Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2004
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P. O. Box 40099 Khoms-Libya
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9
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: " t = t ′ A# ,2* 0) # ("Z
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18
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7
s, s ′ s s′
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y y′
υt x` P
x, x ′ x
O, O ′
O O′ x, x ′
t = t′ = 0 t = t′ ≠ 0
z, z′ z z′
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+ s
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x ,
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+ N + (6L1) 0+ ,2
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x ′ = x − υt , x = x ′+ υt
y′ = y
z′ = z
t′ = t (20-1)
u ′x = u x − υ , u x = u ′x + υ
a ′x = a x
01
+
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> 8 %! >< A#
0)
# ("9
5#
:+2 t = t ′
dx ′ dx dt
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7/ Z2 =# 4
D< 0 ,2 8 %! 0" 6
)
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-
. ε = mc ?9 BA 7
*
2
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M ε K
- 7
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7/ '
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21
=
C F1 #+ A+ Z2 6MA
+ ="
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- > 4,#1& =7 A
:%# 01
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7 F*
L ∆x
m +M = 0
∆t ∆t
mL + M∆ x = 0
∴ − M∆ x = mL
: " D/ 7/
-
εL = mL
c2
∴ ε = mc 2
(2) "
,2 =
+ <Z2 ."
B @7
;
m =#+ "
ε #+ =7
* #! ;
+ 7 ?9 .υ %9
:7/
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ε0
1 − υ 2
2
c
:
=7
* " #+ 7/ ;
(1) 0
,2
) F
:7/
" BA ;
+ ,2 4 ε = mc 2 4#+
p = mυ
p
m=
υ
:,N >
4=BA M ε " 7
* <9
ε = p c2 (1)
υ
22
8 Z2 " %# F "
B @7 <9 4>#! ;
+ 7
:@! D< * 0< 08 >
#+ =7
* ,2
d ε = Fdx
dP
∴dε = dx = υdP (2)
dt
:%# 01
J
5) C (2) (1)
')
ε d ε = c 2 pdp
:? @B&
,2* 0
+ # ("Z
ε 2 = c 2 P 2 + ε02 (3)
." UG
1B
+ ε0 E
:%# 01
(3)
,2 P = mυ J
ε2 = c 2 (m υ )2 + ε 02
υ2
2
= mc 2 + ε 02
c2
υ2
= 2 ε 2 + ε 02
c
ε0
∴ ε =
1 − υ 2 /c 2
:(3) "
#+
0B $
! ,2 @V
5+
'" , 2
'
9
=" 0* () Q 0
" (,) ' 2000 ;
.606 nm
:
2(l 2 − l1 ) = mλ : 7/ B
2 ∆ l = mλ
23
2 ∆ l = 2000 x 606 x 10 −9 m
∆ l = 606 x 10 −6 m
∴ ∆ l ≅ 0.61 mm
(4) "
100V D! 5" F2 0/B =#" 9.11×10-31kg =#+ +9
.!2 =" 0* '
9 υ=5.93 ×106 m/s G
5 '+Z2
:
:+2 P " BA 6M B
P = mυ = 9.11 × 10 −31 × 5.93 × 10 6 = 5.40 × 10 −24 kg . ms −1
= 0.123 nm
(5) "
400m/s >
x-y X ,2 s
M
,2 ;
"
,2 = " .x ,
M C 60o
! A C1 D
"
.80 ms-1
M >
6
# s`
M
:
:+ #
. /
F*
u ′x = u x − υ = u c os 60 − υ = 200 − 80 = 120 ms −1
3
u ′y = u y = u sin60 = x 400 = 200 3 ms −1
2
u ′z = u z = 0
24
(u ′ ) (120)2 + (200 )
2 2
∴u′ = x + u ′y2 = 3
= 366.6ms −1
u ′y 200 3
∴ tanθ ′ = =
u ′x 120
∴ θ ′ ≅ 71o
:(6) "
=#" +M (Ao) "M @
, " 0*
: V >
5" F2 0/B +
λ = 12.27
V
:
:, 7/
h h h 1
λ= = = . =
p 2 m e eV 2 me e V
λ=
( 6.626 ×10 J.s ) −34
.
1
2 ( 9.11× 10 kg )(1.6 × 10
−31 −19
C ) V
(7) "
% 6
0" 5"
+ +M /" '
" X
,2
D<
7 \>#! ;
+ B
+M
.0.255MV
. 07 7 ;# C "
25
:
() '! = >< "# #+ 7
*
!
: < ε >
ε = mc2
m0
m= :>
, 4+
,2 " #+ m E
(1 − υ 2
/c 2 )
,7
* K" + #+ =7
*
2 4+
,2 "
:>
+
7
*
2 ;< 4+
+
T = ε − m0 c 2
= mc2 − m0 c2
−1/ 2
∴ T = m0 c2 1 − υ2 /c2
( ) − 1
D/ 7/ '" %* 1
B ,2 +
7
* <9
+
7
* F (8-1) 0+
:) ,
:TR +
7
* TC #!
T −1/2
TR = m0c2 1−υ2/c2
( ) −1
Tc =
1
2
m0υ2
c υ
26
m0c2
T + m 0 c 2 = mc 2 =
(1 − υ /c )
2 2
1
∴ υ 2 = c2 1 − 2
T
1 + 2
m0 c
G
5+
+ 7
* ,2 8 >
T +
7
*
:
2 4 T = qV
1
υ2 = c 2 1 − 2
qV
1 + 2
m0 c
! + 4V 5" υ2 C 7/ ,
" 7
< 6
!
:)
+ (8-1) ,
C ,
:(9-1) 0+
/2 > ,
.
υ2
υ2=c2
c2
2 T 2 qV
υ2 = =
m0 m0
1
υ2 = c 2 1 − 2
qV
1 + 2
m 0 c
27
2 qV 2 x 1.6 x 10 −19 x 0.255 x 10 6
υ2 = =
m0 9.11 x 10 −31
≅ 9 x 1016 ms −1
∴ υ = 3 x 10 8 ms −1 = c
:
2 1
B 7 B
1
∴ υ 2 = c 2 1 −
2
1 + qV
m 0 c 2
qV 0.255 MeV 1
∴ 2
= =
m0c 0.51 MeV 2
2
∴ υ 2 = c 2 1 − = c 2 1 − 1 = 5 c
1
2 9 9
1 + 1
2 4
5c
∴υ =
3
:(8) "
0+ +
7
*
+ < 4+M # ," 0* '
.10MeV
5
:
Tp=10MeV # +
7
* 0 F!
'" :6M •
:ε0 + =7
* C +
=7
*
! ;< .
7
* < Tp<<ε0 < 938.3 MeV >
# ε0
B + ;< + =7
*
! M
: . 7/
28
h h
λ= =
p 2 m 0 Tp
7
* 0
'"2 4$
!
@
'" :6
•
: J % MeV
10 MeV = (10 ×106 eV)(1.6 × 10−19 J/eV) = 1.6 × 10−12 J
(6.626 × 10−34 j.s)
∴λ = = 9 × 10−15 m
2 × (1.673 ×10−27 kg)(1.6 × 10−12 J)
(9) "
+ ;
2 F
!
@7 =# m0 +
=#+ "
0/B "
5*7 , x 2
" .t=0 A ,2 x ,
M D
"
.t >
A @2
:
=# @ Q @! >
"# ,*B BA ,2 ,A 8 0
:,
7 '
dp
F=
dt
∴ p = Ft + A
29
t=0
# ,2 p=0 #
* .
+ A <
:
2 ;< .A=0 :<
m0u
Ft = P =
u2 (1)
1 −
c2
.t >
A " u E
m0c2 2
∴x = 1 + ( Ft m 0 c ) − 1 (3)
F
x=
1
2
( F/m0 ) t 2 >#! d2
+ C*! 6
) = !
?
.(10-1) 0+ ,2 :)
+ GA C*7 N
x
#! +
+
(d2
+ C*7)
(GA C*7)
ct
" +
#! +
,
:(10L1) 0+
.
@7
30
E
.GA C*! +
%
@7
+
2 <+
0
" ,2
" C)
40
0 %# @
+
D<
. ,G
5+
31
& '
. @
0/
2.135x10-13J >
7
* 2 F#* .1
\,*
85+ K
M < " 0*
(3.222x1020 Hz):a
(9.31x10-13 m)
32
+M BA '
2.1cm >
" # >
.+
57
* *7
33
(
)
.
1.2
.
2.2
.
–
3.2
. ! 4.2
."# $ $ 5.2
.& – – $ % "#
6.2
.
' () *+ , 7.2
." () - 8.2
.'
.(.
/0
:
1−2
1
2/' 2 .3 4 *(,
5 6 & ) ' ' 7
2/#
2
829 () * : ;
/ & . <= 4; 6 : 6
?829 62 2, 2 6 8 , > ' .(
:9 : +) 4 6 6 6 '
#6' 6)
' B' .62A 2
2 =) * 0 $ ' :
2 ! 1 (9 4 9 C $
. * 0 /#
. B' ()
()
' B' .6A
() c B &6
D0 () *+ :
2 2
2 ' 42 6 1 69, . *+
.69, ' 6/
2
F) *+ E 8;
H
2/ C <= ( :' G
6) H1
?89
. () I/ 1 C
. 2, > ( +) 4 J6
?89 4 6
#6 *)
6; B
() 69,
K &8# ' L$
38
E2 ' E2 (υ B2 : ' N
)H s ′, s 0#
:! /
x = ax ′+ bt ′ (1-2)
x ′ = ax − bt (2-2)
.:) (! b , a ' N
y,y` y y`
υ
s,s` s s`
=+ &,;
x,x` o o` x x`
o,o` `
t≠ t ≠0
t = t` = 0
+ 4;
6$ s`
t ≠ t` ≠ 0 &) 6
&,A &0 R
# H(b 1%2)
, () x (.6
1 ? 6 6
:4; x (.6
1 ? ) s () $ 6$ 43 =+
x = ct (3-2)
:4; ) Hs` 6A
() Hx` (.6
1 ? $
x` = ct` (4-2)
2 c 42; 2 (29 *+ ' 4; &,A 6
S (9 o`
/3 .( . , > +)) 6A B
39
(2%2) 26 (2) x`=0 2+ :
/
s () 69,
2/
2 s` () 69, S (9 o
/3
: ) (1%2) 6 () x=0 + :
x x` b
=- = = υ (5-2)
t t` a
x +1 (1%2) 6 () (4%2) 6 x` $ Q P
:' < (3%2) () : (1%2) ()
ct = at`(c-υ)
:'
/
(2%2) 6
.
ct` = at (c+υ)
:4
/
& #3 $
1
a =
1 − υ 2
c2
υ
∴b =
(1 − υ 2
c2 )
: γ 9 #T a
6
1 1
γ= = (6-2)
1 − υ 2
(1 − β )
2
c2
υ
H β = c ' 8;
:(P (2 – 2) (1 – 2)
(6
40
x`= γ (x − υt ) (8-2)
s 42; s` 2 N6
$
A (.6
;
(7 % 2) 6
. N
.s` 4; s
A (.6
;
(8 – 2)
.
F2) x (.6
1 ? .
: 6A B
'
:' B' H
# ! 1 #P .6
A
y = y` , y` = y
(9-2)
z = z` , z`= z
62
2
(6 4
/
t` t
P 6 (
.(8 – 2) (7 – 2) 6 1
: ) (7 – 2) 6 () : (8 – 2) 6 () x Q
x` = γ [γ (x` + υt` ) − υt ]
= γ 2 x` + γ 2 υt` − γυt
( )
∴ γυt = γ 2 − 1 x`+ γ 2 υt`= γ 2 β 2 x`+ γ 2 υt`
υ
∴ t = γ t`+ 2 x` (10-2)
c
:' .;
.
υ
t`= γ t − 2 x (11-2)
c
41
x = γ ( x`+ υt`) , x`= γ ( x − υt )
y = y` , y`= y
z = z` , z`= z
(12-2)
υ υ
t = γ t`+ 2 x` , t`= γ t − 2 x
c c
s s`
t`1 t`2
t1 t2
o x o` x`1
x`2
(a) (b)
69, (b) H 0# () 6
$ () .6
/
(a) :(2 – 2)
,
. C () 0# $ () .6
G
2 () x 9 6
$ () s 6A
() .6
/
6$ U' Q0
s`() 69, ' .[(a 2 – 2)
, G
1] Hs () 69, t2 H t1
2 t`1 , t`2 0# () x`1 , x`2 0# $ () :.6
G
)
:' 6
"6# .(b 2 – 2)
, ()
υ
t`1 = γ t 1 − 2 x
c
υ
t`2 = γ t 2 − 2 x
c
9 I
/ C . .6
&0 (9 t = t2 – t1 9 (0 )
.s` () .6
&0 (9 t` = t`2 – t`1
:' < #3 6 L *F
42
t
t`= γt = (13-2)
1 − υ 2
c2
s s`
υ
o o`
(a) (b)
(b) H6
() " () .6
; $ U s () 69, (a) :(3 – 2)
,
. 0# () " () .6
; $ U 69,
43
:8; HL=x2-x1 9 (0 C L`=x`2-x`1 9 (0 "
P
L
L`= γL = (14-2)
1 − υ 2
c2
.
א–א3−2
:#$%
:
r
H 2 ?2 u` R
s` 6A
() ' Q0
r
2 V s 6A
() u U E
E
2
":0 ( .υ B x (.6
1 ? 6A B
.62
A ?2 2: 4; H
B' ()
' (!
: ) x,y,z &6
r r r r
u = i ux + j uy + k uz
r r r r
u`= i u`x + j u`y + k u`z
dx dx` dx dx dt
∴ux = , u`x = , = .
dt dt` dt` dt dt`
:4
/
"6#
υ
x = γ(x`+ υt`) , t = γ t`+ 2 x`
c
dx dt υ
∴ = γ(u`x + υ ) , = γ1 + 2 u`x
dt` dt` c
υ
∴ γu x 1 + 2 u`x = γ(u`x + υ )
c
44
u`x + υ
∴ux = (15-2)
υ
1 + 2 u`x
c
:' .;
.
ux − υ
u`x = (16-2)
υ
1− 2 ux
c
:E 0
dy dy/dt`
uy = =
dt d t/dt`
dy`/dt`
=
υ
γ1 + 2 u`x
c
u`y /γ
∴uy = (17-2)
υ
1 + 2 u`x
c
:' 6 X#' & :0 WF
u`z /γ
uz = (18-2)
υ
1 + 2 u`x
c
21 62 u` 16 u u 2 = u 2x + u 2y + u 2z :'
: ) ?'
16
2 (u`x + υ )2 + (u`2 − u`2x )/γ 2
u =
υ
2 (19-2)
1 + 2 u`x
c
:&' :
r
?2 s` 6A
() a` 9 "G
R
" 8;
r
2
() a U 6 A
16 "6# ) H
.s 6A
45
: P $ P E
du x du x dt` d u`x + υ d
υ
ax = = . = . γ t − 2 x
υ
1 + 2 u`x c
dt dt` dt dt` dt
c
a`x /γ 3
ax =
υ
3 (20-2)
1 + 2 u`x
c
r
a y
:,
16 4
/
0
r r r
:4
/
(19 – 2) $ . a` 16 a
E
". a z
u`x υ
2
u`2 u`2x 2
+ + 2 − 2 γ
c c c c
1 − u 2 /c 2 = 1 −
2
υ
1 + 2 u`x
c
: P
6 4;
/ & #3 $ ?89
u2
1 −
=
(
1 − u`2 c 2 )
c2 (21-2)
γ1 + υ u`
x
c2
46
:!
א א4–2
u`y
y` y`
s` s`
u`x u`x
-u`y u`y
-u`x
-u`x
-u`y
o` x` o` x`
"6/ 6 "6/
$
"6/ 6
$ WS 69, N
s` 6A
:(4 – 2)
,
." "6/ ; Q0
u1 y
y υ1 y
s s
u 1x u 1x
υ1 u2 y
-u1y
υ2
-u2x -u2x
υ2
-u2y
X X
o o
"6/ 6 "6/
$
"6/ 6
$ WS 69, N
s 6A
:(5 – 2)
,
." "6/ ' Q0
2
.V 0 (9 3 V 6 ' P 61
.
X 8; "
$ 4
N2
2 " "6/ ' Q0 H . "6/ 6
2
(2) J69, ' Q0 .( :$ () ! 6 6
2
2 42 2#P 96
' E G
s` 6A
47
N6
'
$ (4 – 2)
, () H
.: "6/ B'
$2 Y/ 6$ .x`,y` X () J
N6
42 (-u`x,u`y) (u`x,-u`y) 22 "62/
$ =61 :
(2 ?2 (2) J2 "6/ 6
( .E
6 2 ) x` (.62
1 ? 9 ' Hy` (.6
1 ? :
(u`x,u`y) 29 "62/ 62 :
=: 8; . !
.(4 – 2)
, () I+ 9 (-u`x,-u`y)
62A
() 69,
$ G
9 "6/ 0 ( Y/
(u1x,-u1y) 42; 2 "62/
2$
3 " ) Hs
2
( "6/ 6 .(-u2x, u2y) (. "
2 42 2 y (.6
1 ? () : ( ? () J
2, (2) G2
29 x (.6
1 ? ! 6 :
6 J) .(-u2x,-u2y) (u1x,u1y) 8; =: " ) .(5 – 2)
:"6/ 6
3 " 4
/
u1x − υ u1 y γ
u`x = , u`y =
υ υ
1 − 2 u1x 1 − 2 u1 x
c c
:"6/ 6 (. " 4
/
.
− u2 x − υ − u2y γ
− u`x = , − u`y =
υ υ
1 + 2 u2 x 1 + 2 u2 x
c c
:' < $ ?89 u`y u`x Y8
6
υ
1− u1x
u1y u −υ c2
= 1x =
u2y u 2x + υ υ
1+ u2x
c2
2 Q2 *2; 62
/
& #3 16 ?89 υ )8
8;
: P $ 4 H
48
u1y u2y
= (22-2)
(1 − υ 2
1 c2 ) (1 − υ 2
2 c2 )
:' N
G
$ &69, (9 u2y B 1 u1y ' & #3 $ <
.υ2 υ1 Y#1 R8 "6/ 6 s 6A
()
2# u2y u1y ) H S Z 8; H8;
2' R82 .G20
(2# "# 6 Y B' H C
2 ' Q20 ' 2 ' (# "# G0
$ 8 ' ; H #
82 J16 . 69, "
4 6 "
.#P
6 # (# "# $
() S (9 υ1 U B8
3 " ' P Q0
89 () S (9 υ2 U B8 (. " m1 4; s 6A
2
(2) "# G0
$ 7 .m2 4;
:y (.6
1 ? ) s 6A
− m1u 1 y + m 2 u 2 y = − m 2 u 2 y + m1u 1 y
m
∴ 1 =
u2y
=
(1 − υ 2
2 c2 )
(23-2)
m 2 u1y (1 − υ 2
1 c2 )
' H 2 62 " 2 Hυ2=0 6 m2 = m0 ' P Q0
.u B R
" Hυ1= u 6 m1 = m
m 1
∴ =
m0 (1 − u 2
c2 )
m0
m= (24-2)
(1 − u 2
c2 )
2 ! 2 42
. 4 " ' +) U' 8 6
.JG0
4 1 "# G0
$ F) HU
49
( ) (
∴ m − u1y + u 2 y = m − u 2 y + u1y )
H2: ; 2/ ( & #3 $ Q$ 89 u1y= u2y :' < 89
2 !
' ' 61 8; .(12 % 2) $ B' u1y≠ u2y ' : ) .
.G0
"# G0
$ ' J
:מ#א$
א$ א5–2
r
2
A 2 8F) . f &$ U .' Hm0 U J ' Q0
r
:4; J dw
!, F) l (9 & ?
d
r r
dw = f . d l = fd l
:F) dT
$ 4;
6$
!, 89 ' 8;
d
dT = fd l = (mu )d l = d(mu ) d l
dt dt
∴ dT = u d (mu )
∴ dT = u 2 dm + mudu (25-2)
.
A ? " u ' 8;
:'
m0
m=
(1 − u 2
c2 )
∴ m 2 c 2 = m 2 u 2 + m 02 c 2
:4
/
$ ?89
c 2 dm = u 2 dm+ mudu (26-2)
:' < (26%2) (25%2) $
dT = c 2 dm
:'
/
& #3 $ ?89 ()
*V
m
∫c dm = c 2 (m − m 0 )
2
T=
m0
∴ T + m 0 c 2 = mc 2 (27-2)
50
" 2 $ 4 m0c2 ' " $ 4 mc2 ' N
: P $ E U
ε = T+ m 0 c 2
m 0c2
ε = mc 2 = (28-2)
(1 − u 2
c2 )
T = ε − m0c2
r
: " "# 9 p ' +) 8;
r
r r m 0u
p = mu = (29-2)
(1 − u 2
c2 )
:
/
< (; m 02 c 2 )+; "Z. & #3 6 ()
m 02 u 2
p 2 + m 02 c 2 = 2 2
+ m 02 c 2
1− u c
:< c2
& #3 6 ?89 () E+
m 02 c 2 u 2
2 2
c p + m 0c ( )
2 2
=
1 − u /c 2 2
+ m 02 c 4
m 02 c 4
= 2 2
=ε 2
1 − u /c
∴ε = c (P 2
+ m 02 c 2 ) (30-2)
2 2$ * 0 + ()
8; J6 : $ ?89
. ' U# Y 6 " $ E
:4
/
"# (30 – 2) 6 ()
+0 *F
dε pc pc 2 pc 2
= = =
dp (p 2 + m 02 c 2 ) c (p 2 + m 02 c 2 ) ε
r r
:' < p=mu ' ε = mc2 '
dε
=u (31-2)
dp
51
:%א− א−$א−מ#
א6–2
:)*
:(P s 6A
() " "# E
:B x (.6
1 ? "#
m0ux
Px = mux =
(1− u /c ) 2 2
υ
γ1 − 2 u x
=
ux − υ 1 c
Q u`x = ,
υ
1− 2 ux (1 − u` /c )
2 2
(
1 − u 2 /c 2)
c
γm 0
∴ p`x = .(u x − υ) = γ(mu x − υm)
(1 − u 2
/c 2
)
:4
/
Px = mu x ε = mc2 '
υ
p` x = γ(p x − ε) (32-2)
c2
:' .'
.
p` y = p y
p` z = p z
52
∴ ε ′ = γ (ε − υp x ) (33-2)
: P $ .; 0
υ
p x = γ p `x + 2 ε ′
c
p y = p `y
p z = p `z (34-2)
ε = γ (ε `+ υ p ` ) x
:E ' (30 – 2) $
ε 2
− p 2 = m 02 c 2
2
c
:E ' s` 6A
()
.
