s dng l 1012%.

Hm lng ng
Trang 10
Trong qu trnh ln men, ng l ngun quan trng to ra acid lactic. Nu

nguyn liu em mui chua khng ng th lng acid to ra trong sn phm s
khng t mc yu cu v acid cn thit ca rau mui chua v sn phm s c v
km, cht lng sn phm khng tt d b h hng trong qu trnh bo qun. Do nu
nguyn liu c hm lng ng thp th phi phi hp vi cc loi rau qu nhiu ng
nh: hnh, carot, hoc theo phng php dn gian thng lm l b sung thm ng.
Nhng nu lng ng qu nhiu trong mui chua cng khng tt, v acid s mau to
thnh lm pH gim nhanh, rau mui chua s b chua gt.
acid
Mi loi vi sinh vt ln men u thch ng mt nng acid nht nh. Bn thn
acid lactic vi nng 0,5% c ch hot ng ca nhiu vi sinh vt khc. Trong qu
trnh mui chua acid lactic s c tch t dn dn lm cho pH gim dn. im pH ti u
ca mui chua l 34. Nu acid qu nhiu t 12% nc da s c v chua gt, vi
khun lactic s ngng hot ng. Nhng trong giai on ny mt s vi sinh vt nh nm
si li vn tn ti v pht trin to thnh vng trng b mt. Chng oxy ho acid lactic
v lm cho nc da nht dn. y l iu kin thun li cho cc vi khun gy thi pht
sinh, xm nhp vo da v lm kh da. Do , to iu kin tt nht cho vi khun
lactic hot ng th phi to mi trng c pH thch hp.
Bng 1. pH thch hp cho cc loi vi sinh vt
Loi vi sinh vt
pH thch hp cho hot ng
Nm mc
1,22,5
Nm men
2,53,0
Vi khun gy chua
3,04,5
Vi khun gy thi
4,45,0
Trang 11
Vi khun ng rut
5,05,5
Nng acid lactic t c trong qu trnh ln men ph thuc vo lng ng

c trong sn phm, nng mui nhit ln men v ging vi khun lactic. Mt khc kh
nng chu acid ca vi khun khc nhau tu theo mi trng.
Nhit ln men
Nhit nh hng trc tip n tc ln men, lng acid to thnh v cht
lng ca sn phm. Mi mt loi vi sinh vt khc nhau s thch ng vi mt nhit
nht nh. nhit qu cao hay qu thp th vi sinh vt s b c ch. Trong phm vi
thch hp th nhit cng cao th s ln men s cng mnh.
-
Vi nhit 25300C ln men lactic khong 68 ngy.
Vi nhit 22250C ln men lactic khong 810 ngy.

Khi nhit thp hn 200C tc ln men s rt chm, khng c li cho sn
phm. Nhit cao hn 420C, cc vi khun gy chua s b c ch . Nhit ti u cho s

pht trin ca vi khun lactic l 30370C. Tuy nhin nhit ny song song vi s pht
trin ca vi khun lactic cn c s tham gia pht trin ca cc vi sinh vt l khc. y l
mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm da mau h hng. Ngoi ra lng acid lactic t c
cng thay i tu theo nhit ln men.
-
160C lng acid lactic t c khong 0,470,70%.

Thng th nhit thch hp cho mui chua l t 20300C.
S hin din ca oxy
Vi khun ln men lactic l vi khun h hp ym kh, ch hot ng tt trong mi
trng ym kh (khng c s hin din ca oxy) hoc c th c mt t oxy. Nhng nu

mi trng c nhiu oxy th vi khun lactic s b gim hot ng. Mt khc, oxy li l
Trang 12
iu kin pht trin tt ca cc vi sinh vt l gy h hng nh: vi khun acetic, nm men,

nm mc. Cc vi khun l ny chng khng pht trin c trong mi trng ym kh.
Do trong qu trnh mui chua phi lun hn ch s c mt ca oxy bng bin php y
kn hoc nn cht khi rau khi mui chua. Tm li, mui chua rau qu ph thuc nhiu
yu t. Mun sn phm c cht lng cao thng c nhng bin php sau y: cho mui
va , dng nc hi nng lc u mui, thm ng, hnh, nc chanh c
chua (nhm c ch vi sinh vt khc), thm nc da c hoc b sung ging vi khun ln
men lactic.
Ngoi nhng iu kin trn, cn phi ch n bn thn ca nguyn liu: khng
dp nt, khng h thi. Ty theo tng nguyn liu m phi hp cc thnh phn (mui,
ng, vi khun lactic) theo t l thch hp khng nh hng n thi gian ln men v
cht lng sn phm.
2.6. ng dng ca vi khun lactic
2.6.1. Nhng ng dng trong cng ngh thc phm
Trong cng ngh thc phm vic s dng qu trnh ln men lactic khng ch nhm
mc ch bo qun m cn a ra th trng cc sn phm c tnh cht c bit v mi v.
Cc ng dng ch yu gm:
Ch bin cc sn phm t tht
Nem chua l mt sn phm c trng t vic s dng qu trnh ln men lactic. Tht
khng qua x l nhit m c ln men trc tip khong 3 ngy chn . Phng php
ny to ra sn phm truyn thng c hng v c bit. Mu hng ca tht c gi li,
v chua to thnh trong qu trnh ln men kt hp vi gia v (tiu, t, l i, l vng) to
ra sn phm.
Ch bin sn phm sa
Ngoi kh nng ln men lm cho sa khng b h hng, cc chng vi khun lactic
cn c nhiu kh nng c bit khc. Nh m ngi ta sn xut hng lot cc sn
Trang 13
phm t ngun nguyn liu sa ban u. Li dng kh nng lm ng t sa ca vi khun

Streptococcus lactic sn xut sa chua hay kh nng to ra cc mi v. To cc cht
thm ca chng Leuconostoc sn xut b, phomat
Sn xut bnh m en
y l loi bnh m c cht lng cao bn cnh qu trnh ln men bi nm men to
ru etylic v CO2. Ngi ta cn s dng qu trnh ln men ca vi khun lactic to v
chua v hng thm c trng cho sn phm.
Sn xut tng
Trong sn xut tng qu trnh ln men lactic to pH thch hp cho sn phm v
tng hng v cho sn phm.
thc n gia sc
y l phng php c s dng ph bin trong cc trang tri chn nui. Thc n
khi khng nhng gim c s tn tht gi tr dinh dng m cn b sung nhiu loi
vitamin do vi sinh vt tng hp. Phng php ny da vo s chuyn ha ng c sn
trong nguyn liu ca vi khun lactic. khi chua thc n gia sc c cht lng tt,
ngi ta thng s dng vi khun lactic thun khit nh: Lactobacillus plantarm,
Thermobacterium cerealle.
Mui chua rau qu
Cng nh chua thc n gia sc, vn mui chua rau qu cng nhm thc hin
hai mc ch:
-
Bo qun nguyn liu
Lm tng gi tr dinh dng v gi tr cm quan. y l phng php va ch bin

va bo qun rau qu rt ph bin, c s dng nhiu trong gia nh cng nh
trong k ngh hp. Hin nay c nhiu sn phm mui chua c sn xut v s
dng rng ri nh da ci mui chua, da chut mui chua...
Sn xut axit lactic v mui lactat
Trang 14
Ngoi vic ng dng trong cc sn phm ln men, ngi ta cn s dng cc chng

lactic nh Lactobacterium coaglulans v Lactobacillus delbruecki sn xut ra mt
lng ln axit lactic v mui lactat dng lm cht ph gia thc phm.
2.6.2. ng dng khc [13]
Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn dng vi khun lactic ln men. Qu trnh tinh ch cho ra axit
lactic c tinh khit cao (trn 90%). Axit ny sau c dng vo nhiu ngnh, nhiu
lnh vc khc nhau nh: cng nghip thc phm, cng nghip thuc da, cng nghip dt,
cng nghip cht do, y dc v c trong nng nghip.
S dng chng vi khun lactic lm cht bo qun thc n t nhin vi mc ch
lm tng an ton v bo m c cht lng thc phm. Vic tng nng axit lactic
trong sn phm thc n bo qun c tc dng chng li s hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt
gy h hng. Vn ny c quan tm c loi b vic s dng nhng cht bo
qun nhn to m thng xuyn gy nn nhiu mi lo ngi t pha ngi tiu dng (an
ton thc phm tt nht).
Bn cnh nhng ng dng ca vi khun lactic c li cn c nhng vi khun lactic
gy hi. Vi thc phm c pH < 4,1 thng khng c tit trng bo qun m n
thng c bo qun bng tinh du hay axit benzoic. Trong trng hp bo qun b r r
hoc khng ng cch th cc vi khun lactic sinh trng s gy hin tng nht to kh,
mt hng v... loi chnh l: Leuconostoc; L. confusus; L. casei; L. plantarum. i vi
cc sn phm mui chua nh: da ci mui, loi L. brevis pht trin gy ra mu v
hin tng to kh CO2 lm phng hp. Trong phomat, L. casei s dng cotrate, ln men
d hnh to nhiu CO2 lm tng cc ti kh trong phomat ng gi. L. plantarum to nht
phomat bo qun trong mui, gy hin tng dnh khi ln men ru vang. Vi khun
lactic gy hng axit tartanic lm thi ra ru vang. Vic bo qun tht v cc sn phm
tht bng ng gi chn khng hn ch c s pht trin ca vi sinh vt gy thi nhng
to iu kin cho vi khun Lactobacillus pht trin mnh.
Trang 15
CHNG 3.
QUY TRNH SN XUT NEM CHUA
3.1. Nguyn liu