ε `2 − p` 2 = m 02 c 2
2
c
:' < 89
ε2 − p2 =
ε `2 − p`2 = m 02 c 2
2 2 (35-5)
c c
ε 2
2
! 6 4 2 − P 2 ' "6 <
c
.m0 U " 6A
r
U2 u B2 R
s 6A
() J ' Q0
U 6 m` (; U s` 6A
() .m B
r
:F) " 8:
. m0 8F) . u` (;
m0
m=
(1 − u 2
/c 2 )
m0
m`=
(1 − u` 2
/c 2 )
:4
/
(21%2) $ 1
53
m′ = m
(1 − u c ) =
2 2
(1 − u` c )2 2
υ
∴ m`= γm 1 − 2 u x
c
(36-2)
υ
m = γm` 1 + 2 u`x
c
54
υ r r
fx −
2
u .f
∴ f `x = c
υ (37-2)
1− 2 ux
c
:4
/
0 WF
fy γ
f `y =
υ (38-2)
1− 2 ux
c
fz γ
f `z =
υ (39-2)
1− 2 ux
c
&2$ ' $ ' I+ :; 9 (37 – 2) 6 7 ) G
&2 R &6 &6 $ ( s`
6;
()
' H( R () 96 ' 1 0/ ?89 #> 6;
()
2
2 &
. ?' 16 ' 4; &,A 6 .B6
' 2 s (; s` 6A
&
' 6' 8; s` (; s 6A
. ) υ &,;
S S` υ
% #$% c
u u`=
n
O O`
(a) (b)
! (b) .u x (.6
1 ? R
*+ (a) :(6 – 2)
,
.s` () 69,
[$ S (9 u` 4; *+
55
962
; 2 HW2S 0 ( () J 6
(2) *2+ 2, V () ?89 7 . D0 () *+
.
'
B2 . R
* ' \ J)0, J
6 ' Q0
2 ' Q20 .(b 6-2)
, () I+ s` 6A
U. υ
8F) .u` B
89 () 69,
[$ S (9 *+
:F) n 9
c
u`=
n
s (2) 69,
$ S (9 u *+
:4;
c/n + υ
u =
1 + υ/nc
R ". υ/c 6/ X 6 89 R) c >> υ '
:
3 6
4' (9 ( 66
−1
c υ 1 υ
∴ u = 1+ n 1+
n c n c
c n υ υ
= 1 + 1 − + ...
n c nc
c nυ υ
≅ 1 + −
n c nc
c 1
∴ u = + 1 − 2 υ (40-2)
n n
1
.*+ E
)
1 − 6 (
n 2
56
2 2 U ; Y +' J* ' R *+ V J 0
( R :G
$ .(40-2) $ U
+ U ) , B8 B6
2 .2 C 9 0 ' &
: &9G ?89 , P
2 G D 4 6 J J6 R F) , P
./#
:('אמ,
א8–2
(2) J ! G
1 6) 1728 (6 ( 0
$ - &9G 0,
4; 89 X' 6$ . 0# )
# " B9G +
0 ' 6$ .,
96 () R
(9 Q5 &66
2)
"6# " G &9G ?89
2 ! B' (2) R2, 1 .3 ' 4 G R8
., (; Q3 ? ()
/
s " s` r
υ "
t
ux=-c cosα
() u`x
()
57
r
s " s`
υ
ux=-c cosα
() "
u`x
()
:,' 6+t
uy=-c sinα u`y
r r
u ? u` ?
*+
*+ G :,' 6 6
r α O`
υ O
α`2
() Q3 x x`
() Q3
(b) (a)
() " (b) . Q3 H:, 6 "
(a) :(8 – 2)
,
.
Q3 H:, . ' 6
:G
s` 4; s WS
16
ux− υ − c cos α − υ υ
u` x = = , β =
υ 1 + β cos α c
1− 2 ux
c
u y /γ − c sin α/γ
u` y = =
υ 1 + β cos α
1− 2 ux
c
:(P 4
/
:+ 4 6
u`y tan α / γ
tan α 1′ = = (41-2)
u`x 1 + β sec α
58
2G
#6 *+ 80 ( x` (.6
1 G
α`1
.
.
2, (2) ?1
() Q3 6 ?
?
.α`1< α ' G
2
2
() Q3 :,' B &) 6
() ! 89 .(b8 – 2)
, () , 4; ?1
2 B82 62A
() G
'
6 ?1
2 -υ 2 R
#> 6;
(; s 4; +υ J
x` (.62
1
" "6 *+ ) :,' 6 .s 4;
:' 8; H(a 8 – 2)
, () I+ 9 Hα`2 B 0#
tan α/γ
tan α`2 = (42-2)
1 − β sec α
Q3 42 9 B8 G
) α`1 B 1 α`2 '
.
() " * 6 ' :,' &)
# ! ' E
:
υ = 3 x 10 4 ms −1 , c = 3 x 108 ms −1
υ2
γ ≅1 ' B' H:9; + 66
)
c2
∴ tan α 1′ = tan α (1 + βsecα )− 1
β tan α
∴ tan α 1′ = tan α −
cos α
− β tan α
∴ tan α 1′ − tan α = (43-2)
cos α
tan α1′ = tan(α+ ∆α) , ∆α << α :P
Q tan (α + ∆α ) ≅ tan α + ∆α sec 2 α
∴ tan (α + ∆α ) − tan α = ∆α sec 2 α (44-2)
:' 6 (44–2) (43–2) 6
β tan α
∆α sec 2 α = −
cos α
υ
∴ ∆α = − sin α (45-2)
c
59
α
$'
' E G) U α
$' α`1 ' ( 89
I+ ?1
() Q3 6 s` 6A
() 7)3
:F) :,' 6
. (b 7–2)
, ()
υ
∆α = sinα (46-2)
c
2 s` 6A
() 7)3 G
?89 ()
.α
(2) (6
$ ,$ ( - G
' "6 <
"6#2 U ; /
(9 G :G
$ $ R8
.6A
60
:1" #"
(1)
() S (9 x`-y` B ()
() l0 : 7
s 62A 2
() .x` (.6
1 3
sin −1 / s` 6A
5
S S` :
υ
l
l0
45o
θ
O X X`
O`
(a) (b)
() 7 (b) .x (.6
1 ? R
7(a) :( 9 – 2 )
,
.x` (.6
1 θ /
61
4
γcot 45 = cotθ =
3
υ2 9 υ2 7
∴1 − = ⇒ 2 =
c2 16 c 16
υ 7
∴ =
c 4
:< : ". (2) (1) 6 () :
16 2
l 20 =
1
(
1+ γ2 l2 =
1
) 1 + l =
25 2
l
2 2 9 18
2 18 2
∴ l = l 0
25
3 2
∴ l = l 0
5
(2)
2$ s 6A
() t=0 () 6
> () .6
69,
.(x,0,0) 2 () (. N6
$ (0,0,0) ()
3 N6
(29 .6
&0 ' G
1 s` 6A
() #' 69,S
6A B
' .'
"6# .T
. υ = c(1 + x 2 c2T2 )
−1 / 2
(9
:
:
K
J1' E
υ
x ′ = γ(x − υt) , t′ = γ t− 2 x
c
:' 6 s 6A
()
t1 = t 2 = 0 , t 2 − t1 = 0
x1 = 0 , x 2 = x , x 2 − x1 = x
:' 6 s` 6A
()
62
t` 2 − t`1 = − T
υ υ
= γ t 2 − 2 x 2 − γ t1 − 2 x 1
c c
υ υ
∴ −T = − γ 2 x ⇒ ∴ T = γ 2 x
c c
(
Q γ = 1 − υ 2 /c 2
−1 / 2
⇒ ) γ
1
2
= 1 − υ 2 /c 2
c4
∴
T
1
2
= 2
υ x 2
(1 − υ 2
/c 2
)
:4
/
& #3 $ ?89
(
υ = c 1 + x 2 /T 2 c 2 )−1 / 2
:(3)
B2 =) :' 6 B X#' A 6 =+)
A 2 Q3 4 69,
$ S (9 0.7c
2 2 B (9 .U0 ?1 0.9c B
^A
:
S S`
υ=0.9c
O O
Q3 A
.s () 69,
() Q3 (a) :(10 – 2)
,
69,
() A (b) .6
?
.
() B .s` ()
63
s` 6A
' Q3
. s 6A
' X (10 – 2)
, ()
(; x (.6
1 ? υ = 0.9c R
B8 A
.
2 8; .s` ()
() A ' N
Hs 6A
.A : (9 s` () B
: ) s` (; s WS
16 P 7
υB − υ 0.7 c − 0.9 c
υ` B = =
υ 0.9 c
1 − 2 υB 1− .0.7 c
c c2
∴ υ`B = − 0.54 c
:(4)
2 60o 962 2 / ? s 6A
() R
"
c ' 8; 3GeV/c U2# 62 5GeV U$ x (.6
1
62 ."#2 $
16 J6# .D0 () *+
2 ' 8; s` 6A
() U# U$
0.8c 6A B
:
1 1 5
γ = = =
(1 − υ 2
/c2 ) (1 − 0.64 ) 3
64
ε `2 − (cp`) 2 = ε 2 − (cp) 2
2 2 2
∴ ( 6.33 ) − (cp`) 2 = ( 5 ) − ( 3 )
∴ p`= 24.11GeV/c
(5) :
2 ?2 2# / s 6A
() R
ε U$ )
62 ."#2 $
16 J6# .y (.6
1 θ 96
43
R
0 69, N
s` 6A
() 0 $
G
1] ^6A B
(9 .y (.6
1 4 J
.[(11 – 2)
,
:
s s`
ε υ
? ε`
c 0 c
?
0
θ
O O` X`
X
R
s` () y θ Y
s () 0 :(11 – 2)
,
.y ?
∴
ε cos θ =
ε`
c c
∴ ε `= ε cos θ
65
: ) s`(; s x (.6
1 ? "#
6 P 7
υ
∴ p`x = γ Px − 2 ε
c
:(6)
u B2 &62
, 6
> () 7
2 α / ? #P x (.6
1 ? R
96
'
u2
2
2: 2
2 2
2 ' 2
2.' . cosα = ' N2
2
x (.62
2
1
c2
u (2 + u 2
/c 2
)
(1 + u 2
/c 2
) :B
S S`
ε,p u u=υ
ε`,p`
u`
α
u
, %
O O`
X X`
, &6
7 :(12 – 2)
,
.
() s` () 6
' .s ()
:
.(12 – 2)
, () I+ s 6A
' Q0
2
x (.6
1 ? u=υ R
B8 s` 6A
()
66
2 R
" '
() " ' G
.s 6A
s (2) " 2 "# $ pHε ' Q0 .
, () I+ ?1 u`
.s` () " "# $ p`H ε` '
∴ ε = mc2 = γm 0c 2
x (.6
1 α U9 / B8 " m0 ' 8;
:'
1 u
γ= , β=
(1 − β )2 c
ε ′ = γ( ε − υp x )
(
= γ γm 0 c 2 − u 2 γm 0 cos α )
u2
= γ m 0 c 2 1 − 2 cos α
2
c
ε′ = 1 2
u4
= γ 1 − 4
m0c2 (
1 − u ′ 2 /c 2) c )
1 u2
∴ = 1 + 2
(1 − u ′ /c )
2 2
c
u′ =
u (2 + u 2
/c 2 )
(1 + u 2
/c 2 )
. (9 u` ' N
:(7)
2#> x (.62
1 ?2 2 200 MeV U$ J) ' 8;
8: ( "# $ ) y (.6
1 ? 100MeVU$
"#2 89 $ ?89 R J60 J ' +) 8; ^"G
^U (9 R
? BV U (9 ) (
67
:
42 y (.62
1 ?2 x (.6
1 ? 0 $ ε2Hε1 ' Q0
."G ( "# p "G $ ε (
ε = ε 1 + ε 2 = 200 + 100 = 300 MeV
ε1 ε2
2 2
2 (200) 2 + (100) 2
p = + =
c c c2
∴ p = 224 MeV/c
:' 6 (30 – 2) $
(M c ) = ε
0
2 2 2
− (cp) 2
.p U# ε U$ B8 " M0 ' N
(
∴ M 0c 2 )2
= (300) 2 − (224) 2 = (200) 2
∴ M 0 = 200 MeV/c 2
x (.6
1 " 8: "# :/ ( (9 θ ' P Q0
py 100
∴ tan θ = = = 0.5
px 200
−1
∴ θ = tan 0 . 5 = 26 . 5 o
:P
M = γM 0 , ε = Mc 2
Mc 2 300 3 1
∴γ = = = =
M 0c 2 200 2 (1 − β )
2
1 4 5
∴β2 = 1− 2
= 1− =
γ 9 9
5
∴υ = c = 0.745 c
3
:(8)
2 9 B , A =+)
2$ 9 100 m :
:+
68
2 &:' ,' X#3 96
; 6 .:0
#6 69,
2 2 B 6 " ' 4; A () $6
2 2 2 (29 : 5x10-6s B A
J2 &6
B 6 () _ :
^
29 6 U B8 .A 6 9 *.'
.A &#
:
s s`
υ = -u
A
u
.A
u B
B u`
O O`
() 9 &6
:(13 – 2)
,
.
() s` () X6
; .s
69
u′ = 2 ×107 m s−1 R
B 6 () . ' :
$ "6# .A () 69, /$' )
:F)
:' 6 (13 – 2)
1
t A = γt B ⇒ t B= tA
γ
4 ×1014
2 2 −6
∴ tB = (1− u′ /c ).(5×10 ) = 1−
9 ×1016 (
5×10−6 = 4.99 ×10−6 s)
4.99x10-6 s + &6
:
8;
:(9)
.s 6A
() ux=±0.9c 9
^#5 6
' (9
:
62
2 2 s 62A
() ' Q0 ' E V ?89
B s 4; s` 6A
I/ 96 .ux=-0.9c
2 s 62A
() ux=-0.9c U B8 " ) R8 .υ =0.9c
:4; s` 6A
() U
ux − υ −1.80 c −1.80
u ′x = 2
= c = −0.994 c
υ 1 + ( 0.9 ) 1.81
1− 2 ux
c
.c *+
$ ' 9 G
6A
() +c R
) 6 U H9 8 6
2 2 96 H+c s 4; s` 6A
R
s`
; .+2c 2 +c 2) B2 s 6A
() E$ E
0
() $ \ 6
4 6 89 6
.J 0 U ) 6;
6 1 U G
.
70
:(10)
R2
x (.62
1 4 U 7 l0=5m (/3 U E +$
B' 62 .x (.62
E ?1 () s 6A
() u
[(15%2)
, G] .l=3m U I/ s 6A
() u
:
:
$ E
s
Q l = l 0 1 − u 2 c2
4
∴ u = c 1 − (l l 0 )2 = c
0 1 2 3 4 5m 5
u
0 1 2 3m
.x (.6
1 ?
() E +$ :(15%2)
,
:(11)
s 62A 2
() B E +$ E u R
A E +$
&0 6' . l0 (/3
0 + [(16%2)
, G]
42S XS : () + ( : 7 G
∆t
.s 6A
()
A u
B
96
' H /3 91 +$ :(16%2)
,
.
() #P
()
71
:
:B s 6A
() R
A E +
l = l 0 1 − (u c )2
:B &0 ' )
: ?'
,
#
∆t = (l 0 − l ) /u = 1 − 1 − (u c )2 l u
0
:(12)
4
2
(2) u = 5 c 2 0 ?1 0 ()
2 . ∆t = 5 x 10 −9 s ( 70
4; + 6 s 6A
(2) 69, N
s` 6A
() ) (9
^
:
(9 ∆t ' .l B s 6A
() ) ' Q0
R8 H[(a17-2)
, G
1]
89 () 69,
$ &0
:)
l=u∆t
4
υ= c
s` 5
s
l
l0
R
"6/1 G
(a) (b)
.
6
?
:(17%2)
,
72
4
?2 υ = 5 c 2 R2
B82 s` 6A
4; P N6
89 () 69, .(b17-2)
, () G
9 E x (.6
1
R2
)
' .l0 B : ) '
() :'
2
7 ) .x (.6
E ?1 4
5
c B
:$ 1
l
l0 = γl =
(1 − υ 2
c2 )
4 c× 5 × 10 −9
u∆ t
∴l0 = = 5
(1 − υ 2
c2 ) 1 − (4 5)2
4 x 10 −9 x 3 x 10 8
∴l0 = = 2m
35
73
R2
X2#3 2 962
; 2 '6 A 69, %1
2 R2
B 2#> 69, .
0 :' 6) 0.995c
2S &
(9 .
() ( &
^B 69,
$ S &
(; A 69,
$
(0.088) :\
?2 2
2
(2) (9 2 m : s 6A
() 7 %2
:J1' 6' .x 30 o 96 / 0.96c x (.6
3
:J2 . H 2 2
() 7 69,Z N
s 6A
() :
.s` () x` (.6
3 7 :/ (
2 s 62A
() t = 0 () 6
> () .6
69, %4
2 (2) (2. N6
$
/3 ()
3 N6
$
2 2 &0 ' G
1 s` 6A
() #> 69, .(x,0,0)
2 )2 ' <
"6# .t B .6
. (x 2 + c 2 t 2 ) B s` 6A
() .6
12
74
U ) 69, N
6;
() 69,
$ (9 B "
.
() A "
62 . 12 ε
$ ε $ s 6A
() R
" %8
(2) 2 U2$ :
H U# :
H" 8: :
p "#2 8; : ' H ε 2c B U# 8; s` 6A
2 p` :2/ (2 2 6) x (.6
3 30o /
.0.8c B 6A B
V J x` (.6
3
2
J#/ ' Q5 & R
=+) %9
42 &62$ () E$ . =+0 0.84c Q3
B2 962) Q3 2 E `/ $ Q3
?829 '
29 Q52 2 =+0 (9 .0.36c
^ Q3 "' &6 R
75
2 E2 x (.6
3 ? s 6A
() %10
4 3
s` 6A
υ 6 . 5 c (. 5
c
3
62 2 2 2 69, N
s 6A
.?1
5
( c ) :\
7
y 2 &
O X
/3
R
) :(18 – 2)
,
.y (.6
1 α Y
76
2 : 3
^ 1amu=1.66x10-27kg V J H(amu) 8 6
^6A B
(9
157.24 0 H 4 2 GeV (1) : \
0.876c (3) H 403 amu (2)
θ
O X
77
الفصل الثالث
)نظرية التصادم(
. 1.3
. 2.3
. 3.3
. 4.3
. 5.3
.
.
אא
א1–3
" # $"%
"!
&' '(%
)*
. $"
&"
'
)' '",
)*
)+
"#
)+
"-
)&+
.s`
&
( ` )
'
)'-
.s
./ &
.0
r
s s` V1′
r
r υc
m1 υ1′ m1
r
m2 ϕ1
r r
m1 υ1 m1 V1 c.m. θ V2
m2
2ϕ2 θ 2
(1" "# 2&
m22
2 m2
r
r V2′
υ′2
o x o` x`
(a) (b)
.
(b) 8
(a) :(153) 3
79
r
υ 1 / '" = '
m1 < ;
"# 9: (a 1-3) 3
'
)+ B*
.m2 < " 2 A @#
x )
> ?#
); <*# / "# 2
.xy C"
)+ s
. 3 )+ 9:
ϕ2 2 "# 2
ϕ1
'
y,x '
*'#E " 1(
1 D(
:F/
x )
E "
1
m1 υ1 = m1 υ1′ cos ϕ1 + m 2 υ′2 cos ϕ 2 (1-3)
1(
1
p 12 p 1′ 2 p ′22
= + + Q (3-3)
2 m1 2 m1 2m2
8 c >> υ "# / " H L: / " %
K(
r
' '
p1
8G J I"
$>
D( B-
2 '"# ' p′2 "# p1′ 8 1 "#
' F'-
E
# . # 1( )+ % Q
'
'
F- 3
B
.%
> )+ $>
?B* F- D (" .
80
r r
1 v 2 , v1
*
)+
"# )/ " A M
r r
F'/ " J I" 2
v′2 , v1′
*
&/ "
:
s`
)+ " F%
/
r r r
v1 = υ1 − υ c (4-3)
r r r
v 2 = υ2 − υc (5-3)
r r r
'
)+ ) F/
"# J I" )* υc , υ 2 , υ1
:+ : + @"
N" F% 2&
.
r
υ2 = 0
r r
∴ v 2 = − υc
/ " * %
)+ "
/ " "
=
2& H
.( b1-3) 3 )+ 9:
)+
:+
/ " 2
r r r
r m 1 υ1 + m 2 υ 2 m 1 υ1
υc = =
m1 + m 2 m1 + m 2
r
r m 2 υ1
v1 = (6-3)
m1+ m 2
r
r m 1 υ1
v2 = − (7-3)
m1+ m 2
81
r m 1m 2 r
m 1 v1 = υ1
m1+ m 2
r m 1m 2 r
m 2 v 2 = − υ 1
m1+ m 2
r r r r
∴ m1 v1 + m 2 v 2 = P1 + P2 = 0 (8-3)
'
'1
.N H" 1
) H
.: N
)
r r r r
∴ m1 v1′ + m 2 v′2 = P1′ + P2′ = 0 (9-3)
%
"# %
O"
((1'" '"#) m1 '*
"#
"
*# </
'
(+ 1(
. 1 ); ? "
/ 2
:
P12 P22 P1′ 2 P2′ 2
+ = + +Q (10-3)
2 m1 2 m 2 2 m1 2 m 2
1 2
'3 )'+ 9:
(1" "# J I"
" A
r
(453) '1E '
> 8 V1′ = υ1′ − υ c ' '
/ #
(253)
r r
82
r
r
υc
V1′
r
υ1′
θ ϕ1
r r r
:F/
*# v 1 , υ 1′ , υ ′c J " $&#
r
υ 1′ sin ϕ 1 = v 1′ sin θ
r
υ 1′ cos ϕ 1 = v 1′ cos θ + υ c
83
λ1 ≅ 0
: # (1253) 1E
tan ϕ1 = tanθ
∴ ϕ1 = θ
.
)+ (1" "# C" H
:Q+ m1 = m 2 :$ B-
λ1 = 1
sin θ θ
∴ tan ϕ 1 = = tan
1 + cos θ 2
θ
ϕ1 =
2
H'"
)+ (1" "# 2
H
.
)+ 2
; 2
.(π-θ) H'"
)+ 2& 2
Q+
:F- "
ϕ2
)+ 2& 2
/
ϕ 2 = (π − θ) / 2
π
∴ ϕ1 + ϕ 2 =
2
)'+ '
*# "
/
"# H
.
:
א
מא2−3
' P'# ] 8 '
&/
) $"%
'
'%
P: <
" .% R 2 L(/ F/
." L: F/
"#
84
2 ' .