3.1.1. Tht nc
3.1.1.1.
Gi tr dinh dng
Tht heo l ngun thc n c gi tr dinh dng cao, giu nng lng cho c th.
Tht heo c cha nhiu loi axit amin khng thay th cn thit cho c th con ngi nh
tryptophan, lysin, methionin, cystine, threonine, leucine, histidin, valin, phenylalanyl,
isoleucine to nn nhng protein c gi tr. Tht heo cng cha lng cht bo cao, nhiu
cht khong v vitamin.
Tht heo c s dng trong sn xut nem chua gm c tht nc i, mng v da
(b) heo.
Hnh 6. Tht v da heo

Bng 2. Bng thnh phn dinh dng tht nc heo trong 100g phn n c
Thnh phn
Hm
Thnh phn
Hm
dinh dng
lng
dinh dng
lng
Nc (Water)
73.3
Tng s acid bo no
2.47
Nng lng (Energy)
139
KCal
Palmitic (C16:0)
1.57
582
KJ
Stearic (C18:0)
0.77
Trang 16
Protein
19
TS acid bo khng no 1 ni i
3.23
Lipid (Fat)
Palmitoleic (C16:1)
0.23
Tro (Ash)
Oleic (C18:1)
2.93
TS acid bo khng no nhiu ni i
0.77
.
Vi lng
Calci
mg
Linoleic (C18:2 n6)
0.52
St
0.96
mg
Linolenic (C18:2 n3)
0.03
Magie
32
mg
Arachidonic (C20:4)
0.09
Mangan
0.01
mg
Cholesterol
67
mg
Axit amin
Phospho
190
mg
Lysin
1440
mg
Kali
341
mg
Methionin
400
mg
Natri
76
mg
Tryptophan
230
mg
Km
2.5
mg
Phenylalanin
690
mg
ng
190
Threonin
740
mg
Selen
23.9
Valin
910
mg
Leucin
1190
mg
Vitamin
Vitamin C
mg
Isoleucin
940
mg
Vitamin B1
0.9
mg
Arginin
1010
mg
Vitamin B2
0.18
mg
Histidin
510
mg
Vitamin PP
4.4
mg
Cystin
202
mg
Vitamin B5
0.822
mg
Tyrosin
644
mg
Vitamin B6
0.415
mg
Alanin
990
mg
Folat
Acid aspartic
1607
mg
Vitamin H
2.6
Acid glutamic
2603
mg
Vitamin B12
0.84
Glycin
1023
mg
Vitamin A
Prolin
821
mg
Serin
752
mg
3.1.1.2.
Tnh cht ca tht
Trang 17
Protein trong tht nh c kh nng to gel nn c vai tr l cht to hnh. Protein c

kh nng to ra b khung, hnh dng, trng thi cng chc, c v dai, n
hi cho sn phm nem.
Nhng protein t c c kh nng to gel, tan c trong dung dch mui c nng
c cao, hnh thnh cu trc filamentous (cu trc si nh, mnh) trong tht. S ha tan
ca nhm protein ny to kt cu gel gi cho sn phm tht kt dnh vi nhau. gel to
ra p th them mt t l nht nh mui n (2-3%) trch ly ra mt lng miozin.
Nhng protein tan trong mui c vai tr trong vic gi nc v ng gp rt nhiu cho
qu trnh sn xut thc phm. Protein cng gp phn to mu sc (myoglobin to mu
cho tht), mi thm cng vi kh nng c nh cc cht mi khc nhau (hp ph vt l
hoc ha hc cc cht mi qua tng tc Van der Waals hoc qua lin kt ng ha tr v
lin kt tnh in) to ra gi tr cm quan cho sn phm. Protein cht c nh myoglobin
to mu cho tht.
Nem chua l mt sn phm dng gel gm protein v nc. Nu lin kt nc t do
nhiu th sn phm s c dng lng lo, cn ngc li th protein b kt ta vn cc.
trng thi gel th protein lin kt vi nc to thnh khi bn chc. t c khi sn
phm dng gel tt th vai tr ca protein trong tht l cc k quan trng. Protein trong tht
phi gi c cc tnh cht:
-
Ho nc, gi nc tt.
Cha bin tnh
Phn t protein dng mch cao phn t , di mch, cha phn ct nhiu.
3.1.1.3.
La chn tht
Chn tht ti cha bin cht, cha b phn hy bi enzyme protease ca tht.
Khng c vi sinh vt xm nhim vo tht lm thay i cc tnh cht cm quan, sinh
hc ca tht, lm h hng tht. S dng tht ti nng tc l tht mi m. Tht nng mi
git m xong cha n giai on co cng v t phn. Tht khi cha b co cng th s xay
mn v do. Tht c kh nng ho nc v gi nc cao, cc si actin v myosin cha b
ko st vo nhau. Nc trong khong gia cn li nhiu, tht mm khng b dai v d ch
Trang 18
bin. Nu trong giai on co cng, protein b bin tnh, co cng, kh nng gi nc gim.
Nu trong giai on t phn: protein gi nc cao nhng ton phn t mch ngn, lm
gim i mt kh nng to gel ca tht. Khng s dng tht ngui ch bin. Tht ngui
l tht sau khi git m qu 6h.
Tht phi l tht nc, c la sch m v m l phn k nc, khng tham gia vo
lin kt to gel. Nu c nhiu m s lm cho cc lin kt protein - nc hay protein
protein khng c bn vng. ng thi, m rt d b oxy ha nu c trong nem s l
tng nguy c b h hng ca sn phm.
Phn protein tht ny s c ln men, khng qua qu trnh gia nhit nn phi lc
b i ht phn protein lin kt kh tiu ha. Chn tht nc lng mng mm, t gn, khng
dai, phn m c nhiu, t m lin kt v tht nhng v tr t vn ng, ng thi gip thi
gian qut s ngn li.
Trong sn xut nem chua, tht khng c ra qua nc, mc ch l hn ch ti
a m trn nem ng thi hn ch s nhim vi sinh vaath bt li t ngun nc. Mc
ch bo qun v chun b, do m cao qu th to iu kin cho nhiu loi vi sinh vt
khng c li pht trin. nht l nm mc.
3.1.1.4.
Tiu chun v nguyn liu tht sn xut nem chua
Tiu chun v tht ti TCVN 7046: 2002

Bng 3. Yu cu cm quan ca tht ti
Tn ch tiu
Yu cu
- B mt kh, sch, khng dnh lng v tp cht l;
- Mt ct mn;
1. Trng thi
- C n hi, n ngn tay vo tht khng li du n trn

b mt tht khi b tay ra;
- Tu bm cht vo thnh ng ty (nu c).
2. Mu sc
Mu c trng ca sn phm
Trang 19
3. Mi
c trng ca sn phm, khng c mi l
4. Nc luc tht
Thm, trong, vng m to
Bng 4. Yu cu v cc ch tiu l ho ca tht ti
Tn ch tiu
Yu cu
1. pH
5,5 - 6,2
2. Phn ng nh tnh dihydro sulphua (H2S)
m tnh
3. Hm lng amoniac, mg/100 g, khng ln hn
35
4. trong ca nc luc tht khi phn ng vi ng
cho php hi c
sunfat (CuSO4)
Bng 5. D lng cc kim loi nng trong tht ti
Gii hn ti a
Tn ch tiu
(mg/kg)
1. Ch (Pb)
0,5
2. Cadimi (Cd)
0,05
3. Thu ngn (Hg)
0,03
Bng 6. Cc ch tiu vi sinh vt ca tht ti

Tn ch tiu
Gii hn ti a
1. Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh, s khun lc trong 1 g sn phm
106
2. E.coli, s vi khun trong 1 g sn phm
102
3. Salmonella, s vi khun trong 25 g sn phm
4. B. cereus, s vi khun trong 1 g sn phm
102
5. Staphylococcus aureus, s vi khun trong 1 g sn phm
102
6. Clostridium perfringens, s vi khun trong 1 g sn phm
10
Trang 20
7. Clostridium botulinum, s vi khun trong 1 g sn phm
Bng 7. Cc ch tiu k sinh trng ca tht ti

Tn ch tiu
Gii hn cho php
1. Go b, go ln (Cysticercus csuitsae; Cysticercus
khng cho php
bovis...)
2. Giun xon (Trichinella spiralis)
Bng 8. D lng thuc th y ca tht ti

Gii hn ti a (mg/kg)
Tn ch tiu
1. H tetraxyclin
0,1
2. H cloramphenicol
khng pht hin
Bng 9. D lng thuc bo v thc vt ca tht ti

Tn ch tiu
Gii hn ti a (mg/kg)
1. Cabaryl
0,0
2. DDT
0,1
3. 2, 4 D
0,0
4. Lindan
0,1
5. Triclorfon
0,0
6. Diclovos
0,0
7. Diazinon
0,7
8. Fenclophos
0,3
9. Clopyrifos
0,1
10. Cuomaphos
0,2
c t nm mc : Hm lng aflatoxin B1 ca tht ti khng ln hn 0,005 mg/kg.

Trang 21
Bng 10. D lng hoocmon ca tht ti

Tn ch tiu
Gii hn ti a
(mg/kg)
1. Dietylstylbestrol
0,0
2. Testosterol
0,015
3. Estadiol
0,0005
3.1.2. Da heo
3.1.2.1.
Cu to
Da heo c cu to ch yu t protein khung mng: collagen v elastin.
Collagen: dng si, khng tan trong nc, dung dch mui, kim long, khng n
hi.
Elastin: dng si, bn bi acid, base v enzyme protease, b thy phn mt phn
bi papain.
3.1.2.2.
Vai tr
L cht n.
Cht kt dnh cc phn t trong m c
Gip nh hnh sn phm
Lm tng gi tr cm quan, tng gin, dai cua nem chua thnh phm.
3.1.3. ng
3.1.3.1.
ng
Sau khi ln men, ming nem c cu trc chc, hi cng, v chua, c thi thong mi
ru, mi gimrt khc vi cu trc mm nho ban u. Cc c tnh ca ming
nem l kt qu ca qu trnh ln men lactic bi s hot ng ca cc vi khun lactic c
sn trong khng kh, nguyn liu ng l ngun c cht chnh vi khun s dng
ln men.
Trang 22
3.1.3.2.
Vai tr ca ng
To v cho nem.
Gip trng thi lin kt gel thm cht.
L c cht cho qu trnh ln men.

3.1.4. Mui
To v cho sn phm nem chua.
c ch vi sinh vt thi pht trin gy h hng sn phm.

3.1.5. Bt ngt
Bt ngt c tc dng to v cho nem chua.
3.1.6. Ti
3.1.6.1.
Thnh phn ha hc ca ti
Cht khng sinh allicin.
Iod
Tinh du
3.1.6.2.
Vai tr ca ti
L gia v p kh mi hay to mi.
Tc dng dit khun mnh i vi cc vi sinh vt nh: Staphylococcus,

Salmonella, Shigella
3.1.7. Tiu
3.1.7.1.
Thnh phn ha hc
Tinh du
2 loi ankaloid l: piperin v chavicine
Cellulose v mui khong
Phitocide: c tnh khng sinh thc vt

3.1.7.2.
Vai tr
To v cay
Trang 23
Khng khun
Khng nm mc
Kch thch tiu ha

3.1.8. t
Trong t c cha tinh du, vitamin C, K, -caroten, mt s cht khong Ngoi ra
cn c alkaloid to mi thm v v cay, phitocide l cht khng sinh thc vt.

3.1.9. Cht mu
Do c tnh cng ngh v th hiu ca ngi tiu dng nn ngi ta thng b
sung thm cc cht mu, mi thc phm to mu sc, tng tnh cm quan cho sn
phm. Cc cht mu thng s dng l mu sen Erythrosine.
3.1.10.Bao b
Sn phm nem chua thng c ln men trong cc loi bao b nh: l vng, l i,
bao nylon, l chui.
Trang 24
3.2. Quy trnh sn xut
Mui,
ng, bt
ngt
Tht heo nng
Da heo
Lc b gn m
Luc chn
Xay
Ph gia to
mu
p gia v
Du n
ro
Qut nhuyn
Ti phi
Lm sch
Ra qua nc
lnh
Tch m
Ti
Trn u
Xt si
Vo vin
Tiu
nguyn
ht
t, ti
p nh hnh
Gi bng l
vong
Gi bng l
chui
Ln men
Sn phm
Hnh 7. Quy trnh sn xut nem truyn thng

Trang 25
3.3. Thuyt minh quy trnh

3.3.1. Chn nguyn liu
3.3.1.1.
Mc ch
Nhm hn ch ti a m, la chn nguyn liu tt, ph hp cho qu trnh ch

bin, kim sot cht lng u vo ca nguyn liu: tht mm khng dai, d ch bin.
3.3.1.2.
Yu cu
Tht heo ti, nng, mi git m
S dng phn nc i hoc nc mng, lng: tht mm, t gn v t m.
Khng c ra tht qua nc: hn ch ti a m v vi sinh vt xm nhp.

3.3.1.3.
Cch tin hnh
La chn tht ti phi c ly t con vt nui sng, khe mnh, c c quan

kim tra th y c thm quyn cho php.
Chn nguyn liu u vo theo TCVN 7046:2002
-
B mt kh, sch khng dnh lng v tp cht l
Mt ct mn
C n hi, n ngn tay vo tht khng li du n trn b mt tht khi b tay

ra
Tu bm chc vo thnh ng ty (nu c)
Mu c trng ca sn phm (mu )
C mi c trng, khng c mi l
Khng c go b, go ln (Cysticercus csuitsae; Cysticercus bovis)
Khng c giun xon (Trichinella spiralis)
Khng s dng, loi b ngay nhng nguyn liu khng t yu cu.

3.3.1.4.
Nhng bin i
Giai on trc co cng:

Qu trnh co c, dui c vn cn xy ra, m c rt ging vi m c khi ng vt
cn sng, m c mm v n hi, giai on ny tht c pH khong 5,5 6.
Trang 26
Gia on co cng:
Do qu trnh co dui c cn cung cp nng lng l ATP, qu trnh thy phn ATP
sinh ra acid lactic, H3PO4, cng vi acid sinh ra trong qu trnh h hp ym kh khi sau
git m ca tht lm cho pH ca tht gim xung di 5,2. Lc ny actin v myosin b
ng t, bin tnh khng thun nghch, do tht lc ny tr nn cng chc.
Giai on sau co cng:
Lc ny pH gim xung pHop ca cc enzyme protease cng vi pH gim lm ph
v mng lysosome phng thch ra cc enzyme, s ct t cc si dy chng trong m c,
thy phn collagen, ph hy ton b c, m c tr nn mm, khng n hi sau b
phn r, giai on ny pH trn 6,2.
3.3.2. Lc b gn m
3.3.2.1.
Mc ch
Nhm loi b hon ton gn, m ra khi khi tht trc khi a vo qut.
3.3.2.2.
Yu cu
Ngi tin hnh c kinh nghim thao tc v kh c th t ng ha.
Phi loi sch gn, m c trong tht.
Khng lm dp, nt tht trong trong qu trnh x l.

3.3.2.3.
Cch tin hnh
Thc hin theo phng thc th cng: dng con dao nh, sc lng tng phn m,
gn v nhng phn tht nh nhy bm trn tht nguyn liu n khi thy sch.
3.3.3. Xay
3.3.3.1.
Mc ch
Nhm lm nh tht, gip qu trnh qut din ra nhanh hn v d dng hn.

3.3.3.2.
Cch tin hnh
S dng my xay tht chuyn dng xay

3.3.3.3.
Nhng bin i
Trang 27
Bin i vt l: kch thc ca nguyn liu c xay nh, mt lng nc thot ra

lm gim khi lng. ng thi qu trnh ny lm cho tht tr nn do hn.
Bin i ha hc: hm m thay i, mt s cht ha tan trong nc thot ra ngoi.
Bin i cm quan: tht c mu nht hn.