'"# '
" A H #"
)'* $'1( P'
# 8" 1( / MG 8
)'( ' '
?B* )+ M . 1 8
$1(
'"# M !+ BQ+ . L 1
1(
8'
)+
"# " Q+ L
& G >
ε = T+ m 0 c 2 1( $ BQ+ . 1 G F%
/
F%"
"# B& 1( J
#
Q+ 8 E
.
r
' <1( 8 P1 <
m01 )* " < N
N
"# M
r
P2 <'
m02 '" <' '
R "#
(% )+ ε 1
r
P3 '
&
'I
%
"#
ε 2 <1(
r
.) F/ ε 4 ε 3
&1( P4
'
s ",
)+
1( )(
NE * M
'
)+ 1E F/
1 D( .
:s ",
r r r r r
P1 + P2 = P3 + P4 = P (14-3)
r
' .s '", '
)'+
"# B&
J
#
P
:F/
$
> (1453)
P1 x + P2 x = P3 x + P4 x = Px
P1 y + P2 y = P3 y + P4 y = Py (15-3)
P1 z + P2 z = P3 z + P4 z = Pz
:F/
1(
1
ε1 + ε 2 = ε 3 + ε 4 = ε (16-3)
ε4 , ε3 '
NE' 1 "# 1(
&
ε2 , ε1
)'% ε , PZ , PY , PX <'
E
'#
85
m1 + m 2 = m 3 + m 4 (17-3)
m4, m3 ' '1 (2),(1)
"# " m 2 , m1
' '
1 . ; 1E ?B* .) F/
*
:
."
υ
p ′x = γ p x − 2 ε
c
: . F/ s` )- s ",
px
υ υ
Px′ = P1′x + P2′ x = γ P1x − 2 ε1 + γ P2 x − 2 ε 2
c c
υ
∴ P x′ = γ P1 x + P 2 x − 2 (ε 1 + ε 2 )
c
υ
∴ P x′ = γ P x − 2 ε
c
r
s` ",
)+
"# )
J
#
H"
<#
p ′
r r r
p ′4 x , p ′3 x '/ :">
. p ′ = p 1′ + p ′2 : H 8 1
86
'" s` '", '
)'+ N'
)% ) # </
8s` F'- s
"# 1(
)* ε ′ = γ (ε − υp x ) :1E
: $1E
ε1′+ ε2′ = γ(ε1 − υp1x ) + γ(ε2 − υp2 x )
= γ[(ε1 + ε 2 ) − υ(p1x + p2 x )]
∴ ε ′ = γ (ε − υp x ) (20-3)
'
)'+
E
)*
"# 1( J
#
ε`
: #
. 1 s` ",
ε 3′ + ε 4′ = γ[(ε 3 + ε 4 ) − υ(p3x + p4 x )]
∴ε ′ = γ(ε − υpx )
:F/
</
ε ′ = ε1′+ε2′ = ε3′ +ε4′ = γ(ε − υpx ) (21-3)
' ' '1( $'% B- s` )+
1( C B*
:
.s )+
m 1′ + m ′2 = m ′3 + m ′4 (22-3)
' ' 1 s` )+
"# " )* m′4 , m′3 , m′2 , m1′
.
1 (2253)
) F/
)+
"# 1( J
#
J
#
%
O"
' 1(
&+ ) % ( 0 s` F- s
'
'% ( $: ( ) 1(
1 - .
"#
OK D%
% ?B* $ - " P
D
. #
&/ #, )G %/ K"; M F%
87
'
&+
L)3 &" "
&
"
A "
'& %
) OK M F/
" N
1(
' J I" %
" $ /> B" . # OK
.
"#
/ $
B-
@#
x )
> ?# =
* m0
"# " M
r r
8m0 '" <' R "# ( ε1 1( P1 u 1 / "
r
P2 = 0 <'
8(353) '3 )+
E
*
s
)+ "
'
s` '",
)+ =B B* . ε 2 = m 0 c 2 <1(
r r
?'# υ / "
B* =
.N
"# P ′ )
' '
8s` ",
F/ D() .s ",
" x )
>
.(
8N%"
88
p ′x = p ′y = p ′z = 0
:F/
s` F- s
$>
" (2
p ′y = p y = 0
p ′z = p z = 0
υ
p ′x = γ p x − 2 ε = 0
c
c2p x
∴ υ = (26-3)
ε
'
/ " )( (2653) 1E . 1( ε = ε 1 + ε 2
)+ )
s ",
" s` ",
.N N"
2 m0c2 2 m0c2
∴ε ′ = 2ε1′ = 2ε 2′ = =
(1− u′ /c ) (1− υ /c )
2
2 2 2 2 (28-3)
89
m 0c2
∴ ε 1′ = ε 2′ = = γm 0 c 2 (29-3)
(1 − υ 2
/c 2
)
: O (2853) 1E
F( ε 1′
(5
u1′ = − u′2 = υ
'
% 1 s` ",
)+
"# O" B*
*
8?#> "
%
"
/ " M
&:
.(b 353) 3 )+
E
s s r
u3
m0
ε3 , pr 3
m0 r
u1
"
m0 θ
r 2r ϕ
ε1 , p1 ε2 , p 2 = 0 r
r
u2 m02 ε 4 , p 4
r
u4
o o
1
(a)
s` s` r
r
u ′3
r
υ υ m 0 , ε 3′ , p 3′
r r r
υ = u 1′ u ′2 = − υ
α
2 α
m 0 , ε1′, p1′ m 0 , ε ′2 , p ′2
2
r m 0 , ε ′4 , p ′4
u ′4
o` o`
1
(b)
(b) .
1 (s ",
)
(a) :(3-3)الشكل
.
1 (s` ",
)
90
:
s`
r
H ' ' N H" N
F% p ′ ) (1
:
r r r
p ′ = p ′3 + p ′4 = 0
r r
∴ p ′3 = − p ′4 , p ′32 = p ′42
' %
*# 1 υ / "
&
"# H
. 1
&*#
:+
A
F% ε` 1( (2
2 m0c 2
ε ′ = ε 3′ = ε 4′ = (30-3)
(1 − υ 2
/c 2 )
'
'"
"#
" p ′32 = p ′42
:
2 m0c2
∴ε ′ = 2ε 3′ = 2ε 4′ =
(1 − υ /c ) 2 2
m 0c 2
∴ ε 3′ = ε 4′ = (31-3)
(1 − υ 2
/c 2 )
: D" )+
O" B*
r
u ′3 = − u ′4 = υ
:)- "
</ " ; "# $
B-
u ′3 x = υ cos α
u ′3 y = υ sin α
91
u ′3 z = 0
x`-y` H"
)+
/ : + F- * . 3, #
.s` ",
)+
:F- "
</ " $
) "# " (4
u ′4 x = − υ cos α
u ′4 y = − υ sin α
u ′4 z = 0
F'- s` ",
; "# J I"
/ L #Q (5
:
s ",
u ′3 x + υ υcosα + υ
u3x = =
υ υ2
1 + 2 u ′3 x 1 + 2 cos α
c c
u ′3 y /γ υsinα
u3y = =
υ υ2
1 + 2 u ′3 x γ 1 + 2 cos α
c c
u3z = 0
u3y sinα
∴ tanθ = = (32-3)
u3x γ(1 + cosα )
s` إلىs '
)' "# J I"
/ C .
H # (6
:فيكون
− υcosα + υ
u4x =
υ2
1 − 2 cos α
c
− υsinα
u4y =
υ2
γ 1 − 2 cos α
c
u4z = 0
92
− u4y sinα
∴ tan ϕ = = (33-3)
u4x γ (1 − cosα )
:O
&: (3353) (3253)
@ :
sin 2 α 1
tan θ tan ϕ = = = 1 − υ 2 /c 2
(
γ 2 1 − cos 2 α ) γ 2
u 12 /c 2 2
∴ 1 − υ 2 /c 2 = 1 − 2
=
1
1 + (1 − u 2 2
1 /c ) 1+
(1 − u 2 2
1 /c )
2
∴ tanθ tan ϕ = ≤1
1 (35-3)
1+
(1 − u /c )
2
1
2
/ '" ' %
K( </ " (1" "# H u1<<c $ B-
:+ )" H% =
)+
)*
L:
93
'
)'+
*#
"# $3 K( J I"
)+ H
L': / "
1 / J I" $ B-
. s
2
tanθ tan ϕ = :Q+
1 + γ1
:
2 cot θ cot ϕ = 1 + γ 1 (37-3)
1
γ1 = :
(1 − u 2 2
1 /c )
'
$
"# $3 N
/ $ %
. π/2 H" u1<<c
8& G .L
+ )+
'# % .π/2
1 θ+ ϕ + /
1 $B u1 $ B-
.L'
'
' %
&+ "
& "
N N:
N
B- .
)+ "
/ "
&:
. N H"
& )
"#
'"# " &+ C N1 ( =* F- 3 )G
'
'
&+ " > ?B* D ( " "
94
'1(
1 D(
> D ( $ G
&
.
. $
/ E
F 1( F%
.
א
מ
א3−3
1
1(
)+ < D" )+
:
)'+ 2
." 1( /> BV B- B* 8
E' '
'
K F'% >
1( H/> =
)+ $ .
F-
1( ?B*
N
"1
N
+ 8
'
1 .
1( F-
1(
1 C
D'( =B'
H/> =
1
: <%(
N
K1
A '
. '/> ' 1( P
# $B B- 1(
1
'
) $>
)+
/ . 1(
1 D(
.'
. ':
1( >
1( / $
"#
'
1(
D N>
A B
. N "
s` ",
)+
s s` r
υ
قبل التصادم قبل التصادم
m0 r m0 r m0 r r m0
u1 u2 u′ u′
ε 1 , pr 1 ε 2 , pr 2 ε 1′, pr 1′ ε 2′ , pr ′2
2m0 2m0
υ
ساكنة
بعد التصادم بعد التصادم
ε , pr ε ′, pr ′
o x o` x`
(a) (b)
.s )+
"#
/(a) :(453) 3
.s` )+
"#
/ (b)
95
r
u′ / '"
*'
- = '
m0
&
"
r
M s` ",
)+ @#
x )
; ?# − u ′ C ;
.(b4-3) '3 )+ 9:
*
*
.' 3
() .
&: P
%
N'
' L'%
)+ N H" 1 F
.s` ",
)+ N H" 3
. / "
:H" )&+ s` )+ 1 1(
2 m0c 2
ε ′ = 2 m′c 2
= = 2 m 0c 2 + T′ (38-3)
(1 − u′ /c )
2 2
'
)'+ ' '1
"#
1( J
#
T`
.s` ",
' 8. '
)'-
s` )+
1( A M + B-
:F- "
s` )+ "%
)*
B* )+ .
.
Q′ = T′ = ε ′ − 2 m 0 c 2 (39-3)
/ '" = '
'
s ",
)+ B* 0 A
r
E
*
s` ",
" x )
E @#
?#> − υ
' '+
<"
s )+ ) + .(a 4-3) 3 )+
$>
"
1 . 3
s` )+ 1( )
:+ s F- s`
H 8", H
1(
υ
p x = γ p′x + 2 ε ′
c
:
s` )+ H" )
p ′x = p ′y = p ′z = 0
υ
∴ px = γ ε′ (40-3)
c2
: Q`=T`
)+ (3953)
)+ .(
ε`
1 / :">
( )
p x = γυ 2 m 0 + T ′/c 2 = γυ 2 m 0 + Q ′/c 2( ) (41-3)
:@
96
p y = p ′y = 0
p z = p ′z = 0
:
M0
M0 = 2 m0 + Q′/c2 (44-3)
97
)ε = γM 0c 2 = γ(2 m0c 2 + Q′ )(45-3
='B
)% 1( # (4553)8(4253)
$ 1 B-
.s` ",
)+ T′ = Q′ ;
L': F/ )G H )+ N
B- < %
E
" (
P'
# ' ∗ %
( 'G <%+ 8∆ε
1( )+ G H
M !+
1
:
∆m )+
∆m = ∆ ε /c 2
.0 =B % G 8 H
'/> B'V $
"# " F/ D(
/ ./%
H) V+ B* - .$>
P
# )+ 1( V+
(.N # <- @# <+ 8
N
(1
'
.1932 " )+ $ ∆ ε = ∆mc2 1E $, $ # #
$ ?B* <# * 0.25MeV &1( $
F
$ $#I/
1( ."
*#
"# + 2& .
2% #
:H" / B* )+ "
1( B- 8.6MeV
"#
2x8.6-0.25=16.95 MeV
:* / J .(1"
1( )* 0.25MeV
1
1 P + 37 L i → 2 α
" :∆m
@"
B 1
∗ الكتلة القصرية )القصورية( ھي نسبة الزخم الخطي إلى السرعة و يقصد بھا أيضا الكتلة النسبية وھي تتغير مع السرعة حسب
m0
= ، mحيث أن m0كتلة السكون. العالقة
( )
1-u 2 /c 2
98
∆m=( / )+ J
#
)-( / / # J
#
)
1 7
1 P +3 Li − 2 α = 0.0154 ± 0.003a .m.u .
BQ'+ 14.3±2.7 MeV H'" 1( )+ N1 + W+ )+ 2E> B* -
.' P'
N'
D' # ?B* Q+ .
∆ ε = ∆mc2 1E $
.16.95 MeV F- "
1( )+
'1( %
80
3
M ; F- ) 1( "
:)
0
3
: </ 4 × 10 26 Js −1 :H" )+ 0
3
1(
-
∆ε 4 × 10 26
∆m = 2
= 16
= 4.4 × 109 kg
c 9 × 10
≅ 4, 4 × 10 6 tons
' ?B'* . )+ ( E
1 0
3 H
:)
% ) 0
3 %
N# . G
2.1×1027 tons
1.98×1030 kg
.
4−3
N
&+ # =
L: ; )+ D"
r
'1( '
< 2 = <#
1( % #
N
)'"(G
)K' & #
@BB * B- L:+ ."(G
& #
C ' '
.L: / " )* . / " D(
X )+ %
)'+ '% '
1( 1 $
3 1( % N/3- L:
$5h
8 ε = h ν H"
1( )* K:
F'/ $(%" B- ) $
" L: B- .J3, 5ν =E
99
?B'* . + $
" % .J3, (G: F
" </ N(G: 9("
"# J3-
.
P
J3, / %
K * "
F'/ ν ? ' L: (%" BQ+ .
K: & . * ";
'
/ .
$ 9("
"
.
9("
$ Y
1( + 3R " @#
$ ?B&
='" L': =" / 3 .
G3 ϕ B- h ν − φ H"
.
P
</ / "#; =" =" 8? 3 L $#
'%%
A $
L: / " "
$+ # . + -
: m0 " < "#+ .%
#
r
m0 r m 0u m 0 c2
m = , p = , ε =
(1 − u 2
/c 2
) (1 − u 2
/c 2
) (1 − u 2
/c 2 )
B- ' '
'%
)+ %
@ % L: / "
u @ %
'
?E/ $
?B*
9
N: " $ 1
m0 @ % c L: / "
u @ %
/ < : + BQ+ .
%
k C'"
% ?B* M ..
1 B (
m 0 / 1 − u 2 /c 2 ) %
F%
:+
m 0
= k
(1 − u 2
/c 2
)
r r
∴ m = k , p = kc , ε = kc 2
: ε = h ν : 1(
hν hν
k= , p=
c2 c
100
hν <'1( HB' ' C " L: F/ B*
') . hν c2 F'- "
1 hν c F- N"
)( <
+ L: / " " $ ?B*
.(N H" "
' TE('+ B* " $ <+ "-
#-
"
'1 '
T'# ?E/ $
" % . ? /
> "
.
A 2
*
"
'
'
(%"
/ < # .
%
' '
'1 $3 J3, Q+ " - F/ " 3;
'3 )'+ 9':
'
/ " + ,
8(1" J3,
'
/
M + %+ . * ?B& N>%
NE )( ) .(a5 –3)
.
-
+
&#
?B* $3
ε1 hν
?# =
c
=
c
ε 1 = hν1 )* (1" 1( M
'
)'+ m0 " < " - P
( @#
x )
>
θ ' P ?# ε3 = hν3 $3
1( M .s ",
P'
ϕ ' P ?# =
, x )
> P
r r
'
. ε 4 H" 1( p4 H" u4 F- "
/ " x )
>
ε3 hν 3
" , 1(
+ . c
=
c
H" &+
r
.(553) 3 )+ 9:
8 p 2 = 0 <
ε 2 = m 0 c 2 H" 1
D'( D '( ?B* C
- (
# )- D ( ./ =*
'" ' '
/ F/ 1(
1
.
H s,s` ",
$>'
",
" :+ %+ " J I" P
' '
1( /> BR 1(
.
)+
)
101
ε3, ε3
r فوتونε ′ , ε 3′
s c s` υ 3
c
فوتونε 3 = hν 3 ε 3′ = hν ′3
الكترون مشتت
′
فوتون
ساكنθ ε 1′, ε 1 الكترون
ساقط c c.m. α
ϕ فوتون α
ε1, ε1 m0c = ε 2 ε 2′ , pr ′2
2
c r
p2 = 0 الكترون
ε 1 = hν1
ε 4 , pr 4 ε 4′ , pr ′4
الكترون
مشتت
o x o` x`
(a) (b)
(b) ." - F/ (1" + $3 (a) .
:(5 – 3) 3
. E 0 N"
)
.
ε hν1 + m 0c 2
∴ε 4′ + ε 3′ = = (48-3)
γ γ
:+ s` )+ N H" )
r r
p ′3 = − p ′4
p ′32 = p ′42
102
2 2
ε′ ε′
∴ 4 − m 02 c 2 = 3
c c
ε 4′ 2 − ε 3′ 2 = m 02 c 4 (49-3)
: O (4853)
F/ . ;
"%
2 4
γm .0 c
ε 4′ − ε 3′ = (50-3)
h ν1 + m 0c 2
2ε 3′ = λ −
m 02 c 4 λ 2 − m 0 c 2
=
( )
2
(51-3)
λ λ
:
2 hν1 + m 0 c 2
λγ = hν1 + m 0 c , λ=
γ
:1E
@"
+ υ " / "
c2p x c2 hν chν1
υ= = . 1 =
ε hν1 + m 0 c 2
c hν1 + m 0 c 2
hν1
∴β = (52-3)
hν1 + m 0c 2
hν 1
∴ β =
λγ
:
E $3
s` F- s
1(
">
ε 3′ = γ ε 3 (1 − β cos θ)
λ 2 − (m0c 2 )
2
2ε 3′
2ε = =
γ(1 − βcosθ) λγ(1 − βcosθ)
3
1 2 λγ (1 − βcosθ )
∴ =
ε3 (
λ 2 − m 0c 2 )
2
103
2λ γ (1 − βcosθ ) = 2λ γ 1 − hν 1
cos θ
λγ
(
= 2 hν 1 + m 0 c 2 − 2h ν 1 cos θ )
= 2h ν 1 (1 − cos θ ) + 2m 0 c 2
:H" %
)+ HB %
(
λ 2 − m0c 2 ) = (hν + m c ) (1 − β ) − (m c )
2
1 0
2 2 2
0
2 2
(h ν ) 2
= (h ν + m c ) 1 − 2 2
( )
2
1 − m 0c2
1
(h ν + m c )
0
1 0
2 2
= (hν + m c ) − (hν ) − (m c )
1 0
2 2
1
2
0
2 2
= 2h ν 1 m 0 c 2
1 h ν 1 (1 − cos θ ) + m 0 c 2
∴ =
ε3 h ν1 m 0c 2
1 1 hν 1 (1 − cosθ ) + m 0 c 2 1 (1 − cosθ )
∴ − = − =
ε 3 ε1 hν 1 m 0 c 2 hν 1 m 0c2
1 1 λ 3 λ1 λ 3 − λ1 ∆λ
Q − = − = =
ε 3 ε1 hc hc hc hc
h
∴ ∆λ = (1 − cos θ ) (53-3)
m 0c
('" θ + $3 B- < F/ (53 5 3) . ;
-
'#
(
λ3 $3
#
( +
Q <
/ % M
0.0242 (1-cos θ) Ao H" %
(1"
'& '# .
$ Y
$1( $"1 % .c,m0,h
N'
' M <
> B* ."
# % P
D
.. * ?B& L(/-
hν 1( hν/c H"
104
.
א
אא5−3
s s`
β 3c
2m
ε 2 , pr 2 = 0 ′ ε1′
ε 2′, pr′2
ε1, ε1 ε1,
c
c قبل التصادم M0
فوتون فوتون جسيم
جسيم
ساكن متحرك
ε 3 , pr 3 r
β 3c بعد التصادم ε 3′ = M 0 c 2 M0 , p3 = 0
جسيم جسيم
متحرك ساكن
o o`
x x`
(a) (b)
. :
8M0 '" <' (. . B) "
)+ N
"# M
B'* (" N <
s ",
)+ ε1 <1( + </ (%"
β3c H'" / '" '
>
/ # "# @" 1 ."#
ε 3 = M 3 c 2 = γM 0 c 2 H" 1(
M0
M3 = = γM 0 :
(1 − β 32 )
' '1 'G $%+ "
.(a6-3) 3 )+ 9:
.M0 H"
>
/
'1 '",
" # "# β3 @"
A /
)'+ .
)* ?B*
>
/ M 1(
.β3c H'" / " =
< (b6-3) 3 )+
E s` ",
105
H" ) N
B* )+ B-
:+ s )+ 1(
1 A D( . 1
ε = ε1 + ε 2 = ε 3
r r r r
p = p1 + p 2 = p 3
∴ε = ε 1 + M 0 c 2 = γM 0 c 2 (54-3)
:+ s` )+ 1(
1 C .
D(
ε ′ = ε 1′ + ε 2′ = ε 3′
r r r r
p ′ = p1′ + p ′2 = p ′3 = 0
∴ ε ′ = ε 3′ = M 0 c 2 (55-3)
p ′ = p ′x = 0
:F/
s F- s`
"
υ
p x = γ p ′x + 2 ε ′ = γ 0 + β 3 ε ′
c c
β 3 = υ/c
ε1
Ρ x = Ρ1 + Ρ2 = Ρ1 =
c
:
∴ ε 1 = γβ 3 ε ′ = β 3 γM 0 c 2
∴β 3 =
ε1
(56-3)
M 0c2 + ε1
: M 0 c 2 >> ε 1 : + B-
β 3 ≅ ε 1 /M 0 c 2
106
'
/ E' 'G <' F'% HB "# B*
O"
M0 ' M + F/ ε 1 /c H" 1
N+ F(
>
. =
)+
)*
E G >
.!
:
s s
ε 0 , pr 0 = 0 ε 2 , pr 2 ε1, ε1
c
M0
ذرة مرتدة فوتون متحرر
ذرة ساكنة M 02
o o
x x
قبل االنبعاث بعد االنبعاث
."