3.3.4. p gia v
3.3.4.1.
Mc ch
Nhm to hng v mu sc c trng cho sn phm, to c cht cho qu trnh ln

men. ng thi vic p mui, ng gip tp p sut thm thu, km hm cho s pht
trin ca vi sinh vt.
3.3.4.2.
Yu cu
Cc cht b sung phi c hm m thp
Phi sy v rang gia v n mc ti thiu (khng lm bin tnh)
ng khng c m cao (khng dng ng mt v lng m ln)
Thnh phn mui khan, ng, vi phi (CaCO3) cho vo nguyn liu c tnh cht
ht m.
Phi trn u lng gia v vi khi tht xay.
Thao tc nhanh.
3.3.4.3.
Cch tin hnh
Phn chia cc thnh phn gia v vi t l khi lng khc nhau ph hp vi lng
tht xay cn p. C th s dng phng thc th cng tin hnh trn p gia v: rc
t t gia v vo tht, trn u n khi ht lng gia v phn chia sn. Sau khi p xong
gia v phi chuyn ngay n cng on tip theo trnh ko di thi gian nh hng n
tnh cht ca tht.
3.3.5. Qut
3.3.5.1.
Mc ch
Nhm ph v cu trc si ca m c, tch ri cc si protein trong b c, to iu

kin cc phn t nc, gia v khuch tn u vo cc khong trng, to nn s cn
Trang 28
bng gia cc mi lin kt protein protein, protein nc, gp phn to nn cu trc gel
cho khi tht.
3.3.5.2.
Yu cu
Tht phi c qut nhuyn, u vi gia v
Khng ko di thi gian qut.

3.3.5.3.
Cch tin hnh
Phng php th cng

Cho tht sau khi x l cng vi gia v cn thit vo ci , s dng lao ng th
cng dng chy g gi u khi tht trong ci cho n khi tht t cu trc mong mun.
Phng php bn th cng
Tht c cho vo ci bng lao ng th cng. H thng chy v ci c t
ng ha nh mt motor gip cho ci xoay u quanh trc i qua tm ca ci v mt
motor khc gip cho chy gi u t trn xung. Tin hnh gi tht n khi t cu trc
mong mun.
Khi tin hnh qut cn ch vi tc chm v u trnh hin tng tng nhit
ca khi tht trong qu trnh gi s l nh hng n cu trc gel ca khi tht.
3.3.5.4.
Nhng bin i
Bin i ha l
Tht a vo qut l tht cn ti, nng, do tnh ho nc v kh nng gi nc
ca protein cn cao, cc tnh cht chc nng ca protein vn c gi, protein cha b
bin tnh bi nhit v enzyme.
Lc ny, tht c cu trc chc ch, cc phn t nc ch yu c hp th trn b
mt ca cc si c. Sau qu trnh gia cng c hc cu trc m c b ph hy, protein b
tch ra thnh cc si ring l, to iu kin cc phn t nc chui vo bn trong b si
gip trng thi lin kt gel thm chc ch. Trong tht ti, cc si c trong b si lin kt
vi nhau nh lin kt ion, lin kt disunfua (-S-S-), lin kt Van Der Vah, s c mt ca
NaCl, polyphosphate gp phn ph v cc lin kt gia cc si vi nhau, to iu kin
Trang 29
cc phn t nc chui vo. Cc phn t nc tn ti bn trong b si khng dng t do

m dng lin kt vi protein thng qua lin kt hydro.
Bin i vt l
Khi lng gim do c mt lng nc b tht thot ra ngoi, m thay i do
hm lng nc thay i. Mt lng kh nh s ha vo khi tht. Cu trc nh mn ng
nht, do ca tht tng.
Bin i ha hc
Hm lng nc gim, hm lng cc cht to mu cho tht nh hemoglobin,
myoglobin gim.
Bin i sinh hc
Lng vi sinh vt tng ln do tht tng s tip xc vi khng kh
Bin i cm quan
Mu ca tht tr nn nht hn, do cc cht to mu cho tht ha tan trong nc
b chy ra ngoi.
3.3.6. Luc chn da heo
3.3.6.1.
Mc ch
Nhm lm chn da heo do da heo khng c kh nng chn sinh ha; gip da heo tr
nn gin, dai hn, to gi tr cm quan cho sn phm; gip qu trnh lm sch lng cn
dnh trn da heo d dng hn.
3.3.6.2.
Yu cu
Da phi lm sch lng, khng c tp cht
Da phi c lm chn t 70 80%
Da trong, lng v dai.

3.3.6.3.
Cch tin hnh
Da heo sng: co sch lng, luc chn trong ni 70 80oC trong 5 15 pht.
3.3.6.4.
Nhng bin i
Ha hc
Trang 30
Nhit cao lm bin tnh collagen. Collagen khi un nng chuyn thnh gelatin
l cht ng keo gip nh hnh sn phm, tng gi tr cm quan. Khng nn luc da qu
chn dn n collagen bin tnh qu mnh se ha tan to nht, kh b sung vo nem v m
cao, lm khi nem lng lo.
Ha sinh v vi sinh
c ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt.
3.3.7. Ra qua nc lnh
3.3.7.1.
Mc ch
Nhm lm sn v ngui nhanh da heo

3.3.7.2.
Yu cu
Thi gian ra ngn v nu ko di thi gian ra th s lm tng m ca da.

3.3.7.3.
Cch tin hnh
Sau khi vt da ra khi ni nu th nhng ngay da vo nc lnh ri vt ra.

3.3.8. Lm ro da
3.3.8.1.
Mc ch
Nhm gim m, gim hot tnh ca nc

3.3.8.2.
Yu cu
Da khng cn ng nc trn b mt hay r nc

3.3.8.3.
Cch tin hnh
Sau khi ra lnh, da c vt ra t trn thit b c l thong kh hay c treo ln

cc thanh ngang gip qu trnh lm ro din ra nhanh hn.
3.3.8.4.
Nhng bin i
Nc bc hi trong qu trnh lm ro da s lm gim hot tnh ca nc (aw), aw

cng thp th kh nng bo qun sn phm cng d dng hn, aw ph thuc vo lng
nc t do trong ngun nguyn liu. lng nc t do cng nhiu, aw cng ln, vi sinh
vt pht trin cng mnh.
Trang 31
Lng nc nhiu lm cho lin kt protein nc thng th so vi lin kt protein

protein lm gim tnh cht cht ch ca sn phm.
3.3.9. Lm sch
3.3.9.1.
Mc ch
Nhm lm sch lng cn st li trn da

3.3.9.2.
Yu cu
Khng cn lng trn da
Khng c nhng tp cht da heo

3.3.9.3.
Cch tin hnh
Tin hnh theo phng thc th cng: dng dng c co v nh lng trn da heo.
3.3.10.Tch m
3.3.10.1. Mc ch
Nhm loi m ra khi da heo hon ton trnh nh hng n cu trc sn phm.
3.3.10.2. Yu cu
- M phi c tch hon ton ra khi phn da
- Thao tc chnh xc trnh lm hao ph
3.3.10.3. Cch tin hnh
-
Tri nhng ming da heo trn mt b mt tng i bng phng.
Dng dao nh sc lc t t nhng phn m bm trn b mt da n khi ht hon

ton.
3.3.11.Ct lt mng ct si
3.3.11.1. Mc ch
Nhm lm nh ming da heo phi trn, to s ng u cho sn phm.
3.3.11.2. Yu cu
Da heo ct si di khong 4 5cm, dy khong 1mm
Trang 32
Dng dao sc ct ming da heo theo b dy ca n, sau ct nhng lt mng

thnh si.
3.3.12.Phi trn
3.3.12.1. Mc ch
Nhm c ch s pht trin ca mt s vi sinh vt do tnh khng khun ca tiu, ti.
3.3.12.2. Yu cu
-
Khi tht sau khi qut, da heo ct si v cc gia v thnh mt khi ng nht,
nguyn liu phn b ng u.
Trn, o u tay
C th tin hnh theo 2 phng php:
Phng php th cng: dng mt bn hnh bn cu, cho tt c nguyn liu cn

phi trn vo v o u bng mt a g to.
Phng php bn th cng: cho tt c nguyn liu cn phi trn vo mt bn hnh

bn cu, pha trn c cnh khuy ri trn u.
3.3.13.V vin v p nh hnh
3.3.13.1. Mc ch
Nhm to hnh dng cho sn phm, ng thi b sung thm t, ti, tiu nhm to
hng v cho sn phm v c ch mt s vi sinh vt.

3.3.14.Yu cu
-
Ngi thc hin phi c kinh nghim trnh sai lch nhiu v khi lng gia
cc vin tht do qu trnh tin hnh theo phng thc th cng
Cc vin tht c to hnh ging nhau v kch thc nhm tng gia tr cm quan
sn phm
Trang 33
c lng v ly mt lng tht sau khi phi trn u thnh vin, p thnh nhng
khi c hnh vung.
3.3.15.Bao gi sn phm
3.3.15.1. Mc ch
m bo cho qu trnh ln men xy ra:
-
To iu kin ym kh cho vi khun lactic hot ng.
Gi nhit cho qu trnh ln men
Hn ch vi sinh vt nhim cho sn phm l mi trng giu cht dinh dng, nn

thun li cho nhiu loi vi sinh vt pht trin. v sinh vt t ngoi d nhim vo,
cnh tranh vi vi khun lactic, gy ra nhng bin i khng mong mun.
p ng yu cu cm quan.
D dng bo qun v phn phi n ngi tiu dng.

3.3.15.2. Yu cu
Gi kn, chc khng khng kh bn ngoi i vo
Gi phi kho tay, to sn phm p, kch thc u nhm tng gi tr cm quan

ca sn phm
Chn l gi khng gi lm, ti bng, bn chc, b nhng phn vng a. Trn

l khng c ch b mc, b cn, c l do su b. L gi phi c ra sch v lau
kh.
Sau khi c v vin c hnh dng nht nh, vin tht s c gi vi mt lp l

vng
Tip theo vin tht c gi vi mt lp nilon
Cui cng vin tht c gi bn ngoi vi nhng lp l chui tng gi tr cm

quan cho sn phm, ng thi l chui c phin l rng d gi, gi nhit cho qu
trnh ln men.
3.3.15.4. Nhng bin i
Trang 34
Bin i vt l
nh hnh cho sn phm. thng sau khi gi l vng, nem c hnh vung, kch
thc ty theo khi lng nem.
Bin i sinh hc
-
To mi trng cho vi khun ln men lactic, nh cc thnh phn gia v, nguyn

liu b sung them c ch cc vi sinh vt nh hng n qu trnh ln men.
L vng c tc dng c ch h thn kinh trung ng, lm yn tnh, gy ng, t

c ch s pht trin ca cc vi sinh vt gy hi. Do l vng c b mt bng nhn,
khi gi hn ch c s tip xc ca nem vi khng kh, gip hot ng k kh ca
vi khun lactic din ra c d dng hn.
Ti: trong ti c cht alisin. Khi ti b ct hay p dp, cht ny s gii phng ra.
y l mt cht c tc dng khng khun rt mnh, nhy cm vi Staphylococcus,
Streptococcus. Do n s c ch cc loi vi sinh vt ny, hn ch s cnh tranh
c cht i vi vi khun lactic
Tiu: trong tiu cng c hp cht khng khun mnh l ritosin, c tc dng st
trng, dit khun
Bin i cm quan
Ti, tiu c tc dng to hng, to v cho sn phm, lm tng gi tr dinh dng,
gi tr cm quan, kch thch tit dch v, lm tng cm gic ngon ming v gip tiu ha
tt.
3.3.16.Ln men
3.3.16.1. Mc ch
Nhm to hng v, mu sc c trng cho sn phm, ko di khong 3 5 ngy.
3.3.16.2. Yu cu
-
Ln men trong mi trng k kh, trnh m t
Ln men nhit phng

Trang 35
Sau khi bao gi, cc chic nem c c trong khu vc kh ro ( nhit phng)
qu trnh ln men t nhin v thun li. Sau 3 5 ngy s thu nhn c sn phm
nem chua.
3.3.16.4. Nhng bin i
Bin i ha sinh
Qu trnh sn xut nem chua l mt qu trnh sinh ha phc tp, trong ng
di tc dng ca vi khun lactic chuyn ha dn thnh acid lactic, gim pH ca tht, c
ch s pht trin ca cc vi sinh vt gy thi ra. Protein tht di tc dng ca enzyme
protease s b ct thnh cc phn t polypeptide v acid amine va lm cho tht c mi v
thm ngon hn, d tiu ha.
Qu trnh ln men lactic trong nem chua c chia lm 3 giai on
Giai on 1: Bt u c s hot ng ca vi khun lactic v mt vi vi sinh vt
khc c sn trong nguyn liu u, kh nng sinh tng hp acid lactic km.
Giai on 2: Vi khun lactic pht trin mnh m v acid lactic c to ra nhiu
lm gim pH ca khi nguyn liu xung thp. T c kh nng c ch s hot
ng ca cc loi vi sinh vt khc. y l giai on quan trng trong qu trnh sn
xut nem chua, v n nh hng trc tip ti cht lng cng nh gi tr dinh
dng ca sn phm.
Giai on 3: Do acid lactic tch t nhiu, lm pH gim mnh. T dn n s c
ch ngay c i vi vi khun lactic. Trong cng nghip, nem sau qu trnh ln men
khong 3 ngy s c a vo kho bo qun mt lnh 3 4oC nhm dng giai
on 2, khng cho chuyn sang giai on 3 trong qu trnh bo qun v tiu th.
S sn sinh nhng cht c ch
S acid ha
Trong ln men lactic, vi khun lactic c nhim v sinh ra lactic t ngun
carbohydrate, t dn ti s gim pH ca sn phm.
S acid ha thc y s to gel ca cc mch protein cng nh s gn kt ca cc
mch ngn ny li. Ngoi ra, s tch hp acid lactic cn ngn cn s pht trin ca vi
Trang 36
khun gy bnh tp nhim vo tht. Cui cng, tht t chn pH nh gim dn n im

ng in ca cc protein. Ngoi ra, iu kin pH thp cng thc y cc qu trnh to
mu cho sn phm.
S thy phn Protein
Mt s vi khun lactic nh Lb.casei, Lb.plantarum, Lb.curvatus v Lb.sakei c
kh nng thy phn protein kh tt v ng vai tr chnh trong vic phn hy protein
thnh cc peptide v acid amine. Enzyme protease, peptidase ca chng phn ct cc
oligopeptide v dipeptide. Cc amino acid sau s c phn hy to thnh cc acid bay
hi v cc hp cht sulfur. Acid lactic v cc acid hu c khc c to ra trong qu trnh
d ha carbohydrate cng cc peptide v amino acid c sinh ra trong qu trnh thy
phn protein s to nn v c trng cho sn phm tht ln men. V th nhng vi khun
ny ng vai tr to hng v cu trc cho sn phm tht ln men.
y l qu trnh bin i c ngha rt quan trng i vi cht lng ca sn
phm, va c tc dng tng gi tr dinh dng va gp phn nng cao tn cm quan sn
phm.
S thy phn cht bo
S thy phn cc cht bo c th to ra nhng acid bo mch ngn, tng mi v
cho sn phm tht ln men. Vi khun lactic khng c enzyme thy phn cht bo. Qu
trnh ny c thc hin bi mt s vi khun khc trong h vi sinh vt trong tht nh
Micrococcus hay Staphylococcus.
Bin i vt l
dai, do tng, khi lng nem cng thay i mt phn sau qu trnh ln men
Bin i ha l
-
S to gel protein
Kh nng to gel l mt tnh cht chc nng quan trng trong vic to cu trc,
hnh thi cho nhiu sn phm tht ni chung v cho nem chua ni ring.
Gel protein c to ra khi cc protein bin tnh tp hp li to thnh mt mng
li khng gian c trt t. khi protein b bin tnh th cc cu trc bc cao b ph hy, lin
Trang 37
kt gia cc phn t b t, mch peptid b gin ra, cc nhm hp nc n bn trong by