)+ "#
+ :(7 – 3) 3
.> "# " )+ N G
'+ '&
' ε0 &1( M0 " & " . B A
ε2 1( p2 N ) . B > %
?B* .ε1 <1(
' '1 (753) 3
> .M02 F- " )+ G B* / O
.>
0' '
N:
HB s *
"-
* "
@# )
F
"
s` ",
" . :
..%
$1E M
:+
1 A D( :
r r r r
p = p 0 = 0 = p1 + p 2
∴
ε1 − p
2 =0
c
c p 2 = ε1 (57-3)
:F/
+ 1(
1 D( :
107
ε = ε 0 = ε1 + ε 2
∴M 0c 2 = ε1 + M 2c 2 (58-3)
(M c )
2
2 2
= (cp 2 )2 + M 02 c 2 ( )2
(59-3)
: # (5953) (5753)
(M c ) = ε + (M
2
2 2
1
2
02 c
2 2
) (60-3)
:F/
(6053) (5853) 1E
(M 02 c ) = (M c − ε ) − ε
2 2
0
2
1
2
1
2
(
∴ M 02 c 2 ) = (M c )
2
0
2 2
− 2 M 0 ε1 c2 (61-3)
& K& K>
)+ . B " 1(
* M 02 c 2 , M 0 c 2 A
: 1( H"
& D .
1
ε = M 0 c 2 − M 02 c 2 (62-3)
(
∴ M 02c 2 ) = (M c − ε ) = (M c )
2
0
2 2
0
2 2
− 2 M0c 2 ε + ε 2 (63-3)
: O (6353) (6153) 1E %
ε 1 = ε 1 − ε
2 (64-3)
2 M0c
>- )#
( % + P
@" 1(
'1( )( ) >
&
. B $
B- )* .
)+
.>
/ E
)- &
# ε .
C' '
-
&;
&
K+ $ / & OK ?B* -
.'& J3, () (
C .
% $ B
)K' & [ J3Y "
)+ 9
/ / H -
' "" )+
8< )( 2( () J3Q % <+ 8NE
N>'(
(
.
( (( ?B* - .# &
108
'%%
'/ * (( ?B* D: - .N# D: C
: #
.'
H 8K3/ 1( $"
)+ # P(" > &" $ B
' - .$'"
?B*
%: "" (
& ((/)
'%! <% (i < f ) i H"
F- f H"
%
/ . B
+
B'* 2' BQ+ .(6253) 1E <
. B ( ) 1( )+
C . B 8hν * %
1(
HB
F'- . B = P+ + 1( ?B* + "
)+ )* i H"
8. B 1( F/ 2\ I 1 1(
N G NL# ; f H"
> $
/ E . B H > /> BV )G =B
H > " "
1 % .(853) 3
>
'
8) >
> $
/ E C $ B
?B'* F
'" 8= '
P3
" C > 1( F/ @G
"
. * . *
> 1(
hν
f
f εR
hν
i i
(a) (b)
hν
0=M υ- (65-3)
c
109
'1 '" . B F/
"; L# )+
.'
. B &+
; L# )+ Mυ
>
/
.(953) 3 hν
c
الذرة ارتداد
ساكنة hν
الذرة
Mυ c الفوتون
المنبعث
εR hν
قبل بعد
االنبعاث االنبعاث
; :H" . B / " # .
hν
=υ
Mc
(' / '"
B- 8. B
1( H" εR > 1
:)
> 1( @"
. B
2
ε R = Mυ2 = M
1 1 hν
2 2 Mc
2
( ) hν ε2
= =
2Mc2 2Mc 2
* لمزيد من المعلومات عن ھذه الظاھرة يمكن مراجعة كتاب "مقرر بيركلي" في الفيزياء الميكانيكا المجلد األول الصفحات .553-551
110
: " "
: (1)
(' )'+ " 2.4GeV/c2
&
" 8E
"#
-0.6c )' / '" 0.8c ; / " .x )
E ^
%"
'
s '
"
.
&
/ '" (2) 8s )+ 1
&
(1) :@"
s`
x )
> /
&
2
(5) 8s` )+
&
' x` )'
> '/ '
&
2
N
/ .s )+
.53o H" s` )+
:
:H" < + s )+ 1 ; "# " (1)
m0 2.4 GeV/c2
m1 = = = 4 GeV/c2
(1 − u 2 2
1 /c ) (1 − 0.64)
:H" < Q+ ) "# "
2.4 GeV/c2
m2 = = 3 GeV/c2
(1 − 0.36)
:H"
)+
"#
/ " (2)
m1u1 + m 2 u 2 (4 × 0.8 − 3 × 0.6) GeV/c
υc = = = 0.2 c
m1 + m 2 (3 + 4)GeV/c2
'"# )' ' <'+ HB s` ",
/ " : )*
.N H"
:H" </ " + s` )+ 1 ; "# " (3)
u1 − υc ( 0 .8 − 0 .2 ) c
u 1′ = = = 0 .7 c
υc 0 .2 c
1 − 2 u1 1− .0 .8 c
c c2
:H" s` )+ <
111
2.4 GeV/c 2
m 1′ = = 3.4 GeV/c 2
(1 − (0.7) ) 2
s` )'+ 1
"#
1( ε 2′ , ε 1′
$ B- (4)
:+
&
1( ε 4′ , ε 3′
ε 1′ + ε 2′ = ε 3′ + ε 4′ = ε ′ = (m 1′ + m ′2 ) c 2
9'+ s` )+ N: "
" $1( B- "
ε 1′ = ε 2′ 1
r r r r
:
p ′32 = p ′42 =B p1′ + p ′2 = p ′3 + p ′4 = 0
ε = c p 2
+ m 02 c 2
u 1′ = u ′3 = u ′2 = u ′4 = 0.7 c
112
s )+ ; "# 2
θ M (5)
υ
∴ p 3 cos θ = γ p ′3 cos α + 2c ε 3′
c
p 3 sinθ = p ′3 sinα
'
>] s` )+ ; "# ?# & ) α
.α = 53o * [(3 5 3) 3
∴ p 3 cos θ = γ (2.38 × 0.6 + 0.2 × 3.4 )
∴ tanθ = 0.8850
∴ θ = 41.5 0
s )+ ) "# 2
ϕ M
υ
∴ p 4 cos ϕ = γ p ′4 cosα + 2c ε 4′
c
p 4 sin ϕ = Ρ ′4 sinα
sinα
∴ tan ϕ = = 2.4755
υ ε′
γ cosα + 2c 4
c p ′4
∴ ϕ = − 68 o
:(2)
' <'
113
:
: 1 s ",
)+
ε = ε 1 + ε 2 = (cp)2 + (m 0 c 2 )2 + m 0 c 2
:N>
(
= 8 m0c 2 ) + (m c )
2
0
2 2
+ m0c2
∴ε = 4 m 0 c 2 (1)
:F/
s F- s`
1(
">
ε = γ(ε ′ + υp′x ) = γ ε ′
."
)+ 3
+ s F- " υ / " =
s`
.(453) 3
>
∴ε ′= ε =
4 m 0c 2
γ γ
: #
υ γυ
p x = γ p ′x + 2 ε ′ = 2 ε′
c c
γυ 4 m 0 c
2
= 2 = 4 m0υ
c γ
2 2 m0c c
∴υ = =
4 m0 2
1 1
γ= = = 2
(
1 − υ 2 /c 2 1 ) :N
1 −
2
∴
Q′
=
ε′ −2m =
4 m0
− 2 m0 =
4 m0
− 2 m0
0
c2 c2 γ 2
= 2 m0 ( 2 −1 )
114
( ) (
∴ε = γ ε ′ = γ 2 m0c 2 + Q′ c 2 = γ 2 m0 + 2 2 m0 − 2 m0 c 2 )
∴ M0 =
ε =
4 m0 4 m0
= = 2 2 m0
γc 2 γ 2
:(3)
<'
R "# P
( 8<" 1( H"
<1( "#
<1( # .45o E <*# 2
B& # 8N"
.m0 H" " < N
/
115
'1 s` '", '
)'+ ) F/
"# / " − u ′2 , u 1′
.
1 1 3
γ= = =
(1 − υ 2
/c 2 ) 1
1 −
2
3
sin α sin α
tan θ = , ∴ tan 45 =
γ (1 + cos α ) 3
(1 + cos α )
2
∴ 5 cos 2 α + 6 cos α + 1 = 0
:F/
?B*
α = 180 o , 101.5 o
m 0c2
ε 3′ = ε 1′ =
(1 − υ 2
/c 2 )
",
)+ 1 (1" "# 1( ε 3′ , ε 1′
.s`
m 0c 2 3
∴ ε 3′ = = m 0c2
1 2
1 −
3
Q cp ′3 = ε 32 − (m 0 c 2 )2 =
3
m0c2 − m0c2 ( )2
2
1
∴ p ′3 = m0c
2
1 1
∴ p ′3 x = p ′3 cosα = m 0 c −
2 5
1
= m 0 c(− 1)
2
116
)'+ s` )'+ (1'" '"# x )
> ?# F;
% M
:F/
(1)
ε 3 = 7 m 0 c 2 = T3 + m 0 c 2
5
2
∴ T3 = m0c 2
5
:F/
(1)
)+
% M
ε 3 = m 0 c 2 == T3 + m 0 c 2
∴ T3 = 0
:(4)
2 m0c2
1
I ( 8x )
> ?# =
3
<1( +
' . '3
'"# / '" ?# %
# .m0 " < "#
. <
:
'" /
s ",
)+ 1(
1 D(
s` ",
"
> B- =B
@( B- >- s` ",
2 m0 c2 5 m0 c2
ε = ε1 + ε 2 = 2
+ m0 c =
3 3
:+ . 3
>
/
ε = γM 0 c 2
:
> "# " M0
1
γ=
(1 − υ 2
/c 2 )
117
5 m0c2
∴ γ M0c2 = (1)
3
: 1
r r r r
p = p1 + p 2 = p3
∴ p = p1 x =
ε1 =
2 m0c
= γM 0 υ
c 3
2 m 0c
∴ γM 0 =
3υ
)'+ γM0 '/ M' .
>
/ "# / " υ
:F/
(1)
5 m 0c 2 2 m 0c3
=
3 3υ
2
∴υ = c
5
; x )
> ?# )&+
>
/ "#
?#
.N H" y )
> ?#
:(5)
3ε
'
)+ o ; (% ?# " " < ε <1( "#
5 c2
"# 1( # .y )
> P
30o * %
<*#
s ",
y '
?'# ";
N
"# *3I
"-
)+
.", H
" / " )*
8@"
r
s اتجاه s` y` υ
الجسيم
اتجاه
الجسيم
30o
ε , pr
ε ′, pr ′
o x o` x`
)+ y )
> P
30o N
*3 "# :(953) 3
. ";
N" N
"# *3 s` )+ .s
118
:
: s ",
)+
2
ε 2 − p 2 = 3ε 2
c
c2 2
5c
r
P'
30o * %
P HB s ",
)+ "# p
.(953) 3
> 8y
4ε
∴p =
5c
: # y )
> ?# s` F- s
$>
4ε
p ′y = p y = − cos 30
5c
2 3ε
∴ p ′y = − = p′
5c
'
P` .@" y )
> ?#
?# ) " . 3,
.s` ",
)+ "# )
υ
∴ p′x = γ − p sin 30 − 2 ε = 0
c
1 4ε
× ×c2
2
∴υ = − 2 5c = − c = −0.4 c
ε 5
:# s` F- s
1(
">
ε ′ = γ (ε − υp x ) = γ (ε − ( − υp sin 30 ) )
1 1 5
γ= = =
(1 − β )
2
4 21 :
1 −
25
5 4ε 1
∴ε ′ = ε − 0 . 4c × ×
21 5c 2
4.2ε
∴ε ′ =
21
119
:(6)
'
'1( P
(
)+ K
1(
:'A '1E @"
"
)+
)+ K*
.
/ " V M B- K = K* +
1
2
MV 2
'
' '1 )* J I" P
# /> B_ B- ?E/ #
.X )+ L: / "
:
9': A / K = K* +
1
2
MV 2 1E $- R
)+
@( 1
:); &#"
'"# '
)+
1(
K
'
+ '" ' ) "# @#
x )
> ?# =
;
: 3
1( ?B* /
1
K= m1 υ 2
2
: 3 K* /
+
)+
1 1
K* = m1 v12 + m 2 v 22
2 2
'"# / '" ' v2,m2 ; "# / " v1,m1
:+
?B* )+ N H" )
.) F/ )
m 1 v1 + m 2 v 2 = 0
m1 υ1
∴ v2 = − = −v
M
.", H
" / " v M=m1+m2
m2v2 m m υ m υ
∴ v1 = − = − 2 − 1 1 = 2 1
m1 m1 M M
120
2 2
m1 m 2 υ1 m 2 m1 υ1
* m1m 2 υ12
∴K = + =
2 M 2 M 2M
2
1 m1m 2 υ12 m1 + m 2 m1υ1 1
* 2
∴ K + MV = + = m1 υ12
2 2M 2 m1 + m 2 2
1
∴ K = K * + MV 2
2
: "
)+ A
ε = γε *
Q ε = K + M 0c 2
M0=m01+m02
ε * = K* + M 0 c 2
K* + M 0 c 2
∴K = − M 0c2
(1 − V 2
/c 2
)
:+ V << c A : + BQ+
−1 / 2
V2 V2
1 − ≅ 1+
c2 2 c2
V2
( *
2c
2
)
∴K = K + M0c 1+ 2 − M0c2
1 v2
≅ K* + M 0 c 2 + K* 2 − M0c2 + 1 M0V 2
2 c 2
1
∴ K ≅ K* + MV 2
2
."
)+ M=M0
:(7)
437 MeV '
<'1( 8@'#
x )
> ?# =
' '
NE $
/ BQ+ .N" <
` (
121
' . '
@"
. a "
1( =
.
&*#
:
(1'" m 8
H; " m0 M
r
1( p1 , ε 1 N: M .T = 437MeV
<1( HB
r
." 1( 0 = p 2 ,ε 2 (1"
:@ 1(
1
ε1 +ε 2 = ε 3 +ε 4 (1)
.s '
'
)+ 1( ε 4 , ε 3 B-
' ' '
" >
B* )+ F- . 3, #
? ' '
B'*
% ( 9: ; =B F- #
. 1(
$>
)- L#
:@
1
r r r r
p1 + p 2 = p 3 + p 4 (2)
r r
p 4 , p3 B-
:
ε 1 = Τ1 + m 0 c 2
ε 2 = m 0c 2
ε3 = ε4
:
Τ 1 + 2 m 0 c 2 = 2ε 3 = 2ε 4
Τ1
∴ε 3 = ε 4 = + m 0c 2 (3)
2
p 32 = p 42 =
ε 2
3 2 2
−m c =
ε 2
4
− m 2c2
0 0 (4)
c2 c2
: # (2) 1E
p 12 = p 32 + p 24 + 2 p 3 p 4 cos θ
r r
p 4 p 3 .
θ B-
122
∴ p12 = 2 p 32 (1 + cosθ ) = 2 p 24 (1 + cosθ )
θ θ
∴ p 1 = 2 p 3 cos = 2 p 4 cos (5)
2 2
Q p12 =
ε 1
2
2 2
−m c =
(T1 + m 0 c 2 )
0
2
− m 2c 2 0
c2 c2
2
T
∴ p 12 = 1 + 2 T1 m 0
c
(4) 1E
2
T1
+ m 0 c 2
2
p 32 = p 24 = 2
− m0c 2
c
2
T
∴ p 32 = p 24 = 1 + T1 m 0 (6)
2c
2
T1
2 + 2 T1 m 0
θ p1 c 1
cos2
= = ×
2 2 p 3
T1
2 4
+ T1 m 0
2c
θ Τ1 + 2 m 0c 2
∴ cos =
2 Τ1 + 4 m 0c 2
∴ θ = 84o
123
:(8)
2 m0c2
3
F'- "
1( @#
x )
> ?# =
+ (%"
); <*# / 2
+ m0 " < N" "# F/
' s ",
)+ <
$3
1( @"
.90o
.N N"
)
s` ",
)+ <1( #
:
:@+ s ",
)+ 1(
1 N> D(
ε1 + ε 2 = ε 3 + ε 4
p2 = 0 , ε 3 = cp3 , ε1 = cp1 :
2 m 0c 2
∴ + m 0 c 2 = cp 3 + ε 4 (1)
3
: #
1 D(
r r r r
p1 + p 2 = p 3 + p 4
2 m 0c
= p 3 cos 90 + p 4 cos ϕ (2)
3
p 3 sin 90 = p 4 sin ϕ (3)
.(1" ?# / "# & 2
) ϕ
ε 42 = (cp 4 )2 + (m 0 c 2 )2 (4)
:F/
&
# (3) (2) P
2
2 m0c2
(cp 4 ) 2
= (cp 3 ) 2
+
(5)
3
:O (4)
)+ (5)
(cp4)
1 M
2
2 m0c2
ε 2
4 (
− m0c )
2 2
= (cp 3 ) 2
+
3
(6)
:# )- (6)
)+ (cp3)
1 M (1)
">
124
2
5
2
2 m0c2
2
m 0 c − cp 3 − m 0 c
2
( )
2
= (cp 3 ) 2
+
3
3
:F/
. ;
2
p3 = m 0c
5
2
∴ε 3 = cp 3 = m 0 c 2
5
: s` ",
)+ N H" )
2
m c2
cp x cp1 3 0 2
β= = = =
ε ε 5 m c2 5
0
3
1
∴γ = = 1.09 ≅ 1.1
(
1− β 2 )
: O s` F- s
1(
ε 3′ = γ (ε 3 − βcp3x ) = γ ε 3
2
∴ ε 3′ = (1.09 ) m 0 c 2
5
:H" s` )+ 1( B-
∴ ε 3′ = 0.44 m 0 c 2
:(9)
' . '- &
D(
/ %"
( )+ =
$ . B
P' ?'# 6
7
c H'" / " &" . B " D( ,
. B' '" "
)+ *3I
.&
( P
60o * %
H'" *#+ , . B
( 0% J("
.. B / " @"
.30o
125
r
υ ε e′ , pr ′e , υr ′e = 6 c
s s`
ε e , pr e , υr e 7
إلكترون إلكترون
30o r 60o
υ
ذرة ذرة
متحركة ساكنة
o x o` x`
*3 s` )+ .s )+
. B
- DE( :(1053) 3
.<*# G P
N
, F% " . B
:
r
D( x )
> ?# s ",
)+ υ / " =
. B M
)+ .(1053) 3
> 8x )
> P
30o * %
P - &
r
. B' 9 s ",
F- " υ / " =
HB s` ",
2
ε e′2 = ( cp ′e )2 + ( m 0 c 2 )
2 2
ε′ 2
∴ e = 1+ m0c
cp ′e cp ′e
126
cp′e = cγ ′e m 0 υ′e :
E
1 6c
γ ′e = : υ ′e = :
(
1 − β ′e2 ) 7
2
ε′ 2
∴ e = 1 + 1 = 1 = 7
cp ′e γ ′e2 β ′e2 β ′e2 6
3 9
∴γ = =
7 3+7β
1 + 2 β
6
1 3+7β
=
γ 9
2
2 3 + 7β
∴1− β =
9
∴130 β 2 + 42 β − 72 = 0
(5 β− 3)(26 β+ 24) = 0
3
∴β =
5
3c
υ=
5
:(10)
(10MeV<< ε 0 ) ε 0 F'- '"
/ 1( =
$
'
'3
Q ' 1( O" .
$&#
ε 0 (1" $ 1( F/
> .
F/ &(%" 2
.Q
1 #
127
:
$'
&
&" .
F/ $ (%" / < M
.(1153) 3 )+ 9:
$ ?#> N"
&*#
:+
M 1(
1 A D(
ε 0 + m 0 c 2 = Q + γm 0 c 2 (1)
:
1
ε0 =−
Q
+ γβm 0 c
c c
∴ ε 0 + Q = γβm 0c 2 (2)
Q γ 2β 2 = γ 2 − 1
2 2
( ) − (m c )
∴ γ 2β 2 m02 c 4 = γm0 c2 0
2
+ (m c ) = [(ε − Q ) + m c ]
2
2 2
∴ (ε 0 + Q )2 0 0 0
2
1 2 m 0c2 1
Q = 2
≅ m 0c2
1 2 m 0c 2
1+
ε0
1
:)A 2
m 0c2 << ε 0 $-
128
1/ 2 m 0 c 2
''
' %
. G ε0 "" O 10 MeV << ε 0
.(1" $ 1( F/
>
^
F- Q B* 89
)
$3
..
)/ + (%" :(11 – 3 3
.(1" 1( F/ <1(
> 2
129
! % &
'
'
)+
"#
1( $ 51
υ '
' '
H" 1
1 2
µ µυ
2
.L: / " " K( J I" / .
"# " / "
( .0.6c H" x )
> ?# </ " m0 " < "# 52
.– 0.8c / " N: x )
> ?# " <
R "#
"
N 3
BQ+
'
'
)'+ 1
&
/ " @"
<' "
)+ "# ( υ </ " m1 " < "# 53
. 3
#
/
+ m2 "
' </ '" '
"# " # ",
N"
.
>
/
m 2 = m12 + m 22 +
2 m1m 2
:c
1 − υ 2 /c 2
m1υ
V=
m1 + m 2 (1 − υ /c )
2 2
ν = 2.45 × 10 20 Hz :c
3
130
'" '
)+ - P
( 4c
5
/ " " 55
F'/ D(
( )+ "
*#
*3 + +
,
" m0 $
/ BQ+ .(1" "# "
.
1( # 8
2 m0c 2
2 :c
m 0c2
3
r
' " p
&
s ",
)+ b, a
"# 56
@'#
x )'
> ?# %"
( )+ a "# =
m0
&
131
(1'" ?# / , 2
)* ϕ M + B- 58
', '1( $+
J
)+ hν <1( HB
:A 1E @#
F(
T
2 α cos 2 ϕ
T =hν
(1 + α )2 − α 2 cos 2 ϕ
hν
. α = m c 2 :
0
* '%
'/ '
'1( )'- $ # #
" 59
0.938GeV H'" ' " 1( $
/ BQ+ .200GeV
'# ?' '
x "# M0c2 " 1(
1 F/ @"
'" '
)'+ P
1( / $ ?B*
p+ p → p+ p+ x :A /
/ @"
.
p : B-
M 0 c 2 = 17.58 GeV :c
3c
.'" *3
" 5
/ " =
M0 < 3 "# – 10
8($+)
# 3
* "# *3
B* 1
."#
( P
60o ?# M0c2 &
1(
# J3,
/ 3
4
M0 $ "# " O"
.* %
.# </ " 2
υ=
7c
4
:c
132
'R '"# ( 2m0c2
<1( m0 " < "# 511
'# '"# " # .< D+ 2m0 " < "
.
N:
M 0 = 17 m0 :c
133
الفصل الرابع
)الفضاء ذو األبعاد األربعة والمتجھات الرباعية(
. 1.4
. 2.4
. 3.4
. 4.4
. !"#$
% 5.4
'& . 6.4
. $ (! ) *+ $, 7.4
. &-
) . %
.א
א1−4
(x,y,z) ,/+ 0/ )- )/$ 1+ 23 4, %& 4 5-
- , : )$ ,7 " 89: .4 .6 4 t )
/" > /#- 5- = < " ) ; 6
/- 93 @ A , ) B 9: )3 .? .
.C$> .+ - C$ & D- $ ,
)/! )/ r2 / )- F/ E ;3 D- .