gi xut hin ra ngoi. Cc mch polypeptide b dui ra tr nn gn nhau, tip xc vi
nhau v lin kt vi nhau m mi v tr tip xc l mt nt, phn cn li hnh thnh mng
li khng gian ba chiu v nh hnh, rn, trong c cha y a phn tn (H2O).
Cc nt mng li c th c to ra do tng tc gia cc nhm k nc. khi cc
nhm ny gn nhau, tng tc vi nhau hnh thnh ra lin kt hydrophop (k nc hay a
bo), cc phn t nc bao quanh chng b y ra v c khuynh hng t li. Tng tc
a bo thng c n nh v tng cng khi tng nhit , lm cho cc mch
polypeptide st li gn nhau hn, khin cho khi gel tr nn cng hn. Cc nt c th to
ra do cc lin kt hydro gia cc nhm peptid vi nhau, nhm OH ca serin, threonine
hoc tironin vi cc nhm COOH ca acid glutamic hoc acid aspartic. Lin kt hydro l
lin kt yu, to ra mt linh hot no gia cc phn t vi nhau, do lm gel c
c mt do nht nh.
Trong qu trnh ln men th, pH gim t 5,6 6,2 xung n 4,5 5,0 n gn
im ng in pI ca m c tht, to iu kin cho qu trnh ng t v bin tnh thc
y qu trnh2 to gel protein. Kt qu to cu trc rn chc cho sn phm.
Nh kh nng ny m cc si tht (b) ca nem chua c kh nng lin kt to khi
gel lm tng gi tr dinh dng v gi tr cm quan ca nem chua.
Bin i sinh hc
Hm lng vi sinh vt tng (vi khun ln men lactic c li cho h tiu ha), thnh
phn dinh dng (cc cht thay i) lm cho qa tr ca nem thay i.
Bin i cm quan
-
S bin i mu sc
Mu sc c trng ca sn phm tht c trng bi cc sc t c trong tht m ch
yu l myoglobin.
Trong qu trnh ln men pH gim dn lm cho dng cu to ha hc sc t thay
i. Myoglobin chuyn sang dng metmyoglobin nn lm cho tht c mu thm. Ngoi
Trang 38
ra mu sc ca nem cn b thay i bi mt s chng vi sinh vt c kh nng sinh ra cc

peroxide.
Mt s vi khun khng ln men lactic c mt trong h vi khun tht ln men nh
St.xylosus, St.carnosus, St.simulans c kh nng chuyn ha nitrate thnh nitrite cng nh
tham gia to hp cht nitroso (nitromyoglobin hay nitrosoheme) to mu hng cho sn
phm.
-
S bin i hng thm

Hng thm ca sn phm tht ln men c to ra bi cc loi gia v v cc acid
sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men. Vi nng acid cng cao th hng thm cng mnh.
Chng Lactobacillus ngoi vai tr chnh l sinh acid lactic, cn c kh nng sinh ra cc
cht tham gia vo qu trnh to hng thm cho sn phm.
Nhng cht sinh hng cng n t qu trnh thy phn Phospholipid v
Triglyceride cng nh s thy phn protein thnh cc acid amine v cc peptide. Vic to
ra acid amine c th bng con ng decarboxyl hay con ng kh amine sinh ra cc
hp cht thm.
Mt s hp cht c th to thm cho sn phm phi k n l cc hp cht alcohol,
aldehyde, ester cng cc acid bay hi. Qu trnh oxy ha lipid cng gp phn tng cng
hng v cho sn phm nem chua. Bn cnh , cc gia v c b sung vo qu trnh sn
xut cng gp phn to hng cho sn phm.
3.3.17.Ch tiu cht lng ca sn phm
3.3.17.1. Yu cu cm quan
Bng 11. Yu cu cm quan
Tn yu cu
Yu cu
1. Mu sc
c trng ca sn phm
2. Mi v
c trng ca sn phm, khng c mi v l
3. Trng thi
c trng ca sn phm
3.3.17.2. Cc ch tiu ha l
Bng 12. Cc ch tiu l ha ca tht ch bin khng qua x l nhit
Trang 39
Tn ch tiu
Yu cu
1. pH
4,5 - 5,5
2. Phn ng Kreiss
m tnh
3. Phn ng nh tnh Dihydro sulphua
(H2S)
4. Hm lng ammoniac, ng/100g,
40,0
khng ln hn
5. Hm lng nitrit, mg/100g, khng
134
ln hn
3.3.17.3. D lng kim loi nng
Bng 13. D lng kim loi nng ca tht ch bin khng qua x l nhit
Tn ch tiu
1. Ch (Pb)
2. Cadimi (Cd)
3. Thy ngn (Hg)
Yu cu (mg/kg)
0,5
0,05
0,03
3.3.18.Mt s h hng thng gp ca nem chua

-
Nem chy nc
Nem mc, nem c mi v mu sc l

3.3.19.Hng khc phc
Gim hm m, gim hot tnh ca nc bng cch lm ro phn da b sung
Bao gi k vin tht sau khi phi trn, trnh vi sinh vt t bn ngoi vo lm nh
hng n qu trnh ln men ca sn phm; ng thi qu trnh lm phi hp v
sinh trnh nhim nhng vi sinh vt gy hi.
Trnh ln men trong mi trng m t, nm mc d xm nhp, nh hng qu

trnh ln men to hng v v cht lng ca sn phm.
3.4. My mc, thit b trong sn xut nem chua.
3.4.1. My ct tht
3.4.1.1.
Cu to
My ct c b phn quan trng l li ct, c iu

chnh ct nguyn liu tht c dy theo mun.
Trang 40
Hnh 7. My ct tht
Nguyn l hot ng
3.4.1.2.
Nguyn liu c cung cp mt cch t ng vo khe, dao quay trn s ct nguyn

liu . dy ca lt ct ph thuc vo s iu chnh ca dao. S iu chnh ny c th
c thc hin bng in. Do tt c nhng lt ct c duy tr mt dy nht nh
trong sut qu trnh ct.
Cht lng ca lt ct ph thuc vo tc ct, nhit ca nguyn liu v cht
lng ca dao. Tc c th thay i. Tc qu cao cng khng th .
3.4.1.3.
V sinh my
Tho li ct
Ra bng x phng
Ra sch bng nc.
3.4.2. My ct b heo
3.4.2.1.
Thng s k thut
Cng sut (kg/h)
15-20
rng dao lng v ct si
150-200
dy ct si (mm)
1x1
Ngun in (V)
220
Khung my
Thp
Kch thc my (mm)
400*600*800
Trng lng my
55 kg
3.4.2.2.
-
Hnh 8. My ct b heo
Cu to
ng c in
Trang 41
Motor
B trc cun v dao ct bng thp
Mng hng nguyn liu bng inox

3.4.2.3.
Nguyn l hot ng
Nguyn liu i qua b trc cun v dao ct s ct ming b thnh tng si mng.
Trc quay y nguyn liu st vo thnh my.
Tht dn c ct si nh do lc ct ca dao, a ra ngoi v trn mng hng.
3.4.2.4.
V sinh my
Thu gom vn tht cn st li trn my.
Tho cc b phn my : ca tho liu, ca nhp liu, pulis
Ra sch bng x phng.
Ra li bng nc sch vi vi phun p lc.

3.4.3. My xay tht MINCER
3.4.3.1.
Cu to ca my gm
Morto
Dy cuaro
Pulis
Ca nhp liu
Ca tho liu
Dao 4 li(dao ct)
Tm sng ca tho liu (v chn)
Trc chuyn
My c kch c a 8mm
3.4.3.2.
Hnh 9. My xay tht MINCER
Nguyn l hot ng ca my
Khi motor quay qua pulis v dy cuaro truyn ng cho trc vt, nguyn liu c
np vo ca nhp liu. Trc quay va y nguyn liu va nghin do bc vt
gim dn y st nguyn liu vo thnh my.
Trang 42
Trong qu trnh nghin, ca tho liu ng kn. Tht dn c nghin nh do lc

ct v lc va p vo thnh my, a ra ngoi v dng thau hng.
3.4.3.3.
V sinh my
Thu gom vn tht cn st li trn my.
Tho cc b phn my : ca tho liu, ca nhp liu, pulis
Ra sch bng x phng.