:)- 5- ? " ) ; (x2,y2,z2) (x1,y1,z1)
/ / /& (2) ! s ? & (1) ! $ 9H
: )7 " ) ; r )- 91 % =) r A s` ?
# )K ) )- )$ ) .? 5 $ , 6
. " #- 5- # # )$ > r )-
135
/ o %/7 /! ) ! ) 4, @1+ @+
%/ *+ )3 .(6L1) %$2 $ o ; ! o` # $ F
:)$ s` s ) $ c #
.
)
x 2 + y2 + z2 x ′ 2 + y ′2 + z ′2
= = c2 (4-1)
t2 t′ 2
/#
# %& - )- %6
r
r 8 r .+
4 9 @>- 0, )-
θ :/ / z /: ), &3 % (x,y,z) &? )
.(x`,y`,z`) &? ) D-
;3 %
136
y` y
x B
θ y`
θ x` yθ x`
r
r
y` θ
θ x
=/K >, 0 ) ) B 9: ! &? % )3
:(1 – 4) %$2 F>
x ′ = x cos θ + y sin θ
y ′ = − x sin θ + y cos θ (3-4)
z′ = z
4 θ z % &? ) ) 59 % 9: )3
)/$ ) 93 " )
O x`,y` ;3 x,y &? %
r
r
//$ // 93 //,- @//,- %//2 //! 89//: //
/ .) / *+ &3 , . %& x 2 + y2 + z2 − c2t2
137
4
∑x
µ =1
2
µ = x 12 + x 22 + x 32 + x 24 (4-4)
./, !/2 / " ) ; $ 89:
C9/$ ;/O /,7 ,7 9 *+ )- ;3 %
9: 2?
6 *+ 9# @!!
- 59 $$ , ;3 "
" *+
/#- ;/ / %, *+ 9: .
/
/$ : (x1,x2,x3,x4) &? $ 5, %
.,7 ,7 59 *+
/ , )
%& a ij )- ! % ; % 9:
∑x 2
i /
93 @, % 9: A .% 9: 0
:)$ @, @ %& 7 , )- S 9H ." )
∑ x′ = ∑ x
i
i
2
k
2
k (6-4)
138
:)-
(x ′j )2 = ∑∑ a ij a ik x j x k
j k
∴ ∑ (x ′ ) = ∑ ∑ ∑ a
i
i
2
j k i
ij a ik x j x k (7-4)
∴ ∑a i
ij a ik = δ jk (8-4)
x 1′ x 1
x ′2 = a ij x 2 (11-4)
x′ x
3 3
/! )- @ $9 $ .% 9# ) : a ij
/,7 59 */+ / #! )$ 89: %
.,7
rr
l 2 = l.l , *+ 9:
%! l )- S
139
:P$ )- )$
l2 = x 2 + y2 + z2 − c2t 2
= x 12 + x 22 + x 32 + x 24
" ) CO l )- 7
:)- 5-
∑ x′ = ∑ x
µ
µ
2
λ
2
λ
x ′1 γ 0 0 i βγ x 1
x ′2 0 1 0 0 x 2
x′ = 0 0 1 0 x (13-4)
3 3
x ′ − i βγ 0 0 γ x
4 4
140
/ )/$ )- )$ (12 L 4) , %& % )3
, ) : )$ ψ ) )H 89: .x1x4 D
:)K %
x 1′ = x 1 cos ψ + x 4 sin ψ
(14-4)
x ′4 = − x 1 sin ψ + x 4 cos ψ
x`4 x4
x1 B
ψ
x`1
x`4
x`1
x4
ψ
ψ
O x1
141
cos ψ 0 0 sin ψ
0 1 0 0
A=
0 0 1 0 (16-4)
− sin ψ 0 0 cos ψ
:)- 4
γ 0 0 i βγ
0 1 0 0
a µν =
0 0 1 0 (18-4)
− i βγ 0 0 γ
.אא
א3–4
89 59 ! .,7 ,7 59 *+ C @
)- S
)/, 3 8 )$ , ! ; $ %
∆xµ M )H C9 @ .
$ % F> $ xµ &?
∆x µ
/ ∆t
/ )- >3 @/+-
: ! 9: ; )! )
. 3 @6 9' ∆t )7 @ @#
142
) ; ∆τ D-
3 )K %
89: ; % .? .
" ) ; )&
:K ! .
:P$ (2 – 4) 6, )
(∆x)2 + (∆y)2 + (∆z)2 − c2 (∆z)2 = (∆x′)2 + (∆y′)2 + (∆z′)2 − c2 (∆t′)2
(∆r)2 − c 2 (∆t)2 = (∆r′)2 − c 2 (∆t ′)2
1 1
1 ∆r
2 2 1 ∆r ′
2 2
∴ ∆t1 − 2 = ∆t ′1 − 2
c ∆t c ∆t ′
∑Vµ
2
µ = ∑ V′
λ
λ
2
(20-4)
:)- 4
dx µ
Vµ = (21-4)
dτ
143
dx −1 dx x&
(
V1 = 1 = 1 − u 2 /c 2 ) 2
=
dτ dt
(1 − u 2
/c 2 )
dx 2 −1 dy y&
V2 = (
= 1 − u 2 /c 2 ) 2
=
dτ dt
(1 − u 2
/c 2 )
−1
dx 3 dz z&
V3 = (
= 1 − u 2 /c 2 ) 2
=
(22-4)
dτ dt
(1 − u 2
/c 2 )
dx 4 −1 d (ι ct ) ic
V4 = (
= 1 − u 2 /c 2 ) 2
dt
=
dτ (1 − u 2
/c 2 )
:)- R .
*
3 U& >, 89: ) , %$ ! .
∑ µ
Vµ2 =
(1− u /c ) (1− u /c ) 1− u /c
2 2 2 2 2 2
∴ ∑ V = −c µ
2 2
(23-4)
µ
/ )$ (18 – 4) 6, : $ aµν ,>
: $ K % >,
v 1′ = γ (v 1 + i βv 4 )
v ′2 = v 2
(24-4)
v ′3 = v 3
v ′4 = γ (− i βv 1 + v 4 )
r
u ic
vµ = , (25-4)
(1 − u 2
/c 2 ) (1 − u 2
/c 2 )
144
. א
א!מ4–4
. !" # :
:6, 0,
dx µ dx µ
pµ = m 0vµ = m 0 = m (26-4)
dτ dt
∑p 2
µ ( )
= m 2 x& 2 + y& 2 + z& 2 − m 2 c 2
µ
2 2
=m u −m c =
m02 u 2 − c2
2 2 ( )
1 − u 2 /c 2 ( )
∴ ∑p
µ
2
µ = −m 02c 2 (28-4)
145
∑p
µ
2
µ = ∑ p′
λ
λ
2
= −m 02c 2 (29-4)
:
$ % >, A 9$:
p 1′ = γ (p 1 + i β p 4 )
p ′2 = p 2
(31-4)
p ′3 = p 3
p 4 = γ (− i β p 1 + p 4 )
′
∑p
µ
µ
2
= p12 + p 22 + p 32 + p 24 =p 2
−
c 2
= − m 02 c 2
∴ε = (c p
2 2
+ m 02 c 4 ) (32-4)
∴i
ε ′ = γ i ε −i
υ
px
c c c
p1=px :)- 4
∴ ε ′ = γ (ε − υp x )
146
/ " ) ; S, . #+ #
)- $9 )-
.&$ %1 % )- )$
6! )- S =)
M, %& )K .
r
#$/ /$ . p 2 , ε 2 &
6! %7
r
m 02 , m 01 p1 , ε 1
r
/
p 3 ,ε 3 %7 /
6! )$ , . ;
r
) % 6! F )6 M! . p 4 , ε 4 &
:K$ #
)$ )
p 1µ + p 2 µ = p 3 µ + p (33-4)
4µ
:)- 4
r iε r iε
p1µ = p1 , 1 , p 2 µ = p 2 , 2
c c
r iε r iε
p 3µ = p 3 , 3 , p 4 µ = p 4 , 4
c c
*
3 " ) ; 6 )V$ >, 89: )
.%$2 (33L4) , $ , C9 A+ .' 89# ,
p1 µ + p 2 µ − p 3 µ = p
4µ
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
− m01c − m02c − m01c + 2 p1µ p 2µ − 2 p1µ p3µ − 2 p 2µ p3µ = − m02c
∴ m 01 c 2 + p1 µ p 3 µ + p 2 µ p 3 µ − p1 µ p 2 µ = 0 (34-4)
147
r
ε2 = m02c2 , p2 = 0
r r
p 1µ p 3µ = p 1 .p 3 −
ε 1ε 3 = p 1 p 3 cos θ −
ε 1ε 3
c 2
c 2
p 2µ p 3 µ = − ε 3 m 02
(35-4)
p 1 µ p 2µ = − ε 1 m 02
ε 3 ε21 + m 02 − ε 1 m 02 − m 012 c 2
cos θ = c
p1 p 3 (36-4)
. )
6! > 2 !, 7 6,
/ M, #2 6 P$ )- .! # ! BH
.&
ϕ 2
ε1
2 + m 02 ε 4 − m 02 c
2
( )
cos ϕ =
c
p1p 4 (37-4)
:&
'" # : %
/ /
- / ;O Fµ @
@ #
%
:& ) ) , )$ 91 .
dp µ
Fµ = (38-4)
dτ
: %$2 6, 89: $ )$
−1 d dxµ
(
Fµ = 1 − u 2 /c2 ) 2 m
dt dt
(39-4)
148
r
/ ;7 4& $ )93 . $ m =
u )- 4
:P$ f > ;3 P
fx fy fz
F1 = , F2 = , F3 =
(1 − u 2
/c 2 ) (1 − u 2
/c 2 ) (1 − u 2
/c 2 )
: , $ C9$
ic dm i 1 dε
F4 = = . (40-4)
(1 − u 2
/c 2 ) dt c (1 − u 2
/c 2 ) dt
:)- %
dp µ
∑ µ
pµ
dτ
=0
∑p
µ
µ Fµ = 0 (41-4)
dε r r
∴ = u .f (42-4)
dt
>
59 %, : ε =mc2 $ " %, )93
r
.6! $ ) 6, ) $U9 . M : .
; @"2 f
% >, $ $
$ % )-
.
149
F1′ = γ (F1 + i βF4 )
F2′ = F2
)(43-4
F3′ = F3
F4′ = γ (F4 − i βF1 )
/, ; % (43 – 4) ) , , $ )K A+
.6! %
υ
Q F 4′ = γ F 4 − i F1
c
−1 −1 −1
i u ′2 2
dε ′ i u2 2
dε u2 2
dp x
∴ 1 − 2 = γ 1 − 2 − i β 1 − 2
c c dt ′ c c dt c dt
+1 +1
u2 2 u2 2
Q 1 − 2 dt = 1 − 2
′ dt = dτ
c
c
dε ′ dε dp
∴ = γ −υ x
dτ dτ dτ
) ∴ ε ′ = γ (ε − υp x
∗ وفقا ً لفرضية آينشتاين يمتلك الفوتون صفات االزدواجية الموجية-الجسيمية عند االنتشار و الحي9ود و الت9داخل ،فتظھ9ر ص9فاته الموجي9ة
و تختفي الجسيمية .أما عند تفاعل الفوتون مع المادة كما ھو الحال في الظ9اھرة الكھروض9وئية و ت9أثير كمبت9ون فتظھ9ر ص9فاته الجس9يمية
وتختفي الموجية.
150
r
.) $ 8
n C & h = ν )- 4
r
s υ
s` hν ′ c
hν c
θ θ`
o x o` x`
r h ν ih ν r iε
. n , %$2 p,
$ $ )
c c c
s ? x-y D C @ @ )K S
./ θ`,θ ) / /$ 8/
./ 4 s` ? x`-y` D
r
A )/$ 93 .(3 – 4) %$2 $ ; ; s`,s ? 5 x`,x )&>
:) @ @#
υ
A 1′ = γ A 1 + i A 4
c
A ′2 = A 2
A ′3 = A 3 (44-4)
υ
A ′4 = γ A 4 − i A 1
c
151
υ
ν ′ cos θ ′ = γν cos θ −
c
ν ′ sin θ ′ = ν sin θ
(45-4)
υ
ν ′ = γν 1 − cos θ
c
θ θ`
o x o` x`
##
, . !"#$
:(4 – 4) %$2
.θ` s` ##
, . .s θ
;/3 /
% h/c )K + 93
/6! / )- */+ / F 9$: . n λ ,
r h i hν
"
c
152
r iε
%/! )- /$ p,
$ : )$ ) )1,
c
"/ @/ @#
$ : )$
. n λ ,
r h i hν
c
)/ /&$- /, 5-) =1923 [, (6
B,2> )$ 9 - (C 6! $ $ #F ; ) ) )
/6 / )- S- )$ ) =@
@$ C 6 0F S,
) S .D- Y0F @
@$ @+ C
%/! ) (
)> 0,)
# =($>)
89/: X ) .) #2 . P
89:
/
/$ 6! . )- .6 *+ . =+
r iε
=
)1,
%! p, c
)- 4/ = n λ ,
r r h i hν
/ n /
$ =.6 : $
c
.
2 8
)/$ ε =hν C 6 )$ 6 ' C9$ (6
89/: / /
: ν 4 =
; #!
r h iε
n , "/ / /
/
P$ )- )$
λ c
r iε
:5 )' @+ .6 )- $ p,
c
r rh
- p=n
λ
h
λ = (46-4)
p
153
; !\/7
; .! % ) # %$ ) A
. :F , # : $
! :5
υph
h ε ε
= υ ph = λ ν = .
p h p
:5 # υg \7
dω dν d (hν ) d ε
= υg = = =
dk 1 h dp
d d
λ λ
(
Q ε = c p 2 + m 20c 2 )1/ 2
dε
= ∴ υg =u )(48-4
dp
∗ تتحدد الصفات الجسيمية بالطاقة εو الزخم ،pأما الصفات الموجية فتتحدد بالتردد νو الطول الموجي .λو يربط ثاب9ت بالن9ك hب9ين
الصفات الجسيمية و الموجية أي بين الطاقة و التردد بالعالقة ε=hνو كذلك بين الزخم و الطول الموجي بالعالقة .p=h/λ
154
r
s s` υ
B`
B
r r
r r′
θ θ`
o υ x o` المصدر في x`
المصدر في
حالة حركة حالة سكون
155
ν ′ = γν (1 − β cosθ )
ν ′sinθ ′ = ν sinθ
ν ′cosθ ′ = γν ( cosθ − β )
:)"
ν ′ 1 − υ 2 /c 2
أو ν = (51-4)
υ
1 − cos θ
c
ν ′ r 1 − υ 2 /c 2
ν = r r
υ.r (52-4)
r−
c
/ 5- /, &' )& (52 – 4) =(51 – 4) ),
)- /$ .:/2 ) $ ! 8
*+ )$
*+ 4, F :2 .6 8
$ : υcosθ
.%7 ! )$ 5- = )
% 6 )$ :2 .6 ;3 *+ % 59 6
/ " ; 6 )$ 89: % ,6 ) VE
;/7 1/+ /2? # &, F .6 ; . $
/6, )/ ; ,6 $ .
)- D 9 . ' .6
/ / (t-r/c) 8/6 ) ' .6 ;3 , (52 – 4)
156
%/6 ) : : %& ν` s ?
r
;3 ' .6 )
: r
.s` ? :2
.F !
(51 – 4) /, )/ # % )$
%! )3
/ *+ )- .
%! ) 6,
:)$ s` s ? 5
λν = λ ′ν ′ = c
157
.%
-",
)*א%+א7–4
%/! )/ $ $ A! ; 1+ B,2 !
C/9 !6/
%! @ , 5- =" $, *+
. @, - 1+ B,2 8
C A! )$ 93 ,
(!/ / */+ $,? )6 )- )K
)6,/ /&
% >, ,> , $
.(50 – 4) =(49 – 4)
r
y s y` s` υ
الضوء الساقط
الضوء الساقط
λ1 , ν1
λ ′, ν ′
o α1 o` α
α2 r α
υ x x`
λ2, ν2 λ ′, ν ′
الضوء الضوء
المنعكس المنعكس
158
.λ` /
%/! ν` *+ )- $,? ;3 α !
:!6 *+
:)-
s` ? :
θ′ = π + α
: )- 4
sin θ
γ
tan θ′ =
cos θ − β
:)-
s ? : %
θ = π + α1
ν ′ = γν(1 − β cos θ ) :)- 4
: نكتبs`،s بالنسبة للضوء الساقط في محوري اإلسناد
sin (π + α1 ) γ
tan (π + α ) =
cos (π + α1 ) − β
sin α 1 γ
∴ tan α = (57-4)
cos α 1 + β
∴ ν ′ = γν1 [1 − βcos (π + α1 )]
∴ ν ′ = γν 1 (1 + βcosα 1 ) (58-4)
159
%/6 ) O : $ $,> ! ) ! 6, :
/F C $, A! )- D 59 s ? :2
r
.!6 B,2 ) @ x &> 8
υ
.α2<α1 )- (61L4) 6, ) F
:; % (60 – 4) = (58 – 4) )6, )7 0!
ν1 (1 + β cos α1 ) = ν 2 (1 − β cos α 2 )
ν 1 1 − β cos α 2
∴ = (62-4)
ν 2 1 + β cos α1
ν1λ1 = ν 2 λ 2 = c :)-
λ1 1 + β cosα1
∴ = (63-4)
λ 2 1 − β cosα 2
∴ δλ 1 = − λ 1β (cos α 1 + cos α 2 )
:)$ 1 >> β )-
α1 ≅ α 2
cos α 1 ≅ cos α 2
160
;/ $,> 4 , *+
%! % 59 " )
/ )/U : υ F !6 B,2 ) P $ A!
:)- 4 δλ1
δλ 1 = −2 λ1β cos α1 (64-4)
161
:
"( "%
:(1) ) %
/ / ! C ε1 $ 6! m01 $ $
57 $ 6!
.m02 $ $ )$
F
/#
@/ / %6 $ $ )
)
.6!
: ),,,(
P/$ )- /$ " ) ; #
) P+ % )-
:K P+ %
/
/
p2µ )- !6
p1µ )- 4
)
) )#
p`1µ = p`1µ )- .s ? )$
.s` ?
:)-
6! #
<1 )
r ε +ε2
p1µ + p 2µ = p+ i 1
c
r ε ′ + ε 2′
p1′ µ + p′2 µ = p′+ i 1
c
r r r r r r r
p = p1 + p 2 = p1 , p ′ = p1′ + p ′2 = 0 :)- 4
r r r
∴ p1′ = − p′2 , p1′2 = p′22 , p2 = 0 , ε 2 = m02c2
:; % P+ *
H
2
ε ε 2
ε ′ ε ′
2
p − 1 + 2 = − 1 + 2
c c c c
162
ε 1 = − ε ′2
2 ε 21 2
p − − m 02
2
c 2 − 2 m 02
c2 c
ε ′ = ε 1′ + ε 2′ :)- 4
2 2
∴ − m 01 2 2
c − m 02 c − 2 m 02 ε 1 = −
ε ′2
c2
/? F $ 6! ; 7 6, 89: ) % C9
:)- 5- s`
1
(
ε ′ = m 01c 2 ) + (m
2
02 c )
2 2
+ 2 m 02 c ε 1 2
2
(2)
:5 -
(1) , %& P+ % ;3 D- .
p1µ . p2µ = p1′ µ . p′2µ
∴−
ε1 ε 2 = − p 1′ 2 −
ε1′ε 2′
c2 c2
∴ m02 ε1 = p1′ 2 +
ε1′ (ε ′ − ε ′) = p′ 2 + ε 2′ (ε ′ − ε ′)
1 2 2
c2 c2
2 ε 1′2 ε 1′ε ′
= p 1′ − 2 +
c c2
m 02 ε1 = m 2 01c 2 +
ε1′ε ′
c2
ε ′ = (m c ) + (m c )ε
2 2 2
01 02 1
1
ε′
:)-
%&
ε ′ = (m c ) + (m c )ε
2 2 2
02 01 1
2
ε′
163
:(2) ) %
@,/23 3 - $
)
F S,
/7 )/$ 9H/ 0.8c 5 # @, )$ S7
) 4, 1200Ao 5
%! ! !!
.^$
F 0! ! 9:
%! .)$
: ),,(
9/ =B,/2? 59 % :2 )
, -
:6,
c− υ
ν = ν′
c+ υ
c c c− υ
=
λ λ′ c+ υ
c+ υ 1.8
λ = λ′ = 1200
c− υ 0.2
∴ λ = 3600 A o
:(3) ) %
C/ T ; 5 %$2 6000Ao
%! *+ !
:P- .3x107ms-1 !6 *+ 8
) @,
.$, *+
%! % " :@>-
:P- .45o 5 ! $ T ; *+ ! 93
.$, *+
%! % " :@>-
.$,> :@&
164
: ),,(
:6, M! :@>-
λ1 1 − β cos α 1
=
λ2 1 + β cos α 2
α1=α2=0o :)-
λ1 1−β 0.9 9
∴ = = =
λ2 1+ β 1.1 11
11 λ 1
∴ ∆λ = λ 2 − λ 1 = − λ1
9
2 2
= λ1 = × 6000
9 9
4000
= = 1333 A 0
3
:@&
∆λ = 2 λ 1 β cos α 1
= 2 x 6000 x 0.1cos 45
= 840 A o
λ1 1 − β cosα1 1 − 0.1× 0.7
= =
λ 2 1 + β cosα 2 1 + 0.1cosα 2 :@&&
6 0 .93
=
6 .84 1 + 0 .1 cos α 2
:)-
7 6, 89: )
o
α 2 = 53
:(4) ) %
/" ) ; ∑ Vµ2 )- R @ @#
%& Vµ )$ 93
µ
.
165
:),,,(
/
/# %/ # ! % =
Vµ )-
:)- 5- xµ
V 1′ = γ ( V 1 + i β V 4 )
V 2′ = V 2
V 3′ = V 3
V 4′ = γ ( − i β V 1 + V 4 )
:; % .
*
3 & ) >, 89: ! .
∑ V′ µ
2
[( )
= γ 2 1 − β 2 V12 + 1 − β 2 V42 ( ) ] +V 2
2 + V32
µ
λ
2
λ
:)-
r
Vλ =
u
,
ic
1 − u2 /c2
( 1− u 2 /c2 ) ( )
u 2 − c2
∴ ∑ = (1 − u /c )
λ
Vλ2 2 2
∴ ∑ V′ = ∑ V = − c
µ
2 2
λ
2
µ λ
:(5) ) %
%/, s ? %7 ! 8
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/
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.
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.P y &> 8
%7
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166
:),,,(
s y s` r
υ
اتجاه الفوتون
اتجاه الفوتون
α
θ θ`
o x o` x`
α
167
:)- R (3) 6, ) ε = γε` )-
β = − sinα
υ = − c sinα
1
∴ γ =
(1 − β ) 2
1
∴γ =
cos α
∴ε ′=ε cos α
168
- ). /
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169
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cos ϕ =
(υ 2
)
+ c 2 cos θ + 2 υc
υ 2 + c 2 + 2 υc cos θ
.? 5 ) υ )- 4
170
الفصل الخامس
الجسيمات األولية(
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. 1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
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.
#
$
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)
:(1O5
معدل العمر الشحنة الكتلة الرمز
البرم أسم الجسيم الصنف
s الجسيم الضديد
MeV
الضديد الجسيم
مستقر 0 1 0 γ فوتون ،جاما ،كم الفوتونات
+ -
مستقر 1 -1 1/2 0,511 e e الكترون ،بوزيترون
مستقر 0 0 1/2 )?( 0 νe νe نيوترينو الكتروني
-6
اللبتونات
2,2.10 +1 -1 1/2 105,7 µ+ µ− ميون
مستقر 0 0 1/2 )?( 0 νµ νµ نيوترينو ميوني
π0
-16
1,8.10 0 0 0 135 π0 بايون متعادل
البايونات الميزونات
π- π+
-8
2,6.10 -1 +1 0 139,6 بايون مشحون
-10 0
0,9.10 0 0 0 498 K0 K كايون متعادل
-8 - + الكايونات
1,2.10 -1 +1 0 493,7 K K كايون مشحون
مستقر -1 +1 1/2 938,3 P P بروتون
الباريونات
920 0 0 1/2 939,6 n n نيوترون
-10
2,6.10 0 0 1/2 1115,6 Λ0 Λ0 المبدا ھايدرون
-10
0,8.10 -1 +1 1/2 1189,4 Σ+ Σ+
ھايبرونات
-20
6.10 0 0 1/2 1192,5 Σ 0
Σ0 سيجما ھايدرون
-10
1,5.10 +1 -1 1/2 1197,3 Σ −
Σ −
-10
2,9.10 0 0 1/2 1315 Ξ 0
Ξ0
-10 كساي ھايدرون
1,64.10 +1 -1 1/2 1321 Ξ− Ξ−
173
< <.
( 6 ) .
(8 2 !
8
"
0 <A .
( 6 ) .
( 6 >0 + !
8
)A1 .
5 . ' # #
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280 ,
8
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6 ( .
3B " (e+)
=
.
3B 2
1: =1 1
;
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(e-) 'J =& /
) '
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; 5) 1 20 ;5 . 2
6
– +1
D3' 'J ' " '
.(5
H8 20 ' .(*)(νβ) 2') (
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# = 2" .
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+8
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'J & $
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1 K ?
( 6 : ' 85 " @5' 1936 . 6 20
> (1 1
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2B
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'(<
" )1 .
B (µ+) V0 <'T .
B (e+
الرمز ) (νβأو ) (νeللداللة على النيوترينو االلكتروني أما الرمز ) (νµالذي سيرد الحقا ً فيدل على النيوترينو الميوني. )*(
174
1
F)1 < 1
(1 6 % 1
> ) 3
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@$
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B D3 ( 6 4
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µ − → νµ + e− + νe
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(νµ) 2'J
( ν e ) +
') 4 $ >3 (νe)
B
6 ;C ( 8 3B
!
6
X:
;0 5' . +
4 $ >3 (νµ)
2 (
Y (µ-,e-,νe,νµ)
A3B .1963 . 6 ;'
1; <(2 – 5) 1 20 ;5:
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. (1O) 'T (1+) 6"
. (1947) . 6 3
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: ' 2 8 C /
.
=158
6 " " F$ > B6" 0
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1
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1 1B π- (π-,π+,π0)
E" !!
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1B π- π+ 11 @1$
6 " = B π0 " π+ 1
(1.8x10-16s) A1/
@1$
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0
.(π-,π+)
E" ; 6 " ( 6 3B
175
. 18 -1 1 @ 5'
F
6 56 " : >" 1936 . 6 20
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' /0 2 ; ' D3'
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8
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91 16 ' 85 20 @5' 1947 . 6 20 .0 '
.9& : 20 C 2 ;
1
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' 1/2 > ' ; 0 '
"
(1.2x10-8s) B K+ 1 @$
6 ( K 0 , K − ) 2B ;
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.(0.9x10-10s) B K0 1
1;V0 3 %0 [8 2B ; (
H8
1
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%
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.* C : ,
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8
I 20 >" 1955 . 6 20
1 %1 @$/ \ >3 P 5' =6
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1 210 E
3B .6 GeV > ' ; :
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1 . (n) 1 @5' /0 1956 . 6 20
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אא2–5
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176
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1 ' (π) . + 6 ( *
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10-13 8
(G) 0] 10-40 : !
.(3 – 5)
177
.
H8 & $ H8 :(3O5)
8
5 % ' : '
. .
s
8 (e) MeV me '
∞ 1 0 0 0 (γ)
∞ 1/2 -1 0.511 1 (e-) ')
∞ 1/2 +1 0.511 1 (e+)
∞ 1/2 +1 938.256 1836 (p+)
∞ 1/2 -1 938.256 1836 (p+)
6 1 1 1 1 ' K 3B 20 2'
3-1 +1 (1) / 6 < *
;'
1' K1 *
;' 6 ( 6 !
' ' 6
A 1/ 210 'J " C (1 – 5) '5 20 .
;
( 'J 0 Pγ 2 . εγ > : F
B F 0 +8
3B $
.
8
%0 8 (u << c) u > 6
61 1
( B8 >3 B / 20
'J :
εγ
P e = mu = P γ = (1-5)
c
.=6 u 'J ' m " +
178
1: + 8) 8 ε ' : 4 '
: C : 9
:2B $
)
6 +
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!-
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2
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: 3
1
∆ ε = ε − ε 0 = T+ ε γ = mu 2 + ε γ (3-5)
2
:"
(1 – 5) :8
εγ = cp γ = muc (4-5)
:( 6 $ (3 – 5) 8
20 (4 – 5) 8
H8
1
∆ε = mu 2 + muc (5-5)
2
u
∴ ∆ ε = mu + c (6-5)
2
:( % 8
u<<c "
∆ ε = muc = ε γ (7-5)
1 2
B : 2B
: " (7 O 5) 8
\
(*)
1 ! =*$ D ; / "
.∆t (
%0
.∆ε : ; . 2
% A3B 4 '
h h
∴ ∆t = = (8-5)
∆ε εγ
: 0 εγ=1eV " 6 3
10 − 34
∆t = − 19
= 10 − 15 s (9-5)
1 × 1.6 × 10
. ∆t∆ε ≥ h و الثانية ھي ∆x∆P≥ h )*( ھناك صيغتان لمبدأ الاليقين لھايزنبرك األولى ھي
179
10 3'B .10-15s B
" (9 – 5) 8
C
4 '
. "
( :" : 2B 2
:2^ ' ∆x 'J $ 0
'"
∆x ≤ c∆ t ≤ 3 × 10 8 × 10 − 15 ≅ 3 × 10 − 7 m ≅ 3000 A o
∆t B
A
x
.' *
;' 6 :(1 – 5 '5)
D13 31'B
1
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1 =1$ $
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. ∆ ε ≈ h / ∆ t :8 !
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:" 2B
O1 " O 3-0 / 6
"
.D3 K (2 – 5) '5 < ; ' K ('
180
p p n
t t t p
p n
B B B
π0 π+ π-
p
A n p
A A
p p n
x x x
(O) / 6 :(2 – 5 '5)
.(O) (O)
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1
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% ' (c) I 6 / " 0 .
:(
6
− 15
R 1.4 × 10 1 − 23
∆t = = 8
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c 3 × 10 2
:(∆ε)
:
'
/ "
.
h 10 − 34
∆ε = =
∆t 1 / 2 × 10 − 23
= 2 × 10 − 11 J = 60 MeV
::8
'
'
3
επ = m πc2
∴ mπ
ε
= π =
∆ε
=
2 × 10 − 11
= 2 × 10 − 28 kg = 200 m e
2 2 2
c c
(3 × 10 ) 8
181
1 ' 1/ %1
200 > %
' " A3B
C
.$ & $ (4 – 5)
<'J
+ +
π 0 → γ + γ (98.8%) π − → µ − +ν e π → µ + ν µ (99.99%)
) 3
π 0 → e + + e − +ν e (1.2%) π − → e − +ν e π + → e + +ν e (0.01%)
182
+
K → π+ + γ+ γ
:2
' @8 6 ;V0 5
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µ − + νµ µ + + νµ
-
π π+
e− + ν e e+ + νe
1 = 0 π0
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80 .(a 3 – 5) '5 20 K
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183
1:
.
ε ν′ > . p ′ >
. " H
µ
c
s s
επ,mπ
µ εµ ,pµ ,mµ
π υ θ
ϕ
20
' ν εν ,pν ,mν=0
o x o x
( قبل االنحاللa) ( بعد االنحاللb)
(b) .) : υ 6 ' 20 (a) :(3 -5) الشكل
. 8
c 2 p ′µ 2 = c 2 p ′ν 2
(
∴ε µ′ 2 − ε ν′ 2 = m 2 µ − m 2 ν c 2 ) (14-5)
:( 6 $ F 7 (14 – 5) <(11 – 5) 8
184
ε′=
(m π
2
)
+ m µ2 − m 2ν c 2
µ
2mπ
(15-5)
ε′=
(m π
2
)
+ m 2ν − m µ2 c 2
ν
2mπ
(16-5)
1 1
.
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8
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210 B .
=0 + >3 s` J
20 2 ( 6
.'
20 p′ν p′µ
' . 4 ^ '
:"
0 s` J
(17-5)
c p ′µ = ε µ′ 2 − (m µ c 2 )2
(18-5)
c p ′ν = ε ν′ 2 (
− m νc2 )2
m π c 2 = 273.2 m e c 2
m µ c = 206.8 m e c
2 2
m ν c2 = 0 :"
m e c 2 = 0.511 M eV
( )
∴ Tµ′ = m π − m µ c 2 − ε ν′
185
.1 = 1 '
10 1) 8
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:'0 (18 – 5) <(17 – 5) 8
p ′µ = p ′ν = 29.8 MeV/c
(3 – 5) '5 20 K
B
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s` s` ε µ′ , p ′µ , m µ
µ
α
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186
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190
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1
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T = mc 2 − m 0 c 2
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:"
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∴ T = 290 MeV
1
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. 6) =$& $
:2^ 6 4
Ρ1 + Ρ 2 → Ρ1 + Ρ 2 + Ρ + Ρ 3
192
βc βc
s` s`
P1 P2 P1 P2 P P3
υ1=βc υ2=βc
m,p m,-p m0,0 m0,0 m0,0 m0,0
o` o`
(a) x` (b) x`
' '
3
∴ β2 =
4
1
210 ' 20 @; B P2 " ?" %
0 3
=1 1J 1
210 p1 :
6 0 s J
[(9 – 5) '5 C)] :>
(*)
.يطلق على البروتونات والنيترونات داخل النواة بالنيوكلونات
193
s
P1 P2
βc
D
'
o
x
2 β
β 1 = 2
1 + β
1
∴ 2 = 1 − β 12 = 1 −
4β2
=
(1 − β )
2 2
γ1 1+ β2 ( )2
(1 + β )
2 2
1+ β2
∴ γ1 = = 7
1− β2
:" + ε1 (
' =: ' " 4
P1 .$
3
ε 1 = γ1m 0 c 2 = 7 m 0c 2
:(
T1 ' =:
T1 = γ1 m 0 c 2 − m 0 c 2 = 6 m 0 c 2
Q m 0 c 2 = 0.938 GeV
:(
: ' : ' 3
T1 = 5.62 GeV
" F / 1 '3
' 2 ' 8
2B 8
H8 '
/ A3;
1
/ ( 6" >" <6GeV > ' :
8
( 6 $
.6 +
8 :
194
אא
א5–5
1 6 10 '
'
B1 16 ; : '
'J " C .:
<1 ' ( F 7 = " ^ $ ;0 .
D 1B " 3 \1 . F 1C
. ' ) A3B =
3B
" 0 3V0 .3 % ' " F)
!' ' ' : 7 F
C1 1: 91 6 ; ' 0 % B
, .
1
" F' F
4' ; 0 %' % ' ) <: .
. B
:
6 :
1' 1: "
' / $ \& ( 6
6)
Ρ2
A31B 8
'
3 ..
2 . p " 3 2m
> m = ' .
1 : .C8
" / K$ 3'B .%' m $" 3 %*$ :
.1 1 ( 6 %
8
'J
' ( /
.. $
6 2
) 1: 6 0
E 3B " F
6 C /
I215 >" ) ;
: :" " .G 'J ( 6 /0 $/
1 1J 1
(1.022 MeV) 18 :
!' ( 6" B 7
:'5 4' 6
6 < –'
γ → e+ + e−
1
6 #'6 B 6 '
?"
6 D B " B '3
1J 1) .! <= .
.
6 2B O
1 1
F
; 6 6 'J 0 .85
:
:2^ ' ' 6
6 .F C
. I / F F 0 #
195
e+ + e− → 2 γ
196
:
:(1)
B) ' ' <
( ' 20 M0 = ' .
: 4" .(10O5) '5 K
' 1/4M0 R 1/2M0
.
;
' '
:
1
M0 ε 1 , pr 1
2
s M0 s
ε 0 , pr 0
.
1
' M0
4
ε 2 , pr 2
o x o x
+ ' 8
B
( ' 20 .
:(10 -5) الشكل
.)
6 F$ F
2 ' . '
2 4
3
∴ ε1 2 − ε 2 2 = M 0c 2 (3)
16
:\ F 7 (3) <(1) 8
197
ε 1 = 19 M 0 c 2
32
ε 2 = 13 M 0 c 2
32
1
Τ1 = ε 1 − M 0 c 2
2
19 1
= M0c 2 − M0 c 2
32 2
3
∴Τ1 = M0c2
32
1
Τ2 = ε2 − M0c2
4
13 1
= M 0c 2 − M 0c 2
32 4
5
∴ Τ2 = M 0c 2
32
:(2)
1
210 4
x 2!) A
D <m0 ' = ' π
' 1 =1 ' µ 1
(1 > 6 s J
3 4c
m0
4 5
:
s s ε ν , pν , mν
(ν )
D
4c
υ=
π 5
ε , m0 (µ)
ε µ , pµ , mµ
o x o x
( s J
20 ' 20
6 :(a 11 O5) '5
.F C
2 ' . C
' : (/ + <
198
1 210 B 5 + s` )
20 )
6 F)" #
6 F$ > 2 ' . ' <(b11 – 5) '5 C) <'
.)
4c 4c
υ= υ=
s` 5 s` 5
ν
ε ′ν , p ′ν , m ν
π
µ
εµ′ , p ′µ , m µ
'
o` x` o` x`
( s` J
20 ' 20 :(b 11 -5) الشكل
. 2/ + /
20
' 8
B
.F$ F
. C 2 '
2 9 m 02 2
m 0 − c
∴ ε ν′ =
( m 02 + m 2ν − m µ2 ) c2
=
16
2 m0 2 m0
7
∴ ε ν′ = m 0c2
32
: 0 . : ) 8
.
ε ν′ = γ (ε ν − υp x ) = γ ε ν
.(a 11 – 5) '5 20 K
' Pν=Py < px=0 " +
:"
1 5
γ = =
(1 − υ 2
/c 2 ) 3
7 5
∴ m 0 c 2 = ε ν
32 3
21
∴εν = m 0c 2
160
199
:(3)
E1
( s J
20 ' 20 K E
:
:'0 : C : F)" 9
ε K
= ε 1 + ε 2 = m 0c 2 + m 2c 2
∴ T K + M 0c 2 = m 0c 2 + T 2 + m 0c 2
s s
ε K , pK π ε 2 , p2
K ε1, m0 π
M0 ' D
o x o x
20 ) : x 2!) A
D K E
:(12 -5) الشكل
20
B" π E
) 8 .s J
.' 20 ^ '
200
ε K − ε 2 = m0c 2 (2)
εK2 − (M 0 c 2 ) ( )
2 2
= ε 22 − m 0 c 2 (3)
:( 6 $ % 8
A3B
εK2 − ε22 = (M 0 c 2 ) ( )
2 2
− m0c2 (4)
:$ (2) ( 6 (4)
/
εk + ε2 = M 0 M 0 c 2 − m 0c 2 (5)
m0
:\ (5) <(2) 8
ε 2 = 753 MeV
ε K = 890 MeV
∴ TK = ε K − M 0 c 2 = 890 MeV− 494 MeV
∴ TK = 396 MeV
∴ T2 = 616 MeV
:(4)
(1 6 1;;
6 γ 85" . –' .
:^ 6
6 4 <' '
γ+ e− → e− + e+ + e−
W+ '
8 A3B 8
γ 85" ;
: :" 2B
:
. 1$ 8 : . C 2 ' . =0 ' >3 s` J
20
' 2' ' 20 %
,
" $ F$ >
.'
:" 6 3;
: 85 :
:( 6 $0 s` J
20 : C : 9
ε ′ + γm 0 c 2 = 3 m 0 c 2 (1)
201
1: ε` "
'T ' ' m0 " +
:> 0 (1) 8
20 γ /
" .γ 85"
1
s` <s J >
6 υ β=υ/c + < γ =
(1 − β )
2
:( 6 $ s ( s`
: . ) 8
.
ε = γε ′(1 + β ) = γ 2 β(1 + β) m 0 c 2
2
5 4 4
∴ ε = 1 + m 0 c 2
3 5 5
ε = 4 m0c2
0.511MeV > 'T ' : "
∴ ε = 2.044 MeV
:(5)
> ' : 4
x 2!) A
D P
.s 1J 1
20 ' 20 ' P F 4 <2/3GeV
202
( p + p → γ 1 + γ 2 ) 10 10 1 $ 6
6
.4
x 2!) A
^ 4 x 2!) A
B"
P 1 1 P 1 1
' ' : "
6 3V0
.1GeV >
W
' :
:
W
;
' D A
>- :
C
s p2 = 0
s . $
ε 1 , p1
β
ε 2 = m0c 2 ε4,ε4 ε3, ε3
c c
P P
0 0
' γ2 γ1
o x o x
!" !"
: s J
20 ' D :(13 -5) الشكل
.' 8
B
0 . $ 8 .. $
:
. ε1 : K <)
6 : < (13O5) '5
)
6 8 .ε2 =: ' β 6 D p1
: γ2 2 !
D
ε3/c . ε3 : γ1 0
.A6" '5 20 K
' H D
ε4/c . ε4
:'0 : C : ^ 9
ε 3 + ε 4 = T1 + 2 m 0 c 2 (1)
T1 " 1 1 1
' ' : m0 " +
. ' :
:4' . C : 9
203
ε3 − ε4 = γβm 0 c = p1 (2)
c c
1 :" +
γ =
(1 − β 2 )
ε 3 − ε 4 = γβm 0 c 2 = cp1 (3)
2
ε12 = ( cp1 )2 + ( m0 c2 )
2
Q T1 = GeV
3
2 5
∴ε 1 = T1 + m 0 c 2 = + 1 = GeV
3 3
2
5 4
∴ cp1 = − (1)2 =
3 3
ε3 −ε4 = 4 (4)
3
:( 6 $ (4) <(1) 8
ε 3 = 2 GeV
ε 4 = 2 GeV
3
A
D γ2
D γ1 " >"
A 1
p1 .1 D1 1 " 0 " 8 <x 2!
.4
x 2!
:(6)
1 !
1
!! ( <' 20 M0 ' = ' .
'
8 5N
;
! .mo .
' ' '
.A " '5 20 K
B
' F B
F6
.M0/m0
:F ! . .
6 A
4 :F)"
204
:
β3
ε 3 , p3 , m0
ε 1 , p1 , m 0
θ
4
β1 =
5
3 ε 2 , p2 , m0
β2 =
5
< !
!! ( ' 20 .
:(14O5) '5
.θ
;6 @ + !
8
!
(14O5) '5 8)
∴ p 3 sin θ = p 2 (1)
p 3 cos θ = p 1 (2)
:" x 2!) 6 .
@ θ " +
1 1 5
P1 = γ1β1m0 c ⇒ γ1 = = =
(1 − β )2
1 1 − ( 4 / 5)
2 3
1 1 5
P2 = γ 2β 2 m 0 c ⇒ γ 2 = = =
(1 − β ) 2
2 1 − ( 3 / 5)
2 4
1
P3 = γ3β3 m 0 c ⇒ γ3 =
(1 − β ) 2
3
205
:( 6 $ (1) 8
γ 2β 2 m 0c
p 3 = γ 3β 3m 0 c =
sin θ
γ β
∴ γ 3β 3 = 2 2 =
(5/4)(3/5) = 1.53
sin θ (0.49)
2
∴ γ32β32 = γ32 − 1 = (1.53)
υ3 1.53
∴ γ3 = 1.83 ⇒ β3 = = = 0.48
c 1.83
∴ υ3 = 0.84c
:: C : ^ 9
M 0 c 2 = γ1m 0 c 2 + γ 2 m 0 c 2 + γ 3 m 0 c 2
M0 5 5
∴ = γ1 + γ 2 + γ 3 = + + 1.83
m0 3 4
M0
∴ ≅ 4.75
m0
:(7)
" 1
6 3V10 <
26 8Y5 ( 1GeV ' =: π0
%$
2B
0 135 MeV 2B
' ' :
,1
8 B
!8
;" H)
26 85
W(
2 $ A
)
:
1: m0c2 " ' =: T "
' : ε " H
1
26 81Y5 1: ε2 ,ε1 " H D3' .
' '
r r r
.1
.1 p " 1
B
p 2 , p1 " )
6
.
206
:'0 : C : ^ 9
ε = ε 1 + ε 2 = T+ m 0 c 2
= 1 + 0.135
∴ε 1 + ε 2 = 1.135GeV (1)
1
2 $ A
) ,
8$ 6 8Y5 "
/
p1 = p 2 ε 1 = ε 2 :" \
p 2 = p12 + p 22 + 2p1p 2 cos θ
∴ cos
θ ε 2 − m 0c 2
=2 ( )
2
=
1.27
2 4ε 12 (4)(0.5675)2
θ
∴ cos 2 = 0.9858 ⇒ θ ≅ 14 o
2
:(8)
6 4
x 2!) A
D m0 ' = ' 5
.
> 1 ' 1 =1 ' 5
B"
( < 4 c >
5
8 D .
3B " C m02=0 ' = ' ^ m 01 = 2 m 0
3
.
A
;8$ 2
.4
y 2!) A
)
.^ .
' : 4 <5
207
:
'
(s J
)
8) '
s s ε 2 , pr 2 , m 02 = 0
4
υ= c
5
θ
ε , pr , m 0 ε 1 , pr 1 , m 01 = 2 m 0
3
o x o x
B"
( s 20 ! 6 D .
:(15 -5) الشكل
.θ =6 @
^ x ( 6 >
6
υ υ
s` s` ε 2′ , pr ′2 , m 02 = 0
ε ′, pr ′, m 0 α
α
5
.
' ε 1′, pr 1′ , m 01 = 2 m 0
3
o` x` o` x`
( .! ) : s` 20 ' 20 .