3.4.4. My trn
3.4.4.1.
c im
My trn dng nh, nho trn cc nguyn liu v

gia v sao cho cc thnh phn ny c trn u vo nhau.
Cc nguyn liu sau khi xay c cho vo my trn, nh cnh
khy (c nhiu dao trn lp xen k trn trc) o trn thnh
Hnh 10. My trn
khi ng nht.
3.4.4.2.
Cu to
ng c in
B iu khin
Thit b nng h khung gi ni cha liu
Cnh khy
Ni cha liu
Khung gi ni cha liu

3.4.4.3.
Nguyn l hot ng
Khi ng c chy qua b phn pulis v bnh ai truyn ng cho hp s (dy

cuaro, vi 4 tc quay khc nhau) v truyn qua cp bnh rng truyn ng cho cnh
khy. ng thi cnh khy c t lch tm so vi a to nn chuyn ng quay ngc
chiu vi cnh khy, nh chuyn ng ny m nguyn liu trong ni c trn u.
Trang 43
Khi quay, tay quay truyn chuyn ng qua trc thng ng v nh cc ren trn
trc lm cho b khung gi ni nng ln h xung, do nguyn liu sau khi trn c ly
ra d dng hn.
3.4.4.4.
V sinh my
Tho ni cha liu
Ra sch bng x phng

3.4.5. My n nem chua
Thng s k thut
3.4.5.1.
Cng sut (W)
550
Nng sut (kg/h)
200
ng knh lng (mm)
20
in p (V)
220V
Kch thc (mm)
450x570x1120
Trng lng (kg)
15
Hnh 11. My n
3.4.5.2.
Cu to
ng c in.
Motor
Mng hng.
Thn my n
ng ni thn my.
Vng y.
Trang 44
Vng nn.
4.5.2. Nguyn l hot ng
Nguyn liu i vo ng dn.
Khi ng c chy to lc p trong thn my n lm nguyn liu b p mt lc kh ln.
ng thi, vng y s to p lc ln y nguyn liu ra ngoi v chy ra ngoi mng .
Nguyn liu c y ra ngoi vi kch thc ng bng kch thc ng ni.
4.5.3. V sinh my (Tng t cc my khc)
Trang 45
CHNG 4.
GII THIU MT S SN PHM
NEM TRUYN THNG V HIN I
4.1. Sn phm nem chua ln men bng ch phm sinh hc v ch phm ti.
Ngoi vic lm sn phm nem chua bng ln men lactic th ngi ta s dng ch
phm sinh hc (starter culture -BIO-NC) v ch phm ti nhm nng cao cht lng v
tnh an ton cho sn phm nem chua.
Nem chua ch bin theo phng php truyn thng theo phng php ln men
lactic cho cht lng sn phm khng n nh do nhiu yu t nh: ph thuc vo h vi
sinh vt t nhin v trong tht, cht lng nguyn liu tht, iu kin v qui m sn
xut. Nhng yu t ny rt kh kim sot trong iu kin sn xut th cng, gy ra
s mt n nh cho cht lng sn phm. c bit tht nguyn liu do qu trnh git
m vn chuyn th cng nn s nhim tp cc vi sinh vt khng mong mun l rt
ln v vy nguy c nhim cc vi sinh vt gy bnh l rt cao gy nguy him cho
sc khe con ngi. Chnh v vy, ngi ta to ra phng php mi ny.
Tuy nhin, cc ch phm ny ch c sn xut quy m nh nh: phng th
nghim trong cc trng hc Hu ht cc loi nem chua ang c by bn trn th
trng vn ang c sn xut theo quy trnh th cng truyn thng
Quy trnh sn xut nem bng ch phm sinh hc v ch phm ti
Trang 46
Quy trnh sn xut nem chua bng ch phm sinh hc

4.2. Nem chua Thanh Ha
Nem Thanh c v l rt khc vi nem chua H Ni hay nem li Hu, li cng
khc xa vi nem rn hay nem tai. N va chua, va cay li c c v mn m ca gia v, c
v ngt ca tht lm ta khng th khng n tip vi ci na.
Nem chua c xem l mn c sn ca x Thanh. Ai i qua cng phi nm th
hng v l ca nhng chic nem xinh xn. Ngi dn x Thanh vo Nam ra Bc, d bn
trm cng nghn vic, d mang vc nng n cng c em vi chc chic cho ngi nh
hoc biu ngi thn. Ngy l Tt hoc ci xin, nem chua tr thnh mn ngon khng th
thiu. Km vi nhng cp bnh chng xanh, nhng chic gi ngy Tt l nhng xu nem
chua lm t cht liu qu hng mi khch n chi nh.
Nem chua Thanh Ho khng cn nu, xo hay luc m ch n gin t gi sng
cng gia v l . Gi sng nht thit phi t tht nc, ngon, ti, khng dnh gn. Cho
Trang 47
thm mt cht gia v, bt ngt, c bit l ht tiu, thiu n s khng c ci cay cay u
li. Ngi lm nem qun cho b luc thi ch coi nh khng phi l dn Thanh Ho. L
inh lng, mt th cy cnh va lm p va to mi v hp dn ca nem chua. Ni nem
chua nhng tuyt nhin khng c chanh, me hay men. n gin nhng mi v l, hp dn:
chua, cay, ngt, thm, bi li mt khin nem chua tr thnh mn n ni ting t bao i
nay.
Cng on tip theo phc tp hn l gi nem. Phi thc s l con nh ni mi lm
nn mn n l ming v li cun. L chui, lt buc l th vt liu lm nem chua. Tc l
chui khong 3 n 4 cm, xp gn ln nia hoc r r, lt buc phi mm, do, si to nh
tu theo kch thc ca nem. i tay do dai, mm mi ca ngi lm nem bt u t mn
nn tng vin tht, thng th kch c khong gp i qun c. L chui khi ra sch,
phi kh c qun xung quanh vin tht c l inh lng t im. Qun nhiu l khin
chic nem c th to gp 10 ln n 15 ln lc u, thnh mt hnh vung xinh xn. Nhng
ngn tay thon thot gi khong 1 pht, sau lt buc chc tay lm sao cho l khng ri
ra m chic nem vn xanh v p. Tu theo thi tit c th n nem, ma h th 5 ting
c nem n, ma ng th c th 1 n 2 ngy tu tng khu v ca mi ngi.
Nem chua Thanh Ho va ngon, va r nhng c iu rt l v hay l c th lm
nhm, cng c khi n vi cm. Tin hn c l u ta cng c th nhm nhp hng
v hp dn ca n.
Cch lm nem chua Thanh Ha
Nguyn liu cn chun b:
-
L chui: l chui gi nem tt nht l l chui ng va xanh va dy, bi trong

qu trnh vn chuyn v lu gi nem vn tip tc ln men cho n khi chn n
c.
Giy bng: dng bc thn nem nu bn mun bo qun di ngy
Giy chun: dng buc khi gi nem xong
L ing lng (hoc l i)

Trang 48
Ti (thng l 2 c ) thi lt mng ty khu v bn c th cho ti t hoc nhiu
t: cng ty ngi n m cho
Tht ln(heo) nc mng: 1kg
Thnh go: 100gr
B ln (heo): 200gr
Ph gia khc: mui, ng, tiu, nc mn ct c, bt nng (to gin rn & kt

dnh cho nem.chua
Tht khi em gi, xay vn cn hi nng

ph ra. Tuyt i khng th tht
ngui v nu tht ngui ngi ta coi tht
nh tht cht. Tht nng mi c
bng cng nh s kt dnh trong qu
trnh ln men.
Hnh 12. Cch lm nem Thanh Ha
Co lng b ln (lm nem phi co lng

chn) ngha l ngi ta di nc si ln phn da ln v cn thn co lng b. Nh
th lng mi sch v nhng mi hi cng ht. c nhng si b trong, ngon nh
, ta phi co tht sch tt c nhng phn m cn st li trn b cho ti khi thy lp
b tr nn mng, trng tinh trong sut th c. B cng lm k bao nhiu th khi
thi ch, b cng gin v dai by nhiu. Tin hnh thi ch b.
Tip n chng ta cn trn hai hn hp ny(tht v b) li vi nhau cng cc loi

gia v: mui, bt ngt, ng, nc mm ct c, t , ti, tiu, thnh, bt nng...
Sau mang hn hp tht trn ra chia nh thnh nhng mng nh di khong 7cm
v to bng ngn tay ci ng gi. Chng ta cng c th lm ci nem to nh gi
gi la.
Qun l inh lng (l i) bn ngoi, bc l chui 6-7 lp v dng dy chun buc li
ni thong mt 3-5 ngy l nem chn c th em ra n c.

4.3. Nem chua Ninh Ha, Khnh Ha
Trang 49
Hnh 13. Nem chua Thanh Ha

Nu nh nem chua Lai Vung ni ting khp vng B Sng Cu Long, Thanh Ha
nc ting vi nem chua Thanh Ha th nem chua Ninh Ha lm rng danh vng t
Khnh Ha.
Ni n mn Nem Ninh Ha th ai cng bit l rt ngon v hp khu v, t xa n
nay ngi dn Ninh Ha ni ting vi ngh lm nem c truyn thng gn trm nm nay,
khch tha phng khi t chn n Ninh Ha u mun thng thc mn nem Ninh Ha.
Mn nem ny c lm rt cng phu v t m.
Hnh 14. Nem chua Ninh Ha

lm nem chua, ngi ta phi chn loi tht nc rng hai bp i heo mi m.
B tht ang nng vo ci v gi tht bng tay, y l cng on rt quan trng m khng
my mc no thay th c. Gi tht cng l c mt ngh thut. Tay gi phi u, khng
c ngng ngh, li phi bit tng gim mnh nh khc nhau tht nhuyn, dai,
khng bn ra ngoi v va gi va gia gim ng, mui. Ngoi tht nc heo ti ri cn
Trang 50
cn ti da heo luc va chn ti, no b m, lng mng v xt si nh nhng si min.

Sau khi gi tht xong, ngi ta trn u tht v da ri n cng on gi nem.
Gi nem cng i hi k thut. Nh nhng
loi nem khc, nem Ninh Ho cng dng l lt l
l vng, chum rut hoc l i non gi kn gi cht
bng l chui, bn ngoi cun thm lp l chui
ht hoc cui mc ti xanh v qung thm si
lt giang lm duyn trc khi ct li thnh chm
xinh xn, ngon mt. L lt khng nn ra nc
Hnh 15. Gia nh lm Nem Ninh Ha
m lau bng khn kh sch. V l nem chua nn

khi gi cn m kn v cht, nu gi h gi vo nem b mc trng n rt c, chic nem khi
m ra lc no cng thy kh ro sc hng ti khng dnh l tri li nem lm vng s
thy n t, sc nht v kt vn cht vo l.
Sau ba ngy, nem chn ( chua),
ln m tng vng l xanh, lp l sau mu
hng phn pht ca nem em li ci cm gic t
m, ho hc cho thc khch. Nem chua ch
dnh c ti a l 4 - 5 ngy nu b ng
mui khi gi tht. Nu mun mau n th bt mui
bt ng.
Cn nu mun lu li lu ngy th ct nem
Hnh 16. Sn phm Nem Ninh Ha
vo t lnh nhng phi l nem c gi trc 2 - 3 ngy nem c chua cn

thit. Tuy nhin nem trong t lnh khng hng nhng cng khng nn qu mt tun
s km ngon hn nem ti. Nem Ninh Ha thng n km vi vi tp ti hoc chm vi
tng t , cay nng. Bn s cm nhn c hng v c bit, chua du, dai, gin sn
Trang 51
st. D chng phi dn "nhu" nhng chc chn bn cng s kh lng chi t xu nem
vi c chc chic nh xinh.
Ngoi nem chua th cn c nem nng. Nem nng c lm t tht heo qut mn,
p thm t gia v m , xin que ri nng trn bp than hng cho tht nem vng m.
Mt phn n ca nem nng gm c nem nng, bnh trng chin gin, km vi cc loi
rau mi v: x lch, dip c, l h, rau thm, da leo, xoi, chui cht, chua Tt
c c em cun trong bnh trng, chm vo nc tng tht.
n mt cun nem nng thy v thm mn m ca tht nng, v mt ca rau da,
v chua ca xoi, kh, chua, v v ngn ngt cay cay ca nc tng pha t.
4.4. Nem Lai Vung, ng Thp
Nhc n huyn Lai Vung (tnh ng Thp), ngi ta thng nhc n mn c
sn i km vi tn gi ca a phng ni ting rt lu i l nem Lai Vung. Ngh lm
nem ni u cng c v cng vi cng thc y, tng y nguyn liu nhng cch lm nem
chua ca ngi dn ni y li to ra hng v c trng, khng ni no c c...
Hnh 17. Nem Lai Vung
Cm trn tay chic nem Lai Vung c mu hng m vi v chua, ngt,

cay, v c gi cn thn trong l chui xanh. Nem Lai Vung c th dng n vi cm,
Trang 52
bn, n trng ming nhng ngon nht l n vi bnh m. Ch c n vi bnh m mi bc

l c ht mi v ngon ca nem. V n mt ci nem ri th c mun n thm ci na.
C T Mn v ng Mnh Tri qu Lai Vung khng ng rng mn nem do h lm
n chi chi t thp nin 1960 ca th k trc qua bao nm li c b con a thch
ti vy. Lc nem c lm ch yu cng king, gi tic, l tt. Tht lm nem l tht
heo a vo ci qut nhuyn, da heo c lng nh thnh tng ming. Trn ln cc
th tht, b, tiu, t v lt km l vng xong ngi ta gi li bng l chui vi ngy cho
ln men l thnh mn n m . Nem lm ngon v ng cch phi 8 phn tht, 2 phn
da b, lt phi l l vng v dy buc nem phi bng dy chui. Sau ny n thy ngon
ming, d lm nn mt s ngi Lai Vung mi quyt nh hc cch lm nem bn.
Nem Lai Vung c th dng n vi cm, bn, n trng ming nhng ngon nht l n
vi bnh m. Ch c n vi bnh m mi bc l c ht mi v ngon ca nem. V n
mt ci nem ri th c mun n thm ci na. Qua nhiu nm gi nem cng khng i
bao nhiu, nem nh 1 chc (chc 10 ci) l 4.000, nem ln 1 chc 8.000, cc loi nem
c bit 1 chc t 10.000 - 15.000. Ngy nay do cnh tranh nhau dn ti thiu nguyn
liu nn l vng c thay bng l tm rut, dy ni lng buc thay dy chui. Tht, da heo
ngi ta khng dng tay lm th cng na m a vo my xay nhuyn. Tuy c mt vi
thay i nh nhng mi v vn vy.
Trang 53

Tieu Luan Suc San, Thuy San - Nem Chua

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Tieu Luan Suc San, Thuy San - Nem Chua

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MC LC

TNG QUAN .......................................................................................... 1

Gii thiu v nem chua ........................................................................................... 1

Thc trng ca nem chua trn th trng ................................................................ 2

VI KHUN LACTIC .............................................................................. 5

Gii thiu vi khun lactic ........................................................................................ 5

c im hnh thi .................................................................................................. 5

c im dinh dng .............................................................................................. 6

C ch ln men [10] .................................................................................................. 8

Cc yu t nh hng [12] ........................................................................................ 9

ng dng ca vi khun lactic ............................................................................... 13

Nhng ng dng trong cng ngh thc phm................................................ 13

ng dng khc [13] .......................................................................................... 15

QUY TRNH SN XUT NEM CHUA ............................................. 16

Nguyn liu ........................................................................................................... 16

Gi tr dinh dng ................................................................................... 16

Tnh cht ca tht ..................................................................................... 17

Tiu chun v nguyn liu tht sn xut nem chua ............................. 19

Thnh phn ha hc ca ti ..................................................................... 23

Thnh phn ha hc ................................................................................ 23

Quy trnh sn xut ................................................................................................. 25

Thuyt minh quy trnh .......................................................................................... 26

Chn nguyn liu ........................................................................................... 26

Cch tin hnh ......................................................................................... 26

Nhng bin i ........................................................................................ 26

Cch tin hnh ......................................................................................... 27

Cch tin hnh ......................................................................................... 27

Nhng bin i ........................................................................................ 27

Cch tin hnh ......................................................................................... 28

Cch tin hnh ......................................................................................... 29

Nhng bin i ........................................................................................ 29

Luc chn da heo ............................................................................................ 30

Cch tin hnh ......................................................................................... 30

Nhng bin i ........................................................................................ 30

Ra qua nc lnh ......................................................................................... 31

Cch tin hnh ......................................................................................... 31

Cch tin hnh ......................................................................................... 31

Nhng bin i ........................................................................................ 31

Cch tin hnh ......................................................................................... 32

Phi trn ...................................................................................................... 33

V vin v p nh hnh .............................................................................. 33

3.3.14.1. Cch tin hnh......................................................................................... 33

Mt s h hng thng gp ca nem chua ................................................. 40

Hng khc phc ........................................................................................ 40

My mc, thit b trong sn xut nem chua. ......................................................... 40

Nguyn l hot ng ............................................................................... 41

Thng s k thut ..................................................................................... 41

Nguyn l hot ng ............................................................................... 42

My xay tht MINCER ................................................................................... 42

Nguyn l hot ng ca my ................................................................. 42

Nguyn l hot ng ............................................................................... 43

My n nem chua ......................................................................................... 44

Thng s k thut ..................................................................................... 44

GII THIU MT S SN PHM NEM TRUYN THNG V

Nem chua Thanh Ha ........................................................................................... 47

Nem chua Ninh Ha, Khnh Ha ......................................................................... 49

Nem Lai Vung, ng Thp .................................................................................. 52

pH thch hp cho cc loi vi sinh vt ....................................................... 11

Yu cu cm quan ca tht ti ..................................................................... 19

Yu cu v cc ch tiu l ho ca tht ti ................................................... 20

D lng cc kim loi nng trong tht ti................................................... 20

Cc ch tiu vi sinh vt ca tht ti .............................................................. 20

Cc ch tiu k sinh trng ca tht ti ......................................................... 21

D lng thuc th y ca tht ti ................................................................ 21