:(16 -5) الشكل
.F C
2 ' . 2/ +
208
:'0 s` J
20 : C : ^ 9
ε 1′ + ε 2′ = m 0 c 2 (1)
:. C :
r r r
p1′ + p′2 = p′ = 0 (2)
:4' (2) 8
(cp1′ )2 = (cp′2 )2 (3)
:' 3 < ε =c (p )2 + (m 0c )2 :"
2
ε 1′2 − 2 m 0 c 2 = ε 2′ 2 (4)
3
4 2
∴ ε 1′2 − ε 2′2 =
9
(
m 0 c2 ) (5)
∴
ε 2′ =1
cp ′2
209
:'0 5
.
. : ) 8
?" %
9
( cp1 )x = γ ( cp1′ )x + β ε 1′
(
∴ cp1 cos θ = γ -cp1′ cos α + β ε 1′ )
−cp1sin θ = −cp1′sin α
sin α
γ
∴ tanθ =
ε′
-cos α + β 1
cp1′
ε 1′ (13/18 )m 0 c 2 13
= =
c p 1′ (5/18 )m 0 c 2 5
( 3/5)( 3/5 ) 9 25
∴ tan θ = = .
4/5 + ( 4/5 )(13/5 ) 25 72
1
∴ tan θ =
8
θ=7.12o
'1 : ; F 0
' : > ' : "
^
:V0
ε2 = T = cp 2
Q cp 2 = cp ′2 sin α
∴ T = (5/18 )(3/5 )m 0 c 2
1
∴T = m0c2
6
:(9)
F ' 1 1' 1' ,
.$ 0.511 MeV ' =:
D3 8 <' / . %3 . $ 3B
0
1
:F 1 ! W. %3 6
:F)" .
26 85 ( %3 A3B
WA 8 ;'
:
: .C6"
210
:
ε3
ε3,
c
ε 1 , pr 1 ε 2 , pr 2 = 0
'
θϕ
.
'
ε4
ε4,
c
. $ 8 .' ' ! 6 D
:(17O5 ) '5
.γ 26 85 ( .! . %3
% 1
C :
.) : . 6 cβ " H
> 1 1) 1: . $ 8 %5
%3 A3; ' ' -0
(17O5) '5 . " 'T ' ' m0 " + <2m0
10 (1 )
6 .Y!
. $
6 + ' K
1' 2 $ A
) ,
θ
8 ε3/c =
ε3
B" :
D13 ,1
ϕ 1 1
8 ε4/c =
ε4 =: ^
.A
)
:V0 M > ' 20 . ' " ^ 0 3
M = 2γ m 0
1 υ
γ= , β= :" 3
(1 − β )2 c
211
r r
[(18O5) '15 C)] p 2 = 0 "
.. %3 . p " 3
r r
p1 = p '
∴ p12 = p 2 (2)
ε1
s s ε1,
ε , pr c
cβ θ
ϕ
. %3 ε2
ε2,
c
o x o x
8 .) : s 20 ! 6 D . %3 :(18 -5) الشكل
.γ 6 85 )
'_
3B . 2
> (2) 8
:^ :8 '
ε1
2
− m 02 c 2 = (2 γβm 0 c )
2
(3)
c
Q ε 1 = T1 + m 0 c 2
2
T 2
∴ 1 + m 0 c − m 02 c 2 = γ 2β 2 ( 2 m 0 c )
c
2
( ) ( )(
∴ T12 + T1 2 m 0 c 2 = γ 2 − 1 2 m0 c 2 )
:" \ % :8 A3B
2
T1 T1
γ = 1+
2 +
(4)
2 m c2 2 m c2
0 0
2m0c2=1.022 MeV :"
T1 0.511
∴ = = 0.5
2 m c2 1.022
0
2
T1
∴ = 0.25
2 m c2
0
212
:"
(4) 8
20 H8
γ 2 = 1.75
∴ γ ≅ 1.33
∴ β ≅ 0.65
o` x` o` x`
1
"
3B 20
. C :
. ./
20 ' 8
B
r r
∴ p 1′ + p ′2 = 0 (5)
:4' : C :
ε 1′ + ε 2′ = 2 m 0 c 2 (6)
:V0 /
"
ε 1′ = ε 2′ = m 0 c 2
:\ s` ( s
. : ) 8
.
ε 1′ = γ(ε 1 − β ε 1cos θ )
= γ ε 1 (1 − β cos θ )
m0 c2
∴ε1 = (7)
γ(1 − βcos θ )
213
θ '
6 2B %& 8 ε1 :
: .C6"
.(7) 8
20 θ=0 " >" F$
m0c 2 0.511 MeV
∴ ε 1max = =
γ(1 − β ) 1.33(1 − 0.65)
∴ ε 1max = 1.1 MeV
:(10)
1 '
1
( ' 20 M0 ' = ' 5
.
(m01+m02) 1
1'" M0 " +1 m02 a m01
B '
1: C1 1/ .1 6 ;
F 8
.∆M /
(18
> Ti ' : " \ .
::8
m ∆M
Ti = ∆M1 − 0i − , i = 1,2
M 0 2M 0
:
∆M = M 0 − (m 01 + m 02 ) (1)
" 1) ) 8
' : E
' F$ > . C 2 ' . "
. ∆Mc 2 >
.A
) ' 8
/
r r r
∴ p1 = − p 2 = p
: : C :
ε1 + ε 2 = ε (2)
:" >"
c p 2 + m 01 (3)
2 2
c + c p 2 + m 02
2 2
c = M 0c 2
214
p µ = p1µ + p 2 µ (4)
:" +
r ε
p 2 µ = p 2 , i 2
r ε r ε
, p 1 µ = p 1 , i 1 , p µ = p, i
c c c
:" 6 ;
A3B
p µ ⋅ p µ = − M 02 c 2
p1µ ⋅ p1µ = − m 021c 2
(5)
p 2 µ ⋅ p 2 µ = − m 022 c 2
:4' (4) 8
( )(
p 2 µ ⋅ p 2 µ = p µ − p1 µ ⋅ p µ − p1µ )
2 2
∴ − m 02 c = − M 02 c 2 − m 01
2 2
c − 2 p µ ⋅ p1µ
=;
& 8 2& I
2 3 <' 20 M0 . C "
:" $ 6 26
ε ε1 εε
p µ ⋅ p1 µ = i ⋅ i = − 2 1 = − M 0 ε 1
c c c
∴ε =
(M + m − m )c
2
0
2
01
2
02
4
2ε
1
∴ε =
(M + m − m )c
2 2 2 2
(6)
0 01 02
1
2 M0
:( 6 $ !
ε = (M )
2
0+ m 022 − m 021 c 2
2
2 M0
(7)
1
T2 T1 '1 : 1 @18 " F 1 "
∴ T1 = ε1 − m 01c 2
=
(M + m
2
0
2 2
01 − m02 − 2 M 0 m01 )c 2
2 M0
:" >"
2 M0 2 2 2
2 T1 = M 0 + m 01 − m 02 − 2 M 0 m 01 (8)
c
215
Q ∆M = M 0 − ( m01 + m02 )
2
∴ ( ∆M ) = M 02 + m01
2 2
+ m 02 − 2 M 0 m 01 − 2 M 0 m02 + 2 m 01m02
:(11)
B 1
1' B A ! 1
17
( .
"
.1
+8 .! < 1 c
;
' /
6 ' 8
4
1 ,1
60 1 = .
F /
o 4
c 6 ' B
7
216
" <' 20 A .
=0 B 5
F \ .='
.B .
' A
,
30o B/
,$ 'J ' A
:
1 1
c c
s s` 4 4 s`` 4
c
e 7 e υe
1 1
c c
4 4
60o θ
A B
B A B اتجاه الحركة
ساكن ساكن
o x o` x` o`` x``
20 B
' +8 .s 20 B A 7
( .
N
:(20 -5) الشكل
.' 20 A B 5 s`` 20 .s`
210 ' 8
B
' B A
" (20O5) '5
210 B .
+8
'J 6 u " H .s J
.uy ux
B ='
"
3B
:"
s ( s`
6 ) 8
.
4c c
cos 60 +
u ′x + υ 7 4 c
ux = = =
υ
1 + 2 u ′x 1 +
c/4 4c 2
cos 60
c c 2 7
u ′y
γ
uy =
υ
1 + 2 u ′x
c
:" +
1 υ 1
γ= , β= =
(1 − β )
2 c 4
1 4
∴γ = =
1 − 1 / 16 15
217
4c 15
sin 60
7 4
∴u y =
c/4 4c
1 + 2 cos 60
c 7
c
∴u y =
5
>3 s` J
20 x 2!) ,
60o ,$ 'J B 5
>3 s`` J
20
" .s J
c/4 6 D
D1 1'J B 50 s J
–c/4 6 D
" 1! " ^ 6 .B .
' A
,
θ ,$ A
.θ=30o
K
B
' s`` ( s
6 ) 8
?" %
.
:'0 '5 20
c 15
4
5 2 3c
υ e sin θ = =
− c/4 c 9
1 − 2
c 2
c
− (- c/4 )
2 2c
υ e cos θ = =
− c/4 c 3
1 − 2
c 2
2 3c 3 1
∴ tanθ = ⋅ ⇒ tan θ =
9 2c 3
∴ θ = 30 o
218
#$ !% &'"
' 1 1 '
( ' 20 M0 ' = ' .
– 1
.
;
' ' : 4 . 2 M a
0
1
M0
B
5 5
T1=0.16M0c2 :
2
T2=0.24M0c
41
x 2!) A
./
20 D m0 ' = ' .
– 3
B1/
8$ B
0 ( s J
20
> 1 1) : .
6 " \ ../
2
( 6 60o
.
' : 4 .! . 1 c
2
ε = m0c :
2
c
, 1.20 MeV :
3
20 B
( s` J
20 m0 ' = ' .
– 5
1
1' . :
.0.5m0 a 0.3m0
B ' ' <'
219
-1 F 1
6 s 1J
20 px . $
: .
.0.6c > s` s J >
6
px =
3
m 0c :
4
(1 1 41
x 2!) A
s J
20 D .
– 6
.) 8 ' 20 ^ ' 20 2/
B" π E
- F
6 ) 8 D
: ) : .
: 4
.0.14GeV/c2 '
' 0.5GeV/c2 ' .
'
3V0 .0 ( = I !" u =6 m0 ' = ' π0
– 7
2 1$ A 1
) ,1
θ B1/
,$
" '
: :8 4
(8 hν =: " ! .
1/2
hν =
(
m0 c 2 1 − u 2 /c2 )
2 (1 − u cos θ/c )
1
210 4
x 2!) A
D ' =: .
– 8
3
m0c2
2
D1 B15 10
B"
( 3
c > 6 s J
2
.s J
20 . : :F ! <) : F ' .
B 5
ε1′ = 11 m0c2 11
:
, p1′ = m 0c
60 60
11 11
ε1 = m 0c 2 , p1 = m 0c
75 75
220
' ' : "
6 3V0 .x 2!) ( 6 9
1:
: W
' :
: .1GeV >
1 210 B 5 + s J
20
'
W6 : '
s` 2GeV, 2/3 GeV :
pa = pb =
c
2mx
[
m 2b − (m a + m x )2 ] [m
1/ 2 2
b− (m a − m x )2 ]
1/ 2
.2 ( 6 b, a, x
' ' !
mb, ma, mx " 3
m π c 2 = 150 MeV
m k c 2 = 500 MeV
2 :- F
6
m p c = 900 MeV
m ∑ c 2 = 1200 MeV
1133 MeV/c :
221
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224
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+
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73< +, @
s E
8.4 )
+ & Q
+, . β = υ/c +, :
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2
1
2
σ
σ′ = (4-6)
(1 − β 2 )
:M s` E
E′y + 8
Ey
E ′y = = γE y (5-6)
(1 − β 2 )
υ
y ------------- y` -------------
------------- -------------
- -
s`
s +++++++++ +++++++++
+++++++++ +++++++++
+
+
+
o x o` x`
z z`
s x "
S +5 +
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Z H F* +
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226
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y y`
s s`
+
+
+
o x o` x`
z
z`
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s` & :
x "
G &# +
+ +
3 #
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+, F8.4
+ + ?(2 – 6)
O= s E
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σ
Ex = (6-6)
∈0
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+
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$
. ).
* 84 > 3P 4
:+L 8 ?x "
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σ′ σ
E /x = = = Ex (7-6)
∈0 ∈0
∴ E′x = E x (8-6)
227
.
#
D- + + (8 – 6) (5 – 6) +3 +
.3 s E
)
F 7,
r
# . $ .
78. s` E
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υ F. &# # Q G E II 4 υ F* 5 &G :+ &
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E′
5 @
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r
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E′II = E II (9-6)
E ′⊥ = γE ⊥ (10-6)
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x ".
* F. υ " # $
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C +!
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4 I
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228
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84 4
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υ " # $
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y r y` υ r
Ey r E′y r
E E′
s N(x, y)
s` N(x ′, y ′) r
r E ′x
Ex
r r
r r′
θ υ θ`
Q متحركة x Q ساكنة x`
(a) (b)
.# E ′y E ′x . H
C +! 0% +M + +
r
.
J! + r ′ 3 &# N(x ′, y ′) %
kQ kQ x′
∴ E ′x = cos θ ′ = ⋅
r ′2 ( )
x ′2 + y ′2 r ′
kQx ′
∴ E′x = 32 (11-6)
( x ′ + y′ )
2 2
r ′ = x ′ 2 + y′ 2 :+, 8
1
k=
4 π ∈0
.[
4 ∈0 )" +, :
:H +, "
229
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E ′y = (12-6)
(x′ + y′ )
2 2 3/ 2
r
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H
+, +M , 8
.% . Q
J! + :
t = 0 +5 )
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HP
F84 .s E
-G
:
x ′ = γx
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z ′ = z
kQ(γy)
E y = γE ′y = (15-6)
[(γx ) 2
+ y2 ]3/2
r
:H s E
E '
-
E
E 2 = E 2x + E 2y
2
∴E =
(
k 2Q2 γ2 x 2 + y2 )= (
k 2Q 2 1 − β 2 )
2
(γ x
2 2
+ y2 ) 3
(x 2
+y 2 2
) 1 −
β 2 y 2
3
x 2 + y 2
∴E =
kQ (1 − β ) 2
(16-6)
(
r 2 1 − β 2 sin 2 θ 3/2 )
r = x 2 + y2 :+, 8
y y
Sinθ = =
(x 2
+ y2 ) r
230
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4
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t=o
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r r′
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υ/c2
f x′ = f x −
υ
( )
u yf y + u zfz
1− 2 u x
c
f y /γ
f y′ =
υ (17-6)
1− ux
c2
f z /γ
f z′ =
υ
1− 2 u x
c
:'
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r
. u = 0 +, 7, +
s E
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4
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1.
2
.(x,y,0) J! ; E
:M - & (17 – 6) )*3 5 &G
fx = fx
′
fy
f y′ =
γ (18-6)
f
f z′ = z
γ
r r
H.
.
.
F px C5 , . p ⊥ 4
C5 3
r
:M H +3 & ' G "" )*3 5 84 . pII -
233
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= (22-6)
dt ′ dt
r r
dp′⊥ 1 dp ⊥
= (23-6)
dt ′ γ dt
:&# -
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r r r
d p ′II
= q E ′II = q E II
d t′
r r r
d p II d p ′II
∴ = = q E II (24-6)
dt dt′
:$8
r
dp′⊥ r 1 1
= qE ′⊥ = q E ⊥ = (qE ⊥ )
dt ′ γ γ
r r
dp dp′ q
∴ ⊥ = γ ⊥ = γ E ⊥
dt dt ′ γ
r r
dp ⊥
∴ = qE ⊥ (25-6)
dt
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Q.! %% ;
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+
+
C &#
7. C $8 + H
+ %
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C $8
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uy uz
ux − υ γ uy γ
u ′x = = − υ , u ′y = = , u ′z = =0
υ υ γ υ
1− 2 ux 1− 2 ux 1− ux
c c c2
234
r r
y u y` υ u′
t=0
q (x, y, o) q (x ′, y ′, o)
s s`
r r
r r′
υ
Q
x Q x`
u #
*
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:(5X6)
+
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E
C &# ' "( ' ) >*, H
' ,
: s`
kqQ x ′ kqQ y ′
f x′ = , f y′ = , f z′ = 0
r ′3 r ′3
:' - '
)*3 +M H
υ/c 2 υ
f x = f x′ +
υ
( )
u ′y f y′ + u ′z f z′ = f x′ + γ 2 u y f y′
1 + 2 u ′x c
c
:+, \ t = 0 +5 )
+
x′ = γx , y′ = y
:' - ' G 3 H 84
γkqQ υ
fx = 3
x + 2 uy (26-6)
r′ c
: y
F ' ,
f y′ /γ f y′ /γ
fy = = = γf y′
υ 1 − υ 2
/c 2
1 + 2 u ′x
c
γkqQy
∴fy = (27-6)
r′3
235
f z′ /γ
fz =
υ
= γf z′ = 0 :$8
1 + 2 u ′x
c
# . &.# 3 s E
+
C &# ' "( ' +8
. -
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:+ (+
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fx =
r ′3
r′ = γ 2 x 2 + y 2 :+, :
.
# . &# 3 '! ;# "(
F84 +
C +, 7,
.% -
+5 + f x ' +, @
+3L (26 – 6) !3 & +M @ 8
:4
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γkqQx
fe = (28-6)
r ′3
: ' - H C &# ' "( % '! " " •
γkqQ uυ
fm = ⋅ 2 y (29-6)
r ′3 c
r
.
F. 78. Β % F +, (5 – 6)
+ @
..! &# 7# ] F 4 q *
J! # Q -
r r
:+, 7, u× Β J H x "
* F + % ' +8
r r r
f m = q( u × B ) (30-6)
∴ f m = quB
:+, \ (30 – 6) ?(29 – 6) +3
B=
( )
γkQ υ/c 2 y
(31-6)
(γ x + y )
2 2 2
3
2
&# "( +, @
(28 – 6) ?(27 – 6) +!3 +
:7 *
236
γkQr
E= 3 (32-6)
(γ 2
x2 + y2 ) 2
(
r = x 2 + y2 ) 1
2
:+, :
r
.
J.! # r
F z F +, (5 – 6)
+ +M @
r
r E B
. . '.
% U " ; H 8 .q *
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r
B=
( )
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⋅k
(
γ2x 2 + y2 )
3/2
r γkQ r
E= ⋅r
(
γ2x 2 + y2
3/ 2
)
r r
. .Q
J= ; r +, z "
* F ; '
k +, 8
+G 1 % +, % U " ' G 3 @ !
r
:+, 7, z F ; 4 ; +=
r r
υ× r υy k
r r r
υ × r = υy k
+. $8 O= > - 7 y x F + G + ,
. υ× 4* H = -
$
r r
r
r 1 γkQ r r
B= 2 υ× r
(
c γ2x 2 + y2 )3/ 2
r 1 r r
∴ B = 2 υ× E
c
+. &# ># + U " ; + ' G !3 F8 >%
r
B
r
.y x +"
E C= 78 Q &# 7# ;, 7,
r
E υ
237
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א,-++++א,++++
6–6
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+
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78 F* >
;., &# ) % "/ K C +, J%
+, )
=, - @ )= , C + 3%
.% ) "/. + 8 E
J + &
J.
+ + -
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& @ F84
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F84 )
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.-
. >. >
$ + H q
$
#
'.! .@ % + & U 3 L +3
:- H H )
=, ' & # "(
r r r r
f = qE + qu× B (33-6)
r r
. '
B, E +, +3 J! 3 @
# r
u +, 8
. &# J! $8 # % U "
. )*. ) +# /
% +, +
% + +, $8 + O= .
)
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.% . +. ;.# ..
+. + 4
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+ ?) 4 Bz , B y , Bx , E z , E y , E x
.
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O= C ! .
238
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. I & +3
+ ! % )*
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r r
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+ 8L . B ;= " % E ;
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.C # r
u +, :
(33 – 6) !3 "
r r
F* r
υ " # $
78 s` E
B′ E ′ H
r r
:Q f′ & f '
+, # x` "
Z H
r r r r
f ′ = q E ′+ q u ′× B ′ (34-6)
r r r r r
. υ $8
B′ E ′ * B E +# 3 %3 !3 F84
r r
(33 – 6) .3 u× B H = -
$ # 2 3
r
:M x? y?z '3 )"
E F f ' ) + +
[ (
f x = q E x + u y Bz − u z By )] (35-6)
f y = q [E y + (u z B x − u x B z )] (36-6)
f z = q [E z + (u x B y − u y B x )] (37-6)
:+, s` & s + '
)*3 +
υ/c 2
f x′ = f x −
υ
(
u yfy + u zfz ) (38-6)
1− 2 ux
c
fy
f y′ = (39-6)
υ
γ 1 − 2 u x
c
fz
f z′ = (40-6)
υ
γ 1 − 2 u x
c
:M )*3 %3 # 3 )
u ′x + υ
ux = (41-6)
υ
1 + 2 u ′x
c
239
u ′y
uy = (42-6)
υ
γ 1 + 2 u ′x
c
u ′z
uz = (43-6)
υ
γ 1 + 2 u ′x
c
. &. .- ).
2 .G % f y′ ' +M ,
+ (39 – 6) 3 (36 – 6) 3 + fy ! U3 3 .%
(43 – 6) ?(41 – 6) +.3 +. u z u x +# =3* C"P
:M 3 & -
υ
( )
f y′ = q γ E y − υΒ Ζ + u ′Ζ B x − u ′x γ B z − 2 E y (44-6)
c
r
+
C &# ' "( f′ ' " (34 – 6) 3 8, 8
:7 y "
G F ' F84 + s` E
(
f y′ = q E ′y + u ′Ζ B ′x − u ′x B ′Z ) (45-6)
:+, \ (45 – 6) ?(44 – 6) +3
(
E ′y = γ E y − υΒ z ) (46-6)
B′x = Bx (47-6)
υ
B′z = γ B z − 2 E y (48-6)
c
r
E . + & 3 ) + "" +M 3% +8
r
.s` E
B % U "
:4 + , + %3 f z′ ' )% YL
(
E ′z = γ E z + υΒ y ) (49-6)
υ
B ′y = γ B y + 2 E Z (50-6)
c
:M -
3 +, 3 f x′ H
+, # E ′x E
u y = uz = 0
8.4 + .x "
G F $
s E
+
C +, 7,
.
)*3 +G -
&# "( * U *
240
&.# * C. # . &.# 3 * % )* -
: ' G
3 '
%3 84 .;4
E ′x = E x (51-6)
s & s` + >*, M ' - H F84
)*3 J '#L
:s` & s + CP"
E x = E ′x
( )
E y = γ E ′y + υ Β ′Ζ
E z = (
γ E ′z − υ Β ′y)
Bx = B ′x
υ (52-6)
B y = γ B ′y − 2 E ′z
c
υ
Bz = γ B ′z + 2 E ′y
c
E ′x = E x
( )
E ′y = γ E y − υΒ Ζ
E ′z = (
γ E z + υΒ y )
B ′x = Bx
υ (53-6)
B ′y = γ B y + 2 E z
c
υ
B ′z = γ B z − 2 E y
c
r r
.
+ * "/ *
F B E ) +, Q 84
+. @ :
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. )*3 J , & 5 +
)*3
241
r r
E ′II = E II
r r r r
E ′⊥
r
(
= γ E ⊥ + υ× Β
r
)
B′II = B II
(54-6)
r r 1 r r
B′⊥ = γ B ⊥ − 2 υ× E
c
r
).
υ # . &.# 3 5 ) 3 ⊥ II +, 8
: s E
& s` E
+ Q G )
, .
r r
E II = E ′II
r r r r
E⊥
r r
(
= γ E ′⊥ − υ× Β′ )
B II = B′II
(55-6)
r r 1 r r
B⊥ = γ B′⊥ + 2 υ× E ′
c
r r
+ 4 B % E +, + 4
@
.Q G &# 4
, 3 *
_25., +.= +, @
4
+
r r
4.
! + 4
C +8 B % E +
4
@ &# 3 @ +, O= +.+
, K. & O
- &3 3 * ;, +3
J +4
J ;8 >! > F # + K %
+., ./ +.- .% +* .E
.+5
H . ( υ 2 /c 2 ) + ( υ << c 7,) % Y < +, +M = 8
.
)*.3 5. C. -
F8 . γ ≈ 1 +, 7, - +
:M - HP % )*
242
r r
E ′II = E II
r r r r
E ′⊥ = E ⊥ + υ× Β
r r
B′II = B II (56-6)
r r
B′⊥ = B⊥
r r
E⊥
r B⊥ r
E B
r r
E II B II
r r
r r υ r r υ
υ× E υ× B
?υ # &# 7# 5 F % + ) :(6 – 6)
r r r
. υ # J B E + + H = -
F @
r r r
. υ J. = -
B ?E + ) + (6 – 6)
r r r r
( )
υ× E = υ× E z $8.
r r
B⊥ = By
r r
E⊥ = Ey .3 E z = Bz = 0 3=
r r r r r r r r
>. .4 υ × B وυ × E + ?.
. O= υ× B = υ× B z ( )
r
. υ &# +#
.!
א,#
אא7–6
'. H.
G 4 C +! +, + +M > 3 O-,
'! + )
$ )
8 + . )
&# ' "(
$.8 O.= C ! % ' 4 C '! & 1=P @ '
+. +4 +, ; @ >3 1905 C# +
I U .>
' ." H . ) a, ! . ' + +`
%
243
8.4 J.= # H- &# + +
I C3 +, )" F8 03
% . .% ' >3 C + +4 + .U *
.C + > >
- %3 % '! @ +, 0"
+. . Q.! 4 :
% 4@ J +
. .
) 8 '
/ .
)
.
., &.# % ' "( 84 +, .>% >*
q υ
s
r
u
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
)
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + )
o x
)
) 7
- $ :(6 – 6)
# ' 3 .
%
q .s
.> - 7
. '. 3 + (6 – 6)
O= C + >%
>. >
- + H υ # $
q
&# ' "(
5 +% +
+G .> - 7 s E
+. 3 + - @ H .Q G 4
, "/
244
K % υ 7 1 # $
- )
) Z %
" +8 . (1 − u 2 /c 2 )
+1 / 2
λ−
λ+ .%
" & (1 − u 2
/c 2 )
−1 / 2
5
84
.%
.
" λ0 +, :
λ+ = λ0 +, 7, + )
.+
)Z
$ .
78 s` E
& +M :
& -
+ .(7 – 6) .
. O.= x "
Z H F* υ #
$ J! + r 3 &# +
q +, @
84 4
4
)G , . u′ # $
) * +,
.x "
Z H F* υ #
υ q
s`
u′ r
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
)
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
)
υ
o` x′
5 * ) * +, @
s` E
:(7 – 6)
F* $
)* )
-,
.+
q
, .x "
H
:M
84 % )
" HP
(
λ + = λ 0 1 − υ 2 /c 2 )
−1/ 2
(57-6)
(
λ − = − λ 0 1 − u′ 2 /c )
2 −1/ 2
(58-6)
:+ s` & s + # )
+
− u− υ
u′ =
uυ
1 +
c2
245
:-
1 >>
u
+, U
c
u ′ = − (u + υ ) (59-6)
:\ (58 – 6) 3 (59 – 6) 3 + u` ! U3
−1/ 2
(u + υ )2
λ− = − λ 0 1 − (60-6)
c2
:+ $ %
λ +, = 8
λ = λ+ + λ− (61-6)
:7 q
J! # E '
+, +! +
2 kλ 2 k
E= = (λ + + λ − )
r r
−1 / 2
2 kλ 0
(
1 − υ 2 /c 2 )−1 / 2
− 1 −
(u + υ )2
∴E = (62-6)
r c 2
:+ 1 >>
υ
+,
c
−1 / 2
υ2 1 υ2
1 − ≈ 1+
c2 2 c2 (63-6)
.-
(62 – 6) .3 (63 – 6) 3 + +G 1 % U3
:&#
− 1 + (u + υ )
2
2 kλ 0
υ2
E= 1 +
r 2c2 2c2
kλ u
= − 02 (2 υ + u )
rc
:+ υ >> u +G
2 kλ 0uυ
E = − (64-6)
rc 2
:7 q
&# ' "( ' +8
q υ 2 kI
F = qE = − (65-6)
c cr
246
3 '
E , .$ 7 I = λ0u +, :
.
+ % ' " H8 '! 4 ' +, &
(65 – 6)
– 6) 3 J (65 – 6) 3 .> >
$
:7 B % U " +, \ (33
2Ι
B = k 2 (66-6)
c r
.% )
.
. K 7 C# H ;, C \
.
.
3 + > >
78 $ +
+, >.=, \. . I
>
+ ; +3
$. +. :.
s` - ' $
H8 q
'! 3 C $ ' +, * +
q
+ >
. ' #* 8, 8 .
3 $ + :
s
.% ' 4 Q , '! += L J ( )
8 ", / + Q , - (65 – 6) 3 H +, + +
1
.
k=
4 π ∈0
c2 =
1
∈0 µ 0
H. 7, k +# c2 +# =#
:& (65 – 6) !3
µ Ι
F = − 0 qυ (67-6)
2 πr
$. .% U " " ' G 3 + +
'! + # -
$ 4 F ' +, % C -
.[(33 – 6) 3 @
*] s E
+5. +.% + + % ' H
+, +M O-,
I` F > "
I F > G
r
+. +8 )
" +, .(8 – 6)
&.# "( >% >* > + > >* + *
.+ $
'
) M
:- H (67 – 6) !3 3* ' H
,
247
µ Ι
F = − 0 υ ′dq ′ (68-6)
2 πr
r .3 &# x "
G F υ′ #
dq ′ +, 8
.I 7 ; 78 G $ J! +#
υ′
............... Ι′
) E F 2 d l ′ ..
r
1
Ι
7* >
4
, +5 +- + :(8 – 6)
.
F + +, * ? M ;
78
248
r
J.! # B ;= " >% >* ;
>
% $ +
r
.- + + + F , H8 '! + - $
:M
r r r
(
F = I l×B ) (71-6)
&.# . >4 ;
, CD > I +, & '
E
+ " 0% ! F* C O%- 4 )
r
F
C . )
F ; l , ."
H
r r
1 # F ' F &
CE +, 8 & '#! % F '
r r r
+. Q. . F J. B ; & l ; + J-,
.+5
249
# #20
:(1) 2
υ .@ # . $
x "
* &# % %
.% '.
" λ +, )# 8L H x "
G F
:/
U. ." :>" ?(0,y,0) % E '
:>*,
&. % U " :>"" ? % # %
.B/E 7, ? '
:
t = 0 الزمن υ
s q s` q
υ
y r y` r`
υ
%
o x λdx %
o` x` λ`dx`
.s
%
+ H q %
:( 9 – 6 )
%
%
O- s` & :
.%
5 F
.
o % + x 3 &#
-# λdx +, U :>*,
%
+# r 3 (9 – 6)
O= s E
.(0,y,0) J! q
(
∴ r = x 2 + y2 )
1/ 2
+, .λ`dx` O- s` E
84
-# +
:+ + &
λ′dx ′ = λdx
250
. .%
+G C +! 0% s` E
.(9X6)
O= +
λ ′dx ′
-# + q
&# "( dE ′ +, +8 U
:+
k λ ′d x ′ kλdx
d E ′= =
r ′2 (x ′ 2
+ y ′2 )
:+,
y′ = y , x ′ = γx
kλdx
∴ dE ′=
(γ 2
x 2 +y 2 )
λ ′dx ′
.
.-# +
&# "( dE ′ , $4
.o` % & J x` 3 &#
"
G F , > - x "
G F -
+
:7 L y
2 kλdx y′
d E ′y = .
γ2x 2
+ y 2
r′
2kλydx
= 3/2
(γ 2
x 2 +y2 )
∞ 2k λydx 2 kλ
∴ E ′y = ∫ 3/2
=
γy
0
(γ 2
x 2 +y 2 )
E y =
2 kλ
+L Ε ′y =
1
γ
Εy +,
y
0.% (0,y,0) .% .# B % U " H
:> "
F $
Ι = λυ F > > +, # 7 , +!
.;
>% >* ;L H x "
G
:&# -
, +! 0%
µ 0λυ
B=
2πy
251
. ] F ! &# 7# % $ # 84 F
.s E
2 kλ υ
∴B =
c2 y
:& B/E + :>""
B 2kλυ y
= 2 .
E c y 2kλ
B υ
∴ =
E c2
:(2) 2
$
q ;
m0 ; C %! 1- !# \
.% . &# # # T 7
!%
.B ;= "
:
:7 C &# ' "( ' +
r r r
F = qυ× B (1)
r r
. +. 8 .B &.# .# .4 C # υ +, 8
O= > > $ C + >@ %
:+ 8 75 H8 ' U 3 (10 – 6)
mυ2
= q υB
r
:+ C C5 4 p +, = 8
p = mυ
∴ p = qBr (2)
252
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
r
x x x x x x x x x x xF
xxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xrx x
q υ
% += $
C :(10 – 6)
.C # F &# 7# ;4 C@
:+,
ε 2 = (cp)2 + (m0c2 )
2
(
= T+ m 0 c 2 )
2
∴ (cp) 2 = T 2 + 2 Tm 0 c 2 (3)
:H !3 F84 +
Βrqc = cp = Τ 2 + 2 Tm 0 c 2 (4)
1
∴ Βr = Τ 2 + 2 Tm 0 c 2 (5)
qc
:(3) 2
.!% ). 5.
;.
78. % U "
+. + !% +/ ># 10m F %! 1- 100MeV
.938 MeV 7
:
.!3 ?(2) " B % U " ! '
) 8
.! ).
. 3 8 )
+L 4 ?(4)
! '
+ m 0c 2 + !% T
!% +, 7,
.
. MeV .! )
+ +4 )! 8 .
.
C. +, # .MeV & 3 F84 + G 1 %
:M
253
1Me V = 1.6 ×10−13 J
:- (5) 3 H +8
1.6 × 10 −13 2
Br = T + 2 Tm 0 c 2
qc
1.6 × 10 −13
= (100) 2 + 2(100)(938)
1.6 × 10 −19 × 3 × 10 8
∴ Br = 1.5
∴ B = 0.15 T *
.() % U ! '
4 X T *
:(4) 2
.
Q s E
(0,y,0) J!
q
r
+. t = 0 +5 x "
G F υ # $
-
.@
$ *
&# "( ' .-G %
r
υ :
y′
y
S t = 0 +5 r S′
υ
q
q
y y′
Q Q
r
υ x x′
z (a) z′ (b)
& :
P (b) . *
-
(a) :(11 – 6)
*
-
+, 4
:
I
.C +! 0% + 8
254
q .*
&# ' "( ' H
C +! 0% + *
. ;# .
-
+G $8 s E
8.4 .(b 11 – 6)
O= s` E
& :
# . $
*
-
+, @
r
+, @
(a 11 – 6)
, .H x "
G F υ
.
-
+
*
' "(. ' ) H
s` C +! 0% + + +8
:4 (0,y`,0) J! q
&#
kqQ
f x′ = f z′ = 0, f y′ =
y′2
:+,
υ r r
fx − (u . f)
f x′ = c2
υ
1− 2 ux
c
f y /γ
f y′ =
υ
1− 2 u x
c
f z /γ
f z′ =
υ
1− 2 ux
c
1
γ=
(1 − υ 2 /c 2 )
:7 s E
q &# ' "( ' ) +
fx = fz = 0
f y′ /γ f y′ /γ
fy = = = γ f y′
υ
1 + 2 u ′x (
1 − υ 2 /c 2 )
c
255
:+L t = 0 +5
x ′ = γx , y′ = y , z′ = z
kqQ
∴ fy = γ
y2
:(5) 2
F. $
t = 0 +5 (0,0,0) J! Q 4 %
r
q Q , %
.s E
υ 4 # x "
G
.u 7 # y "
Z 5 F $
(x,0,0) J!
.q
&# ' "( ' H
:
y y′
r
υ
s t = 0 +5 s` t ′ ≠ 0 +5
r
r u′
u
r
υ
Q Q
x q x x` q x`
z z`
s +3 +4 +
*
-
:(12 – 6)
O- s` . M +# # $
.
*
& -
256
:+, s E
ux = uz = 0 ? uy = u
r v
fy = fz = 0 ? u .f = u x f x + u yf y + u zf z = 0
:&# -
s` & s + # )
3*
ux − υ
u ′x = = −υ
υ
1− 2 ux
c
1
u ′y = u y /γ = u
γ
u ′z = u z /γ = 0
:+, s` & s + ' )
+
υ r r
fx − (u . f)
c2 kqQ
f x′ = = fx =
υ x ′2
1− 2 ux
c
f y′ = f y /γ = 0
f z′ = f z /γ = 0
:+ t = 0 +5 x ′ = γx +,
fy = 0
fz = 0
kqQ
fx =
γ2x2
:(6) 2
)
.
.y , "
G &# +# +5 +
)8 3
).
8L. ±σ +
. &#
%
" ) 3
r
)* H
x "
Z H F* υ @ # 3
.
' %
257
:
@.
84 >4
+, s E
3 +, 3
r
.(a 13 – 6)
O= F* υ @ # $
,
r r
υ υ
y y`
s s`
σ a σ a
----- -----
----- -----
++ ++++ ++ ++++
++++++ ++++++
o x o` x`
(a) (b)
(b) .
4 x "
+5 +
+
(a) :(13 – 6)
.+
+5 +
4
:
I
& :
+. s E
r
υ # $
78 s` E
. )
+
F84 .+
+ 3
. 7, . 3.
* s` . 4.
7, +
&#
. O= y` "
* F > >* $4 + %
:+, s` E
+8 (b 13 – 6)
B′x = B′y = B′z = 0
E ′x = E ′z = 0 ? E′y = E′
.3
+ E′ +, :
E z = γ(E ′z − υB′y ) = 0
258
B x = B′x = 0
υ
By = γ B′y − 2 E′z = 0
c
υ υ
B z = γ B′z + 2 E ′y = γ 2 E′ (1)
c c
. 1
. .-, +
+, @
s E
γ
σ` + , σ
%
" +
+
:+, 7, γ
σ = γσ′ (3)
:+, 7, ? γ E ′ + , + E +L 8
σ γσ′
E= = = γE′ (4)
∈0 ∈0
:+L s` +
% + 0 φ′ +, +M U 8
φ′
E′ = (5)
a
.
. + & F84 .+
+ a +, 8
.y , "
G &# % G s` s E
:\ (4) ?(3) +3
E′ a = φ′
(6)
E a = γφ ′
. +. &#, 4 s +
+ +, (5) !3 + \
. γ s`
259
.3.
' % )* +# 8 +M
.
%. ) $4 +, 8 +, # $8 O=
. / js
% " 1 3 .x "
G '5
'8/. %G '
&# # ' - "
:+ 1 3 84 H .O% +
j s = συ (7)
F.* + % + '#! %
:+ , +! + F H
z "
Z H
Bz = µ 0 js = µ 0συ
:+,
1
∈0 µ 0 =
c2
υ
∴ B z = γ 2 E ′
c
C. .# -
(1) !3 4 ' G !3 F84
.% )*
)*3
:(7) 2
Q.! %.% &# # ' -
E
Q! %%
r
r
% )* F84 +, )# 8L . B = " %
s` .I
.s E
xz xy + J
. Q %% ; C3 :
260
:
r
y y` υ
r
EII = 0
s r s`
BI I = 0 r
r r E′ = 0
E = E⊥
r
B′I I = 0
r r 0 x O′ x′
B = B⊥
r r
B′ = B′⊥
(a) (b)
z z′
+# =3 &# +3 % U " (a) :(14 – 6)
% U " > - 7 (b) .x "
* #
.x` "
* # 7#
r
.
x "
G &# +# 4 B &# # E +,
:+, -
s E
r r r
EI I = 0 ? E = E⊥
r r r
BI I = 0 ، B = B⊥
261
r r r r
r
(
r
)
E′⊥ = γ E⊥ + υ× B⊥ = 0 (2)
B′I I = BI I = 0 (3)
r r 1 r r
B ′⊥ = γ B ⊥ − 2 υ× E ⊥ (4)
c
:+ (2) 3 +
r r r r r r
E ⊥ + υ× B⊥ = E + υ× B = 0
r r r
∴ − E = υ× B (5)
r
>. > = B % U " (5) 3 % H =
:-
r r r r r
E× B = B× (υ× B)
r r r r r r
= (B . B) υ− (B . υ) B
r
\ (a 14 – 6)
O= &# 7# ; +,
r
B υ
:+,
r r r
E× B = B 2 υ
r r
. E× B
7. s` .E
# ) 8 ;, +8 \
B2
)*. C3 @
84 4
7, + s E
.% )* % 3
:(8) 2
)
(0,0,0) J! + + $
?q
C
r r
. Bz = B C@ % C@ "/
r r
Ey = E
262
:
:H # ?(56 – 6)
)*3 C
r
E′I I = E I I = 0
r r
B′I I = BI I = 0
r r r r
E′⊥ = E ⊥ + υ× B⊥ = 0
r r
B ′⊥ = B ⊥
+, y ".
G F. +, @.
(a 15 – 6) .
+
r r
E⊥ = E
r r
.z "
G F B ⊥ = B
r r r
∴ E + υ× B = 0 (1)
r
y y` υ
r
EII = 0
s r s`
BI I = 0 r
r E′ = 0
E
r
B′I I = 0
r
υ
q ساكنة x q
x′
r t = 0 في زمن r
B B′
(a) (b)
z z′
263
:+, \ (b 15 – 6)
O= S′ E
r
E′ = 0
r
B ′I I = 0
r r r r
B′ = B′⊥ = B ⊥ = B
+. 8. ..- % '! 4 s` C &# ' "( '
"/. ).
R 4 %! 1- x ′y ′ Q ' $
C
. υ Q " # 5 '!
mυ2
∴ qυ B =
R
:+ C 5 # ω +, :
υ = ωR +,
qB
ω= (3)
m
:7 s` t` +5 7, C &# ' "( '
r r r
F′ = qu ′× B′
. υ 7 ' $
78 C # r
u′ +, 8
r r
:&# -
u ′× B′ H = -
$
r
F′ v r r
q
( ) (
= i u ′y B′z − u ′z B′y + j(u ′z B′x − u ′x B′z ) + k u ′x B′y − u ′y B′x )
r
F′ v r
∴ = i u ′y B′z − j u ′x B′z
q
:+
B′z = B′⊥ = B
u ′y = y& ′ ? u ′x = x& ′
m
∴ &x& ′ = By& ′
q
m
&y& ′ = − B x& ′
q
:M - + G +3 H (3) !3 +
&x&′ = ωy& ′ (4)
&y& ′ = − ω x& ′ (5)
264
:+, c >> υ +, U )
3*
x ′ = (x − υt )
y′ = y
y& ′ = y&
:&# -
(5) ?(4) +3
84 U3
&x& = ωy& (6)
E
&y& = ω − x& (7)
B
(2) !3 + υ = E/B +, :
y=x=0
. c 4 , c 3 , c 2 , c1 3 G )" C!
%
F84
E
∴x = (ωt−sinωt) (10)
ωB
E
y= (1 − cos ωt ) (11)
ωB
:+,
E
υ = ωR = (12)
B
E
∴R = (13)
ωB
265
.% C cos ωt sin ωt = ""
18
:+, sin 2 ω t + cos 2 ω t = 1
y
r
E
o
x
r
B
z
)
+
C ; 78 &
:(16 – 6)
.% +3 + "/
266
6 78
F. $ .
t = 0 +5 (0,0,0) -G % Q %
.1
&# ' "( ' .s E
υ 4 # x "
G
(x,0,0) % J
84 +
q %
f y = f z = 0, f x =
kqQ : 9
γ2x2
r
H. F.* υ # . +
Q q +% +
.2
&# Q
% ' H
.s E
x "
Z
&.# (0,0,0) (x,y,0) .4 Q q +
.
)".
+/ ># q
.
# . $ .
s .E
-G % Q %
.3
r
.
&.# ' "( ' .x "
Z H F* υ @
$ .
Q
+ l 3 &# x "
G &# J q Q , %
r
.x "
Z H F* υ @ #
f y = f z = 0, f x =
kqQ
: 9
γ2 l2
r
.
% +* B E +, )# 8 .4
r
r
, ; +
(1) +,
%
7, )
O=
r
B E
r
+5. +4. ;. +
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א
א
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القيمة الرمز
8
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6.626x10-34 J.s h
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1.602x10-19 J eV
1.602x10-19 C e
9.109x10-31 kg me
1.673x10-27 kg mp
1.675x10-27 kg mn
273.2 me mπ±
206.8 me Mµ±
0.511 MeV mec2
938.6 MeV mpc2
939.6 MeV mnc2
139.6 MeV Mπc2
105.7 MeV Mµc2
8.854x10-12 C2/N.m2 ∈0
4πx10-7 wb/A.m µ0 !
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271
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272
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275
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276
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277
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278
(")
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279
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Spaceship 8
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Position Vector E
I'
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280
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Medium
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281
المراجع
9. Jayorear, Fundamental Physics, 2nd edition, John Wily & Sons, Inc.,
New York, 1967.
282
.13د .ناظم حسون العطار ،د .راشد الراشد ،أسس الكھربائية والمغناطيسية ،مطبعة دار الحكمة-
البصرة. 1990 ،
.14ادواردم .بيرسل ،ترجمة األستاذ الدكتور محمد أمين سليمان والدكتورة ليلى سعدو باتومال،
الكھربائية والمغناطيسية -مقرر بيركلي في الفيزياء – المجلد الثاني ،الدار الدولية للنشر
والتوزيع.1992 ،
283
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